KHAI
THAC
TU
LIEU
•
CHQ
QUOC
IMGQ
CO
(THE KY
XVIII)
De
tai
dac
biet QG 99.06
TOM TAT
TINH
HiNH
NGHIEN COU
VA KET QUA
THUC
HIEN
DE TAI
Chu
nhiem
de tai
GS.TS.
OOAN THIEN
THUAT
Co quan chu
tri

TRUNG TAM NGHIEN
cCfU
VIET NAM VA
GIAO Ll/U
VAN HOA
DAI HOC QUOC
GIA
HA
NOI
MiM
.
^MAW
I. MUC DiCH
YEU
CAU
CUA
DE TAI
Chir Qudc
ngu ngay nay chung ta dang diing la ket qua dong gop
cua nhieu giao sT
phuong
tay thuoc nhieu
quoc
gia va nhieu the he khac
nhau. Day la mot phuong tien ghi chep tien
lai,
song khong phai khong
CO
nhung dieu bat hop
ly

doi v6i nguoi Viet,
vi
ngay
tir
dau viec sang tao
ra chu Quoc ngu khong
nhSm
phuc vu
chiing
ta, ma la phuc vu cac giao
sT phuong tay hoc tieng Viet, ho dang
cdn
biet tieng de' truyen dao cho
ngu6i ban
xu".
1.
Y
nghia
thu'c tien cua de tai : Ngay nay chung ta can hieu
dugc
dieu noi tren de tac dong den chu Quoc ngu mot
each
c6 hieu qua,
nham phuc vu
loi fch
cua chung ta. Do do viec nghien
cuu
qua
trinh
hmh

thanh chu Quoc ngu cung nhu phuong hu6ng cai tien no dang
la
mot van
de thdi su.
Tir tmoc toi
nay ve
lich
su chu quoc ngu da c6 nhieu hoc gia,
nhieu
luan
van,
luan
an nghien cuu. Song,
nhutig gi
den nay biet
dugc,
chu yeu
ihuoc
giai doan manh nha, giai doan thu nghiem dung chu la
tinh de ghi tieng Viet, tiep den la thu van tu da tam dinh
hlnh,
do su ra
doi
ciia
Tu dien Viet - Bo - La
ciia
Ade Rhodes (1951).
Nhu'ng thii
van tu ay so
v6i

ngay nay khac nhau
xa.
Qua tnnh
ditSn
bicn cua no ra sao
thl ^io'i nehien cuii m6i chi
biet duoc
tinh
hlnh
lu
sau
A de Rhodes den cuoi the ky
17
va
tir
dau the ky
19
den nay, con giai
doan
giiJa
do
thi
khong biet dugc
vi
khong c6 tu
lieu.
Gfo
day ta da biet den tvr
di^n
Viet - La tinh cua Pigneau de

Behaine
(viel
tay
1772) v6i
each
viS't khdng
khac
chir
qudc ngu' ngay nay
la may. Qua thuc la c6 mot su dot bien kho
hi^u,
phai chang day
chi
la
each viet
ciia
mot ca nhan va
s6
dT
each
viet nay cua ong sau nay
lio
thanh ph6 bien la
nhd
cong
lao
cua J. L Taberd. Ong nay da
sira
sang lai
tir

dien viet tay
ciia
P. de Behaine
d^
xuS't
ban tai Serampore (1838) v6i
ten sach la
"
Nam.
Viet
Duong hiep
tir
diln".
Chung ta khong tin
rSng
c6 su thay d6i mot
s6m
mot chieu nhu
vay
vl
tu lieu de nghien
ciJu Ijch
su
chQ
quoc bi
trdng
v^ng
h^n
mot the
ky,

dolathcky
18.
Trong dip dugc cu di cong tac
6
Phap toi da tranh thu
iho'i
cO de
tlm
kiem tu lieu. Toi da
lim
dugc trong kho
luu tm
cua Hoi truyen giao
nude
ngoai lai Paris nhu'ng thu
tu'
Irao d6i
giu'a giao dan va cac giao sy
gui
tu*
Vict Nam sang Phap va ngugc lai
(ta't
ca c6 42 van ban
tir 1687
den
1825 tii'c Irong klioang
138 nam)
ciang
nhung s6 tay ghi chep cua cac nha
truyen giao. Nhu'ng tu lieu

m6i tim
dugc
rS't
quy
vi
chung deu co nien dai
xac dinh va la ban viet tay cua nhieu ca nhan khac nhau chu: khong phai
rieng cua mot nguoi. Song, may
man
hon ca la
nhu'ng
tu lieu nay da
vira
lap
diing
mot the ky, con dang trong
vSng.
Nhung tu lieu nay da dugc toi chup anh. Phim anh, da dugc bao
quan rat ky, nhung
v6i
anh hu'Ong cua
khi
hau, thdi tiet nu6c ta, qua mot
Ihcti
ky gian dai, da bi hu hong mot so.
Dugc su
giiip
do cua Ban
Khoa
hoc cong nghe Dai hoc quoc gia

Ha Noi, chiing loi da b6 sung nhu'ng phim anh bi hu hai in ra giay va
chuan bi de' cong
bd.
diroi
de lai ma sd QG. 97.14. Toan bo cac lu
lieu
- 2
diu
dugc phien
chuyin
ra
chu*
Qudc
ngO
hien dai
vdi
nhung chu
thieh
ve
tu dang, ve
ngiJ
am. Duong nhien khi cong bd sau
nay^cac
tu lieu se dugc
Irlnh
bay nguyen dang
dudi hinh thirc
anh chup, cac tu lieu da dugc phien
chuy^n chi
kem theo, nham phuc vu nhung doc gia khong

Ihugc gidi
ngon ngu hoc. Ho
chi
quan tam den noi dung
eija
cac van ban ma thoi.
De tai da dugc nghiem thu va danh gia cao. Tuy
nhien.
Hoi dong
danh gia de nghi phai chu giai cac ten rieng,
tu*
nude
ngoai,
ti^
c6,
ma d
budc dau, chung toi chua co dieu kien thuc hien va da noi r5 ngay
lir Idi
md dau.
Mai
khac cac tu lieu nay cung
cdn
dugc khai thac, trudc het la
ve
mal
ngon ngU hoc.
Day la budc
thu*
hai va da dugc Dai hoc Qudc gia Ha Noi chap
nhan vdi ma sd QG 99.06.

