DAI
HPC
QUOC GIA HA NOI
MOT
60
VAN
DE VE
-T
•>
PHAT TRIEN CUA
TIENG
VIET TRONG THE KY XX
( Bao cao tong
ket)
De lai dac biet :QSr
97.13
NgirM cliii
tri : GS PTS
^f)inh rOan 'f)m
Khoa :
Ngon ngff
hoc
Trirtyng
: Dai hoc
KH
& NV
OAt
HOC
auC
C
GIA

H-
MOi
'•
TRUNGTAMTHCMuTiN.TliUVi^M!
No CI
k
Ila
Noi, 1999
DAI HOC
QU6C
GIA HA
NOI
CONG
HOA XA
HOI
CHU
NCJHlA Vltl
NAM
^^fal
NCKH
Q^97.13
Doc
l$p - Tir
do - Hanh phuc
• ••
-».•'
^'
*
jk
MOT SO VAN

OE
VE
Sir
phat trien cua tieng Viet trong the ky XX
A. MUC
DfCH NGHlftN CUU
1.
The ky XX la
Ihe
ky dac
biel
cua xa hoi
Viel
nam. Noi dung ca han cua
the ky nay
la
cuoc
da'u
tranh gianh doc
\Ap
thong nha't va chong ngheo nan lac
hflu
cua
dan toe
ta. Tieng Viet,
vc'^i
ta
each
la cong cu giao
tifi'p

quan trong nhAl, da
tham gia
tich circ
vao
sir v(in
dong
ciia
doi song xa hoi, va chfnh no, da co
sir pluil
tri^n virot bac
,
2.
Tieng Viet ngay nay so
vcfi
hoi dau the ky da khac xa tren
phircmg dien lo
chiJc,
each
su dung va pham vi
sir
dung. Mo ta dien mao tieng Viet qua
lirng ihiti
ky trong the ky
6i
tien
t(3fi
so sanh nham
dimg
nen mot
biic

tranh loan canh ve
sir
phat
trie'n
cua tieng Viet la mot viec lam
rat can
thie't va
bd ich
cua
gioi ViCi
ngu
hoc nudc ta.
Lich su phat
Irien ciia
tieng me de trong mot the ky,
nhal
la the ky XX, \i\
mot
va'n
d^
rat rong
\an
khong
ihc?
lam ngay mot luc duoc.
DC
(ai nay moi chi dam
hu6ng
tdi mot phan cua muc tieu do
v^i

d(5
cho cong viec co duoc
kcl
qua
mni each
thuc te, de lai nay se giai han lai Irong mot so dinh huong nghien cuu, cu
the'
la :
a) Trudc
het,
nen
c^n
tap trung vao nghien
cihi
cac
biS'n
ddi
ciia
tieng
Viei
trong nua
d^u
M
ky XX vi day la giai doan
r^t
quan trong va rat dac
biOl
b) Hudng cac
nghidn
cuu vao 3

phuctng
dien : 1/ Mot so bien ddi trong Irong
didm trong dia hat
tir
vung , 2/ Nhutig
diin
bien nhan dien duoc tren bmh
dien cu phap , 3/
Sir
md rong
chirc
nang xa hoi
ciia lia'ng
Viet .
c) Vdi ba dia hat nay, de tai dua vao ngudn cac van ban viet lam ngon
lieu
chinh
6i
mo la va khao sat.
B.
NOI
I)UN(;
NGHlftN COU
1.
Neu phan doan
sir
phat
tridn
cua tieng Viet trong the ky XX theo thdi
gian, can cur vao cac nghien

ciru
hien co, ta ed thd chia nd thanh ba thdi ky:
-
Tir
d^u
the ky XX de'n het chien tranh
thg'gidi
l^n
thu nha't (
1918
)
-
TiT
sau chien tranh
the
gidi thu nha't den het chien tranh
the
gidi thu hai
( 1945 ). Cai mdc quan trong
nha^t
d thdi ky nay la cuoc
each
mang thang
Tam nam
1945.
- Tir
sau chien tranh the gidi thu hai de'n nay.
Tinh
hinh thuc te cho tha'y
nira

dau the ky XX la mot giai doan ban le trong
sir
phat trien cua tieng Viet, nd tirng budc cd duoc nhung lien de phat trien ngdn
ngit
va tiem tang nhung kha nang nhay vol d giai doan sau dd (luc la nua cudi
the
ky XX).
2.
Nhu da ndi, de tai da
lira
chon ba mang de uu tien
n^zhicn
ciru.
Nhfrng
noi dung dd
thiioc
binh dien ca'u true va chuc nang
ciia
ngon ngu.
Neu
khao sal ky
chiing ta se cd dieu kien hieu duoc cac xu hudng va quy tac cua su bien ddi.
Ndi den
diin
tie'n eiia mot ngon
ngO
khong thd khong tim hidu
sir
phat tridn
ciia

cSfu true
ngon ngir.
C^u
true tieng Viet hoi
d^u
the' ky so vdi ngay nay da khac
r^t
xa tren cac mat
tir
vung va
ngff
phap. Day la hai mat tieu bidu
c^n
quan tam.
Tuy nhien, trong khuon khd cua de tai nay, khdng thd de
cap
den moi
khia
canh
ma
c^n
chon ra vai ba tieu didm dd khao sat: a) Vdi
ngu*
phap se tap trung vao cac
bien ddi
cii
phap, b) Vdi ttr vung se dd
cap
den
sir

hinh thanh va phat tridn
ciia
Thuat
ngi?
khoa hoc, viec bd sung cac tir
ngir
mdi cho cho ngon ngu van hoc, bao
ehi.
3/
Viec su dung tieng Viet trong giai doan nay cung da cd nhidu bien ddi
theo hudng va md rdng
churc
nang xa hoi. Tie'ng Viet cd kha nang ngay cang cao
trong giao tiep xa hoi va trong giao due dao tao mac
dii
bi o
bC'
bdi tie'ng Phap va
chfnh sach cua chfnh quyen thuc dan.
Sir
da dang hoa chuc nang xa hdi cung la
mdt didm dang luu
f ciia
tieng Viet. Di lai cung danh mot mang dd khao sal nhung
V'in
di
lien quan den giao due ngdn ngu", cac dich vu thdng tin ngdn
ngfr
(bao chf,
tjuydn

thdng, thdng tin, quang cao) va dac biet
chii
y tdi su phat tridn
ciia
van hoc
ddng hanh vdi ngdn ngir loan dan.
Trong ta't ca cac va'n de dat ra, mdi noi dung nghien ciru deu gang tra Idi
nhihig
cau
hdi xac dinh, vf du:
ThiJ
nha't, trong van de cu phap, cac quan tam cu thd la:
Dien mao cii phap tieng Viet nua dau the ky XX ra sao qua cac van ban van
xudi
duong
thdi, nhirng dac didm gi cd thd coi la dac trung
ciia
budi giao thdi 7
Nhffng
each tan gi do cac nha van dua lai, nhirng each tan gi cd
duoc
do
sir liep xiic
CU phap giira tieng Viet va cac ngon
ngff
chau Au ?
Thir
hai, Irong van de
tir
virng,

quan
tSm
cu thd
UM6C
het tap trung vao mang
Thuat
ngi?
vdi cac noi dung:
Sir hinh
thanh va xuat hien cua khai niem
Tliuat
ngu
trong tieng Viet.
Sir
tang tien cua cac the he thuat ngfr theo huong
mo
rong da
nganh, da
ITnh
virc.
Dong gop ndi bat cua cong trinh " Danh tir Khoa
h(.)c " Ciia
Hoang Xuan Han
(1943)
trong viec
xay
dung Thuat ngir tieng Viet.
3
Cling
\6\

