DOC
DIEN
CAM
THE
HIEN
M\JC
DO
HIEU
SAU
VAN
BAN
ThS.NCS Nguyen thi
Cd
Dpc hieu van ban ddng mot vai trd bet
site
quan trpng trong viec
hpc va nghien
ciiu
khoa hpc cua sinh vien ndi
chung,
va trong day hpc
tieng
nUde
ngoai ndi
rieng,
dac biet trong hoan canh khong trong moi
trUdng tieng. Thong qua dpc, sinh vien cd dieu kien tiep xuc vdi cac
loai
van ban khac nhau, da dang ve van phong, cau
triic
phong

phii,
ddi dao ve ngii
nghia.
Vi the, dpc hieu khong
nhiing
giup sinh vien
tang them von tii vUng ma con lam phong
phii
them kien
thiic
cua hp.
Tuy dpc hieu cd vai trd quan trpng
nbu
vay, nhUng trong chUdng trinh
giang day doi khi no bi
Ian
at bdi sU ngU tri cua
phUdng
phap day
ngoai
ngijf
theo dudng
hudng
giao
tiep.Do
sU ddi mdi va cai tie'n
phUdng phap giang day d bac dai hpc da phan nao cai thien
dUde
vai
trd dpc hieu trong day hpc ngoai ngii. Viec xac dinh

diing
t^m
quan
trpng cua dpc hieu trong day hpc ngoai
ngi3
gop phan dang ke vao viec
thiic
day kha nang
tu
hpc, tinh sang tao cua sinh vien.
De gdp phan cai thien va nang cao ky nang dpc de hieu sau, cam
nb^n
van ban, trong bai viet nay tac gia mudn de cap va di sau hdn
vao van de day sinh vien dpc dien cam.
1.
TAM QUAN TRONG CUA DOC
DlfiN
CAM
Dpc
di^n
cam la phUdng tien quan trpng dam bao ro nhat kha
nang hieu sau, cam nhan van ban va phat trien van boa giao tiep tren
binh dien ndi cua sinh vien. Theo quan diem ciia cac nha giao hpc phap
van hpc, thi day van la day
ebo
sinh vien nang
lUc
hpc , ky nang dpc
de hp cd the dpc va hieu bat ky van ban
ciing

loai. De hieu gia tri tu
tudng, npi dung cua van ban thong qua nghe thuat
sii
dung ngon ngii
317
ciia
tac
pham
thi dpc dien cam la chia khoagiup chung ta
thUe
hien
dUdc dieu do.
2.
NHU CAU DOC
DlfeN
CAM
Ddi vdi sinh vien ngon
ngS-
nhuEng
nha giao, nha phien dieb tUdng
lai,
dpc dien cam c6 y
nghia
dac biet quan trpng.Va day dpc dien cam
la phan khong the tach rdi cua day dpc nghe thuat. NhU
chiing
ta da
biet, dpc
diln
cam da, dang va se dUdc day d cac trUdng phd thong

b§t
d^u
tvt Idp
mot. Dieu do da noi
len
t^m
quan trpng va nbu
c^u
cua dpc
dien cam trong hpc ngon ngii ndi chung va day hpc ngoai
ngQ
ndi rieng.
Trong qua trinh day hpc ca thay va trd deu
edging luyen
bo'n ky nang:
ndi,
nghe,dpc,
viet.
Khoa hpc hien dai coi
Idi
noi la mot boat dpng quan trpng ciia con
ngUdi. Ngon ngii binh thanh va phat trien khong
chi nhU
mot phUdng
tien giao tiep, ma con la phUdng tien tac dpng len ngUdi khac:Vi du:
Khi diia tre cat tieng gpi me, no khong chi hudng tu: "me" tdi mot con
ngUdi cu the la me, nhUng ddng thdi no
mud'n
ngUdi me chu y tdi no,
hudng ngUdi me tdi mot hanh dpng cu the c6 nghia la "me, hay den vdi

