Nghệ Thuật Chữ
(Phần 1)
Nội dung:
1- Giới thiệu: Nghệ thuật chữ (Typography)
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(#1
Hình th23(45-(6'7(
89:53(4
Khái niệm Typography:
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IJKLMKgraphiaHEF6F#
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!,-**(7
(
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Q6'!(U*NN"$V$55W$
"05W$O"0(4*3(
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"%#
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'\*;'('
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1
'*83(X66"6'Y8-R

5
• 6"6UN(.
Lòch sö Phaùt trieån :
Từ chữ viết tay gốc đến sự phát minh chữ di động của Gutenberg
6*:'Y'')3((6'a4(3(
d(6=363("e3(!0c
<!3(75*c5f5f
<,
Pictograms, ideograms, and phonograms (chữ tượng hình,
tượng ý và tín hiệu ngữ âm
Pictograms ( chữ tượng hình)
g!2_(:$4`Q(hiiii;T!j2
f`3(,0$7!j(6'a!0c
'kliiia*(45-G**%$"0mnii;T
49UY!jR5!0_
Y03(=$Ntượng hình
Chữ tượng hình Summerians (núi)
Ideograms (chữ tượng ý)
ga*]``6$N<0*:f(6'"*
'2'Yoa*mkii8`$,p7'"6'
!5(e]$Ne$'['!
3("*<Y(3(,q:!
*:!W44('\*$)5$r!3(*:*r-
r"6'8!*:-4Sr6
2
Chữ tượng ý Ai cập cổ “ Khóc”
=?(qcd(R5(Q%*4
e
s$ss$sss54(3(!($o!(*]$
so!(*]<*:4(

>e
Phonograms (tín hiệu ngữ âm)
Phoenician "aleph"
oa*ktii;T$-u%(c'!
9*(4$!09*N '(*o)5$!
3(Nox$*NNAleph$cR5
59*(4"A"Beth$!3(N=8
]$59*("B".
Chữ cái Alphabet
v4u%(*Nc8'!0
f`H*:7''!59*(
4$*4"6'54
36(6'3(8Y(!$N(5X
8a4($!03(N(:`"P'6
8'Y;9g0kiii8`$!0
u%(c!]->?'$-c'
3
73(6(8';<
FalphabeFQ.'<(f`alphabeta3(>
?'
Sự tiến triển của ký hiệu ngữ âm thành chữ alphabet
Early symbol for "ox" Phoenician "aleph" Greek "A" Roman "A"
GU* heä thoáng chöõ: Ai C7'S mniiw#$x; kniiw#$
u%( kiiiw#$ Hy l' tiiw#$?(qc (114 AD)
4
Writing systems of the world today.
Latin (alphabetic) Cyrillic (alphabetic) Hangul (featural
alphabetic) Other alphabets Arabic (abjad) Other abjads
Devanagari (abugida) Other abugidas Syllabaries
Chinese characters (logographic)

Hệ thống chữ Alphabets
• Latin (alphabetic) v(=89qb$9yk'f
9u$
• Cyrillic (alphabetic): ?`z
• Other alphabets
Hệ thống chữ Abjads
• p(! (!{(5# 8;vk'f9u
• Other abjads: qS
Hệ thống chữ Abugidas
• Devanagari (abugida): BP|x
• Other abugidas: 1 s=8vT(*}
Hệ thống chữ Logographic+Syllabic
• Chinese characters (logographic) Trung qu=$k=8v
T(*}
• Syllabaries: 1 phf8T7
• >( ^%((('(!%#>~=
Hướng chữ
5
;'('85:*:`!'
*6"•2kk;~=q5("*ff
`'*];;`€%"0
khmiT4':7'8'3("b7
`S""6'!0(•3(
l%%'%=8!P!:'0!0(3(
a!0]9‚(6"•kn
Từ Gutenberg đến thế kỷ 19
((ƒ5% k„niHklii#$;(( klihHklln#$q5%
kl…„Hk…„n#$w((ƒG&*5% k…l…Hk†l„#$
%*'( k†…nHhiii#
Th ờ i k ỳ Classical/Old Style: (th ế kỷ 15-17)

