hole 158 hood
ć The gang carried out three hold-ups
in the same day.
hole
hole /həυl/
noun
an opening or a space in
something
ć You’ve got a hole in your
sock.
ć We all peeped through the hole
in the fence.
ć Rabbits live in holes in
the ground.
holiday
holiday /hɒlde/
noun
1. a period when
you do not work, and sometimes go and
stay in a different place
ć When are you
taking your holiday or When are you
planning to go on holiday?
ć He’s go-
ing to Spain on holiday.
ć We always
spend our holidays in the mountains.
ć
How many days’ holiday do you have
each year?
2. a day on which most peo-

ple do not work because of laws or reli-
gious rules
ć The office is closed for the
Christmas holiday.
hollow
hollow /hɒləυ/
adjective
with a hole in-
side
ć a hollow log ć If you tap the box
it sounds hollow.
holy
holy /həυli/
adjective
relating to religion
or the church
ć They went to ask a holy
man his advice.
home
home /həυm/
noun
1. the place where
you live or where your parents live
ć
Their home is a flat in the centre of Lon-
don.
ć Will you be at home tomorrow
evening?
ć When do you leave home for
work in the morning?

ć I like to go
home for the holidays.
˽ to make your-
self at home to behave as if you were in
your own home
ć He lay down on my
sofa, opened a bottle of beer, and made
himself at home.
2. a house ć They are
building fifty new homes on the edge of
the village.
3. a house where people are
looked after
ć My aunt has moved to an
old people’s home.
4. ˽ at home (
in
sports
) on the local sports ground ć
Our team is playing at home next Satur-
day.
í
adverb
towards the place where
you usually live
ć We’ve got to go home
now.
ć He usually gets home by 7
o’clock.
ć Don’t send it – I’ll take it

home with me.
ć If you don’t want to
walk, you can always take the bus home.
(NOTE: used without a preposition:
He
went home
or
She’s coming home
.) í
adjective
referring to where you live or
where you were born
ć My home town
is Birmingham.
ć Send the letter to my
home address, not to my office.
homework
homework /həυmwk/
noun
work
which you take home from school to do
in the evening
ć Have you finished your
maths homework?
ć I haven’t got any
homework today, so I can watch TV.
(NOTE: no plural)
honest
honest /ɒnst/
adjective

1. telling the
truth
ć He was honest with the police
and told them what he had done.
2.
tending to tell people the truth; treating
people fairly
ć I wouldn’t buy a car
from that garage – I’m not sure they’re
completely honest.
honestly
honestly /ɒnstli/
adverb
1. in an open
and honest way
2. used to express a feel-
ing of being annoyed
ć Honestly, you
might have told me sooner!
honesty
honesty /ɒnsti/
noun
the quality of be-
ing honest
ć I admire him for his hones-
ty in saying the job was too difficult for
him.
honey
honey /hni/
noun

a sweet substance
produced by bees
ć I like honey on
toast.
ć Greek cakes are often made
with honey.
honeymoon
honeymoon /hnimun/
noun
a holi-
day taken immediately after a wedding
ć They went on their honeymoon to
Corsica.
honor
honor /ɒnə/
noun
,
verb
US spelling of
honour
honour
honour /ɒnə/
noun
1. the practice of
acting according to what you think is
right
ć He’s a man of honour. 2. some-
thing that you are proud of
ć It is an
honour for me to be invited here today.

í
verb
1. to show your respect for
someone
ć to honour the dead 2. to give
someone an award to show that you re-
spect them
ć He was honoured by the
university.
3. to do what you promised ć
He honoured the agreement and gave
the staff a pay rise.
hood
hood /hυd/
noun
1. a loose piece of
clothing to cover your head
ć He has a
blue coat with a hood.
2. a folding roof
on something such as a car or pram
ć
Let’s put down the hood, it’s very hot. 3.
US
a metal cover for the front part of a
car, covering the engine
ć He lifted the
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hoof 159 hot
hood to see what was wrong with the
motor.
hoof
hoof /huf/
noun
the part of the foot of a
horse, cow and many other animals
(NOTE: The plural is hooves /huvz/.)
hook
hook /hυk/
noun
1. a bent piece of metal
for hanging things on
ć Hang your coat
on the hook behind the door.
2. a very
small piece of thin bent metal, attached
to a line for catching fish
ć The fish ate
the worm but didn’t swallow the hook.
hop
hop /hɒp/
verb
1. to jump on one leg ć
He hurt his toe and had to hop around
on one foot.
2. (