Thuat
ngxi,
nua
d^u
the ky XX la thdi ky tiep xuc manh me
gifra
tieng Viet va tieng Phap ma ket qua la trong von tir
vimg tiS'ng
Viet da xuat
hien
mot bo phan tir goc Phap. Day la mot hien tuong dac
thii
cua giai doan
cSn
phai
dirdc
khao sat.
ThiJ
ba, trong
vSin
de phat
tridn
chuc nang xa hoi cua tieng Viet cac
qii;in
tam cu
Ihi
tap trung vao ba phuong dien : Tieng Viet duoc giang day nhu the nao.
mure
do cao tha'p, tac dung va anh hudng cua cong
viSc

nay?
Sir
phat tridn
ciia
ngon
ngi?
bao
chi
dong thdi vdi
sir
tang
tiirc'^ng
cua bao chf.
Sir
phat trien cua ngdn ngu
van hoc,
sir
phat tridn cua cac thd loai ngdn
ngCr
qua cac phong trao van hoc mdi,
van xudi mdi, thd mdi ).
Nhung
ndi dung
nghidn
cuu tren day
duoc thirc hitn tr6n
cac tu lieu
phii
hop
cd

lira
chon, kinh qua thdng ke, phan tfch, nhan xet va danh gia da dua tdi nhfrng
nhan dinh cd
c(J
sd ve nhirng dac didm cua mot giai doan phat trien nhat dinh
ciia
tieng ta.
C. QUA TRINH
TRI|5N
KHAI
I Hl/C HIpN f)fi lAI
Sau khi Chu nhiem de tai bao cao hdi ddng khoa hoc Khoa Ngon ngu vd
viec
tiep nhan va thirc hien de tai, Hoi ddng da :
a) Di nghi de tai tap trung nghien cuu
sir
phat trien
ciia
tieng
ViOi mia
d^u
the ky XX
nhir
la budc
thir
nha't (pha
1).
b) De nghi mdi ta't ca cac thiiy trong Khoa tham gia nghien cuu
c) i Cho phep sir dung mot bo phan sinh vien nam thir tu K.39 ciing
Iham

gia thirc hien cdng trinh ciing vdi cac
th^y
giao va mdi them mdt
\m
thay giao d
ngoai khoa (PCS PTS Ma Giang
Lan,
PTS Trinh Hd Khoa)
iham
gia vao cac
nh('>m
de tai.
De tai do GS Dinh Van
Due
chu
tri
chung duoc chia thanh
3
nhdm cong lac
1/
Nhdm nghien
cUu
cac van de ngu phap do GS Dinh Van
Due
phu
liach
2/
Nhdm nghien
ciru
cac

vafn
de
tir
vung do GS Nguyen Minh Thuyel phu
trach.
3/
Nhdm nghien
ciru
cac
va'n
dd phat tridn chuc nang xa hdi cua ngon ngfr
tlo
GS Doan Thien Thuat phu trach.
Can
ciJ
vao nhiem vu cua de tai chung, mdi ngudi phu
Irach
nhdm dd tai da
phac thao mot he cac de tai cu thd, thdng qua nhdm lam viec, sau dd mdi cac can
bo trong khoa va ngoai khoa (Neu
c^n)
tham gia. Ddng thdi mdi ngudi phu trach
tmc tiep thuc hien mot hoac mot vai de muc. Cac sinh vien tham gia de tai do cac
th^y
true tie'p tuydn chon va hudng
dSn
thuc hien.
Tuy chia thanh 3 nhdm chu de nhung cac cdng trinh cu thd cd thd dan xen
\\\
hd

tra
cho nhau, va cd nhung de muc duoc thuc hien bdi mot nhdm lac gia.
Thang
6
nam 1998 ta't ca cac cdng trinh thudc danh muc vdi cac de muc cu
thd da duoc hoan thanh, cac nhdm lam viec td
chiJc
danh gia va sau do Chu nhiem
de tai da td chuc nghiem thu
tiing
dd muc d ca'p khoa. Nhan dinh chung cua Hdi
ddng nghiem thu la cac cdng tiinh vdi cac dd muc cu thd da duoc thuc
hien
ra't
nghiem tuc, cd chat luong dang tin cay, cd ddng gdp
rat
cu thd, mot
so
dat
Un
muc
xua't sac.
I).
KHOI
LUONG VA QUY MO
C()N(J
TRINH
0
1/
PhiTdng

phap
Muc tieu
ciia
cdng trinh nay la nghien
ciru
md la ddng dai mot giai doan
phat
tiidn
cua tieng Viet dd
tir
dd
riit
ra nhiJng nhan xet danh gia cac dac trung
c
ua
^\S
bien ddi va phat tridn. Cach duy nha't de dat tdi ket qua la phai quy nap
bfmg
each
mieu ta cac hien
tuc^ng lir
ngdn lieu cu
ihe.
Ban
chi
dao de lai da thdng nha't
coi vide thu thap cac ngir lieu va md ta la cdng viec cd ban. Mdi de tai nhd se
ihuc
hian
bang

nhij-ng
thu phap rieng cua phuong phap md ta ddng dai, sau khi da thu
thap du tu lieu va se rut ra cac ket luan rieng theo yeu
c^u
cu
th^
cua cong
Irinh.
Cac ket luan dd se la nhirng mang
mau
ddng gdp cho birc tranh chung.
Il/Tifljeu
i
G^n
mot nua thdi luong thuc hien cdng trinh da duoc danh cho cdng tac tu
lieu. Bdn muoi chuyen luan da hoan thanh nhd mot khdi luong
Idn
cac
mSu
dieu
tra duoc chon (khoang 15.000 - 20.000 phieu) do
g^n
30 dieu tra vien
Ihuc
hien.
Chuyen luan
it
nha't cd 500 phieu, nhidu
nh^t
cd 2.000 phieu. Ngu lieu

diroc
chon
tiT
da tac gia, da phong each trong ngdn
ngiJ
van hoc va ngdn ngu bao chf. Rieng
ngu lieu
tir
vung con duoc la'y tu cac
tir
didn
ductng
thdi so sanh vdi cac tu didn
hien nay.
Viec la'y tu lieu cho de tai la mdt cdng viec kha phuc lap, ngoai cac van ban
bao chf va tac pham van hoc cd thd tra
c\ru
d cac thu vien, mot so lac pham, bao
chf cu da trd nen
rat
hiem hoi, mot
so
van ban
ihudc
dien luu
Iru
hao lang khong
dc
dang duoc liep
can

