NGQ
DUNG
HOC
V6|
VIEC
DAY
ope HIEU
MOT VAN BAN
*
BANG
TIENG
Nl/dC NGOAI
Phgm Thi Hod
Tririmg
DHNN - DHQG Ha Ngi
I. The nan la dgc
hieii
mitt van ban bing tieng
nude
ngoai?
Lau nay, khi day hgc
mgl
van ban bang
lidng
nude
ngoiii,
nbieu giio vien cho ring nhiem
vu
ciia
hg la lam cho hgc sinh hidu dirge van ban do
ehii

yeu thdng qua vice
phan
tfeh, giang
giai cac yeu td ngein ngfr ma ngudi tao van
biin
dung dc bidu dat nhung y
lirdng eiia
hg. Cdng
vice ma phan
Idn
cac giao vien
liun
la giang
lir
meni,
ciu tnie, cac eich
dicn
dat, sau dd dua ra
cac eau hdi hoae bai hgc kidm Ira mire etg dgc hidu
ciia
hgc sinh ddi v6i van ban dd. "Dgc bidu"
van
biin
d day duete coi hi qua trinh
giiii
ma ngdn
ngir,
tire la
chi
dimg

lai
d cap do tim kidm y
niem trong cu phip (syntax) va ngfr ngbia
(symimtics).
Cdng
viee ehii
ydu la "nghien eiin cic
mdi quan he giua cac hinh
thire
ngdn
ngCr
vdi cac
Ihirc
thd
ciia
the gidi
khach
quan dd xem cic
tir gin vdi cic sy vat hicn
linmg
ra sao (ngfr ngbia)" - Yule, 1997, trang 4. Ca bai cip do nay
ddu bd qua mdt yeu td quan
Irgng lii
nguiti
sir
dung ngdn ngfr.
Tuy nbien, y niem khdng
chi
hi hinh thire thude
cii

phip va ngir ngbia. Y niem ngfr dung
hgc la cii gi dd xuit phit tir ngfr
canh
chu khdng phai tir
eii
phip va ngir
nghia
(Hatch 1992,
trang 262). Di
thye
sy dgc hidu
duge
mot van ban, can thidt phai hidu duge y niem ma ngudi
tao ra van ban mudn bidu dat trong mot
ngOf
canh dac thu va ngfr canh dd anb hudng nbu the
nao den nhung gi
duitc
dd cap den. Didu dd ed nghia la khdng chi vd ngdn ngir ma ca tinh
hudng trong dd ngdn ngir duge
sir
dung eung can phai duge
ti'nb
ddn.
Tinh
bud'ng d diy bao
gdm ngudi tao ra van ban
vii
ngudi
ITnh

hoi van ban, mdi quan he giira hg,
boiin
canh, thdi
gian Hidu duge nhimg mdi quan be
giira
hinh thire ngdn ngir va
ngireti
sir dung cac hinh
tbti'e
ngdn ngir dd
giiip ehiing
la hieu
dirge ciic
y
niein
da dinh (intended meaning), cac tic gia djnh,
mue
di'eh
va cic
loai hiinh elgng
dirge
Ihirc
hicn
ciia ngiriti sir
dung ngdn ngfr. Vf
dii:
"I lost my
purse" - (Tdi mat vf rdi) - dirge ndi ve'ti mgl nguiti ban cd the mang y niem ngfr dung hgc la mdt
chi thj, mgl
leti

yeu eau dirge vay lien cua ngudi ban do. (Hatch,
1992,
trang 260).
Ciing
mot
Idi
ndi:
"I'll see you later" - (Tdi se gap anh sau) - dirge
diing
trong cac ngir
ciinh khae nhau
ed thd
mang cac hieu lye lai
liti
(illocuticmar)'
forces)
khiic
nau; dd ed thd la mgl \ai bira, mot
Idi
de
doa, mot dy
Ifnh
(Yule, 1997, trang 49). Rd rang la, mgl phan y nghia
ciia
tir/eiu
ciia
van ban
nim trong tinh hudng mil no duge sir dung (xem Halliday,
1985).
Mot ydu td nfra

