Chương 1
TỔNG QUAN VỀ PHÂN TÍCH THIẾT KẾ
HỆ THỐNG THÔNG TIN
I. Tổng quan về hệ thống thông tin
1. Đặt vấn đề:

 !"#$%&'(
)%*%&+,$- '."/(01
 2%3'()$4561+ )7)(89:9
;<
"/=>?@A8'$%&'(
%B "
"6+ 9:9C"
"6DE3FGHHI
"JK+,  ?L!+)MN>+,C:O
"
PM%&+9 )(89:9?
@ 'H+ON 9'()$QRS.:O
%& 1TUVWXTUYW"
Phân tích về sai sót:
Z[N  4 \]^
S.=  4 _]^
`17 4 V^
/+ +=a_ 4 _W^
/+ +=:'9)1 4 b^
Phân tích về chi phí
R7> 4 ]\^
cM 4 \d^
Phân tích phân bổ hoạt động
`7'. 4 T]^
c+,  + += 4 ]W^

e 4 b]^
/+O+ +=271+ +=A)7a)
f?N ?g)(89:9"/)89h2
)8L7?%&9i2)+,  "6>1
LAjk9+=)(89:9?=> 
)%B)))(8g:A)>1O"
4
2. Hệ thống - Hệ thống thông tin
l)&)),=N N 12 m1%29
ON 9)l+7' 3N
>M!%&!"E%&FJ 
`+HI"
l)&)j$)O 
)n%O @2:O2 "
II. Các hệ thống thông tin thông dụng
69?L%2(%3%&+,"
1. Hệ xử lý dữ liệu (DPS-Data Processing System)
Chức năng
X o,f p1kDCm"
X J% %&%3'Ol)l"J p:qL j
1L"
',f=8L%3N7f))"
2. Hệ thông tin quản lý (MIS-Management Information System)
N7f%&+,!:9'.
?j$)?r)h"
s84N7f'8)=
5t7fl%<?5t7f8<?"""?N7f%3
1=5t7fl%<?5t7f1<?
5t7f#/e<?"""
Chức năng

X r&D',f p%"
X JmB+a&)r&$D"
X /)N7fH3  "
X /=B9L7lHk)=uN$+,"
/'H'vN7fC=8 !
 +,=?%l>%2
= r& N9p"
3. Hệ hỗ trợ quyết định (DSS- Decision Support System)
S8 @)!9M N9p&)f
l"
Khả năng của hệ:
X /)?+A)'9))%BHOu %3N9p"
X /))(8?LMKLgjp"
X / @))%B%OB+a% "
Đặc trưng của DSS
X r&N9pN> N9p"
5
X 61> D?=:7D)0=)(8"
X 61l&O1 N9p"
4. Hệ chuyên gia (ES-Expert System)
@)N7f7N9$a BJ``"
ON 9-8(1?8=:7Dl)l?l)?
%%3"/w1%B>l):918?u= 
L?p?"""
III. Các thành phần của một hệ thống thông tin quản lý
6HN M >N7f%3=b
)4
X 6)N9p4D N9p"
X 6)4D9)l?',f?$%
"

X 6))4)L771B+a !"
s84N7f'8)=)N9pR 
x?))EL D?))
)('%a?B+a+7'"
/@ =MN  ) N +B
j%2("
6
T P tyz{6P|#
T P 6}#x6Q#
T P 6~/#xQ•c
Thông tin
vào từ môi
trường ngoài
Thông tin ra
từ môi
trường ngoài
Quyết
Báo cáo
Thông tin
Điều
Thông tin
Kiểm tra
Nguyên liệu
Sản phẩm ra
Hình 1.1: Hệ thống thông tin theo quan điểm hệ hỗ trợ ra quyết định
/@ 9p- =87 4
 !l)&))%B?(?)%B))',
fg)N> N9p@31l"
6=4
Tổ chức4=MBN ?'8)?%3"""

  Phương tiện F)X)$I4 B+almMl)?',f?%?
M7%8??1"""
  Nhân lực4L jl)M?(  l)?',f?$
?"""%3)M>"
Thông tinFI4/%&+,?k%3
LO?k %3LO"6O?:=
9)7=99:€H=%4
"x 4)%B%%?- k?( """
"eM4DL7?( ?>7?"
"tA9)l> "
"s E 1)?%  N9p"
Phương pháp xử lý tin4O)l%>?l
? %3?)$"
6=1?%&k\984?)%B))',f
?%3)%B"
IV. Các tính năng của một hệ thống thông tin
X 63 734%&8Lg:73 k:%&9)
l9:)l%&N9p%B29"
X R7 N9p1= %& :"
X eM+7)u )"
X e%&%&',f"
X P)1) "
X P)1) ',f"
X P)1)$@ "
X Pl "
V. Mục đích, yêu cầu phương pháp phân tích thiết kế HTTT
1. Mục đích
X 666=E3FGHHI
X /=Dr& N9p
X /%B>CK+,  ?L7