?,;'('Q.f`6"•zov
‚$fdO!j"*d'
6
.-'*(4
Johannes Gutenberg -v2#a*1450.
Năm 1465Sweynheym và Panartz("f`]Ý
Năm 1501 Fracesco Griffo"`Y]"
6(
Gothic"!0f`3(€%!%-v2!P
8'€r!00!("%%Hr,
2W!d$Q958[‡4$f"
4-
Roman:g.']ˆ*:7'"•($6"6
!PU<WY'3(?(qc'
?(qc=ZcP6$"0aNd
*P‰(Y€r$
Gothic Roman
7
1532 Claude Garamond "€((*5a*knmh.
Th ờ i k ỳ Transitional: (gi ửa thế kỷ 18) (Baroque v aø Rococo)
 Năm 1702 Philippe Grandjenn"6']6
"bXVIII
 1716-1728 William Caslon"Š5G'%a*
klhn*"*5%3("5Z
(
 1752 Baskerville
Thế kỷ 19 và sự phát triển của nền công nghiệp
Th ờ i k ỳ Modern: ( Cu ối thế kỷ 18 )
 1784 Francois Ambroise Didot"q5%f`
 1798 Giambattista Bondoni("0

Kiểu chữ có chân , nét đứng mạnh khởi phát đột ngột với nét
ngang, nét ngang mảmh
Xuất hiện với sự xếp chữ đồng và kỹ thuật khắc thép. Có tên là
Didone sau Didot và Bodoni. Một số nhà thiết kế tạo ra những kiểu
chữ hiện đại đầu tiên vào cuối thế kỷ 17 và đầu thế kỷ 18. Hầu hết
là ảnh hưởng của Giambattista Bodoni.
8
 1796 Aloys Senefelder phát minh ra kỹ thuật in đá.
 1799 Nicholas_Louis Robert phát minh ra cách làm giấy bằng
máy .
 1803 Robert Thorne6"6*7' Fat face#f`
 1815 Vincent Figgins6"6"Slab-Seriff`
Phát triển quảng cáo, áp phích và tờ rơi quảng cáo trong những
năm 1900. Tên gọi "Ai Cập" được bắt nguồn từ việc sử dụng của
một ấn phẩm về chiến lợi phẩm từ chiến dịch Ai Cập của Napoléon
 1816 Willam Caston IV6"6"San seriff`
Chữ không chân (Gothic hoặc Grotesque)
 1838 George Nobitt6"6"Blackoak -"‹4
N(Œ •5;'%#
 1845 Roberts Besley6"6"Clarendonf`
"4*rŽ'.'#
1850 Johanm Christian Bawer "Fette Fraktur
1858 Alesander Phemister "Bookman
1874 William Page "Fette Fraktur
1884 chế tạo ra máy in Linotype
1894Li Bo Be"Century
1896 Chế tạo máy in Monotype
1896 Po"Akzidenz Grotesk
Chữ trong thế kỷ 20
Th ờ i k ỳ Bauhaus Swiss Modern:

 1901 Frederic W.Goudy 6"6"Copperplate
9
 1905 6"6"Franklin Gothic
 1914 6"6"Centaur
 1915 6"6"Goudy
 1921 6"6"Cooper Black
 1925 6"6"Broadway
 1926 6"6"Grotesque
 1927 6"6"Futura
 1928 Eric Gill6t k6 kiu ch Gill Sa ns
 1928 Jan TschicholdQ.!0kỹ thuật chữ Die Neue "="*
24"P,5Z7'$$Y
r45.`.$5("6,4S``!*r•
"7'#
 1929 6"6"Bembo, Perpetua
 1930 Paun Renner '-/0•(
 1931 6"6"Times
 1934 6"6"Rockwell
 1936 6"6"DIN
 1948 Trade Gothic ( Phototype- Phototypesetting Cold-type)
 1955 Courier
Th ờ i k ỳ Contemporary (ñöông thôøi):(1957)
 1957 6"6"Helvetica, Folio, Univers
 1958 6"6"Optima
 1962 6"6"Eurostile
 1967 6"6"Sabon
 1968 6"6"OCR-A, OCR-B
 1970 6"6"Avant Garde
 1975 6"6"Bauhaus
 1976 6"6"Frutiger

 1985 Adobe8i thiu kiu chX dng Postscript
Desktop Type -Th-"‹x%"''! DTP#
10
|a'W
GR5*)9**:'Y').'(
a!0,U.=!j*`
'
T-*.a'W-'='a!0
U*:($((4`*:*(%
r*'%%%4:'90(uf**.a'W
_'['(a!0,U!j*)9$
4S2').6ln'fa*
T*3(.a'W*:9,]"b7
9"(,]683(7xZY,5(
"!00*0'\*(_`\6"6
`';7Of9%*:)/P$,!."‹-
‘4(!05($7'*’$
r!4X*"r'"4"a,"
 1988 6"6"Avenir
 1989 6"6"Trajan
 1990 6"6"Officina Sans, Officina Serif
 1991 6"6"Meta
 1994 6"6"Edwardian Script
 1996 6"6"Cezanne (OpenType)
Năm kiểu chữ Roman
€((*5ƒŠ5G%
w("%%ƒ;((
w5ƒq5%
%“Q'(5%5ƒ“'(
>%%(ƒG(G%^