cfing
khdng kem
phiin
quan Irgng
irong
viee giiip hidu siu va bidu
Ihue
sy
mdt van ban la phai xem
xel vii
tim hieu each Ihirc
ngU(:i
tao van ban
diing
dd
Id chire
nhung gi
can bidu dat cho
phii hi.tp
veti ddi tugng giao tie'p, lac dgng
ciia
ddi lU(.mg giao tiep ddi vdi hinh
thire ngdn ngir ma ngudi tao van ban
sir
dung. Vf
dii:
Nghien
ciai
ngdn ngfr
diroc

diing trong
mdt
biic
thu vidt cho
ngiriri
la hoae mgl
dim
lir, la se
Ihay
mot loai van phdng trang trgng, hinh
thire va khudn sao so vdi
vi'ui
phong
ciia
mot hire thu dirge viet dd giri cho gia
elinh
hoae mot
ngudi ban than
Vice ed dgc hieu mgl van
biin ihirc
sy hay khdng con duge quyet dinh mot phin be'fi y
niem vd van ban ed
sfin injng
diiu ngudi
elgc.
Theo nhung ngudi mang quan diem nhan
thire
thi
mdt van ban khdng chira
dimg ingl

y niem cd dinh ma
nguge
lai. Qua trinh giao tiep
ciia
y niem
120
la mdt qua trinh
tirong
bd ba
chidu
gifra y niem trong diu
ciia nguiTi
vidt, ngdn ngfr
dueiie
dung
nham bidu dat y niem
ciia
van biin
vii
y niem Irong dau ngudi dgc. Til nbien thdng
thirimg
ma
ndi thi cic y niem nay ed lien quan vdi nhau va ngudi vidt eung nbu ngudi dgc ddu ed
gdng
dd y
niem cua hg cing gin sat nhau
eiing
tdi. Tuy nhien, mdi ngudi dgc se nhin nhan van ban
eii
thd

va hidu no mdt eich khae nhau vi hg dua tren cac each
siip
dat mot each cd
id
chirc cac thdng
tin ndn (schema) khie nhau (xem P.T. Hoa,
1996,
trang
17-19).
Hoat dgng do vay, bao gdm bai
qui trinh quan trgng: qua trinh
phiin
hdi thdng tin
tir
eudn
sach len
de
ngucti
detc,
lire la ngdn
ngir tir van ban va qui trinh ddi tir tren xudng,
lire
nhung gi di tir dc ngudi
deic
xudng van ban.
Chung cd thd gdm kidn thire vd
ehii
dd
viln
ban, each

tbiic,
ky nang dgc, kinh nghiem ddi vdi
mdt thd loai van ban
cii
thd. Vi
dii:
vice thieu kidn thire ndn vd van boa, dat nude hgc
ciia
ngudi
dgc cd the lam cho hg hidu sai va khdng thau dao mdt thdng tin mac
dii
hg bidt rd timg lir va
ciu tnic trong van ban. Thd loai van
biin
xa la, ndi dung kbd hoae thidu ky thuat dgc thfeh hgp
eung giy can trd
Idn
den qua
Irinh
dgc hieu van ban.
Vi
vay, dd hidu mot van ban day
dii,
ngudi
dgc eon ein phai thdng hidu mgi yeu Id thude van boa, dat nude hgc hien dien trong van ban
eung nbu phai cd kidn thire vd
Ibe
loai van
bi'ui vii
tim

dage
each thire etgc van ban cd hieu qua.
2.
Nen day hgc hicn mgt van ban nhu
the
nao?
Vai trd
ciia nguiji
day gid
diiy
rd
riing
khdng chi dimg lai d cap etg
cii
phip ngfr nghia mil
phai di xa hon nfra, giiip nguiti dgc hidu sau, hidu nhidu hem nhfmg gi hinh thire ngdn ngfr cd thd
bidu dat. Cac ggi y sau day ed thd phin
niio
giiip giao vien Ihirc hien
dixgc
mue
dfeb
dd.
a. Cin giiip nguiti hgc sin simg ve'ti van ban mil hg dgc va khai
Ihac
kidn thire thdng tin
ndn mi hg ed vd van
biin
nhim
giiim