De lai nay dugc thuc hien vdi yeu
c^u
tao dung dugc mot lap sach
chuyen khao, de cong bd kem vdi cudn tu lieu da dugc chu
Ihich
day du
vc moi mal, nham phuc vu gidi khoa hoc trong va ngoai
nude
nghien
ciru
ve lich
sir
chu' qudc ngu*. De tai
cijng
phuc vu kip thdi cho mot chuyen de
can
giang day d bac sau Dai
hoc.
II.
TRIEN
KHAI
Df
TAI
Nhu tren da noi, cac van ban viet bang chu* qudc ngu co thu
Ihap
cTugc^liam
du
mgl
the ky va de noi cho tien, thudng goi la chu qudc
ngu*

Ihe
ky 18, nhu'ng
ihuc
ra la
tir
1687 den 1825. Mat
kliac
sd lu
lieu
de khai
Ihac
chi gidi han
U^ong
pham vi 42
birc
thu da dugc suu lam trong
khuon
-5-
kho de tai QG 97.14. Noi dung
ciia
de tai QG 99.06 chi la tiep tuc.
Chung toi khong md rong pham vi khai thac ra cac s6 tay ghi chep
kliac.
Cong viec
tiirdc
lien la hoan thien budc nghien cu'u dau la chu
thich
cac
tir nude
ngoai va

tu*
c6. Cac
tir
nude ngoai bao gdm cac ten
thanh, cac
le,
cac danh hieu,
phdm
trat,
chu'c
sac trong dao Kilo. Chung
loi da tranh
Ihii sir
giup do cua cac
id chlic
dao Thien
chiia
Irong pham vi
CO
the, va cac chuyen gia.
Sau do, mdi la viec khai thac cac van ban.
Vi tinh hinh
khong cho
phep^su
khai
ihac
ve mat noi dung
ciia
cac van ban co lien quan den
sir

tranh chap cua cac dong tu,
vt
lich
svt
xa hoi duong thdi v.v nen danh
lui
lai. Chiing toi da tap
Irung
khai thac ve mat ngon
ngiJ
nhu
lij"
virng,
ngiJ
phap,
ngiJ
am, phong
each
hoc. O day, chung toi da rut kinh nghiem
lu' nhung
ihanh luu
cua nganh ngon ngu hoc trong qua
khii',
khi
Irien
khai
nhu'ng de lai
Idn,
dd la
kel

hgp nghien
cuU
vdi dao tao,
gSn
chat ly thuyet
vdi
ihirc
hanh, nha
U-udng
va xa hoi. Mot sd sinh vien da
iham
gia
ciing
cac giao su long kel nhu'ng
vah
de ed the rut ra
tir
cac van ban dang xet.
Mal khac
dieu
nay cung la can
ihiet^khi
ba trong sd cong lac vien
liJ'
dau
cua de lai,
vi
nhu'ng ly do rieng, khong tiep tuc tham gia dugc va khong
CO
mat lai Ha Noi

nu'a
cho den hien nay, do la Nguyen Phuong Trang
(chuyen cong lac vao
Tlianh
phd Ho
Chi
Minh), Pham Nhu Quynh
(Iheo
gia
dinh
sang sdng d Philippin ),
V6
Xuan Que (dang d Hung ga
li).
Chung
loi da mdi mgl sd chuyen gia cong lac theo yeu
c^u
ciia
cong
vice.
Nhung nguoi tham gia thuc hien de tai:
-4-
- GS.TS. Dinh Van
DiJc,
Chu nhiem khoa Ngon ngu hoc,
cijng
Nguyen
Viet Ha,
cir
nhan ngon ngu hoc, khai thac mat ngu phap cua

tieng Viet the ky 18.
- GS.TS.
NGuyIn
Thien Giap, Chu nhiem bo mon Viel
ngiJ
hoc,
cijng Pham
Tlii
Tra Giang, cu nhan
ngdn
ngu hoc va Ha Thi My Dung,
cu nhan ngon
ngu*
hoc
kliai
thac mat
tiT
vung hoc.
- GS.TS. Doan Thien
Thuat,
chuy6n
mon ngu am hoc,
citing
Dd
Tlii
Hong Anh, cu nhan ngon
ngiJ
hoe va Le Thi Hong Nhung, cu nhan ngon
ngij*
hoc, khai thac mal van

tu*
va ngii am.
- PGS. TS. Hoang Trong Phien, chuyen mon phong
each
hoc, cung
vofi
Hoang Van Ben,
cir
nhan ngdn ngu hoc, khao sat mgl sd hien
luc^ng
phong each Irong cac van ban.
- GS. TS.
NguySn
Dinh
Quang,
phu trach phan chu
ihfch
cac
tij*
nude ngoai v e Thien
chiia
giao.
- GS. TS.
Nguyen
Nggc San, Dai hoc su pham Ha Noi I, phu
Irach
phan
chii ihfch
cac
lij'

Viet co.
III. KET QUA
NGHI£N
CTJU
Vice
khai thac cac tu lieu, nhu tren da
trinh
bay, dugc lien hanh
Ircn Ccic blnh
dien
ngu"
am,
lii'
vu'ng,
ngif
phap va phong
each
hoc.
-S-
Can
cir
vao bao cao cua 4 nhdm cong tac vien, d day cd the neu
len
torn tat mot sd ket qua ve
timg
mat. Kem theo bao cao nghiem thu nay la
6 cong
ti-inh
dugc ddng thanh 7
quy

en
tdng cdng
605 trang.
1.
Ve van
til
va
nguf
am
311
trang ke ca phu
luc v6
cac con sd va bieu bang ddng thanh 3
quyen.
Tren
dai
the'
cac tac gia da thong
kS
cac dang viet khac nhau trong
cac van ban, thuoc phu
am
d^u
ph§h
v^n^ddng
thdi ddi chieu vdi
each
viet trong hai cudn
tir
6iin Viet - Bo - La

ciia
A de Rhodes tam coi nhu
dai dien cho
chij*
qudc ngu
th^
ky 17 va Viet - La tinh cua P de Behaine,
dugc coi nhu dai dien cho
chiJ
viet the ky 19 .
Ve phu am
driu,
ngoai viec ghi nhan cac dang ky tu dugc
diing
de
ghi am vi /d/,
/zV,
/^/,
AA
fk/
ke ca each viet thudng va viel
hoa,
cac lac gia
dac
bicl
chu y den
each
ghi cac phu
am
xat mdi