con" hay
"me,con
muo'n an".
Gid^ng
nhU
dUa
tre tap ndi, sinh vien hpc
ngoai ngii muo'n
sii
dung to't ngoai ngii trong cong viec sau nay ciing
nbu trong
thUc
hanh giao tiep.Chinh vi
le do,trong
gid hpc ngoai ngii,
hp
luon
c6 nbu
c£u
muo'n dUdc hpc, dUde nghe ngon ngii chuan mUc,
truyen cam de hp cd the hpc hoi va thUc hanh giao tiep vdi muc
dich
rd
rang, mong truyen dat y tudng,du dinh cua minh tdi ngUdi nghe de
hp hieu dUde npi dung, y tUdng cua tac gia khi dpc van ban.
3.
NHUNG YEU CAU, DOI HOI DOI
VOl
GIAO
VlfiN

DAY
MON VAN HOC
NgUdi thay phai hieu biet
nhieu,
hieu sau kien thiic chuyen mon
do minh giang day va con biet each truyen dat de hpc sinh
n^m
dUdc
nhiing kien thiic cd ban. Ngoai
nbiing
dieu ke
tren,giao
vien day van
can phai biet dpc hay,bdi le ngUdi thay ddng thdi la ngUdi dpc gia, la
tuyen truyen vien
niiiet
tinh, hang
hai,d4y
nhiet
buyet
cua van hpc.
NgUdi thay va dpc gia cd
g^ng
bang kha nang, kinh nghiem cua minh
mudn cd dUdc tinh yeu, cam tinh cua ngUdi nghe khi ho doc mot tac
318
pham cu the. NgUdi thay khi dpc tac
phaJm
khong chi mong mudn
giiip

sinh vien lam quen vdi tac pham van hpc, ma
b4ng
nhiing diln giang
nbu dieu bp,
cii
chi, bieu thi net mat trong qua trinh dpc ciing cd tac
dpng
Idn
tdi ngUdi
nghe,dac
biet la sinh vien. Mot trong nhiing doi
bdi
b^t
bupc
dd'i
vdi ngUdi
th^y
day van la
linh
hoi nghe thuat dpc
dien cam.
De chiem linh
dUde
nghe thuat dpc diln cam ngUdi thay can c6
lUdng
kien thiic viing
ch^c
ve
ly luan
van hpc, nghiem tuc trong cong

viec,tim tdi, sang tao de tim ra nhieu phUdng phap cd the ap dung de
giiip
ngUdi hpc nang cao kha nang cam nhan khi dpc diin cam, bdi vi
muc dich cac gid day thUc hanh van hpc va ngon ngii la:
1.
Day cho sinh vien nhiing phUdng phap va thu phap dpc
diin
cam trong thdi gian hpc tap va c6 tinh den dac thii tiing giai doan.
2.
Md rpng hieu biet cua sinh vien ve
lich
sii, ly luan nghe thuat
dpc dien cam.
3.
Hoan thien nghe thuat dpc cua sinh vien bang
each
giup hp lam
quen vdi nhiing giao trinh cd ban ve day dpc dien cam va day hp sii
dung nhiing tai lieu nay.
4.
Nha giao hpc phap luan nga giau kinh nghiem Golupka gdi y
cho nhiing nha ngon ngii hpc dUa vao he thong ciia Stanhilap lam cd
sd cho day dpc dien cam, bdi vi trong be thong nay Stanhilap chi ra
rang: Muo'n day dpc dien cam can phai:
- Nghien ciiu bai khoa, di sau vao npi dung, chu de day nhay cam
ciia no.
- Cd dinh hudng xa hoi (dinh hUdng dpc gia) vao van de cu the
mang tinh nhay cam cua van ban de dpc diln cam c6 hieu qua.
- Hieu ro nhiing nhiem vu dat ra
trUde

dpc gia khi dpc
tijfng
doan,
phan, tham chi toan bp van ban hay toan canh vd kich.
NhU chiing ta da biet, dpc diln cam ddng vai trd quan trpng trong
viec lam ro de tai, chu de tU tudng nghe thuat, but phap dUdc
sii
dung
trong tiing tac pham cu the. Tuy nhien, ta ciing khong nen ddi bdi d
ngUdi thay qua nhieu, khong mong ddi
ring
bat ky nha giao nao ciing
319
trd thanh nghe sy trong cac gid
len Idp
cua hp.Van de d day la khong
nen day
nhUng
gi ma
ngUdi tb^y
va ngUdi hpc khong
linh hpi
dUdc.Trong
van de nay,
nhiem
vu cua ngUdi
th^y
rpng hdn nhiem vu
cua ngUdi bp: ngUdi thay
c^n