vi phai qua mot he thdng quan ly nhieu dau mdi.
Ill/
Danh muc cac cong
trinh
nghien curu cu the da
difdc
nghiem
thu (ed van ban kem theo d dudi day)
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NHAN XET Vfi CAC Kftr QUA THU
DUOC
Phan
thur I
: Cac van de
tCr
virng
Nhu da n(3i
6
muc (C), cac vafn de ve
tir vimg dugc
dc
cflp
den trong X
chuyen luan (5
v^
thu9t
ngir, 2 ve
tir
goc Phap & An Au va 2 ve
phmmg
ngfr).
Nguyen tac can ban cua viec khao sat la
dira
tren cac tu heu thong ke
lir
nhfrng
vim
ban
dugfc

cong bo tir 1901 dd'n 1945
luu Ini
tai cac thu vien va cac
c(f
quan
bAo
quan tai Ha Noi. Viec lam tu lieu, nhu da noi, dugc thuc hien kha cong phu cho
nSn
da dua lai nhirng thong tin xac thuc 6i mo ta va nhan xet. Ket qua cho thay:
Ve thuat
ngiif
1/
Thuat
ngit d
day dugc
hilu
nhu la nhu'ng
" ChuyCn doiinh
" (Hong Dan,
1983),
bg phan tir vung dugc diing theo pham vi
chuyfin
nganh, chuyen linh vuc.
Khi dat va'n de tim hiiu su phat
tridn
cua thuat ngir,
d6
tai khong
chi
tfnh

Ic'ti
cac chuyen doanh ve khoa hgc, ky thuat, cong nghe ma con phai dc
cap
de'n cac
thuat
ngu"
khoa hgc xa hgi va nhan van. Day la mot diem mdi,
Iriroc
day con rat
I't
dugc nghien cuu.
Tnrdc het
c^n
noi tdi cac ket qua dem lai tir nhdm cdng
Irinh
cua Le Quang
Thiem, nhdm nay gom cd 3 chuyen luan ve su
hinh
thanh va phat
tri(?n
cua cac
thuat
ngu"
khoa hgc xa hgi va nhan van nira
d^u
the ky XX. Cho den nay, day la
nhfrng nghien
c\Ju
dau tien mang lai nhfrng thong tin ve
linh

vuc nay vdi nhfrng md
ta lien
tijc
ve mat thdi gian.
Cdng
tiinh
" gdp phan
tim
hieu nhirng tir chuyen mdn xuat
hien Ircn
bao
chi
Qud'c
ngiJ
nhfrng nam
d^u
the ky
(1901
-
1925) " ciia
Le Quang Thiem va Dang
Thanh Hoa la mdt tai lieu quy
vi
cac tac gia da :
a) Xac dinh dugc rang
d^u
the ky XX trong
tidng
Viet da budc dau
hinh

thanh trdn thuc
t6
mot bg phan mdi cua tir vung: cac tir chuyen mdn
iiitac
the hien
trdn
chO
Qud'c ngir. Trudc day, trong khi quan niem hep ve thuat ngir, la da cho
ring sir
bat ddu dd la mugn hon.
b) Md ta dugc buc
Uanh
chung
ciia Idp
tir
ngi!
nay, Uong dd
chi
ra nhfrng
nguydn tac ca'u tao,
sir
phan bd, cac
hinh
thuc
thd
hien,
vice
dich thuat, cac
bien
ddi

ngi?
am,
ngi?
phap. Cd nhirng nhan xet
r^t
quan trgng da dugc ndi
Idi.
vf du:
tiong
sd 2.000 tir chuydn mdn thd'ng ke tir
142
sd bao chu Qudc ngfr d thdi ky nay
thi
cd tdi 90 % la tir cd ye'u td Han Viet,
chi
cd 10%
thudn
Vidt. Trong s6 90% do.
cd tdi 55% dugc dich tu tie'ng Chau Au qua
chi?
Han.
Tinh hinh
budi
ddu
nay
rAl
khac so vdi ngay nay. Trong mot chuydn luan tie'p theo ("
tim
hid'u dac didm
lluiai

ngQ
KHXH & NV trdn tu lieu bao chf 1926 -
1939"),
Ld Quang Thidm va Vu
'Fhi
Hdng Hao da khang dinh
rSng
thuat ngir khoa hgc (rong
lieng
Viet da ton tai va
dang phat tridn. Tir thuc tidn cua xa hdi, cac thuat
ngiJ
KHXH & NV da dugc sir
dung sdm
han
so vdi nhdm thuat ngfr khoa hgc tu nhien va cdng nghe. Tren bao
chf
chif
Qudc ngu", cac thuat ngfr nay dugc phan bd quang dai htm so vdi giai doan
tiirdc
dd va da bao gdm nhidu
ITnh
vUc (xem bang phan bd
15d()
thuat ngir
duoc
thdng kd tir 137 sd bao cua
15
td bao d thdi ky nay). Nhan xet cung cho thay la
luy

ap luc cua cac tie'ng Han Viet van con ra't
Idn
nhung da giam di so vdi giai doan
tiirdc dd ( 80% so vdi 90% hdi dau the ky), do dia vi
chiJ
Han da giam di,
nhuimg
chd cho
tan
hgc ddng thdi viec sir dung cac thuat
ngi? ciing
cd phdn binh dn va
chii
ddng
hem Irudc
nhu cdu phat tridn. Cdng
tiinh
cung cho mot nhan xet la trong cac
bao
chi each
mang va lien bd thuat ngir, nhdt la thuat ngir chfnh
Iri
- xa hdi, cd
mgi
dien mao phong
phii
hgn, thd hien budc di tfch
cue
han. Dieu nay hoan loan
ti iing

hgp vdi cac nhan xet ve ngdn
ngiJ
cua bao chi
each
mang
tnmg
hai cdng
Irinh ciia
Trdn Khuyd'n va Ve mat ngdn ngir hgc, cae nghien cuu deu cho (hay la
Uiyct
dai bg phan eae thuat
ngiJ
( 80%) cd cdu lao song liet do liep xuc Han - Vict \a ly
le cac thuat ngir ed ngudn gde tidng Phap da tang len thay
vi
phai dich qua
llan-
Vidt.
8
Chuydn luan thir ba cua Le Quang
Tliiem
va Vu Thi Trang Nhung "
G(')p
phdn
tim
hidu
sir
xudt hidn cua thuat ngu KHXH & NV trdn van ban bao chf giai
doan 1940- 1945 ( 74 trang ) da gdp phdn ciing cd cho cac nhan xet
ciia