"(^3,
v, u
"
cac td hgp
phu am
/bl,
ml,
ll/.
Van de dugc xem xet ve hai mat: Van tu va
ngiJ am
lich su, hai
mat
gan
bd vdi nhau nhung khong dugc coi la mot nhu mot sd nha
nghien cu'u
liTrdc
day van lam. Chung dugc phan biet rach rdi.
Ve phan
van sir
chu y tap trung vao cac van cd nguyen
am
ngan
ma ngay nay dugc viel la
"
ung, ong, ong" va cac
van
cd nguyen
am
ddi
kicu

"U(tng,
udng"
Chiing loi
ci:ing
quan tam den
each
viet
tai,
vdn kha pho bien Irong
Ccic van
ban,
chung cd lien quan den
va'n
de cua phu
am
dau, phu
am
cudi
va thanh dieu.
-6
1-1. Ve
sir
song song ton tai
"^,
v,
u."
Nhung
tir
ma ngay nay thdng
nh^t

ghi bang
"v"
thi trong
ti^
dien
Viet - Bd - La (VBL) cua Alexandre de Rhodes khong phai the.
6
day
mot so
lij*
dugc ghi bang hai
each.
Ben canh
nhUng tir
nhu "van,
mudn"
cd
tir
"uan
ual"
ngay trong cijng mot muc
tijf.
Cung nhu the trong muc
tij*
"uay"
cd
lir
"cho vay", hoac trong muc
tiJ
"uan" cd

tir
"van d€y" Vd
am
thanh cua nhung
tir
nay vao thdi dd ra sao, cung
c^n
dugc
tinh den^klii
Ihao
luan ve ngu*
am
lich su, song cd dieu
chSc
chan la
sir
ghi
am
tuy tien
nay con bat ngudn
ti^
viec su' dung
chii*
cai la tinh trong dd nguyen
am
/u/
va phu an /v/ cd
ciing
mot each
th^

hien dd
hinh
la "v" khi viet hoa. Bang
chirng
cua hien tugng nay ed
th^
thay ngay tren
bla
cua cudn
tir
dien
VBL cua A de Rhodes. DICTIONARIVM
ANNAMITICVM
LVSITANVM
BT
LATIN
VMOPI^
Ben canh
each
viet
luy
lien bang "v" va "u" cdn cd each viet bang
'(b".
de ghi nhu'ng
liJ'
ma ngay nay ghi bang "v" nhu
'^a
ao"
'(bui
be". Con

chu'
|b"
dugc xep thanh mot
v^n
rieng sau van B va can cu vao dang chu
cua no ta cung cd the biet dugc no dugc
diing
d^
ghi
mdi am
xat mdi.
Vay la d day ngoai van de van tu cdn cd
van
de
ngu*
am
hoc, mot
am
da
idn
lai
U'ong
lieng
Viet ma ngay nay khdng cdn
nila
va con chu nay ngay
nay cung bien
ma'l.
Neu
li'ong

lu diem VBL long so cac
tii'
viel
bang^
u, v la 306
ihi
155
iru'dng
hgp
la^
(50%), 48
imdng
hgp la u (34%)
Vay d
ihdi
ky
licp
theo
tinh hinh
se ra sao?
Trong dd 42 van ban lim dugc cd
nhiJng
van ban
tiung
nien dai.
Neu chi lay
nhii'ng
van ban cd nien dai khac nhau va coi la dai
dien ihi
se

-7-
CO
23 van ban dem xet va thdng ke
sir xua't
hien
cua^
thi
tha'y
no dugc
diing
trong ba van ban
6,9,10^^\
nhieu nhat la trong van ban 6, ngoai ra
klidng
thay trong 20 van ban khac. Duong nhien khdng the ndi mot
each
tuyet ddi
la^
da
ma't
hoan toan sau
1706,
song
sir
vang
bdiig
cua nd trong
20 van ban cdn lai, han cung ndi len dugc dieu gi. Mat khac cung khdng
the can cur vao tu lieu cua P.
Binh

6i
phii
dinh nhan xet tren vi
nhirng
tac
pham cua ong viet ra trai dai sang dau the ky 19, nhung chu viet ong
diing
van la thu chu ciia thdi ky
tmdc
khi ong ra di, tuc giua the ky
18.
So hieu thdng ke rut ra
tir
cac van ban the ky
18
mdi tim
dugc^cho
Ihay nhiJng lir
ma ngay nay viet bang V va d the ky
17
dugc viet
bang^b,
u,
V ihi
den the ky 18 V cd tan so xuat
hien
la 775/864 (90%) va u khdng
cdn
nffa.
Bieu dd

100
9Q
ao
70
6C
5o
^0
30
20
10
^
y
/^
.^S^
^
^^
5^
I
V
rtl
u
Jheky 17
^
Y^^^
y
^ u
ITie'kyis
Xet
ve mat ngir am lich
sir

thi,
nhu ta da
biet,"
v"Viet
ngay nay co
hai
ngiion
goc, hoiic do /w/ hoac do /p,
\)f~.
Chu quoc ngu co da xac minh
hai nguon goc do.
NhiJng lir
ngay nay trong ngon ngu van hoc duoc viet
VA
V
vao the ky
17 duoc
viet
bkg^,v
hoac u. So lieu thong ke trong cac
42 van ban
dirrtc xOp llico tlu'r lir ihai
j;ian
lir xua nlial den miion lum
va
duac
danh so
tln'r
lu.
Van

ban
10 CO niOn
dai
1706
-
Nguyen'lai TAn 1995 -Giao ninli
licit
.<n'f
ngu
am liciigVicJ
tranv.
."iX,
62
8
van ban bang chu qudc ngU the ky
18
cho thay qua trinh bien ddi dd ve
CO
ban hoan thanh vao cudi the ky 18.
1.2. Ve cac to hgp
tl,
bl. ml.
Trong
tir didn
VBL ton tai ba td hgp nay. Xet ve mat van tu, thi
khdng cd van de gi dang ndi. Hai phu
am
dugc ghi bang hai con chu va
lu dang
ciia