den mire tdi thidu nhfmg kbd khan ma hg cd thd bat gap va
lam tang kba nang hidu van
biin ciing
nhidu
ciing
tot.
Giio vi6n cd the
diil
dirge mue
di'ch miy
bang nhidu each, trong dd viee didu khidn van
ban va ngudi dgc la bai each
ihire cit
ban. Giao vien cd thd khdng chd
lir vimg
can tnie
vii
ndi
dung van ban sao cho
phii h(t[i
vdi
irinh
do
vii khii
nang tiep
Ihii eiia
ngudi hgc. Ben canh dd,
cin eung cap cho ngudi hgc kicn
ihi'rc Ihdng
tin nen

vii
xem xct [rube ngi dung la mot
bude
quan trgng
ciia
boat dgng day hgc. No cd
Ihd
bao gdm
vice gii'mg giiii
mgl khai niem eo
biin
thude van hoi, dat nue'tc hgc mil bai hgc etc
baei
gdm viee giang giai mot kbai niem eo ban thude
van hoi, dit nude hgc ma
biii
hgc etc cap Idi, dua ra cac ggi y. cac can
hi'ti diin
dit van dd giiip
ngudi hgc khai thae va sir dung nhfmg kidn thire lien
quim
den van ban mil hg cd. Xem xel
trirdc
ndi dung eung cd thd
lii
gidi thieu mgl so
cii'u
tnie
hoae lir vimg
diic biet ma nguiti day lien doan

la cd thd se
gay.
kbd khan cho ngueti hgc. Ngoiii ra, giao vien cin eung cap cho
nguiji
hgc cac
phuong phip va ky nang dgc (vf
dii
nhu each dgc lay y chfnh long
Ihe,
each etgc lay ndi dung
chi tidt, each dgc suy dicn tim them ngi dung ) nhiim giiip cho qua irinh dgc
ciia
ngireti hgc
lid
nen
de diing va dat hieu qua cao
him.
b.
Cfing
nen
luii
y rang mgi khai niem
tiritng chimg
nhu
etitn giiin nhi'il
ciing ed thd xa la
ddi vdi ngudi hgc ngoai ngir
vii giiy ciin lid
den
khii

nang hgc hieu
ciia
hg. Kbd cd thd
lim
duge
sy
tircmg
ddng tuyet ddi giira
ciic
khai niem
ciia
bai
Ihii'
tieng duge diing etc
eiing
chi mgl
ihyc
thd. Ngay khai niem
dim giiin nhiii
ve
iigdi
nhii,
chc
liemg lieng
Vict
vii
a house, tea
Inmg
tieng
Anh

eung
khdng gidng nhau do y niem vd cac Ihirc
Ihd niiy Uong
lam In
ciia
ngudi Anh va
ngudi Viet khdng gidng nhau (khai niem ve lien nghi,
each bd
In'
ciiii
ngdi
nhii),
khai niem chc
den (trong tie'ng Anh) va chc xanh (trong lieng
Viel)
ehua kc
den
cac khai niem hau nhu
khdng ton lai d Viet Nam
vii
vd
viin
cac khai niem, cac Idi didn
diil
ma cd ie
chiing
chi la nhfmg
gi md bd gin vdi am thanh la mil
ngirdi
hgc khdng Ihd hidu chiing mgl each

tirimg
tan.
121
Cd
le
each td't nhit ed thd giiip cho ngudi hgc hidu mdt eich diy
dii
la ed eo hdi tiep
xtic
thye sy. vSong didu dd khd cd thd thye hien duge d hoan canh nhu nude ta. Vi vay, giai phip
hCru
hieu va lien
Igi
cho vin dd nay ed le la tranb anh,
phim,
bang hinh, va sy gidi thieu, md ta eu the
ciia
ngudi day ngay tir dau.
e. Neu cho ngudi hgc
Ihao
luan,
nghien ciin ky vd van ban, khai thie tu duy sau
eiia
hg vd
van ban. Vf du: Ta cd van ban sau day:
"It's not fair. Andrew's got one. Why can't we have one? Please. I'll look after it. I
promise. You won't have to do a thing! I can take it out when 1 get home. Go on! It won't be
expensivee - not if we gel a small onee - they don't eat a lot. Oh please, can we?" (That khdng
cdng bang. Andrew ed mot con rdi. Nha minh eung cd mdt con di, me! Con se cham sdc no.
Con xin