hai
chuyen
luan trdn. Dieu dang chii y la ca ba cdng trinh nay dugc thuc hien song song, irong
ciing mot liic. Giai doan thu ba
chi
cd 5 nam nhung rdt cd
f
nghla
vi
bdi canh xa
hdi va Qud'c te : Cudc chid'n the gidi
Idn
thir hai va phong trao Viet minh khang
Nhat, tid'n tdi cao trao tien khdi nghla va cudc each mang
ihang
Tam
ihanh
cong.
Trong bdi canh dd, bao
chi
la mot dien dan chfnh tri rdt quan trgng. Ngdn ngfr bao
ehi
each mang ddn
tid
thanh ddng chii luu trong cac cudc van ddng qudn chiing.
Sir
ta ddi ciia hang loat thuat
ngir
chinh tri - xa hdi trdn bao chf tien bd va each mang
chfnh la ddu hidu cua su ra ddi

ciia
mdt he thd'ng thuat ngfr KHXH & NV
miVi.
Khac vdi hai giai doan
tiordc,
trong so
1221
thuat
ngu"
thdng ke dugc lir bao chf
<V
giai doan nay, cd tdi 638 thuat
ngiJ
chfnh tri- xa hdi. Mat khac, vice chiem da phdn
ciia
cac yd'u to Han Vidt,
tinh
song tidt cua cac
ihuat
ngu"
vdn la
mdi
dac
(nrng
ngon
ngir nha't quan cho mang tir vung nay (va cho
Idi
tan ngay nay cung chi
e(')
ft

ihay
ddi).
2/
De tai
sir
phat trien thuat
ngu'
da danh
sir
quan tam
ihfeh
dang cho vice
khao sat
sir
phat tridn cua cac chuydn danh ve
klioa
hgc tu nhien, ky thuat va cdng
nghe vi day la mdt dia hat mdi cua tidng Viet the ky XX.
Chuydn luan cua Nguydn Minh Thuye't va ba tac gia Nguyen ThiThu Dung
va Quach Thi Gdm, Nguydn Thi Ngoan (dai 550 trang) da tap trung gidi
ihieu
va
khao sat cdng trinh "Danh tir khoa hgc" cua Hoang Xuan Han nhu la mdt
hien
tutmg
ngdn ngir dot pha trong
linh
vuc
nay
. .

"
Danh tir khoa hgc" mdy chuc nam qua dugc coi la cudn sach md
duimg
cho thuat
ngQ
hgc Viet Nam, va da cd ddi ba bai gidi thidu vd sach nay, nhung mdt
chuyen luan ve nd thi chua. Chuyen luan nay la cdng trinh
Idn,
ddu lien,
nghien
cuu nd tren ba phuang tien: a) Tlid'ng ke va md ta
sir
phan bd
ciia h(m
12()()()
ilanh
9
tir
khoa hoc
ducfc
lua chon, b) Danh gia he thong
thuSt
ngu noi
tien
v^
cac
phucm^
dien s6
ludng , cSfu
tao va kha nang dien dat cac khai niem khoa hoc de

tim
hien
su phat
tri^n
cua tie'ng Viet nua
d^u
the' ky XX, c) Danh gia nhung dong gop cua
hoc gia Hoang
XuAn
Han cho su phat
tri^n
khoa hoc ngon ngu va ngon ngu
dfln
toe,
qua do rut ra nhung kinh nghiem cho viec
xSy
dung cac thuat ngu.
Nhung ke't qua nghien cuu cho ta tha'y:
a)Tieng Viet trong khoang thdi gian hon thap ky
d^u
ihe
ky da
phai
trien
nhanh chong va co kha nang tiep nhan
nhiSu
yeu to
ti^
vung moi trong
dieu kien

khong di dang: Tieng Viet bi dat vao mot vi trf thua kem lieng Phap, chu
Qunc
ngu
lai dang d giai doan
van
dong di truyen ba, chua
phai
la mot cong cu giao liep ph(i
bien.
b) Viec dat
dugc
mot he thong thuat
ngu"
khoa hoc lu nhien va cong nghe
trong hoan canh giao
due
kem phat trien (viec day
dai
hoc bang tieng Phap la
ca
mot
CO gang
to
16n
va
vcti
mot y thuc dan
toe
cao cua hoc gia Hoang Xuan Han.
Tren thuc te ban danh

tir
khoa hoc nay da gop mot
ph^n
khong nho vao
vice
giang
day Dai hoc va nghien cuu khoa hoc cua nen dai hoc
mdi
sau Cach Mang Ihang
Tam va sau nay.
c) Khac
vdfi
cac thuat
ngu*
khoa hoc xa hoi va nhan van dugc
hinh
thanh clan
dan, tu phat trong nhu
c^u
giao tiep
ciia
thong tin xa hoi va phan
Ion c6
nguon goc
tir
ngon
ngG
bao chf, khong co ten tac gia, cac thuat ngu khoa hgc ky
ihuat
va cong

nghe la mot dang khac. Trudc het chung la nhiJng chuyen danh trong nhung chuyen
nganh va
linh
vuc cu the
(vcfi
Hoang Xuan Han la Toan, Vat Ly, Hoa hgc,
Ot
hoc,
Thien van va Khoang vat), dugc xay dung thanh he thong (nguyen
lAc
cua mot cuon
tir
dien) va co dia
chi
(ten hg
ngU(M
bien
soan),
qua do ma
hinh ihanh
nhung kinh
nghiem phat
triS'n (each
cau tao,
each
the hien, each su dung cac nguon ngon ngfr
Han-Viet,
thuan Viet, Phap, La linh
d) Tieng Viet trong Danh
tir

Khoa hgc cho thay ciing voi
sir xual hiCMi
khoa hgc
cO
ban va ky thuat
O
Viet Nam,
sir hinh
thanh
mgi
bg phan tir vung
mOx
la
tSft
yeu, nhung
dieu
quan
Irgng h(tn
la tieng Viet da phat
tridn dii sue
dam
nhAn
10
cong viec do. Kha nang hiiu dat cug dugc da dang hoa hon
truftc
do. Bang chung:
ti-ong
so' han 12.000 thuat
ngO,
khong phai co tdi 80 - 90% cac

tir
Han
ViOl
nhu
ti-udc
kia ma da co hang loat thuat
ngi?
dugc
hinh
thanh theo
lo'i
mdi. Lan dau lien la
gap cac tijf vdi Idi
c^u
tao mdi theo
Idi
phien
am true
tiep
irCn
dang chu Qudc ngu:
oc - ci, acft,
a-cit
manh, ac-tin,
cd-Io,
hyt-ro, hoac tim each dich
nghia:
dong
at
hai ky, ddng co hoi,