mdi con chu cung khdng cd gi dac biet, mdi con chu cdn
dugc duy tri nguyen ven den ngay nay.
Sir
vang mat
ciia
nhung td hgp
nay la do
ngu*
am
da thay ddi. Day la van de cua ngu
am
lich su. Can
cu*
vao chii viel ma suy ra
sir
bien
d6i
ngii am. Quan sal ton tai hay khdng
idn
tai cua each viet tren cac van ban cd ta thay cac td hgp phu am dau
nay bien ddi nhanh cham cd khac nhau. O the ky
17
Irong
lir didn
VBL
ddi khi thay hai each viet song song nhu
llao/
IraoA
tldu/
IrouA

llu/
tru,
nhung dang viet chu yeu vAn la
"ll'.
Den the
kyl8,
trong nhiing van ban
dang
xel
cac
tii'
tren chi co mot
each
viet vdi
Ir,
va tr dugc
sir
dung phd
bien. Trong khi dd hai td hgp bl, ml d cac van ban the ky 18 van ton lai
nguyen ven nhu trong
li^
dien VBL.
Ngay nay td hgp bl da bien ddi bang
each
rung yeu td dau, chi cdn
lai
1 'nhu
trong nhdm
tir "Dure
chua

Idi"
hoac rung yeu td sau,
chi cdn"b
nhu "ngdi bet". Nhung nhin chung ca /bl/
Ian
/tl/
thudng bien ddi thanh
/•j;/
d mien nam hay thanh
//,/
d mien Bac nhu
bldi
>
Irdi,
gidi
\
Cdn/ ml/ thi bien ddi
ihanh
/]/
hay
/jV
nhu
bldn
>
Idn,
nhdn
1.3.Ve
each
viet cac van ma ngay nay ghi la "ong, ong, ung".
Ciich

viel
Ccic van nay
Irudc
day khac han ngay nay.
NiiiiyCn'rai
rnn.
I99.S lldd lr;injz
27. 64. 104. 129
Tmdc
hS't,
mau sac mui cua cac
vSn
nay, trudc kia, tren dai the
dugc coi la thuoc
tinh
ciia bd phan
nguyen am
va dugc ghi bang
mdl da'u
dat tren
nguyen am
va dugc ggi la
dSfu
tilde, cdn sau nay
Imh
chat ay
dugc quy ve phu
am
cudi va dugc ghi bang ng. Mat khac bd phan
hai

nhan cua
am
tiet lai la nhung nguyen
am chuyen
sac.
Neu
dijng
ky hieu phien
am
qudc
t6'
(IPA)
d^
ghi
am
ngu am hoc
cac van dang xet, chung ta se phai ghi kha
phiic
tap, ft ra la
[/\'^r)7»^"5T"^"9t-
Chfnh
vi vay Irong
ti^
dien VBL cac vdn nay da dugc ghi la ao (hoac au)
(HI
(hoac au) ou (hoac u).
Vi
du, nhung
tij*
hien nay dugc ghi bung,

thiing till
Irong
lij*
di^n
VBL dugc ghi la bgu, thou. Dieu nay chirng td
rang viec xac dinh
am
sac
ciia
nguyen am, khi mudn mieu la, cung cdn
chua
chclc
chan,
chii'
chua ndi gi den
vi6c
ddng
nha'l am
vi hoc cac
nguyen am nay vdi cac nguyen
am
don
/o,
o, u/ trong cac bdi canh ngii
am khac. Trong
Inih
hlnh
a'y
su*
ton tai cua

dS'u
tilde nhu
mdl
ky hieu de
hi mdl
sir
kien dieu
ifnh
(fait prosodique) ben canh cac dau ghi thanh
dieu,
ludng
cijng la dieu
d&
hieu. Trong trudng hgp cac nguyen
am
cd
nguyen am
cd am sac
d§
xac dinh nhu d
nhihig
tij*
thang, rang, nhu'ng
kc ca nhung
lij'
cd nguyen
am
ddi (mac du
am sac ciia
chiing cd chuyen

ddi,
song do cd trudng do
Idn
nen
dS
xac dinh
am
sac, chang han trong
Ccic
ti:r
lieng, chuong, thudng, thi dac
tmng miii dS
dugc quy ve mot am
doan rieng,
ihco ihdng
le cua ngdn ngU An Au,
lire
la dugc viel bang ng d
cudi. Ngay
li-ong
lij*
dien VBL nhung
tijf viia
neu cung dd
dwac
ghi
nhu
vay.
Trong cac van ban cua the ky 18, tuy ddi khi cd gap nhu'ng
li^

cd
nguyen am ddi duo'c vici vdi dau tilde, song khdng
nhigu.
Cach viel vdi
10
ng 6 cuoi
v^n
la ph6 bien
hcfn.
Van ieng viet v6i ng cuoi chiem
100%,
vSn iromg
78%,
vdn
udng
85,3%.
Doi vdi cac
v5n
nay viet la ong, ong, ung,
thi tinh hinh
khong phai
the.
Vdn thuf nh^t
vao the ky
17
(trong
tir
dien VBL) co
t6i
4

each
viet (do
xac dinh
am sac
khac nhau) deu viet vdi da'u tilde va khong bao gid
duac
viet
vai
ng. Sang the ky
18
viec xac dinh am sac da thong nhat hcfn nhieu,
chi con
CO
mot
each
viet la ao va dang chu y hon ca la da xua't hien dang co
ng
b
cuoi, mac
dii
chua phai la ph6 bien.B ang sau
day
cho tha'y dieu do
Bang 1
'ni(fky 17
TlitfkylS
Crtch y'xix
Tiw suft't
Cach
vift't

Tdn sutfi
a?5
81,6%
a^
•
85%
•1
DU
5.5%
ou
4.6%
ti
8,3%
X
ong
15%
Ddi vdi van hien nay viet la ong thi tinh hinh cung tuong
lu
Bang 2
TI)f
ky 17
TliC'ky 18
Gich
y\€\
Tiw su^i
Gich
vift!
Tlin sutf(
ou
((5u)