phai
vUa
la ngUdi dpc
viTa
la dao dien de
lam sao gid dpc dien cam khong chi la gid hpc sang tao ciia ca tap the,
ma con giup cho
ngUdi
hpc tich cUc hpc theo thay,ban va ca chinh
minh.
Nhieu ngUdi noi rang, dpc dien cam cua ngUdi
th^y
da la phan tich
tac pham. Tat nhien, hoan toan khong phai vay, nhUng chinh dpc dien
cam doi khi cd the trd thanh phUdng tien chinh, duy nhat de phan tich
hay binh luan tac pham do (doi vdi tac pham viia,nhat la thd ca).
4.
Y NGHIA GIAO DUG, DAO TAO CUA DOC
DifiN
CAM
Doe dien cam tac dpng
Idn
tdi cam nhan chu de tu tUdng ciia tac
pham van hpc ma n6 chi dat dUdc trong qua trinh di sau phan tich no.
Khi di sau phan tich tac pham sinh vien khong chi cam nhan dUdc
hien thUc cupe song dudi gdc nhin ciia tac
gia,khong
chi hieu, ma con
song vdi
nhufng

xuc cam,suy
nghi,nhiing
dU dinh, nhin nhan cua tac
gia.
Dieu nay khong chi lam phong
phii
the gidi npi tam, khdi sau
nhiing quan niem ve dao ly, ma con giao
due
thegidi quan cho hp. Qua
trinh di sau vao nghien
cttu
tac pham van hpc cd lien quan tdi sU kham
pha nhiing dieu mdi la, nhiing trai nghiem
d^y
xuc dpng mdi
dUde
hinh thanh d hp khi dpc tac pham, ma hp muoh chia xe ciing ngUdi
nghe. khdi day d hp mo'i quan tarn, kich thich bp
chii
y va suy
nghi
c^n
trpng hdn ve nhiing gi
viet
trong bai khoa, cd nghia la
dkn dat
hp tdi
lao
dpng thong minh, sang tao day ngudn cam

hiing.
Mong mudn dua
den cho ngUdi nghe sU
hieu
biet,
cam nhan
ciia
minh ve tac pham gdi
md d hp nhiing suy
nghi,^
trai
nghiem trong khi di sau vao phan tich
nhan vat dong vai trd quan trpng trong sU phat trien van boa ngii
ndi
cua hp.
Dpc diln cam phat trien d sinh vien kha nang nghe, giup hpc hieu
ro
nga
dieu
moi
khi chuyen tai y nghia cua tii ngU dUdc phat ra va md
ra cho hp phUdng phap cam nhan cac ngii dieu khac nhau va day lai
cho hp kha nang
linh
hpi chiing.
320
5.
NOI
DUNG VA
PHUONG

PHAP DAY DOC
DI£N
CAM
Trong gid hpc van
thudng
sd dung ba loai dpc diln cam: dpc dien
cam ciia thay giao, dpc diln cam cua sinh vien, dpc diln cam cua nghe
si qua bang. Dpc diln cam la phai chuyen tai xuc cam. Stanhislap- nha
boat dpng san khau va la chuyen gia ly luan ve dien kich day; "Khong
dUde
ra
lenh
cho cam
xiic
ma phai dat dUdc dieu do
hkng
con
d\idng
khac
Can phai cd tinh hudng tam ly de no tao cho con ngUdi binh
thanh mdi lien he tinh cam tUdng tU trong tinh huo'ng, trUdng hdp cu
the".
Trong nghe thuat dpc ngUdi ta cung sii dung he tho'ng nay. Neu
ngUdi dpc hay ngudi ke chuyen toan tam, toan y vdi
Idi
ndi cua minh,
anh ta chac chan bat dau ndi vdi tat ca
xiic
cam ciia minh. Dpc diln
cam la viec sinh vien