I
Vdi Hoang Xuan Han Ian
da'u
tien thuat ngii dugc tao ra cd nguyen tac va
nhihig nguyen
tSc
nay ve sau nay dugc tham khao va su dung rdng rai cho nen khoa
hgc va dao tao mdi, va diing cho den ngay nay:
Cho den thdi
diim
cua cdng trinh, thuat
ngiJ
khoa hgc tieng Viet da cd ca'u
true;
a)
Thu^n
viet: sudi, luong sdng, hai banh xe, con mat, bat lira,
b) Han Viet: bieu kien, bien sd,
biJc
xa,
ludng
cue, lugng giac,
c) An - Au phien am: oc-xy, o-zon, ben-zen,
cal-ci,
sul-
HI,
a-cit,
d) Lai ghep:
a-cft
ke, vec-to true,

lo-ga-rit
thien nhien,
1-on
hoa,
Cac hien tugng (c) va (d) la mdt
Idi
rat mdi trong lieng Viet nd md
la mgi
each
thuat
ngi?
vira don gian, vira de
hie\i,
vira nhanh ddi vdi tieng Viel, den nay
Idi
nay van dugc dung phd bien.
Cd the ndi
t(5ng
quat rang, su xua't hien cac
hinh thi?c
thuat ngu khoa hoc xa
hdi va khoa hgc tu nhien, vira tirng budc he thdng hoa chung la mdt hien tugng phat
tri^n rat
dang chu y cua tieng Viet nua dau the ky XX, nd la tien de rat quan trgng
cho viec
xay
dung va phat trien he thdng thuat
ngir
d giai doan tiep theo. Su xuat
hien cac thuat ngu cung day nhanh qua trinh truyen ba va sir dung

chCr
Qudc ngu d
giai doan nay.
3/
Ve
sir
tiep xuc Phap -Viet qua tir vung
11
Tiep xuc ngdn
ngO la
mdt hien tugng
t^t
ye'u cua giao
luu
giao tiep. Tir the
ky XIX
v^
trudc tiep xuc co ban cua tieng Viet la vdi tieng Han, dac biet qua con
dudng van tu. Mat nhay cam nha't
ciia sir
khuech tan ngdn
ngO
chfnh la lir vung.
K^
tir khi cd cudc Phap xam,su tie'p
xiic
Viet - Phap (va rong
h(m
la cac
ngdn

ngiJ
AN-Au ), cung dan dan xua't hien. Nhung phai den nira dau
the
ky
XX
trong tieng Viet mdi cd hang loat cac tir
ngG
goc Phap. Cho den nay da cd mot
sn
cdng trinh nghien cuu hien tugng nay,vf du cua Vuong Toan, Nguyen
Dire
Dan
,
Tuy nhien, di cd
th^
nhan xet ty
mi ve
chung cung
c^n
phai cd cac khao sal thuc
hien qua cac van ban. De tai da danh ba nghien curu cho van de nay:
1/
Nguyin Thien Giap & Thai thi Linh: Nghien cuu tir vay mugn cd ngudn
gde An- Au
nira dSu
the ky XX.
A'
A
2/
Nguyen

Tliien
Giap & NguySn Thi My Hanh : Tir ngoai lai
gde
An - Au
trong mot so bao chi
niJa ddu
the ki XX.
3/
Nguyin Thien Giap & Nguyin Thi Xuan Hanh : Ttr gde Phap
tiCn
bao
ehi tieng Viet giai doan
1935-1945.
Nhu da ndi,
sir xu^t
hien cac tir Viet cd ngudn gde An- Au la mot hien
tucmg
ra't mdi cua tie'ng Viet trong the ky XX. Dd la ke't qua ta't ye'u
ciia
su tiep
xiic
ngdn
ngi? trude
het la tiep xuc Viet Phap. Nhu moi trudng hap khac,
sir
tiep
xiic
naj-
cung dien ra theo hai eon dudng
kh^u ngiJ

va van ban.
Ca ba chuyen luan deu tap trung vao viec nghien cuu cac khia canh
ciia
va'n
de nay :
a) Xac dinh ve mat ngdn
ngfr
hex;
eae khai niem " tir vay
muc/n",
"tirngoai
hii"
b) Xac dinh nhfrng nguyen tac nhan dien va md ta .
c) Cac kha nang tai ca'u true.
d)
Sir
bie'n thien
ciia
nghla.
e)
Sir
phan bd trong ngdn ngir, chon
m§u
trudc het d ngdn ngir bao chi.
12
Ldn dSu
tien trong the ky XX,
sir tiS'p
xuc ngdn
ngi?

da cho ta mdt loai hinh tir
mdi:
Tir cua ngdn
ngu"
dofn
lap duac
chie't xuSft
tir cac ngdn ngir An - Au. Khac v('ri
tie'p
xtjc
Han
-Viet,
cac tiir gde Au duac tai
cafu
true theo hudng dan lap hoa va cac
bie'n
d6i ngi?
nghia cung
xugit
hien do
sir
tang cudng cuang vi cua cac
am
tiet Irong
cSfu
tao mdi.
NhiJng hudng tai
cS^u trijc
dd la :
"

Giu'
CO
ban dang
am
thanh nudc ngoai,
chi am
tiet hoa hay
nil
gun chung:
(len-laine,
da-drap)
- Dich : ( ngudi phu
lai-aide)
-
Sao phdng: (chan bun- garde boue)
0 the'
ki
tiirdc, cac tiif du nhap con dugc giir nguyen dang, vf du:
"Ai
mudn mua gui mandat hay timbres
tiordc"
"
Ong cd mot
cai
bang cap medaille
militaire"
"
Gia dinh. mdng 3 Juin
1890 "
I

(Gia dinh
bao, 1890).
Sang the' ki XX ngudi ta da quen ndi cac
tir:
mang da,
tem,
me
day, lhay vi
d^
nguyen dang chung. Dd cung la con dudng
d^
hinh
thanh hang loat nhung lir mdi
trong tieng Viet cd goc chau Au. Ca ba cdng trinh nghien cuu deu nhan manh den
dien mao ca'u
true
tir cua loai don vi
tijf
vung nay.
Qua tiinh tie'p nhan mat
am
thanh
ciia
cac tir gde Au la mdt dac
thii,
dac sac d
ngdn
ngiJ
nay, eae nghien cuu trudc day chua quan tam day
dii,

nha't la viec ly giai
each
bien
d6i.
Nguyen Thien Giap & My Hanh da nhan xet rat hay : " Sn ngudi di
hoe ehi chiem 2% toan dan so. Do dd da sd
chi
nghe rdi phdng am va khi
viel ihi
danh viet theo each cua tieng Viet, Nghia la cd nghe va doc lai duac gan gidng.
tham chf na na vdi nguyen
ngu'
la duac"
(tr.l6)
Cach giai thfch nay bao ham
du<*c
kha nhieu hien tuang va
each
thirc
c^u
tao eae tir mdi ma khuynh hudng chung la do
doe,
dl
viet, phat am thuan ddi vdi ngudi ban ngu' cua mot ngdn ngir
dem
lap.
Viec tie'p nhan eae tir mdi theo con dudng van ban thudng cd hai Idi: qua b;io
chf va qua cac tai lieu khoa hoe chuyen
nganh.Ldi
thur hai da ed dip ndi