84,5%
oii((5ti)
80.6%
au
4,3%
ag
5.6%
ao
2.6%
tf6
2,5%
Xi
3.)%
X
dug
16.8%
Cdn ddi vdi van hien nay viet la ung thi bang dudi day cho thay
tinh hinh hoi khac (ngay d the ky 17 da cd dang ung) (xem Bang 3 d
Irang
sau)
Nhin chung lai, cd the ndi, vao the ky
18
mdi van dang xet deu da
dugc viet thong
fihdt
han, dau tilde
vdn
con dwac dung kha pho hien,
nhu'ng Cling dd dwac vie) vai ng d cudi, mac du
each viet^chua

phd bien
bang.
11
Bang 3
Tlie'ky 17
Tlie'ky 18
Cach viel
TSn sucl't
Cach
vid't
Tfin sunt
u
80,2%
r(
65%
ao
1,3%
ou
3,7%
ung
14,8%
ung
35%
1
Bieu dd 2
90
80
70-
60-
50

40
30
20-
10-
0
M
wag
OU ong
ao
ong
Tren day la thuc trang cua chu qudc ngu* the ky
18.
Nd da cd
nhiing bien ddi kha ro so vdi the ky 17 va da cd nhiing dau hieu tien tdi
dang thu'c cua chu qudc ngii trong
tir
Viet - La tinh
ciia
P.de Behaine.
Trong
tir
dien nay tat ca cac
van
dang xel deu dugc viel vdi ng d cudi nhu
ngay nay (bd phan nguyen
am
cua
van
ong thi ddi
klii van

cdn ghi
khac.)
Trong phan dau
ciia lir
dien Viet - La tinh
tijf
Irang
71
den 103
van
cdn rai
rac ghi la
"aong"
ty le chiem khoang 5%).
Neu nhu
chi
cd trong tay cudn
ti^
dien Viet - La
linh,
ta se cam
tha'y mot
sir
dot bien khdng giai
Ihich
ndi va quy cdng tat ca cho P.de
Behaine.
Su thiic
la vice ghi mau sac mui khdng phai bao gid ciing bang
dau tilde, ma con hang ng ngay lu' nhu'ng ngay dan. Trong

lir
dien VBL
12
da
GO
tien le nay r6i,
chir
kh6ng phai dd
dSn
P. de Behaine sang kien nay
mdi nay sinh.
Mat khac cung
cdn
tha'y rang vao
M
ky 18,
song-
song
v6i each
viet vdi ng
a
cuoi van co
hinh
thiic ghi vdi
d^u
tilde, tham
chi
hinh thu'c
nay con duoc dung phd bien han. Cach viet cua P. de Behaine
cOng chi

la
ccich
viet ciia
mot ngudi
ben canh
each vi6't
ciia nhieu ngu'di khac. Ong
cung khdng phai la ngwdi duy nhat ma
ciing
vdi dng da cd nhieu ngUdi
viet vdi ng, song sd ngudi nay chua phai
Id
da s6.
T\s
didn
Viet - La tinh, tuy khdng dugc
xua't
ban, nhung
A.J.L.
Taberd da lam thay va mdl khi
tir di^n
da duge in ra thi tac dung phd
cap
ciia
nd se
ra't
Idn.
Moi ngudi se theo dd ma viet. Cudn
tijr
dien khi ra ddi,

nd se
thd
chc hoa, quy pham hoa each
vi6't
vdn cdn dang tan man.
Tir
dien
ciia
A.J.L.Taberd,
bdng dang ciia
tir di^n
do P. de Behaine bien
soan, ra ddi, lam cho each viet
ciia
P. de Behaine thang the hoan loan.
1.4. Ve cac
hnih thiic
viet tat.
Khdng phai
idi
ngay nay mdi cd hinh thu'c viet tat ma Irong cac
van ban cua the ky
18
da cd, va ra't phd
biSn.
Tren dai the cd ba
loai:
Loai 1: Viel tat bang phu
am
d^u,

ti'ong
dd cd hai lieu loai, hoac
viet bang phu
am
dau don
thu^n
nhu.
"hia"
ma dang viet
d^y
dii cua nd la "hay la"
"Ihon"
ma dang viet
d^y
du ciia nd la
"linh
hon"
"V"
ma dang viel day du ciia nd la
"Vua"
hoac viel bang phu
am
d^u
vdi mot
ch^m
ben canh,
vi
du:
13
D.C.B ma dang viet

dSy
du
ciia
no la
"Dure
chua
Blcri"
€).C.J
ma dang viet
ddy dii
cua no la
"Dure
chua Jesu"
Cach viet tat bang phu
am
d^u
la
each vi6't
don gian nha'l, da xua't
hien 289/1921
Idn,
chiem ty
16 «
15%.
Loai 2: Viet tat bang phu
am
d^u
+ thanh dieu. Cach viet nay duoc
su dung nhieu nhat, da xua't hien 943/1921
Mn,

chiem ty le
^
49,1%.
Co
the lay
vi
du:
"ng"
ma dang viet
d^y
dii
la
"ngiroi"
"til"
ma dang viet
d^y
du la "thanh"
"mr
ma dang viet day du la
"m
M'
Dang dac biet la D C B ma dang
d^y
du la Du*c chua Bldi (vdi
chain d dudi)
" nh'^lna
dang viel
driy
du cua nd la "nhieu"
Loai 3: Viel tat bang phu

am diu
+ phu
am
cudi + da'u
ciia
nguyen
am
+ thanh dieu
Cach viel nay giiip cho xac dinh
tilf
nhanh
nha't,
chinh
xac nhat ma
khdng can dua vao van canh. T6ng sd trudng hgp viel tat loai nay la
689/1921
Ian,
chiem ty le
^
35,9%. Mot sd
vi
du:
"chg" ma dang viel
d^y
dii la "chang"
"m^'n"
ma dang viel day du la "mudn"
"v^^c"
ma dang viet day du la "viec"
"mh" ma dang viel

driy
du la
"minh"
"(r'c"
ma dang viel day
dii
la "trudc"
"Ih'g"
ma dang viel
d^y
dii
la "thang"
14
Chiing toi quan tam nhieu den
each
viet tat nay, de biet giai phap
cua
ngucti
viet da
lua
chon doi vdi cac
v^n
ma ngay nay chung ta ghi la
"ong, ong, ung", cung nhu cac
v^n
tucfng
tu nhung v6i nguyen am khong
phai
la o, o, u .
Trong cac van ban dugc khao sat, ta bat gap nhirng tir viet tat nhu