n^m
viing va thUc hanh nhiing quy
luat
chinh
ciia nghe thuat dpc. Dpc diln cam trong gid hpc
dUde
dua vao chUdng
trinh vdi muc dich: hinh thanh d sinh vien tam hdn giau cam xuc, sang
tao va phat trien toan dien. Dpc diln cam nbu la mon nghe thuat c6
hai mat: cd the di sau vao y nghia cua tac pham va truyen tai dieu do
cho dpc gia
(ngUdi
nghe). Cam nhan va the hien tac pham do la qua
trinh
lau
dai, phiic tap va day sang tao de tai tao lai tat ca nhiing gi
dUdc noi den trong tac pham, cam nhan sau sac y tUdng, hinh tUdng
va nhiing dU dinh cua tac gia, mo'i quan he
ciia
tac gia ddi vdi hien
thUc ma tac gia mieu ta, quan diem ve dao ly, tham my hpc, the gidi
quan, nhiing dac
thii,
ngon ngii va van phong
(biit
phap)
ciia
tac gia.
The hien tac
pb^m bing Idi

ddi hoi d sinh vien sU hieu biet c6 kien
thiic chinh xac de cd the tra
Idi
cau hoi: de lam gi,
nhg.m
muc dich gi,
ngUdi dpc
mud^n
tac dpng den dpc gia theo hudng nao, nhiing y nghi,
xiic
cam qua lai nao ma ngUdi dpc mudn khdi day, mudn ngUdi nghe
nhan thay va muo'n hp suy ngam va nhan dinh gi? Mo'i quan he qua
lai giiia ngUdi nghe va ngUdi dpc
chi
cd the c6
d\i6c
khi ngUdi dpc
cd^
g^ng
tac dpng tdi ngUdi nghe va hUdng hp tdi mot muc tieu nhat dinh
bay noi each khac khi do ngUdi dpc da tac dpng tdi ngUdi nghe
b^ng
Idi
ciia minh,
chijf
khong phai anh ta dpc truyen. Hanh dpng
hkng Idi
c6
nghia la hieu dung, ndi de lam gi,
nh^m

muc dich gi?
Hanh dpng
b^ng
Idi chi
c6 the cd dUdc trong hoan canh ngUdi dpc
hoan toan hieu sau va c6 cam xuc tich cUc dap lai.
Xiic
cam ciia con
321
ngUdi
dUde
the hien trong mpi chuyen dpng cua cd the: cac cut chi, dieu
bp,
bieu cam cua net mat, chuyen dpng cd the, thay ddi gipng va ngon
ngii.v.V.
6. NHUNG QUI DINH
MA
PHUONG
PHAP DOC
DlilN
CAM
CAN
DUA
VAO
1.
Sinh vien can hieu ro nhiing gi hp se truyen dat tdi ngUdi nghe
khi hp dpc tac pham.
2.
Hp
c^n

quan tam
diing
mUc tdi tat ca
nhflng
gi de cap den trong
tac pham.
3.
Hp can dpc bai khoa vdi mong mudn truyen dat nbu the nao de
ngUdi nghe cd the hieu va danh gia dung npi dung ciia tac pham:
nhiing sU viec, sU kien, nhiing biic tranh thien
nhien.v.v.
PhUdng phap day dpc dien cam can dUdc tien hanh mot each day
du va la mot trong nhiing nguyen tac quan trpng nhat cua day hpc -
nguyen tac tich
luy
kien thiic, cac ky nang tit tii trong cac gid hpc.
De day sinh vien dpc dien cam
d^u
tien nen bat
dku
biing
day cac
dang giao tiep va cac loai ngii dieu, cac loai cau dac biet va each the
hien sU ngac nhien, qud traeh, sung sudng, khd dau
De sinh vien dpc dung, giao vien can phai gidi thieu cac the loai
van phong va
each
dpc chung. Dudi day la mot so' phUdng phap c6 the
ap dung de tien hanh day dpc dien cam:
a. Bay dgc truyen c6 tich