UU
khi dc
13
cap de'n
v^n
di thuat
ngO.
Ldi thiJ nh^t
duac thi
dilm
khao sat qua ngdn
ngff
bao chf
trong mdt giai doan dac biet 10 nam (1935 - 1945) vdi cac tir gde Phap.
Qua nam td bao tie'ng Viet d mot so nam
ciia
giai doan nay, cac tac gia da
khao sat tinh trang cua 330 tir gde Phap. Cac ke't luan cua nghien
cihi
cho thay
ifrng
eae quy tac tie'p nhan va Viet hoa
vi
mat
ngi?
am va chinh
t^,
cac each
thiJc
phan hd

nghla ciing nhu phuang thirc tai
cSfu
true tir hoan toan
phii
hap vdi cac nguyen tac
da
neu
trong hai cdng trinh kia. Ngdn ngu bao ehi vd'n cd tfnh xa hdi hoa cao nhirng
Uong
di^u
kien dan ta edn ft hoe, chit Qud'c
ngi?
chua ph6 bie'n rdng rai
thi
kha nang
tie'p nhan
v§n
han che han so vdi cac tie'p xuc
kha'u
ngiJ.
Cac ty le chon qua lir didn
cho
th^y
mot sd luang
Idn
tir gd'c Phap duac tiep nhan theo ldi doc
kh^u
ngu dan da,
sau dd la qua trinh Viet hoa cac net nghla.
»

i
Nijfa
sau cua the ky XX,
tinh hinh
xa hdi nudc ta cd nhieu thay ddi,
cU(^ng
vi
ciia tieng Viet dugc dat
lai,
trinh do van hoa nang cao nhieu. Cac lir vay
muon,
nha't
A^
A
la
gde
An-Au, dugc tiep nhan va hoa nhap cd khac, Dd se la ddi tugng
ciia
mdt
nghien
cvtu
khac tiep theo.
4/
Ve quan he tir vung giira ngdn ngir toan dan va cac phuong
ngir.
Trong lich
sit
phat triin, ngdn ngu* toan dan cua tieng Viet da xua't hien kha
sdm ma dac trung tieu bieu nha't la d tfnh thdng nha't trong giao
tie'p

va irong
cat
khia
canh van hoa. Tuy nhien, qua trinh hoan thien nd
vSn
dien ra thudng xuyen va
lien
tuc, dugc
b<5
sung tir nhieu ngudn trong dd cd cac phuong ngu. d nira dau
ihe
ky
XX tinh
hinh
cung cd nhfrng net tuong tu nhu vay.
St;
tiep xuc
ciia
cac
phu(^ng
ngu
qua hgi thoai la chuyen giao tiep hang ngay, edn
sir
khuech tan cua tir ngir cac lieng
dja phuong vao ngdn ngir toan dan
thi
phai cd
sir
quan sal va danh gia. Tac
pha'm

van hgc
la
mot chirng tfch
ciia
ngdn lieu d mot thdi ky.
I
Van xudi Viet Nam, khi budc vao the' ky XX, dang d giai doan bien ddi de
chu^n
bj cho mot
sir
dot bien tiep theo d the ky d thap ky 30. Ngay d
budi
giao
ihifi
14
nay, trong ngdn ngQ van hoc da cd
nhifng
ca tinh qua vice tiep nhan cac ye'u td
phuang
ngif.
De tai da gianh hai chuyen luan cho
v^n
de nay:
1/
Hoang Thi Chau & Nguyin Thi Kim Dung:
" Phmtng
ngir Nam bd Irong
mdt
sd
tac

ph^m
Ndm ciia Nguyen Dinh
Chi^u
so sanh vdi mot
s6
tac
phrim
d dau
the'
ky XX d Nam bd va
Blc
bd "
2/
Hoang Thi Chau va
Tr^n
Thi Minh Hue, "
Phuctng
ngu Nam bd trong md!
sd tac
ph^m ciia
Hd Bidu Chanh. So sanh vdi Td Tam ciia Hoang Ngoc Phach
".
Phuong
ngiJ
Nam bd la mot phuong ngu
di^n
hinh. Nam bd cung la
n(ri
xual
phat cua Van xudi mdi trong van hgc (neu tfnh tir: Gia dinh bao,

1865
va truyen
Th^y
Lazaro Phien cua Nguyen Trgng Quan, 1887). Nguyen
Dinh
Chie'u la ihudc
the'he
Han hgc
g^n
cudi,
la
ngudi cilng thdi vdi cudc Phap xam. Ngdn ngu van hoc
cua Ong giau ca tfnh va cd ban
sSc
Nam bd ro ret. Hd Bieu Chanh la nha van
ciia
Idp
Tan hgc
d^u
the ky XX vdi mot
loat
tidu thuyel sau chuong hdi. Van xudi
ciia
Hd
Bie'u
Chanh la nhiJng tac
ph^m
giau ca tfnh
ciia phuctng
ngir Nam bg. Tu

Nguyin
Dinh Chidu
de'n Hd Bieu Chanh, tuy cd
sir
thay ddi ve [hi
Urai
va phong
each, nhung da cd mot
sir
khang dinh la ngdn ngfr van hgc trong cai ddng chung
khdng
ihi
tach khdi cac chi
luu
phuong ngu'. Cac chuyen luan da neu ro:
a) Cudi the ky XX dau the ky XX ngdn
ngu*
van hgc Viel Nam tiep luc liep
tuc d su phat tridn cao. Chfnh trong bdi canh ay, cac tiir ngfr dia
phucrng
da
Iham
gia
vao tuyen chung. Nd khdng lam rdi
loan
chat lieu ngdn ngfr loan dan Irong van
hgc,
ma hon the nd la ngudn h6 sung
rat
tfch cue neu dugc sir dung dung mUc.

Ngdn
ngi?
van hgc da tirng budc cd ca tfnh nhd phuong ngir.
b) Cac so lieu cho tha'y d giai doan giao thdi nay, tuy van de chuan hoa chua
dirge
dat ra,nhung cac nha van da cd y thirc
sir
dung cd chon
Igc
cac
lir
ngu dia
phuong cho ngdn ngir van hgc lam cho ngdn
ngi?
van hgc
Ihem
phong phu. c(') net
rieng ma khdng
gay
ra
sir
khd hieu cho ngirdi dgc.
c) Tir Nguyen
Dinh
Chieu cho den Hd Bidu Chanh, ngdn ngu van
xuni
Vict
Nam, trong khi bien ddi nhanh, nhung cac meo muc chuan hoa chua on dinh.
Bi'rc
tranh cac tir ngir dia phuong Nam Bd Irong cac tac pham cd

sir
dao ddng
id
rel.
N(')
15
phu thudc nhieu vao ldi suy
nghi
chu quan
ciia
mdi tac gia ve muc do, ve kha nang
cho phep
sijf
dung mot sd lugng tir dia phuong nao dd se dugc coi la
ihfch
hgp.
d)Viec duy tri mot dinh lugng hgp ly cac tir
ngii'
dia
phucrng
Irong ngon ngfr
van hgc dugc tie'p tuc d
nijra
cudi the' ky XX va hien nay. Didu khac di la ngay
nay,
hien tugng nay dang
diin
ra trong dieu kien tieng Viet da d
mire
do