"th*g"
6i ghi "thang"
'nhgde'
ghi "nhung"
Dieu dd cho
iha'y
mau sac mui trong cac
v^n
cd nguyen am la "a,
a,
ir"
dugc ghi bang ng d cudi.
Ddi vdi ba
van
dang xet ta tha'y cd nhiing tir viet tat nhu sau:
"eg"
dang viel dau
dii
la
"ciing"
"eg"
dang viel dau du la "cung"
"dg"
dang viel dau du la
"diing"
Van "ong" cung cd dang viet tat,
chi
cd "ong" la klidng tha'y viet
lat
mdl

irin
nao ca. Chiing
Idi
neu cac dang viet tat
d^
ndi rang khi xem
xel
each
viel cac van cd mau sac miii chung tdi khdng chi biet den nhirng
tir dugc viet day
dii
ma cd
tinh
den ca nhiing tir viet tat. Va vdi each lam
vice
nhu
vay
chiing tdi da di den nhan dinh ve viec sir dung da'u tilde va
ng cudi nhu da ndi d muc tren. Dieu cd ihi ndi them la trong ba
van
ma
nay
viel
la ong, ong, ung thi
van
ung dugc viet vdi ng d cudi
xual
hien
sdm h(tn
ca.

15
2.
Ve
phixong
dien tilf vung hoc
(162
trang gdm 2 tap)
Nghien cu'u lich sir tieng
Vidt
ve mat
tiJf
vung ma xac dinh dugc
nien dai la
r^t
c^n
thi&'t.
Trong cac phuong ngu, thd ngir cdn bao ton
nhieu tir cd, song klidng xac dinh dugc
ni&n
dai. Khdng hiem gi tac pham
van hoc cdn
IruySn
lai biet dugc nien dai rd rang, song hau het deu la van
v^n.
O day ta cd dugc cac van ban viet bang van xudi, dd
la
mot dieu
Ihuan Igi
dc tha'y duge
di6n

mao
tidng Vidt
mdt each tuong ddi
d^y
du,
vdi cac lir loai khac nhau,
k^
ca thuc tir
iSn
hu tir.
Theo bao cao cua GS.
NguySn
Thien Giap va cac cdng
sir,
trong
cac van ban dang xel, thdng ke dugc 1275 dOn vi tir vung, trong so dd,
dofn
vi dan
Tim
tiet cd 968, cdn so don vi
d'a
am
tiet la 307. Nhu vay la
Irong nhu'ng the ky
Irudc
(cudi
theky
17 ca the ky 18 va dau the
k)'
19)

lir vung
tieiig
Vict
chii
yeu bao gdm
nhutig
tir don tiet.
Can cu vao
linh
cha't tir loai cua cac don vi tir vung dugc diing
Irong 42 van ban chiing tdi tha'y
sir
phan bd nhu sau:
Danh lir:
35,33%
Dai tir 3,6%
Dong lir:
37,13%
Nhu'ng tir loai khac 10,44%
Tinh
tir: 13,5%
Ty
le
cac hu lir khdng nhieu, song [in sd sir dung cua chung
lai
cao,
dd
cfing
la quy
lual

chung ma ta se xem xet ky hOn d dudi.
Trong so
1275
don vi lir vung, nhung don vi
ihudc Idp
lii'
vung loan
dan chiem
Idi
72,5%.
Nhung lu nay hien nay van dugc diing rdng rai
16
trong ngdn
ngO
toan
dSn,
vi
du an, budn,
d6m,
dSu,
ddng, gian, an may,
bay gid
Nhu'ng tir
ngu"
dia phuong trong cac van ban nay khdng nhieu, chi
khoang 2%
v\
du
A nghTa la "chi"
Bay - "chung may"

Ddc - "dd"
Ngan
-
"rimg"
Vc cac
lir
c6,
trong cac van ban dang
kliao
sat cd khoang tren 100
lir cd. Cd
ih^
dan ra mot vai
vi
du: pho, hoa dung
d^
chi
so
fdiieu,
nhu
trong cac doan van
"Vi
bang pho
thgfy ^y la'y
le rang" "Chang nao
cho pho tha'y a'y d lai".
Til'
pho dugc diing vdi
ngliTa
la cac ca thay 26

Ian
Tir hoa dugc diing vdi nghTa la cac ca thay 16 \in
Tir cac cung song song ton tai dugc diing tdng cdng 365
Ian
Tir nhirng cung song song ton tai dugc diing tdng cdng 215
Ifin
Can cu' vao ngii canh cd
th^
tha'y dugc pho vdi hoa diing cho ngudi
va vdi nghTa
"Iran
trong" "tdn
kinh"
"hoa thay dugc diing
14
Ian,
hoa
ngUo'i
2
Irin.
Song chua rd giiia hoa va pho cd
sir
khac biet nao khdng ve
sac
ihcii ngir
nghia.
Dii
sao thi hai
tii'
nay diing da

it
di va dugc
ihay
the
drin
bang mdl
lif
h'ung
Ifnh vi sac
thai
ngu*
nghTa,
d^
den ngay nay khdng
cdn nua.
Tir"
thay thay
"vdi ngliTa
la "tat ca" dugc diing 4
irin,
vf
du irong
cau sau:
.
17 I ' DT/ao
J
Cdng cac ton dao cac
xit
trong
ngodi,

cac ong cac ba
gia
Ire, dai
lieu thay thay.
Cach diing tir Han - Viet
cQng
khac vdi
each
diing trong tieng Viet
hien nay. Ngay nay chung ta ndi gia tre
Idn
be thi tmdc day diing tir
Han
Vict thay the va ndi gia tre dai
tieu,
ban dugc thay the bang
bdn.
Ngay nay ta ndi bi
thu'Ong,
nhung trudc day ndi bj
tich,
nhu trong
cau: ap vao
ma
danh hai
ngu'di
nhd phai bi tich
ngng
lam nam day.
Tir

thu^n
Viet ddng nghTa vdi mot
tijf
Han-Viet thi tan sd su dung
cung
khcic
nhau, chang han:
Nam dugc dung 128
l^n
Nien dugc diing 16
\in
Ngay dugc diing 70
l^n
Nhat dugc dung 15
Mn
Ve ba lir bj, dugc, phai ta tha'y bi dugc dung ra't
it
ma thay vao dd
la phai
Bj duge dung 1 \in
Phai dugc dung 233
l^n
Dugc dugc dung 367
Ian
Cung nhu vay
irin
sd sir dung
ciia
mot sd hu tir hay gap la
Ma