X •+,?=8' "
7
2. Yêu cầu
X t M9)l!M4Lg'HL)l??D
),%&)7%&O"J=ML97
$=9)M "
X t M)X‚4N M)(8kO'H%2k9)l
!M9OL"
X #l1%&k%&LL9 2>)
M
X #l1%&)',f "
X Pp %&:9N71%&k 1)M
9r 1"
VI. Xây dựng thành công một hệ thống thông tin
1. Khái niệm về một dự án công nghệ thông tin thành công
69% =OuMM'p%&
%&'H"# 70 1>
%3*:jf2 $N7 ="6OM=Ba
%3 %  +OuNA+ 4S
%&'H=9==))( %&1N7f!
M !?=MMOC4
X cm&)29%&1 !"
X P1%&O9:9$  !"
X /)8l)l%&"
X /=l ?)%&u "
/w1%8+ƒ+43 ?„3 
p?>:9„:9'@O%LM*?+h
O"""
X `7)u=p'4%  @A?:p)3?=f- 9
21DN7f?( %&+7)up

 !?+ +==M)v)"
X JK?K2K+,"
X S$…?%2a?KL7>"
2. Quản lý và phát triển một dự án công nghệ thông tin
SO N7f7L7)M666)
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(+?3 ?$: !I"P(:(N  )M
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8
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+)7%&"
_"T"ea1
P(L%2O N>N7f=+1
MN?)1+)1) "/1=4
X 69l)L 
X 69l)N 2:
X 69l)+BL4L j4'pN)1?l)
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X 69l)N7f4ML77+ ?)7l)
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?'p31)?k?"""
X 69l)%3N7fl)l:f4#l:f
g1?+:?? ??u+,
:M "
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x 1l)'p719
 r1M"#l):91L j4
X c1:91$
X opu

X S7)1?)%B=M:7
X c( =MN7f%&
X cMp>+BL
X op
X †l):91(+L 
X 69l)7
X †l):91B+a
_"b"6
6% :91B+a"# 
L j4
X 6M: :91B+a?% B+a4L j:a
?l)(L!j?p%21O2?H‡>
>7L7%& +7)u1 "
X 6@u9>H:91B+a4:9N7?
$h1?j(+"6%3&)=M)7+, !
:91B+a)m&)"
9
X t7f+ !2:91B+a4 !%&)77
:91B+al:f "
X R!+l:f 47+:K  )7
%&l:f"#=)O2
MNH2 "#=)p+,M)(8? 
N9pl)L"
X 6L$>148MO O 
"sL:p)3K9 OM=%&
ML9 Om2 "P7L7+)&)
=N7"
_"\"e9@
SO  1?L j+ 4
X P=14+1%O

:9p&8?k "/B
%3.==)?  r&N>"
X 6!:9+ 4O'p%&C1?C9k+7)u 
? N>>O=N>N7f?k=@ 
:+ "
X e9@&)j4:f:9L7 f&)j2LOON "
VII. Giới thiệu một vài phương pháp phân tích thiết kế thông dụng
1. Phương pháp phân tích thiết kế có cấu trúc (SADT-`Hˆ ++ JH+
6HNHI
c%B))')kS‰?f%aBL7 =)(.2
B7"`ˆJ6%&'( OVOf+ 4
X `,>
X c(8:M6)X‚"
X Jm>D>N FE%&5>
9:9<M7"
X 6M8* 
X `,LMK%21j1
X c&)1 =
X ŠOj+B9"
Công cụ để phân tích:
X `,+BjDR‹JFR+H++‹J  I%j
jJ‹JFJ  ‹‚J  I"
X S>FJ  SH+I
10
X #=@`†F`H†  HI
X 6kMFJ  J I
X R7(N9pFŒ H[I
X PC79>FcH++`)HG I"
c%B)))(89:9`ˆJ6=%M Of)(8=
@?9:9H)()?L77k+7'$ "#%&