chua'n
hoa cao
hon nhidu.
Cac nhan xet ve mat cu phap
1/
So vdi cac mat khac Uong cau true
nizdn
ngii'
thi
ngir phap duac coi la dn
dinh nhidu hon trong qua trinh bie'n doi va phat tridn. Tuy nhien, cu phap lieng
Viel
trong vdng
100
nam tfnh den giira the ky XX da cd nhieu
Ihay
ddi, dac biel la cu
phap cua van xudi.
Ne'u ndi ve
ngii'
phap
kha'u
ngfr
thi
den cudi the ky
XVIII
lieng Viet da dd lai
nhutig bang chirng vd
sir
phat tridn cao, kha dn djnh va khdng khac nhieu so vdi cac

phat ngdn giao tiep hang ngay cua thdi chiing ta. Dd la ngir phap ldi trong
Iha
Nguyin Du, Hd Xuan
Huctng
trong cac tac pham van hgc Ndm. Nhung ngir phap
cua van xudi lai cd mot tinh hinh khac.
Tir
the'ky
XVII, khi viec truyen giao md rdng d nudc ta, trong tieng Vict xual
hien mdt kidu van xudi mdi,
liru
hanh pho bien qua cac van ban
ciia
giao hgi
Tliien
chua giao bang chii' Ndm va chii' Qudc ngu'. Cii phap
ciia
loai van xudi nay cd khac
so vdi cii phap
kha'u
ngfr ciing thdi. Dac didm ndi bat la ldi
vie't cau
dai, cau lao
phiJc
tap,
dimg rat
nhieu lien tir dd ndi cac phan phu.Nd thd hien
sir
tie'p xuc budi
d^u

ciia
ciJ
phap tieng Viet vdi
eii
phap cua cac ngdn ngfr An Au cung nhu su dao
ddng
giOa ngO
phap khau
ngiJ
va mot ldi viet mdi dang hinh thanh. Tac pham
Th^y
Lazaro Phien" ctia Nguyen Trong Quan
(1887)
la mot sang lac van hoc
dAu
16
tien thudc thd
loai
van xudi mdi, nhung cu phap
ciia
truyen nay
v^n
thudc
vC
Idi
hanh van cua cac van ban truydn giao cua Giao hdi Thien chua.
Sir
bien ddi that
sir
cua

ngxi
phap van xudi phai dgi den dau the ky XX \ di 3
ly do ngdn
ngiJ
:
a)
Sir
tiep xuc manh me
giita
tieng Viet va tieng Phap qua sach
bao,
giao
due
dao tao va ngdn
ngii*
hanh chfnh .
b) Viec bai bd giang day va thi cir
chiJ
Han .
c)
Sir
manh nha cua khuynh hudng sang tac van hgc theo hudng Au hoa va lu
do hoa.
Di
lam
sang td
sir
phat tridn cua cii phap van xudi trong giai doan phuc tap
nay, de tai da danh
17

chuyen luan cho cac nghien cuu cu
ihd
thuc hien
lien
tu
lieu
ngdn
ngi?
bao chf, ngdn ngir cac tac pham van hgc, ngdn
ngu*
chfnh luan ( xin xem
danh muc tren).
Md ta cii phap la mot cdng viec phirc tap. Ldi phan tfch ma de lai
ihuc hien
la
ke't hgp ca md ta ca ngii' phap
ca'u
triic vdi
ngiJ
phap
ngit
nghla.
2 / Vd dien mao
cii
phap ca'u triic
Ddi tugng khao sat la : a/ Ngdn
ngu*
van hgc qua cac tac pham van xudi
ciia
Hoang Nggc Phach, Hd Bidu Chanh, Nguyen Cdng Hoan, Td Hoai, va

mdi loai
nha van vie't van xudi trong giai doan nay.b/ Ngdn
ngiJ
bao chf qua cac bai viel
ciia
Nguyin ai Qudc ( 1920- 1930), bao chf each mang( 1925- 1945), bao chf duang
thdi ( Nam Phong tap chf, Phu
nQ
Tan van). Ta't ca cac tu lieu khao sat,
Irfch
dan
deu dugc ddng kem theo chfnh van cua cdng trinh .
3/
Ndi ve cu phap van xudi van hoc : a/ Cho den nay,
"
Td
Tam'^
ciia
Hoang
Nggc Phach
vAn
dugc coi
la
cudn tidu thuye't van xudi dau lien
ciia
the ky XX. Dao
Thanh Lan & Dang van Chung da thdng ke, phan tfch loan bd 1006
cau ciia hie
17
£>A'

hC
TRUNGT;
No
:
a'-iO'i
HTmii
^4
GiA
;TIN"
W:
f
A
•
•lit"
Tf
[ ^-(
!d.:i\
pha'm.
Ka
qua cho tha'y. su phan bo do dai cua cac
cau
cua tac pham nay la dang
ngae
nhiSn:
cau
ngln
(422) chiem tdi
41%,
do la ty le khdng ed d eae ang van xudi
tnrdc dd. S6 luang cau don ( 425) trong dd cau don song

ph^n
la tuyet ddi da
ch
th^y
nha van nay cd mdt
sir chuydn
hudng rd ret
vdi
y thiic each
tAn
ldi hanh van
ciia
ngdn
ngO
van xudi. Ldi di cua Hoang Ngoc Phach da
duoc
cac nha van d
ihap
ky 30 ung ho va phat
tridn rSft
manh me, Trudc dd va ngay ca ddng thdi, ldi hanh
van bien
ng§u
dd'i
xirng
la ca mdt
sir
gd bd, cu phap bi ddng khudn hdi nhfrng
can
dai,

edn cu phap cua cac van ban Thien chua giao thi tuyet dai bd phan la
sir hiOn
dien ciia
cau
phiic.
i
Hd Bidu Chanh
la
mot dai bidu khac ciing thdi. Nghien cuu
ciia
Dao Thanh
Lan & Nguydn Tai Thai qua tidu thuyel
"
Ldi thd
imdc
midu"
cho
iha'y
luy lac gia
nay ra't khac Hoang Nggc Phach ve phong each va ca tfnh van hgc nhirng dien mao
cu phap
tir
cac ban so sanh da cd
sir
tuong ddi gidng nhau,
nha'l
la su phan bd cac
kidu cau (tr.71 chuyen luan vd Hoang Nggc Phach, tr.52 chuyen luan ve Hd
Bieu
Chanh).