of a bird or animal
) to
jump with both feet together
ć Magpies
were hopping across the grass.
ć The
frog hopped onto the lily pad.
(NOTE:
hops – hopping – hopped)
í
noun
1.
a little jump ć Magpies walk in a series
of little hops.
2. a short flight ć It’s only
a short hop from London to Paris.
hope
hope /həυp/
verb
to want and expect
something to happen
ć We all hope our
team wins.
ć She’s hoping she will soon
be able to drive a car.
ć I hope it doesn’t
rain.
í
noun
the fact of wanting and ex-

pecting something to happen
ć Our
only hope is that she will get better
soon.
ć They have given up all hope of
rescuing any more earthquake victims.
hopeful
hopeful /həυpf(ə)l/
adjective
confident
that something will happen
ć We are
hopeful that the company will accept
our offer.
hopeless
hopeless /həυpləs/
adjective
1. unlike-
ly to get better; impossible to improve
ć
The invoices are in a hopeless mess. 2.
not at all skilful at something ć She’s
hopeless at tennis.
ć He’s hopeless
when it comes to mending cars.
horizon
horizon /hə

raz(ə)n/
noun

the line in
the distance where the earth and the sky
meet
horizontal
horizontal /hɒr

zɒnt(ə)l/
adjective
flat; level with the ground
horn
horn /hɔn/
noun
1. a sharp pointed bone
growing out of an animal’s head
ć That
bull’s horns look very dangerous.
2. a
piece of equipment on a car that makes
a loud noise to warn people of some-
thing
3. a metal musical instrument
which you blow into
ć a piece of music
for horn and orchestra
horrible
horrible /hɒrb(ə)l/
adjective
extremely
unpleasant
ć The victims of the fire had

horrible injuries.
ć He’s a horrible little
boy.
ć We had a horrible meal at the
restaurant.
horrified
horrified /hɒrfad/
adjective
fright-
ened or shocked
horror
horror /hɒrə/
noun
the fact or feeling of
being very frightened
ć He couldn’t
hide his horror at hearing the news.
ć
She has a horror of spiders. ć Everyone
watched in horror as the planes collid-
ed.
horse
horse /hɔs/
noun
a large animal used for
riding or for pulling vehicles
ć She was
riding a black horse.
ć The coach was
pulled by six white horses.

ć He’s out on
his horse every morning.
hospital
hospital /hɒspt(ə)l/
noun
a place
where sick or hurt people are looked af-
ter
ć She was taken ill at work and sent
to hospital.
ć When is she due to go into
hospital?
ć He was in hospital for sev-
eral days after the accident.
host
host /həυst/
noun
1. a person who has
invited guests
ć The host asked his
guests what they wanted to drink.
2. the
landlord of a hotel or inn, also some-
times of a restaurant
3. the person who
introduces and talks to the guests on a
TV or radio show
ć He had been a host
on a Saturday evening TV show.
4. ˽ a

host of a large number of
ć We face a
host of problems.
í
verb
1. to act as host
at a party
ć The company hosted a re-
ception for two hundred guests.
2. to be
the centre where something takes place
ć Barcelona hosted the Olympic
Games.
3. to organise and manage web-
sites for other people
hostage
hostage /hɒstd/
noun
a person who
is captured and held by someone or an
organisation, which threatens to kill him
or her unless their demands are met
ć
Three of the hostages will be released
tomorrow.
ȣ 1. 2. ć He was held hos-
tage for more than a year by the rebels.
hot
hot /hɒt/
adjective