M )%B)):L jL9>)(8=9:
l=M% v>1mC)"
2. Phương pháp phân tích thiết kế Merise
S•ŽQ`•9AkkSHH)Ž ++HLHH+QHv+` +•GGF)%B
))l)&)f%a:AI"c%B)) 3D
 l)OVW"o)k+- =OLa
•"†"†HH1%31ˆ'X•XcHHXc)Oj
3a6(O Lp:‰lF/•6•I?%2+.1 "6 H"6
+)M = 2?S•ŽQ`•E%&mM$
:h+aE$'8)1: "
Ý tưởng cơ bản của phương pháp Merise:
Z%aBL7 )%B)))(89:9SH+H ObCBL7+ 4
Mặt thứ nhất4N (9:q+FGHHI N  14
6 vFxH+ IXt [ZXt7pX/9"/:q+=M:v
kT]9_WD22"
Mặt thứ hai4$l)9:qC% ?E%&:qk
%&"Sr%&7%21>l)L jl)&)+8
'"6H=:+ %2D%a? 7:L9!
=h !:+ > !"Sr>%&7N 
> ONA?Of@))Np"/=NA
)v)Mk>+ >:$C8"
Mặt thứ ba4CON 9:qN9p)7%  :q
+ +7)u"
PC% )%B))SH+H3',fg7L78:
N N>)(8)>MK1L%2l)l"
L j',f%&LMKaL 4
X SN F/H)I4'p) ',f"
X S!F• ‘ I49= N  @"
X S)Fc+I4)%&M9%9"
Công cụ để phân tích:

6OB+aL LL9 ?)%B)))(89:9
SH+H+,>%BOM)(89:9
"
11
MỨC DỮ LIỆU XỬ LÝ
SN  SN $ SN $',f
S! S!$ S!$',f
Slf Slf$ Slf$',f
ŠM )%B)))(89:9S•ŽQ`•=B+a: A"
)%B))%&m$ac)/(’:)7)(8
2"#%&M )%B))j:$"J=?M7N9
0)%B))%3% 9:v3 "
6>?@+…L+)%B))M>LL%2)(
89:9
/=M>L%2)M N >
: L $4$) ?$LL9 
$ 1)(89:9"
Hình 1.2 Các bước phát triển của một hệ thống thông tin
12
Thiết kế
Thực hiện
Lập kế hoạch
Phân tích
Mức quan niệm
Mức tổ chức
Mức vật lý
Thông tin Xử lý con người thiết bị
3. Phương pháp phân tích MCX (Méthode de xavier castellani)
c%B)))(8S/o=jkc)?+% 6
'8)QQ•FQ+QG NH“•H+HI+1"c%B)))(8

S/o OOfC%BL7+ 4
/)v)'(%&>!N8'MLMK
C)( "
/)v))(8?A?N>',f$ "
/)v)%&',f"
S/o=%M8&)2"#%&M%3"
4. Phương pháp phân tích GLACSI (Groupe d’ Animation et de Liaison pour l’ AnalyseHH
H)H`+€H“QG I
c%B))n=jkc)? 3\DTUY_"67 
==+% /c)FQy6I"#BL7 )%B
))>Ll)&)OM9 1BL7
+ ( 9>)(84
X #O
X #O1
X #O:7
X c(8D
X S>
X S>',f
X c(8@
X 6!4alf
X 6!',f4',fH?',fH3 
X S%39)l48?18??)$O

X x %3X
#%&M )%B))% ,$9"ŠM 
)%B))M71"
#)%B)))(89:9.=aOE=)%B)))(8
%2%&F••ˆ4•L”H•HHˆ ++I+…%&L9a%Bm"
VIII. Những sai lầm có thể xẩy ra khi phân tích thiết kế HTTT
#)%B)))(81%227N9L

Ck)j1:9:9N>)(8%+ 4
X 69+9)l!M)M4
X #%3)(8Lp7%a99) %#`J"
X 6l)$m
13
X Jml: 2mN 
X `)9?: j+B
X `L&) %3+,"
X 69u
X #%3)(89uM7?C
"
IX. Các giai đoạn xây dựng một hệ thống thông tin tin học hóa
S)%B)))(89:9)77N  1+ 4
X #OF>;I
X #O:7F(A :7DI
X P$':M:9@2 
X S.= F!l)>I
X 6,: 
t>)M )7LAk>1 
nk+9N7 n+2C  !"
1. Lập kế hoạch (khảo sát hệ thống)
P( 1ON 9)'@ %3)(8%
g'p9%2:=M9O-?L
)l??!=ON 9'("x 1
‡%&f %4'(T2 ()
Tn"S8+0$+ 4
/=9'(2C()666n:;#9=?
X 63 LA?3 :9@
X Š28)8
X #(?l)%B "

X /=8&7a>"
X 6rLOn%&0 l+BL 1"
#==1?:9@  1&)j:8 %3
)(89:9%"
14
2. Phân tích
† 1(:'(T? 1L j
 1:a+  1l):91"c(8L j1+ 4
2. 1 c(814
x 1gM‡>11 n81
 !"/M?=L j4
X 6>M14N Oj+B?M>M
$ !"
X 6>M11 !
X op)  !
X / !O!LO=ON 
X /N  O!
_"_"c(8:7l)j+B4
c(8:7)79ObC4
X c(8:7$:‰l4'H'v:7D:‰l=M$'7))
:‰l)2"
15
  n
   %
9;
o p  
2)7%9
;
  n
>;