hiJa.
Me se chang phai lam gi dau. Con ed thd cho no di ra ngoai khi con di hgc vd.
Mua di me. Chic khdng
dilt
dau - Neu nhu nha minh mua mdt eon nhd thdi - chiing khdng an
nhidu diu. Minh nudi
m()t
con di, me nhd).
Vdi van ban tren, ngoai viee phin tfeh dd hidu vd ngir nghia, ciu tnie nim trong ngir canh
cua van ban,
nguc:ri
hgc can phai dirge giiip dd de ty lam sang td cac eau hdi nhu: van ban ndi vd
cii gi, thude van ndi hay van vidt, ed thd duge Inch din ra tir ngudn nao, ai
li
ngudi ndi hoae
vidt van ban nay, ai la ngudi nghe hoae dgc van ban (Haines, S. & Stewart, B. 1994, trang
160-161).
Phan tfeh van ban tren, ngudi hgc ed thd ed eau tra
Idi
nhu: Diy la mdt doan van ndi
(dung nhidu dang vidt tat,
eau
ngin, tir vyng dac thu
eiia
van ndi, van phong khdng trang trgng),
duge ndi bdi mdt be gii hoae be trai, khan nai me nudi mdt eon meo (khdng ed tir motberlmum,
eat d trong bai nhung cd thd doin duge qua van canh nhd cac tir it, one, cic cum tir a small one,
don't eat a lot. look after, please, I promise).
d. Phit trien kha nang nhan
thiie sau

vd ngdn ngir
eiia
van ban la mdt viee lam cin thidt.
Nd "giiip ngirdi dgc hidu rd rang va day
dii
nhirng gi hg bidt eon ehua rd rang vd mdt ngdn ngir,
nd khuydn
kbi'ch
sy nhin
nhiln
thiu sudt vao each boat ddng
ciia
mdt ngdn ngir va ning cao
nhan
tbiic
vd cic he thdng
eiia
ngdn ngu phit trien nhan thire sau vd cac nguyen tie phd bidn
cua viee sir dung ngdn ngfr"
(Tdmlinson,
1998).
Mdt trong nhung didu giao vien cin phai
liim
dd giiip ngudi hgc nhin thire siu vd ngdn
ngir la lam cho hg tap tmng tim hidu cac phuong phip ngir dung hgc ma ngudi tao van ban da
sir dung dd dat duge hieu lye tai Idi (illoeutionary force), lim cho ngudi hgc ehii y hon
nifa
ddn
cic dac didm ngfr dung hgc trong cic van ban ma hg se dgc sau nay, ddng thdi giiip hg phit
tridn cic ky nang nhu: bidt eich lien he khai quit hoi, dua ra gia thidt va dinh gii.

Sy phit tridn kha nang nhan thire siu vd ngdn ngfr
eiia
ngirdi hgc se khdng thd dat duge
ndu nhu viee phan tfeh cac ydu Id ngdn ngir cua van ban bj tich rdi khdi ngir canh
eiia
van ban.
Ndi mdt each khie, chi ed the hidu mot eich trgn ven nghia cua mdt tir hay ciu khi hidu duge
ngir canh mi chimg duge sir dung. Yule
(1997,
trang 92) dua ra thf du vd
.sy
thay ddi
ciia
khii
niem
eiia
tir ball (qua bdng) Irong lidng Anb nhu sau:
"He kicked the ball into the net" (Anh ta di qua bdng vao
Im'ri).
Khii niem qua bdng d
day
ebi
qua bdng di.
"She dribbled the ball down the court and shot a basket". (Cd ay re bdng tren san va nem
vao trong rd). Kbai niem qua bdng d day
ehi
qua bdng rd.
"She putted the ball in from two feet away" (Cd iy dinh nhe qua bdng vao hd tir khoang
122
eich