1. very warm; with a
high temperature
ć The weather is very
hot in June, but August is the hottest
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hot dog 160 humor
month. ć If you’re too hot, take your
coat off.
ć Plates should be kept hot be-
fore serving the meal.
ı heat 2. (
of
food
) full of spices, giving you a burn-
ing feeling in your mouth
ć This curry
is particularly hot.
ć He chose the hot-
test dish on the menu.
hot dog
hot dog /hɒt dɒ/
noun
a snack consist-
ing of a hot sausage in a long piece of
bread
hotel

hotel /həυ

tel/
noun
a building where
travellers can rent a room for the night,
eat in a restaurant or drink in a bar
ć
They are staying at the Grand Hotel. ć
I’ll meet you in the hotel lobby. ć All the
hotel rooms in the town are booked.
hour
hour /aυə/
noun
a period of time which
lasts 60 minutes
ć The train journey
takes two hours.
ć It’s a three-hour
flight to Greece.
ć The train travels at
over 150 miles an hour.
house
house
1
/haυs/
noun
1. a building in
which someone lives
ć He has bought a

house in London.
ć He has a small flat
in town and a large house in the country.
ć All the houses in our street look the
same.
2. a part of a Parliament ć The
British Parliament is formed of the
House of Commons and the House of
Lords.
ć The American Congress is
formed of the House of Representatives
and the Senate.
house
house
2
/haυz/
verb
to provide a place for
someone or something to stay or be kept
ć His collection of old cars is housed in
a barn.
ć We have been asked if we can
house three students for the summer
term.
(NOTE: houses – housing –
housed)
household
household /haυshəυld/
noun
the peo-

ple living together in a house
housework
housework /haυswk/
noun
the work
of keeping a house clean
(NOTE: no plu-
ral)
housing
housing /haυzŋ/
noun
houses ć Pub-
lic housing has to meet certain stand-
ards.
hover
hover /hɒvə/
verb
to hang in the air
without moving forward
ć flies hover-
ing over the surface of a pool
how
how /haυ/
adverb
1. showing or asking
the way in which something is done
ć
How do you switch off the cooker? ć
Can you tell me how to get to the rail-
way station from here?

ć I don’t know
how he does it.
2. showing or asking
about things such as the age, size or
quantity of something
ć How big is
their house?
ć How many people are
there in your family?
ć She showed us
how good she was at skiing.
ć How old
is your little boy?
ć How far is it to the
church?
3. showing surprise ć How
cold it is outside!
ć How different it is
from what I remember!
however
however /haυ

evə/
adverb
but ć We
never go out on Saturdays – however,
this week we’re going to a wedding.
í
conjunction
in whatever way ć Do it

however you like.
howl
howl /haυl/
verb
to make a long loud high
sound like a wolf
ć The wolves howled
outside the cabin.
ć The wind howled in
the chimney.
í
noun
a long loud cry ć
Howls of disappointment came from the
fans.
hug
hug /h/
noun
the act of putting your
arms round someone and holding them
close to you
ć She ran to the little girl
and gave her a hug.
í
verb
to throw
your arms around someone
ć The play-
ers hugged each other when the goal
was scored.

(NOTE: hugs – hugging –
hugged)
huge
huge /hjud/
adjective
of a very large
size
ć Huge waves battered the ship. ć
The concert was a huge success. ć Fail-
ing the test was a huge disappointment
for him.
hum
hum /hm/
verb
1. to make a low sound
like a bee
ć Bees were humming around
the hive.
2. to sing without words ć If
you don’t know the words of the nation-
al anthem, you can always hum the tune.
(NOTE: hums – humming – hummed)
human
human /hjumən/
adjective
relating to
people
humble
humble /hmbəl/
adjective

feeling or
acting as if you are not as important as
other people
ć Seeing how much work
she does for charity makes me feel very
humble.
(NOTE: humbler – humblest)
humor
humor /hjumə/
noun
US spelling of
humour
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humorous 161 hyphen
humorous
humorous /hjumərəs/
adjective
fun-
ny in a quiet way, making people smile
rather than laugh
ć humorous stories ć
Some of her comments were rather hu-
morous.
humorously
humorously /hjumərəsli/
adverb