Day dpc truyen c6 tich can phat trien d sinh vien ky nang ke
chuyen, tUdng thuat nhiing sU kien xay ra (dien
ra
) lien tuc cd tinh
logic cao va ddng thdi day cho hp each thuat lai truyen cd tich. Dpc
truyen cd tich can
chii
y dam bao ca npi dung
lin
hinh
thcfc,
bdi le, npi
dung mang tinh hu cau, the loai la van xuoi thUdng
d\i6c
ke vdi muc
dich giai tri hay giao huan.
Dpc truyen cd tich thUdng ddn gian, theo kieu dam thoai.Khi dpc
truyen cd tich, giao vien can budng cau chuyen tdi dpc gia, gipng dpc
song dpng, hdn nhien de doe gia
cham
chu theo doi diln bien cua cot
322
truyen, tich cUc tham gia vao
tai
tao cac sU kien, ciing vdi giao vien ho
bdi hop,
lo
l^ng
cho
so'phan

cac nhan vat, vui sUdng vi ket cue cd hau.
Va quan trpng hdn ca la trong cot truyen bp cam nhan dUdc cupc song
hien thUc. Hu cau cua truyen cd mdi lien he mat thiet vdi hien thUc,
tuan thu theo muc tieu song va the hien mong
Udc,
nguyen vpng ciia
con ngUdi trd thanh hien thUc. Dac thii nay cua truyen cd tich ddi hoi
each dpc ddn gian, ngii dieu binh thUdng. Truyen cd tich
dUde
xay dUng
tren nguyen ly phan de, cai thien do'i khang cai ac, dac diem nay ciing
can dUdc
luu
y khi dpc truyen. Trong truyen c6 nhiing chd sU do'i
khang trd nen qua ro rang, vi vay giao vien can dac biet
luu
y sinh vien
each dpc, gipng dpc, ddng thdi nhan manh den nhiing chd the hien sU
ddi khang de tang
xiic
cam cua sinh vien.
Dac thu mieu ta cac nhan vat trong truyen cd tich xac dinh tinh
da dang khi dpc no, vi vay khi dpc, giao vien
c^n
bieu hien ro thai dp
ciia
minh de sinh vien hieu dUdc nhan vat do va cd thai dp phu hdp
do'i
v6i
nhan vat nay, cam thong hay len an anh ta?. Chuyen ke ve nhan

vat chinh dien doi hoi d ngUdi dpc thai dp an can, gipng dpc am ap, tan
dUdng. Ngii dieu kho khan,
h^n
hpc dem den cho ngUdi nghe sU bat
binh, phe phan, cong
phin
se phii hdp khi mud'n the hien tinh
each
nhdn
v^t
phan dien.
Moi
biic
tranh mieu ta mot cau chuyen xay ra, mot tinh tiet
dUde
ket thiic, ma trong do cd sU tham gia cua cac nhan vat nhat dinh. Vi
vay, khi chuan hi dpc truyen c6 tich, can suy nghi can than cac tinh
tiet, hieu y nghia cua cac tinh tiet nay trong sU phat trien chung cua
hanh dpng, the hien rd tinh each cac nhan vat, giao vien can dac biet
chii
trpng tdi nhiing tii ngU bieu thi ro net tinh dien hinh va can hUdng
dSn
sinh vien dpc cac doan nay vdi gipng dac biet (giao vien dpc
m^u).
Khi dpc doan do giao vien mong mudn nang cam hiing
ciia
ngUdi hpc
do'i vdi sU phat trien
ed't
truyen, lam cho hp cd cam

xiic
manh hdn ve
so'phan
cac nhan vat. Hdn the niia, moi canh trong truyen cd tich la
mot sU kien cu the, trpn ven, dieu nay cho phep sinh vien hieu
d\i6c
doan vita doc, cam nhan va xac dinh thai dp doi vdi cac nhan vat va
chuan hi cho cam nhan canh tiep theo. Trong cac truyen cd tich thUdng
cd ket
cue
cd hau:cai thien bao gid ciing
th^ng,
cai ac hi
trifng
phat.Dac
thii nay
c^n
nhan manh khi dpc. Cudi moi truyen can dpc cham lai the
323
hien sU thoa man de ngUdi hpc so'ng day cam
xiic
sung sUdng bdi ket
cue cd hau.
Su lap lai
triing
hdp cac tii, cum
tii,
cau thiic
d^y
sU cam nhan,