11
Category Example
Old-style
”Y'0[$[97'8[)!]
-
Transitional
;Y'0(YŠ5H%$[2$[
9*0Y
Modern (Didone)
;Y'0*R([5*’$2$
[9(*0
Egyptian (Slab-serif)
g4:=3([9$(0[)
Sans-serif
g4[9$T[U!:$[2-

- Trong nước: Từ chữ Hán, Nôm, Latin (Quốc ngữ XVII)
Ứng dụng
• G !,(a!0#
• ;/0!
• ~0
• ?$"eY
• vU`$'
• `!0U
• G:3(`'*,
• *:'f6"6*b7'$w05**4
( vUUQ%#$75w(!,0'\*
4
• *- "e$c*$!0#
w7'T7 dang mrt ch$o6%'Q(

2 Cấu tạo, cấu trúc chữ Alphabet (Letters)
• Anatomy (Giải phẩu)
12


Ascender
'f3(*:=-$F!F(F5F*4Y
`"’(x height
13
Bar
T[(3("e•p–$•>–$•;–$•%–$•^–$•–
Baseline
v-Y]
q2.'3("e ""'f.'Q=3("e#
o)5-Y]3(*:5Wa!093(p$(Q$
""'f.'.3('/
Bowl.
[!(!N!:(*:'fŒ=3(*:=
$"0=!`ArO‡.
() C, G, O$-b, c, e o$p
Bracket.
v-=98[9
Bracketed serifs with cupped bases
Brecketed serifs with flat bases
Unbracketed serifs
Contrast
q25(:]([5*’
Minimum contrast
Extreme contrast


Counter
Bụng chữg(=3(*:*—$5Z44
FdFrFoF#$r*:'f FcF(FmF#
Descender.
'f3(-$‡FgFr˜qF4
'fj*58-!(%%.
14
Loop
uf3(-•–
Sans serif
q—"9$4[U!:$-Q.85,N
Y0
Serif
q—49q:[`*f(=3(*:[
)3(*:.
Shoulder
q:[Q.'<9
Stem
T[)5Nr[ .
Stress
>83([(S:7*3([
Oblique, or angled, stress
Semi-oblique stress
Vertical stress
Terminal
T["6d3(["44'f9
X-height
g’((!(%%%*5% *%(%#(3(
 ($$%$*$#
Avant Garde

Melior
Goudy Oldstyle
X-heights vary among typefaces in the same point size and strongly effect readability and gray
vaule of text blocks.

• Phân tích dạng chữ (Letterform)
Ký tự (Characters)
w."‹$=$5.9$r"e*!4(`
*,!j.*:')*`!')*qŒ"eR5k!%
3(!:8
15
Chữ hoa, chữ thường và số
Các chữ cái hoaN"ecaps p('G*(('#$ $r
uppercase #Chữ nhỏN"e lowercase #SốN
numerals r figures
G=r=(‡ ?#4(3(
G=Oldstyle có chiều cao của chữ thường có ascenders và descenders.

Ký tự đăc biệt (Special characters)
Các ký tự đặc biệt được dùng cho:
Ký hiệu tóan học Các dấu trong câu
Các ký tự trọng âm
Những dấu hiệu kiểm tra (Reference marks)
;`*)q($"er!4Q%*!."‹
^!j)g%('58*%p''%
Ligatures?"e['*46"6ZN3(
"eY
Các ký tự chuẩn trong Adobe Garamond. Các ký tự ghép được thay thế trong Adobe
Garamond.
"e;'('4'fY!05™.'9!

r*3(6"6!j.d3(
'f
16
Ký tự không in: ?"0P$;(!$u)*Q=5W"e
".`*,"(N2aX,*8.
;*:='f**44!,š#
Đơn vị đo lường (Type Measurement)
Pica
q:YX-R5"T4!j8kh*
'#$"0kƒt
Cicero
q:YX-R5"T4!jkhDidot
points$
Point (typography)
1 Points của máy in Pháp
o ;%
g’(› 0.188 mm
o •%
g’(›0.345 mm
o x5Point(didot#X(9‚Y8Y8 pointqb
p1dd=1.066pt
2 Hệ thống point truyền thống của Mỹ : k'Ekƒlh$hl#
3 Hệ thống point DTP (in ấn văn phòng)
1 Inch = 72 points = 6 picas (1 pica=12 points)
4 Tên truyền thống dùng cho cỡ point o5kh'picacicero h„'
double pica (US) two-line pica (Brit.), 72pt: inch…)
• Font chữ:
- Font List (Typeface, fontFamilies)
Kiểu chữ
Phân lọai của kiểu chữ