621 Mn
Nay 175
Ian
Co
559 Mn
Nao 109
lan
La 593
l^n
Vi 225 lan
Ay 525
l^n
18
Do cac van ban phan anh sinh hoat trong dao thien chua nen cd
nhieu tir
ngir
ma giao dan thudng dung cdn ngudi ngoai dao ft hoac
khdng diing
dS'n.
Chung tdi goi dd la
nhiitig
biet
ngUxd
hoi. So
lugng
biet
ngiJ
nay chiem khoang 4%. Dd la nhihig
tir ngiJ
nhu:

Nha chung Bdn dao Cay cau rut
Be tren
Th^y
ddng
Ke giang
Th^y
giang
Chan chien
ThSy
dao
Tan so sir dung cua nhirng biet
ngiJ
xa hoi nay kha cao
Thanh 107
l£ln Vit
vd 60
Ifin
Th^y
417 lan Xung tdi 27 lan
Th^y
ca 204
l^n
Ke giang 27 lan
Tha^ddng 161^n
Trong sd 1275 don vi lir vung thi 613 don vi da xuat
hien
trong
lij*
dien VBL
ciia

A de Rhodes. Cdn lai 656 dOn vi khdng thay trong tir dien
ndi
Ircn.
Duong nhien khdng the ket luan rang 656 don vi tir vung mdi cd
sau lir dien VBL, vi kha nang bao quat vdn tir cua tir dien cd han, nha'l
la
cudn lir dien nay mdi dugc bien soan d giai doan so khai va do ngudi
nude
ngoai
ihuc
hien.
Chiing tdi dat va'n de so sanh tir vUng trong cac van ban nghien ciiru
vdi lir vung trong cudn tu' dien ndi tren
di
xem xet cd
sir
khac bicl nao
khdng ve nghTa va
each
sir dung, ke ca hinh
thiJc
cua tir.
19
Nhin chung, khdng cd
sir
khac biet nao dang ke ve ngir nghTa, duy cd
dieu cac
tir
trong tir
diln,

mudn di duge rd nghTa, thudng dugc dua ra dudi
dang ma chung tdi quan niem la tir ghep
^
chang han.
Rdi ram Nha chung
Sach doan Nha thanh
S^u
nao Nha thd
Tang toe Thay ca
Vu'ng ben
Tli^y
ddng
Vui long
Xac
thit
Xa'u xa
Nhu
vay
la tir trong
Idi
ndi hang ngay va tir trong tir dien cd khac nhau.
Tir trong
Idi
ndi hang ngay thudng la tir don tiet, tii'c la cd
sir
khac biet trong
sir dung.
Dirong nhien so vdi tir dien VBL, ngoai nhan xet
tren^cac
lir cd nghTa

tuong tu cd
Ihi
khai thac ve vd ngir am va each viet, chang han.
Tir dien VBL Cac van ban the ky
18
Chen Chan
Ghcn Gan
Lien Len
Nhd Dd
Tlong
Trong
Bua Vua
Dice Viec
' 1 lico
quan
dicin
cua
NguyCn J liicn Ciiap
tu cua
tiOUg viOl irung voi
tiCrig.
iTrc la ddii Am
licl,
lu da
Am lict
i\[Hic
coi la
tir glicp
hay ngu
20

Sir
khac
bi6t
nay da dugc neu
ISn
d
ph^n
ngu*
am
va van tu. O day
chiing tdi khdng t6ng ket va nhac lai.
Mdt sd tir khdng tha'y cd trong
tijf di^n
VBL (dd la do han che cua
tir
didn,
nhu da ndi d tren) song
dd'n
nay
nhifng tir
nay klidng cdn duge
dung nira hoac ft ra la khdng cd net nghTa nhu d the ky 18 (do suy ra tir
van canh) vf du:
Vi =
vay
quanh
Xa = tha cho,
miSn
cho
Xung = thuat

lai,
k^
lai
Mot sd lir,
dii
xua't hien trong
nhitng
van canh cu
Ihi,
song
ngliTa
ciia
chung van chua dugc xac dinh mot
each
rd rang, vf du chon, dang,
doan
hoiV
Duong nhien, ngoai ra trong nhihig van ban nay cdn cd
nhieu
tir
nudc ngoai dwac phien
dm,
dd la ten thanh,
tSn
cac ddng lu, cac ngay
IS,
cac
lliii
luc hanh le, cac hinh phat.
Cach phien

am
d mdi van ban cd
th^
khac nhau, ddi khi rat khd
khdi phuc dugc nguyen dang
ciia tir
trong tieng La linh, hoac cac ngdn
ngii"
phuong
lay.
Chung loi ft quan tam den sd tif nay vi chiing
ihudc
ngoai pham vi vdn lir lieng Viet. Cd
th^,
mot sd tir sau nay da dugc phien
am khac va dugc dung thdng
nha't,
mot sd tir da dugc dich sang lieng Vict
hoac
Viel
hoa. Nhung
la't
ca deu nam ngoai pham vi khai
ihac
cac van
ban ma chiing loi dang tien hanh ve mat tir vung hoc
21
3,
Ve
ngiif

phap
Pham vi nghien
curu
ra't rdng nen nhdm nghien cu'u
chi
tap trung
vao khao sat
each
sir dung lien tir, cac quan he cu phap ma lien tir the
hien. Mot
quy^n chuy&n
luan 82 trang bao gdm ca nhiing va'n de ly luan
va tu lieu mieu ta dien mao chung cua cac lien tir va mdt sd lien tif cd tan
sd xua't hien cao trong cac van ban c6
(th6'
ky 18). GS. Dinh Van
DUc
va
cac cdng
sir ciia
dng da
lira
chon va'n di nay la
ra^t
dung, vi day la dieu
ndi bat,
de Iha'y
nha't va tao nen dac
dilm
cua van xudi Viet Nam budi so