Ngdn
ngu*
tidu thuyel qua Hoang nggc Phach va Hd Bidu Chanh cd
ihd
coi la
mot bang chirng dac trung ciia ngdn ngxi nhung nam 20,
vi
lieu
ihuyet
la
moi ihd
loai tdng hgp: dung lugng
Idn,
phong each tu do, dan xen nhieu quan he giua cac
nhan vat,
sir
gan bd nhan vat vdi mdi
trucyng
xa hdi, cac
hinh
thuc ngdn ngir
xen
kc
giua ddc thoai, ddi thoai , Nhd dd cd thd thay:
a) d giai doan nay ngdn
ngii*
van xudi mdi da dat duac vien da mdng de
thap ky sau cd thd tiep tuc xay len.
b) Tuy nhien, la san pham cua
liic

giao
ihdi,
cac cau
true
cii phap trong
"To
Tam"
ciia
Hoang Nggc Phach con kha nhieu
cau
giir anh hudng
ciia
van
hien
ng^u.
Ndi tac gia nay ciing nhan thay nd d van phong
ciia
Hd Bidu
Chanh,
Nguyen
Trgng Thuat, Pham Duy Tdn va cac tac gia duong thdi.
c) Didm dang
chii
y nhat la vdi van xudi mdi, ca'u
Iriic cii
phap lieng Viel
dugc nhanh chdng tu do hoa. Nd da tac ddng nhat dinh den
sir
hien ddi ngdn ngfr
18

iha d thap ky tie'p theo, nha't la vdi phong trao Tho mdi noi ma d dd cac khuon sao
ngdn
ngi?
tho c6 bi thao do va thay vao dd mot dien mao
mdi,
mot budc ngoai
ciia
hinh
thu^c
tho Viet Nam. Ba cdng trinh sau day da xac dinh them cac nhan dinh khai
quat ndi tren: Nguydn Cao Dam & Nguydn Thi Dung, Nguydn Cao Dam & Pham
Thi Viet, Nguydn Cao Dam & Nguydn Thi Trang.
"Budc
d^u
tim
hidu ca'u triic
cii
phap trong tac
ph^m
van hgc giai doan
1930-1945".
Cac tac gia da nhan xet rang
a
thap ky ba muoi
ngvi
phap van xudi da dugc hien dai hoa manh me
\a
dd lam
chu-ng,
cac tac gia da

d^n
ra nhirng cau kidu mdi ma trudc dd chua hd
c(')
irong van
xudi,
VI
du: Thach Lam da viet:
-
"
Cac ba, nha't la ba Hai va me Tmdng, ndng ndi va bdp chop
'*
(Ngay
mdi)
-
"
Chang tha'y ddi, mot
sir
ddi vd cung nhu trong ddi chang chua
Ihay
bao
gi(^"(Ddi).
-
"
Chang sg an
c6,
nhat la an cd d nha ba Hai
"
(Ngay mdi)
-
"

Chidu, chidu rdi ! mot budi chidu
em
a nhu nhung
"
(Hai dua
Ire)
4/
Ndi vd cii phap cua
nRon ngi?
bao chf
Ngdn ngfr bao chf
la
dia hat ra't nhay cam vdi nhu'ng bie'n ddi xa hgi va
ciia
ban than ngdn
ngiJ.
Nira
d^u
the ky XX la thdi ky dau tranh khdc liet
ciia
dan
I6c
la
vi chii nghla
yeu
nudc va ddc lap dan tdc. Giir gin va phat tridn lieng ndi
ciia
dan
tdc cung la mot khfa canh cua cudc da'u tranh van hoa. Nhung quan trgng
han,

ngdn
ngi? edn
la cdng cu thdng tin - truyen thdng
each
mang. Ndi tdi nhung bien ddi
cii
phap trong ngdn
ngi?
bao chf d giai doan nay khdng
chi
de
cap den
cac bao cong
khai ma con phai ndi tdi ngdn ngQ cua bao chf each mang.
Di tai da gianh 4 cdng trinh cho viec khao sat nay:
"
Hoang Trgng Phien & Ha Thi Que Huong, "Khao sat cu phap dau Ihe' ky
tren tu lieu thdng ke Nam phong lap chf va Phu nu Tan
van"
"
Hoang Trgng Phien & Nguyen Thanh Van:
"Budc
dau khao sal cau va hu lir
trong Ddng Duong Tap chf va Tieng Dan
19
-
Tr^n Khuyen
& Doan Dang Khoa, "Budc
dSu
tim

hi^u
mot so dac
diC-m cii
phap ciia bao
ehi
each mang Viet Nam
(1925
-
1945)"
- Hoang Trong Phien &
Nguyen
Thi Mai Phuong , "cu phap trong ngdn ngfr
bao chf cua Chu Tich Hd Chf Minh".
Khac vdi ngdn ngfr van hoe trong
ti^u
thuye't va cac
tiuyen
ngan , ngon ngu
bao chf la cdng cu truyen thdng
trirc
tiep, nd
g^n
gui va phan anh nhanh thuc
te
xa
hdi,
va qua dd cung phat tridn di thfch nghi vdi thdi
minh.
1
Cu phap cua ngdn

ngi?
bao chf qua thdng ke tren Nam phong tap chf va Phu
nfr
Tan van, hai td bao d Nam ky va Bac ky, da cho
th^y cSfu
true
ciia
van xudi da hoan
toan chuydn sang mdt giai doan mdi. Ty
le
cac cau don, cau
ngAn
tang len va on
dinh, cac
cau
dai vdi nhidu lien tir phu thudc
giam
han di, thay
vi
nhung cai khung
khudn sao la
each
td
chitc
tu do vd trat tu tir, vd cac thanh phan phu. Nghia
la,
livn
tdng thd,
cii
phap van viet da dugc hien dai hoa trong

mgi
khoang
ihdi
gian
kh("ing
lau. Cac md
hinh cii
phap d day gan vdi ngay nay hon la vdi giai doan
uudc.
Cu phap trong bao
chi each
mang lai con cd
sir
chuydn bien nhanh han nua.
Bao chf
each
mang tuy khdng dugc phat hanh rdng rai, hcfn the,
edn
bi
cam
doan,
nhung nd lai
tiirc
tiep den vdi
qu^n
chung lao ddng vdi muc dfch van ddng,
Uiyen
truyen
each
mang. Mot

thiJ
ngdn ngfr hudng de'n
qu^n
chiing va vi quan chiing
Ifil
yeu se phat tridn rat nhanh va bam sat cuoc sdng .
Cac nghien
citu
da xac nhan didu dd. Bao Thanh nien s6 28
la
ngay
17/1/1926
da cd tuyen ngdn ve ngdn ngu :
"
Chiing ldi xin bao vdi ddc gia
ciia
minh
rang chiing tdi bat cha'p viec sir dung nhirng tir
mi
mieu, van phong lich lam, cau
chiJ'
dong dua, nhip
cau
dang ddi song hanh, nhfrng
sU
td ve van
chmmg
ma cac nha
nho ham chudng. Nhirng ngugc lai chiing tdi cd gang
he'l sue

vi
Igi
fch
ciia lai
ca
moi ngudi, diing mdt van phong sang sua, chfnh xac va dd hidu Trong
lae phain
Ducmg Kach
menh"
(1927) Nguydn ai Qudc da ndi:
"
Sach nay mudn
noi
cho van
20