xa bai feet). Khii niem qua bdng b diy la qua bdng choi gdn.
Tren thye td, day la ba loai bdng hoan toan khie nhau vi nhu vay trong ba ngu canh, ba
khii niem khie nhau vd eung mdt
tir
da duge hinh thanh.
Mdt
VI
du khae la: neu khdng ehii y, ngudi hgc se khdng thd cho ring "It's stuffy in
here",
(d
diy ngdt ngat qua) duge ndi bdi mdt
ngueti
dvi tn cao hon vdi cap dudi
eiia
minh lai ed hieu
lye cua mdt
mfinh lenh
cd thd bao hiun y la "Hay md eira sd dd lam thdng thoing phdng!".
e. Mdt
viee
khie ma giio vien
eung
ein phai lam la, giiip cho ngudi hgc nhin thire duge
cic
hii^
thiic
tidn gia djnh (oreassumption) thudng gin
lidn
vdi mdt sd
Idn

cic tir, cum tir va
ciu tnic dung trong cic van ban.
Vi
du:
- Survive (sdng qua duge, sd'ng sot) thudng ggi
ly
mdt y niem la "suyt nira bj gap nan,
hoae
bj gidt chdt hay la buy diet bdi mdt eii gi dd,
tmdc
dd".
- Claim (ndi rd hoae tuyen bd (cii gi) la sy that ma khdng the chiing minh duge).'
- When did he leave? (anb iy di bao gid) bao ham y "anh iy da di".
- She imagined that she was Liz Taylor. (Cd giy
tirdng
tugng minh la Liz Taylor) bao
ham y cd iy khdng phai la Liz Taylor.
-
Viee
sir dung cac cum tir, eau tnic nhu I'm not sure, I doubt, I
guess.
Perhaps ggi y
mdt sy khdng chic chin, tham dd, khdng qua quyet, khdng cam kdt
eiia
ngudi phit ngdn van
ban.
Tren diy li mdt vii suy nghi ban diu vd viee ap dung ngir dung hgc trong viee day dgc
hidu cac van ban bang tidng nude ngoai. Dgc hieu mdt van ban khdng chi dimg lai d cap dd
eii
phip vi ngir nghia bdi nd ehua

dii
va ehua thd la dgc va hidu thye sy, ehua nim bit
duge
eii
"hdn" - y niem thye sy - ma ngudi tao van ban mudn bidu dat qua viee sir dung cac hinh
tbiJc
ngdn ngu.
Gitip
ngudi hgc dgc va hidu sau, y thire sau vd ngdn ngir diing trong van ban, lam cho
hg sin sang vdi van ban eung nhu ed dirge phuong phip dgc hieu qua la mot trong
viee
khdng
de dang nhung ein thidt phai thye hien duge cua giao vien ngoai
ngiT.
Tdi lieu tham khdo '
1.
Green, G. M.,
1989.
Pragmatics and Natural languagee Understanding. Hillsdal, New
Jesey. Laurence
Eribaim.
2.
Halliday, M. A. K., 1973. Explorations in the Funtions of language. London: Edwars
Arnold.
3.
Halhday, M. A. K., 1985. An Introduction to Functional Grammar. London: Holder &
Stoughton.
4.
Haines, S. Stewart, B., 1994.First Certificate Master Class. Oxford: Oxford University
Press.

5.
Hda, P. T., 1996. Thuyct Schema vdi van dd day dgc cho sinh vien ngoai ngfr. Ndi san
ngoai ngfr, sd 2,
1996.
6. Hatch, E., 1992. Dfeourse and Language Education, Cambridge: Cambridge University
Press.
7.
Tomhnson, B., 1998. Language Awareness. Paper given at Material Writing
Workshop. VNU-CFL, Ha Ndi.
8. Yule. G., 1997. Pragmatics. Oxford University Press.
123