giiip
ngudi hpc hieu tot hdn, ghi nhd truyen nhanh hdn. Vi vay, khi day
dpc giao vien
c^n
tach nhiing
tif
the hien
miic
dp cang thang, dac biet
la phan lap lai d cuo'i. Su lap lai bd sung cho truyen c6 tich
nhae
dieu,
vi the khi dpc
e^n
dpc vdi nhip dieu cham lai de ngUdi dpc cam nhan
dUde
am tiet tot hdn. Nhiing thanh ngii
co^
dinh, nhiing tinh tiet bat
bien, sU lap lai trung hdp, nhiing hinh dung ngii dac trUng cho the loai
truyen c6 tich, vi the, khi day sinh vien dpc can dac biet
chii
y hp nhan
gipng de the hien
xiic
cam va de ca ngUdi dpc
l^n
ngUdi nghe cam nhan
dUde ve dep cua thu phap nghe thuat va hieu dUdc npi dung ciing nbu
y nghia cu the, thi vi boa cua no.

Dac thu cua truyen c6 tich la cau van ngan gpn, ham nghia sau
rpng,thUdng gap phep dao cau doi bdi giao vien hieu dUdc,sau nhiing
tit, nhiing cau do la cau chuyen,
biic
tranh sinh dpng ve tam tU, tinh
cam cua nhan vat nen ddi bdi d ngUdi dpc c6 cam nhan song dpng
tUdng tu.
Khi dpc truyen cd tich ciing
c^n
luu
y den chat bai trong do. Chat
bai cd trong nhiing doan van mieu ta tinh hudng phi
ly.
Id
bich ma
nhiing nhan vat ngd ngan, dpc ac rdi vao, giao vien can giup ngUdi dpc
phan tach nhiing tii, nhan manh cac tinh huo'ng khoi bai va dpc chiing
vdi gipng dieu nhi nhanh, bai hudc.
b. Bgc truyen ngan
Cac loai truyen ngin dUdc dUa vao chUdng trinh la nhiing
truyen cap nhat ve npi dung, tu tUdng, chu de va cd tinh nghe thuat
cao,
nhUng dp dai khong
Idn.
Quan trpng nhat la phai cam nhan diing
chu de, xac dinh dung nhiem vu bat kha khang de cho muc dich giao
tiep vdi ngUdi nghe dUdc
thUe
hien.
Trong qua trinh

chu^n
bi dpc can phai nim viing
co't
chuyen, dac
biet
chii
y den
Idi
noi trUc tiep, khong quen quan diem cua ngUdi din
chuyen. Cd hai dang van ban dpc thi ca ; dpc diln cam va ke lai
truyen bang
Idi
cua minh.
324
c. Bgc tuc
ngit
ca dao phat trien d ngUdi hpc each the hien thai dp
cua hp doi vdi hien tUdng, sU viec, con ngUdi nao do, dd'i vdi nhiing gi
ma tuc ngii am chi, an y, de cap den mang tinh khai quat phiic tap.
d. Bdi vdi the loai kich, nhiem vu ciia ngUdi
tbiy
la phan vai cho
ttog
ngUdi hpc. The loai nay dat ra cho ngudi hpc nhiem vu mdi: khi
phat ngon nhiing
Idi
ndi cua nhan vat do minh thu vai, ngUdi hpc
khong chi hanh dpng nbu nhiing gi nhan vat lam, hoan thanh
nhfing
du dinh ciia nhan vat, ma con the hien trpn ven nhiing dac