6> M O 
 9  O 
+,"
S.= ?M
 ?L7>"
RA
6•/Q•#
c’#6–/ 6Q{6e{
  2
)7>;
Hình 1.2: Sơ đồ xây dựng một hệ thống thông tin tin học hóa
X c(8:7:94'H'v:7D8M7'(
2n%h &8+…H1"
X c(8:714:7Dl$:::!?
$:!N7f)v) !"
` =?%3)(8)7p 7))++?(AM
: k7))"6=1? 1%3)(8)7> một
điểm cân bằng giữa nhu cầu và khả năng"
` :. '7))%3)(8)7lập hồ sơ nhiệm vụ"/
g84
X Pp>D1%&"
X Pp '(N "
X Pp>+B%&  2%3+,%B "†
L7*F))HIM#`J>%&%B "
6=1?l)j+B0 l:8 b)8 4#%3
)(8?/%#%3+,"
_"b"o(>D4
#%3)(8 :9N7)(8M'(>) ?
k=‡>>  "6L1
)(8>( 1N "t>>M'(>

%&9:E)7jk)8 %"
3. Thiết kế
69:9)(8:)7  13 "69:9+…
)%B!M > "#=L j7C
7$>@ "6 19:9%3)(8)7'
p94
X /"
X /NA)+?9)l',f
X /:M: 
X /)%B$%&+,"
6=1?9:9L j+ 4
X 69:94'p%&Fl)MI@%&+,
"
X 69:9D4p ',fMD',f 
"
X 69:9 49= > 9)%3X
X 69:9 
X 69:9)48O:‰l
X J:9(+1p8 "
16
4. Giai on thc hin
6 1'(L j'(GHBL7"s9
%B>D 2%B2:M: .
C "6 1.= 7lOE%&
1.= FI
SN 1+,M
%2*%3+,:lO )M
+ "
5. Chuyn giao h thng
x 1 1mM%3)(8h

ĂÂÊÔƠƯĐăĂâÂêôơ -đƠ ƠƯƠ-Ơ-à ảƠ
)(8)71%3+,1rp8"
6. Bo trỡ
R7>N>+, !?:A)9+= M
8B?lB+,"
6=1?N>'(=M7H+Bj%2(4
Hỡnh 1.3: Quỏ trỡnh xõy dng mt h thng thụng tin


17
Lậ p k ế h o ạ c h
Th ực h iện
Ph ân t íc h
Th iết k ế
Ch uy ển g ia o
Bả o t r ì
X. Cỏc mc bt bin ca mt h thng thụng tin
sp k%&= ')k
)(8"/=L j4
X /=>CC7B7%B- M'p
Or 1)(8"
X /=>CM12%3:O
"
X /=7N : O
N 9:q+ "
/=bk%& 4
1. Mc quan nim
SN +78=
L)7N 28 "/7
)7l)27))C+ "s8?N7f

9L :"
C th, mc quan nim ngi ta cn mụ t:
X /%&%&+,"
X /%&N %&?
2%3LO"
X 6%&"
X ãƯĐáƠạĐôƠằƠăĐẳ ẵĐắÊƯăâÊƯ
X /)7L)7
"
Cú 3 loi quy tc:
Qui tc qun ly áƠĐƠĂ ôặĐĐầ ẩả đÂẫ áấăđâ
)Ck%3I"s84ậSV phi np hc phớ khi vo hcậ?ậdoanh nghip phi
ong thu VATậ"SM'H'vNA=)7NAN7f:9
L0NA>=BLp)è:;
Qui tc t chc:NAON 97)) "
Qui tc k thut:NAON 9O:lM7L7=M
%&"
6=1aN 73(04
X /D >;
X 9>;
X jNAN7f%9;
18
2. Mức tổ chức (logic)
S8 !'p)%B?(?=?!
M)%3+,@31l"61?
73(04ˆ;†a(;†:;
6a!%&7H7))B+aN 
 @"J=?2!E"
.3. Mức vật lý (tác nghiệp)
P(8k%&>=8=M l"61

?73(01%9;
SO lf'p 
%3C=?a(%&72@? )%B
l)"
Hình 1.4: Mô hình không gian phát triển hệ thống
19
TTin XLý Cngười Thbị
MVL
MTC
MQN
MVL
MTC
MQN
MVL
MTC
MQN
MVL
MTC
MQN
Lập kế hoạch
Phân tích
Thiết kế
/=M'HrL%2N>)(89:9M
: b$>…aO"
Mức Dữ liệu Xử lý
Quan niệm
Logic
Vật lý
S>N $
S>!

S>lf
S>N $',f
S>!',f
S>lf',f
H ết chương 1
20