in a
humorous
humour
humour /hjumə/
noun
1. the ability to
make situations seem funny ć He has a
good sense of humour.
ć She has abso-
lutely no sense of humour.
ć Want to
meet male, aged 30 – 35, with a good
sense of humour (GSOH).
2. a general
feeling or mood
ć I am in no humour to
talk about holidays just now.
ć His good
humour lasted until the end of the party.
hump
hump /hmp/
noun
1. a raised part on
the back of a person or animal
ć Arabi-
an camels have only one hump, while
Bactrian camels have two.
2. a small
raised part in the ground
ć They have

built humps in the road to slow down the
traffic.
hundred
hundred /hndrəd/
noun
the number
100
ć The church is over a hundred
years old.
ć My grandfather will be a
hundred next month.
ć Do I have to tell
you a hundred times to stop that noise?
(NOTE: In numbers hundred does not
change and is followed by and when
reading: 491 = four hundred and nine-
ty-one; 102 = a hundred and two. Note
also: a hundred and one (101), three
hundred and six (306) but the hun-
dred and first (101st), the three hun-
dred and sixth (306th), etc.)
ȣ hun-
dreds of
very many ć Hundreds of
birds were killed by the cold weather.
ć
Hundreds of people caught flu last win-
ter.
ć They came in their hundreds to
visit the grave.

hundredth
hundredth /hndrədθ/
adjective
relat-
ing to number 100 in a series
ć Tomor-
row is his hundredth birthday.
hung
hung /hŋ/ past tense and past participle
of
hang
hungry
hungry /hŋri/
adjective
feeling that
you need to eat
ć You must be hungry
after that game of football.
ć I’m not
very hungry – I had a big lunch.
ć Hur-
ry up with the food – we’re getting hun-
gry.
hunt
hunt /hnt/
verb
1. ˽ to hunt for some-
thing to search for something
ć We’re
hunting for a cheap flat. ć The police

are hunting for the driver of the car. 2.
to chase wild animals for food or sport
ć Our cat is not very good at hunting
mice.
ć They go to Scotland every year
to hunt deer. (NOTE: You hunt animals,
but you hunt for things.)
í
noun
a
search ć The hunt for new offices has
just started.
hunter
hunter /hntə/
noun
a person who
hunts animals
hurricane
hurricane /hrkən/
noun
a tropical
storm with strong winds and rain
(NOTE:
In the Far East called a typhoon; in
the Indian Ocean called a cyclone.)
hurry
hurry /hri/
verb
to go somewhere or do
something fast

ć She hurried across the
room. ć You’ll have to hurry if you want
to catch the last post.
ć There’s no need
to hurry – we’ve got plenty of time.
(NOTE: hurries – hurrying – hurried)
hurry up
phrasal verb
to go or do
something faster
ć Hurry up – we’ll be
late for the film.
ć Can’t you get the
cook to hurry up? I’m getting hungry!
hurt
hurt /ht/
verb
to have pain, or to cause
someone to feel pain
ć My tooth hurts.
ć No one was badly hurt in the accident.
ć Where did you hurt yourself? (NOTE:
hurts – hurting – hurt)
husband
husband /hzbənd/
noun
a man to
whom a woman is married ć Her hus-
band is Scottish.
ć He’s the doctor’s

husband.
hut
hut /ht/
noun
a small rough wooden
house
hygiene
hygiene /hadin/
noun
the science of
being and keeping things clean
hygienic
hygienic /ha

dink/
adjective
clean
and safe because all germs have been
destroyed
hyphen
hyphen /haf(ə)n/
noun
a printing sign
(-) used to show that two words are
joined
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I
i
i /a/, I
noun
the ninth letter of the alpha-
bet, between H and J
I
I
1
/a/
pronoun
used by a speaker when
talking about himself or herself
ć She
said, ‘I can do it’, and she did it.
ć He
told me I could go home early.
ć She
and I come from the same town.
ć I said
I was going to be late.
(NOTE: When it is
the object of a verb, I becomes me:
I
gave it to him – he gave it to me
;
I hit
him – he hit me
. When it follows the
verb be, I usually becomes me:

Who is
it? – It’s me!
)
I
I
2
/a/
noun
the Roman numeral for one or
first
ć King Charles I
ice
ice /as/
noun
water which is frozen and
has become solid
ć When water freezes,
it turns into ice.
ć Would you like ice in
your drink?
(NOTE: no plural:
some ice,
a lump of ice
)
ice cream
ice cream /as krim/
noun
a frozen
sweet food made from cream and fruit,
chocolate, nuts, etc.

icy
icy /asi/
adjective
covered with ice ć Be
careful, the pavement is icy.
idea
idea /a

də/
noun
a thought which you
have about something
ideal
ideal /a

dəl/
adjective
perfect; extreme-
ly suitable
ć This is the ideal site for a
factory.
ć The cottage is an ideal place
for birdwatching.
identical
identical /a

dentk(ə)l/
adjective
ex-
actly the same

ć The twins wore identi-
cal clothes for the party.
ć Their politi-
cal opinions are identical.
identify
identify /a

dentfa/
verb
1. to recog-
nise a person or thing and to be able to
say who or what they are
ć Can you
identify what sort of rock this is?
ć She
was able to identify her attacker.
2. to
state that something belongs to you
ć
Each person was asked to identify his or
her baggage.
(NOTE: identifies – iden-
tifying – identified)
identity
identity /a

dentti/
noun
someone’s
name and personal details

ć He
changed his identity when he went to
work for the secret services.
idle
idle /ad(ə)l/
adjective
not doing any-
thing
ć He’s the idlest man I know – he
never does any work at all.
if
if /f/
conjunction
1. showing what might
happen
ć If it freezes tonight, the paths
will be slippery tomorrow.
ć If I’m in
London, I’ll come and see you.
ć If he
had told me you were ill, I’d have come
to see you in hospital.
ć If I won the lot-
tery, I would take a long holiday.
2. used
in asking questions
ć Do you know if
the plane is late?
ć I was wondering if
you would like to have some tea.

ignorance
ignorance /nərəns/
noun
a state of
not knowing
˽ to keep someone in ig-
norance of something not to tell some-
one about something
ć The soldiers
were deliberately kept in ignorance of
the dangers facing them.
ignorant
ignorant /nərənt/
adjective
not
knowing anything
ignore
ignore /

nɔ/
verb
not to notice some-
one or something deliberately
ć She ig-
nored the red light and just drove
straight through.
ć When we met he just
ignored me.
ill
ill /l/

adjective
sick; not well ć Stress can
make you ill.
ć If you’re feeling ill you
ought to see a doctor.
˽ to fall ill to be-
come ill
ć She fell seriously ill and we
thought she was going to die.
˽ to be
taken ill to become ill suddenly
ć He
was taken ill while on holiday in
Greece.
illegal
illegal /

li(ə)l/
adjective
against the
law
ć It is illegal to serve alcohol to
people under 16.
illegally
illegally /

liəli/
adverb
in an illegal
way

illness
illness /lnəs/
noun
a medical condition
which makes you unwell
ć She devel-
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illustrate 163 imply
oped a serious illness. ć A lot of the staff
are absent because of illness.
(NOTE:
The plural is illnesses.)
illustrate
illustrate /ləstret/
verb
to put pictures
into a book
ć The book is illustrated
with colour photographs of birds.
illustration
illustration /lə

streʃ(ə)n/
noun
a pic-
ture in a book

ć The book has 25 colour
illustrations.
image
image /md/
noun
1. a picture of
someone or something
ć I want the por-
trait to be a faithful image of my mother.
2. a picture produced by something such
as a mirror or a computer
ć The mirror
throws an image onto the paper.
ć Can
this software handle images in that for-
mat?
ć Can you adjust the projector?
The image on the screen is out of focus.
imaginary
imaginary /

mdn(ə)ri/
adjective
not real; part of a story
imagination
imagination /

md

neʃ(ə)n/

noun
the ability to think of things that are not
part of your own immediate life
ć She
let her imagination run riot in her sto-
ries for children.
imagine
imagine /

mdn/
verb
to think of
something that is not part of your own
immediate life
ć Imagine yourself sit-
ting on a beach in the hot sun.
ć She
thought she had heard footsteps, and
then decided she had imagined it.
imitate
imitate /mtet/
verb
to copy some-
thing or someone
ć The company imi-
tates its competitors by making very
similar products.
í to behave as some-
one else does, often to make other peo-
ple laugh