thu,tinh
each nhan vat, the hien ro net hdn each hanh dpng va phan hanh dpng,
tich cUc tham gia vao xung dot chinh eo trong kich ban. Dpc phan vai
giiip
cho sinh vien hieu dac trUng ciia nghe thuat kich,va boat dpng
nghe thuat.
e. Bgc dien cam
tha
la viec lam khd, bdi dac thu cua the loai
nay.Tham
chi nhieu nha thd ciing khong thanh cong khi the hien sang
tac ciia minh. NgUdi dpc thd can the hien y tUdng
dUde
ndi den trong
bai thd, lot ta tam trang cu the, bieu dat sU tudng tUdng tdi dpc gia
bang chinh npi dung ciia bai thd. Dpc thd can phai dpc nhU the nao de,
mot la : The hien de hieu va hdn nhien npi dung, y tudng cd muc dich,
hai la: de hudng sU
chii
y cua dpc gia vao y tudng nay can dpc nhan
manh tiing
ph^n
cua bai thd. Trong khi do, khong quen tinh chat da
dang ciia he tho'ng am ngii cua thd ca khi dpc.
Tiet tau
ciia
thd, nhip dieu, sip xe'p, bo' cue va dac tinh ciia van,
each
phdi am- tat ca deu dUdc tinh den khi trinh bay bai thd. Bat ki y
tUdng nao va bat ki cam

xiic
nao deu c6 each the hien chiing. Khi bieu
dat nhiing y tUdng cam
xiic
c^n
phai truyen dat ca
each
the hien
chiing.
TrUdc bet phai
n^m
viing
dUde
quy
t^c
ciia mot bai thd. Quan
trpng nhat la "tuan thu luat thd". Chiing ta deu biet cac bai thd deu
dUdc in thanh
tttng
dong (hang) rieng biet va thUdng ket thiic theo van
dUdc bieu cam hkng ngit gipng. Khd thd np phan tach khd thd kia bdi
ngit
gipng khong dai, do la chuan mUc bat bupc khi dpc thd.
Cin
phai
giii
nbac
nhip, khong dUdc pha vd logic dpc, dac biet ngit doan cu
phap hpc khong ddi bdi d cuo'i bai thd.
325

Cham- ket thiic cau trong ngon ngii ndi cd nghia la phai ha gipng.
NhUng khi chuyen dong thd, ngUdc
lai cudi
cau
cin
phai len gipng,
khong phai la dpc that to, ma thanh
tbdt
de dpc gia hieu ring con c6
nhiing cau tiep theo. Danh dau len gipng bang miii ten hudng len tren,
con ha gipng miii ten chi xuo'ng. Cin
lUu
y mot chi tiet khi dpc cac van
thd: can phai cho dpc gia nghe dUdc van. Trong cac bai thd cua cac nha
thd ndi tieng gieo van
thUdng
vao nhiing tii quan trpng ve nghia nen
khi
day, giao vien can hUdng sinh vien tdi nhiing trpng tam do va each
dpc chiing. Quan trpng hdn ca la nam viing
dUde
nbac dieu,
mach thUc
cua bai thd. Dieu nay cin cho dpc thd
dUde
tU nhien va da dang.
De dpc thd dien cam can cam nhan n6 khong
chi
tam hdn ma bang
trai tim bat ki tu: nao ciia bai thd. Thd ca the hien nhiing suy

nghi
hiing
khdi. Am thanh bieu dat nghia cua tii. Khi nghien
ciiu
nhufng
dac thu nay ngUdi dpc can phai cam nhan va rung dpng khi the hien
ttog
y tudng,
tUng
hinh tUdng, tiing
tif
ngii de truyen tai npi dung diy
hiing
khdi
ciia ngon ngii thi ca. Moi nha thd cd ngon ngii va
each
bieu
dat tinh cam rieng cua minh,vi vay
trUde
khi day sinh vien dpc diln
cam cin danh thdi gian noi ve dac thu rieng cua tiing nha thd.
TrUdc khi chuan bi cho sinh vien dpc diln cam, giao vien can
chuin bi mot sd cau bdi: Ban c6 biet gi ve nha thd nay khong?. Xuat
xii,
hoan canh ra ddi cua bai thd?. Trong khi
chii
giai can hudng sU chu
y cua sinh vien tdi nhiing doan, khd thd ma thieu n6 hp khong the hieu
trpn ven
npi