khai.
De Iha'y rd
sir
khac
biel
ve dung hoc ciing nhu
ngu*
phap
ciia
cac
lien tir dugc diing d the ky
18,
nhdm nghien cu'u da so sanh vdi nhung
lien lir tuong tu dugc sir dung ngay nay,
trSn
co sd thdng ke va mieu ta
chiing
riil
ra
tii"
nhirng truven ngan hav vdi mdt sd trang tuong tu.
Trudc khi ndi den lien tir, hay hu tif cu phap,
tiJc
la cdng cu
difin
dai
quan he
Id
gfch, phuong tien lien ket thanh td phu vdi trung tam doan
ngu, Ccic doan

ngir
cac menh de vdi nhau trong ca'u true
phai
ngdn, cd le
can cd ddi
Idi
nhan xel ve cau true cau trong cac van ban the ky 18,
Dua tren ly
ihuyet ciia
ngii phap truyen thdng (la'y ket cau
C-V
lam
ndng cdt) chiing tdi iha'y trong 42
van
ban dang xet, cac lac gia
chii
yeu
sir dung cac loai ca'u
true
ghep va
tiirdng
cu.
Cd cau (VB 37) dai tdi hon 1000 chi?,
tiirdng
cu d day khdng phai
la lap hgp don gian cac
cau
don ma la mot tdng
th^
cau

ghep cd quan he
chfnh phu: nguyen nhan, dieu
kien/ket
qua, quan he ddi lap/ chon lua
22
giira
cac
cau
ghep co quan he dang lap, duoc noi
v6i
nhau bang cac lien
tir.
Su dan cheo
t^ng
bac tao nen mot cau co ra't
nhilu
cau
true
C- V co
the
dan
ra mot
vi
du sau (VBl, trang 1):
"Toi
Id
Domigo Hdo
gvti Idi
kinh lay thay cd Gabriel duac bdng an
Idnh sue

khoe de md
Idm
phuc cho ben
phuang
dong chiing loi dwac
rdi
huh hon, lu' ngay Idi biel thay thi loi dd chiu an thay nhieu
ianh
song le
bdi
Idi ihdp
chi it
Idi
vung ve cho nen cd nhieu lan
Ihdnh
ra vd phep
ihdy
xin
Ihdy
(ha
sir Id
ay cho loi cung vi trong
Idng
Idi dd cdy
ihdy
co long
ihwang
yen loi nu'a vd Irong
Idng
Idi

dd
kinh men
ihdy
vd phan linh hon
vd phan the xac chang dwac bao
Idu
md be tren lai lieu cho
ihdy
phai
irdy
ve hen ay
ihi Idi liec
ldm'\
Neu so sanh vdi tac pham van xudi cudi the ky 19,
uic
pham thay
Lazaro
Phifin ciia Nguyfin
Trong Quan (Saigon, 1887)
ihi
cung
ihay
nhu'ng
cau gan
nhu the.
Trudng cii la don vi cd
t^n
sd xua't hien cao nha'l, bao gdm
nhieu
kel cau C - V. Hien

lugng cau
t6 hgp 15 -20 ca'u
true
C -V, dai
lien
200
chii'
rai
phd bien Irong 42 van ban dang xet.
Neu so vdi
each
viet
ciia
cac nha van ngay nay, cau
ciia
lieng Viel
cd xu hudng
ngSn
gon. Thay vi diing nhieu ca'u
true
C-V irong
mdl
cau,
ho da sir dung cac da'u cha'm, tach
imdng
cu thanh nhii'ng cau don gian.
IVong Ccic
van ban co, md hinh
cau
la

Lien
lir (C -V) lien
tii'
(C - V) lien lir (C - V) (C-V).
23
Mdt cau nhu vay thdng thudng cd tren 5 tiiu cu ghep lai vdi nhau
theo quan he dang lap. Chung song song tdn tai, tao thanh mdt
cau
ma
mdi ve cd the tach thanh nhihig
cau
doc lap. Va
giita
cac lieu cu lai cd
nhirng quan he khac nhau. Cac quan he dd tao thanh
t^ng,
Idp
cau
triic
cau, Vf du:
" (1) Khi
hcu
thay cd Bispo ay
chiia xem
xet chua cho
ihi
du (2) md
goi
Id Ihdy
giang cung chang dwac

nUa,
dH
(2)
Idm
dng giw viec coi sdc
nhd Ihdnh khi (J) ngwdi chang dat ten ciing chang dwac nu'a, lai cac Ihdy
cd ddng, du cac
ihdy
bdn cd bdn ddng su ve coi sdc bdn dao
ihi
cung
phdi chiu luy hai
ihdy
cd Bispo
mla
md bdi vi (3) Ihdy dd
id
le ay bao
gid, vi du (4)
ihdy a ini'dc Annam
ve sw kinh may cung chiu luy hai
ihdy
Bispo
I
hi
Ihdy
mudn lam gwang
Iru'dc
cho anh em bat chwdc theo
sau'.

(1) Quan he thdi gian
(2) Quan he dieu kien - ket qua
(3) Quan he nguyen nhan
(4) Quan he nhan - qua
Vf du
Ircn
cho
ihay cau
cd
id
chu'c mdt mang
ludi
cac quan he da
chieu,
dan kci, chdng cheo vao nhau. Quan
ht
ndi bd trong
cau
nay
chii
yeu
la quan he dang lap. Dieu dd tao nen dac diem ndi bat
ciia
ca'u
Iriic
cau van xudi
lieiig
Viet the ky 18.
3.1.
Vice sir

dung lien tir trong cac van ban co
Nhu la da biet, lac gia cua nhirng van ban dang nghien ciru la cac
linh muc, giao dan, ngudi Viet (la chu yeu) va ca ngudi
nirdc
ngoai. Vi
Ihe
Ccich
viel ciia
ho da
ihoat
khdi
Idi
viet ddi
vfin tiirdc
dd
ciia
van ndm.
cau
dai nhung khdng cd nhieu lien tir, va khdng cd cham cau. Mat khac,
day la nhirng
biic
thu,
Idi
le gan vdi
kh^u
ngii, ma trong
Idi
ndi hang
24