ć He made us all laugh by im-
itating the head teacher’s way of walk-
ing.
imitation
imitation /m

teʃ(ə)n/
noun
1. a copy
made of something
2. an act of copying
someone’s behaviour in order to make
other people laugh
ć She does a very
good imitation of the Queen.
í
adjec-
tive
made to appear to be something else
more valuable
ć a necklace of imitation
pearls
ć The bag is made of imitation
leather.
immediate
immediate /

midiət/
adjective
1. very

soon
ć He wrote an immediate letter of
complaint.
ć You didn’t expect an im-
mediate reply, did you?
ć Your order
will receive immediate attention.
2.
closest, or right next to you ć He had to
share his book with his immediate
neighbour.
immediately
immediately /

midətli/
adverb
very
soon, or very soon after an event
ć He
got my letter, and wrote back immedi-
ately.
ć As soon as he heard the news he
immediately phoned his wife.
immoral
immoral /

mɒrəl/
adjective
not follow-
ing the usual principles of good behav-

iour
impact
impact
1
/mpkt/
noun
1. a strong ef-
fect
ć The TV documentary had an
strong impact on the viewers.
2. an in-
stance of two things coming together
with force
ć The car was totally
crushed by the impact of the collision.
˽
on impact as soon as contact is made ć
The plane burst into flames on impact
with the ground.
impact
impact
2
/m

pkt/
verb
˽ to impact on
something to have a strong effect on
something
ć The fall in the value of the

currency will impact strongly on busi-
nesses.
impatience
impatience /m

peʃ(ə)ns/
noun
a lack
of the ability to wait for things in a calm
way
impatient
impatient /m

peʃ(ə)nt/
adjective
una-
ble to wait for something in a calm way;
in a hurry to do something
ć We were all
impatient for the film to start.
ć He’s
very impatient with anyone who works
slowly.
impatiently
impatiently /m

peʃ(ə)ntli/
adverb
in
an impatient way

implication
implication /mpl

keʃ(ə)n/
noun
1.
the possible effect of an action ć What
will be the implications of the election
results for public spending?
2. with the
fact of being involved in a crime or
something that is morally wrong
ć The
newspaper revealed his implication in
the affair of the stolen diamonds.
3. a
suggestion that something such as a crit-
icism is true although it has not been ex-
pressed directly
ć I resent the implica-
tion that I knew anything about the re-
port in advance.
imply
imply /m

pla/
verb
to suggest some-
thing without saying it directly
ć He im-

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impolite 164 inch
plied that he knew where the papers had
been hidden.
ć The lawyer implied that
the witness had not in fact seen the acci-
dent take place.
(NOTE: implies – im-
plying – implied)
impolite
impolite /mpə

lat/
adjective
rude; not
polite
import
import /m

pɔt/
verb
to bring goods into
a country
ć The company imports tele-
vision sets from Japan.
ć This car was

imported from France.
importance
importance /m

pɔtəns/
noun
the fact
of being important
ć Do not attach too
much importance to what he says.
ć The
bank attaches great importance to the
deal.
important
important /m

pɔtənt/
adjective
1.
having a great effect; mattering very
much
ć It’s important to be in time for
the interview.
ć I have to go to London
for an important meeting.
ć He left a file
containing important papers in the taxi.
2. (
of a person
) in a high position ć He

has an important job.
ć She’s an impor-
tant government official.
ć He was pro-
moted to a more important position.
impossible
impossible /m

pɒsb(ə)l/
adjective
which cannot be done ć It’s impossible
to do all this work in two hours.
ć Get-
ting skilled staff is becoming impossible.
impress
impress /m

pres/
verb
to make some-
one feel admiration or respect
ć Her
rapid response to the request impressed
her boss.
ć She was impressed by his
skill with the paintbrush.
ć The military
government organised the display to im-
press the neighbouring states.
impression