dung, chu de cua bai thd, cac thu phap nghe thuat, nhan
vat trii tinh.
Giao vien c6 the
dUa
ra mot so cau hoi:
1.
Bai thd dUdc chia ra lam may phan?
2.
Nhang
cam
xiic
gi tac gia muo'n khdi day d dpc gia trong bai thd
nay?
3.
Bieu hien tinh cam cua tac gia ddi vdi nhan vat trii tinh trong
bai thd?
4.
Nhang
biic
tranh, hinh tUdng nao xuat hien trong tri tudng
tUdng cua ban khi dpc bai thd nay?
Trong qua trinh dpc, giao vien cd the dUa ra
nhu!ng
cau bdi cd tac
dung giiip sinh vien ndi len nhiing hinh dung hoan toan mdi me hien
d hp khi dpc dien cam mot doan van, mot bai thd.
326
Giao vien ciing can giiip sinh vien
lua
ehpn nhiing tu:

ngU
ddng vai
trd quan trpng trong doan van, bai thd, ma nhd do hp c6 the neu len
dUde
chu de tu tudng, cam
hUng
nghe thuat ciia nha thd. Sau khi sinh
vien dpc xong bai khoa, bai thd hay mot doan van, giao vien cin ciing
hp xem xet ve gdc dp dpc dung, dpc dien cam vdi muc dich giiip hp suy
ngam xem hp dpc nhU vay dpc gia cd hieu, cam nhan
dUde
nhiing gi hp
dpc khong?. Trong nhiing gid thUc hanh, giao vien cd the thong qua
miie
dp nam viing cac ky nang dpc dien cam va each dpc ciia sinh vien
de xac minh miie dp hieu bai cua hp.
Nha giao noi tieng ngUdi Matxcdva Gurevich C. A
vidt;"
Sau khi
nghe hpc sinh dpc dien cam bai thd chung ta c6 the cho diem 5 (diem
10) va khong cin
hdi
them gi niia. NgU dieu, ngat nhip.
bieu
cam ciia
net mat va nhiing tac dpng kem theo bieu thi day thuyet phuc ve
miic
dp hieu sau van ban thd ca con hdn ca cau tra
Idi
theo sach giao khoa".

Dpc dien cam ddng vai trd quan trpng nen nhiem vu ciia giao vien
la danh gia diing nhiing kha nang cd dUde
eiia sinh
vien, nhiing gi hp
lam dupe, c6 thien chi dUa ra each
siia
chiia nhiing thieu hut cua bp,
dac biet nen nhan manh thanh tich ma hp dat dUdc, dUa ra nhiing tieu
chi
di
hp phan dau, song dieu quan trpng hdn ca la trong gid thUc
hanh nen tao dieu kien va khuyen khich tat ca sinh vien tich cUc tham
gia vao dpc dien eam_d6 ciing each thiic day boat dpng tich cUc, sang
tao ciia sinh vien trong qua trinh hpc tap, nghien ciiu dudi sU hUdng
dan ciia thay.
Day dpc diln cam mat khac ciing giiip sinh vien hieu sau hdn
nhiing khai niem, kien thiic ve ly luan van hpc ma hp chUa c6 dieu
kien di sau nghien
ciiu.
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO
LHryeH
A^HB
JlyaH.1996.
PeanMaaqusq
KOMMyHMKajuBHO-
opneHTMpoBaHHoro noflxofla
K
o6yHeHmo HjeHHK)
cxyAeHTOB-
cfDi/tJionoroB

B
flSbiKOBux
Byaax
sbeiHaMa.
KaHA.flncc.MocKBa.
2.PP
MawMaH.E.fl
flMHTpneBa.1980.
BbipaaMje/ibHoe
meHne.
npaKTHKyM.
3.
MeroflMKa sbipaanTeribHoro
HTeHua.
VMeGHoe
noco6ne.
1977.
4.MeT0AHKa
npenoAaBaHna
pyccKoro
nah'^a KaK
MHOCTpaHHoro.1990.MocKBa.
327