17
1. Roman typefaces
(# G%^'%^(%
!# G(%^'%^(%
# G''%^(%
5# Š(*%('%^(% ()#
%# q*'%^(% *'’#
2. Blackletter typefaces
( ;%Q(
! G&(!(%
 •("
5 (
% >!5(
^ x(Hg(%5%
3. Gaelic typefaces
w`ht3(*—('(!%?($€(%'%^(%!(U*
`9*N }œ[”)•4yd#‘*:7'''9*85.
.*]` ḂḃžŸḊḋḞḟ ¡ṀṁṖṗṠṡṪṫ#$"e%¢$5Z£(5£
6p
• Phân biệt đặc tính của chữ
4nr)*:"
1. 4r"49
2. >,53(9
3. G"((S<*7'6=*[3(
4. >8d('f[7*3(*:WHN”stress”
5. :!,3("eHNFG%&5F
d(4.5™5.!j:53(
!0f3Z")V
w0.3(
v:7*

v::"e
u9N(g( ;'%^(%#
49 G%^#
g9 G(G%^#
q'(%5
o6( G'#
;() x%(%#
ge G*!
HFont Size(Type size)
Kích cỡ:
Chiều cao:)<'f(.3(8-
5%%5%8*:"’(=’!`58
Chiều rộng4[r0'3("
18
Mở rộng quy mô theo chiều dọc hoặc ngang: ;0(
r[
Năng lực của X-Height?*"r’Y"
"("4Z")V
Các biến thể trên một kiểu chữ: x(r)Y!03(
"S40!`Œ'Z'8-
Kích thước quang học:4[7*-5Z
N(d)’$[!,5Za!0)[
*05Z`
Scale
Tì lệ")83(6=6"686="
*:!=‘8!=07.3(;O=8
khH'X`*:*,mhH4.’$
"khH'`*:(4,(<(9;6
"6(='9.'Y'0!jY8/*
3(%%^*;(S/*d'(:Y'0,

0$:$:9‘'9.'f*/(N
~*7e;\*'959")83(=
`/(6Y/(3()*-3(N
- Font Style
¤%( T*(#$w5$s(1
Type Families
;6"•Q%%$*c!PfS2"¤*(
`ZN ^(*(%#g*c)24(
6"•zz!(U*"!5$%*!5$s($
*(('
Superfamilies:
!(U*'4`/(]:7*ƒr:
:$-Q`80('`!049"9
G*(('(H*%( O4^49#!(
U*'`!0(H%^3(7G((u$
^Y"
19
- Font format (Ky thuat so):
 Š'%;'%
 ;'%k Postscipt)
 ;%;'%
 q'%q(%
 *'%
Các loại Font chữ (Digital Fonts)
GYXR,'9'
;`68(Um')4
HPhông chữ Type 1 'uG'#
HPhông chữ Type 3 'uG'#
HPhông chữ True Type
T(W4Type 0 WN*'%^#‘5uG'5Z

*:="'0(#
Phông chữ Type1'<cp55%=7'`…i!](
-3(uG'Ta*k††i$p55%!='f**/0e'
Adode Type Manager (ATM),'['X';'%k`*
)q($*:P[]!.",")V
u;'%k`0*uG'"uG'
. Phông chữ Type 3(-(';'%k‘=7'`…i5
0Q." "'0cp55%#'v*r!'
;'%m"4>
Hintingk:))'!`*:'d'*!6
O-k"eo)5=8q(>([
24Z5:T6"4$*4k
[!jm*3(*["(!j„*>_0*!0!j
(5:3(0h[
xZ0';'%m;'%k65(`uG'3(c
p5!%';'%m"Q.(_")Q;'%k44
5—60:)g%˜;("!X(S
/(N';'%m"Y)8p;q*"
'0uG'),7*-(.)R5';'%m
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;%;'%]`\•5&6($4<(`
*uG'"uG'),7*,/0e'
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Tc,!]`$-(.)R5';'%m,7dO
20
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21
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