impression /m

preʃ(ə)n/
noun
an ef-
fect on someone’s mind
ć Blue walls
create an impression of coldness.
ć The
exhibition made a strong impression on
her.
impressive
impressive /m

presv/
adjective
im-
pressing people
ć He had a series of im-
pressive wins in the chess tournament.
ć
The government staged an impressive
display of military hardware.
improve
improve /m

pruv/
verb
1. to make
something better

ć We are trying to im-
prove our image with a series of TV
commercials.
2. to get better ć The gen-
eral manager has promised that the bus
service will improve.
ć It poured down
all morning, but in the afternoon the
weather improved a little.
improvement
improvement /m

pruvmənt/
noun
1.
a process of becoming better, or of mak-
ing something better
ć There has been
no improvement in the train service
since we complained.
2. a change that
you make so that something is better
than before
ć They carried out some im-
provements to the house.
ć We are plan-
ning some home improvements such as a
new kitchen.
ć The new software is a
great improvement on the old version.

in
in /n/
preposition
,
adverb
1. used for
showing place
ć He lives in the country.
ć In Japan it snows a lot during the win-
ter.
ć She’s in the kitchen. ć He’s still in
bed.
ć Don’t stand outside in the pour-
ing rain.
2. at home, in an office, at a
station
ć Is the boss in? ć He isn’t in
yet.
ć My husband usually gets in from
work about now.
ć The train from Bir-
mingham is due in at 6.30.
3. used for
showing time
ć In autumn the leaves
turn brown.
ć On holiday there was
nothing to do in the evenings.
ć She was
born in 1999.

ć He ate his meal in five
minutes.
ć We went for a skiing holiday
in January.
4. used for showing time in
the future
ć I’ll be back home in about
two hours.
ć She should arrive in twenty
minutes’ time.
5. fashionable ć This
year, short skirts are in.
6. used for
showing a state or appearance
ć He was
dressed in black.
ć She ran outside in
her dressing gown.
ć We’re in a hurry.
ć The words are set out in alphabetical
order.
inability
inability /nə

blti/
noun
the state of
being unable to do something
ć His in-
ability to make decisions causes prob-

lems.
inch
inch /ntʃ/
noun
a measure of length
equal to 2.54 centimetres
ć a three-and-
a-half-inch disk
ć Snow lay six inches
deep on the ground.
ć She is five foot six
inches tall (5’6’’).
ı foot (NOTE: The
plural is inches. With numbers inch is
usually written with the symbol ":
a 3½’’
disk
;
He is 5’ 9’’.
; say: ‘a three and a
half inch disk’, ‘He’s five foot nine’)
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incident 165 indoor
incident
incident /nsd(ə)nt/
noun

1. some-
thing which happens, especially some-
thing unpleasant
ć Last year six hun-
dred incidents of oil pollution were re-
ported.
2. a violent action or
disturbance that occurs somewhere
ć
There were several incidents during the
demonstration.
incidentally
incidentally /ns

dent(ə)li/
adverb
used for mentioning something new in a
conversation
include
include /n

klud/
verb
to count some-
one or something along with others
ć
The waiter did not include service in the
bill.
ć The total is £140, not including
insurance and handling charges.

ć
There were 120 people at the wedding if
you include the children.
including
including /n

kludŋ/
preposition
tak-
ing something together with something
else
ć The total comes to £25.00 includ-
ing VAT.
income
income /nkm/
noun
an amount of
money which you receive, especially as
pay for your work
ć Their weekly in-
come is not really enough to live on.
incorrect
incorrect /nkə

rekt/
adjective
wrong,
not correct
increase
increase

1
/n

kris/
noun
an instance of
something becoming larger
ć an in-
crease in tax or a tax increase
ć an in-
crease in the cost of living
increase
increase
2
/nkris/
verb
1. to rise or to
grow
ć The price of oil has increased
twice in the past year.
2. to make a level
or amount higher
ć The boss increased
her salary.
ć Rail fares have been in-
creased by 10%.
increased
increased /n

krist/

adjective
larger or
higher than before
ć These increased
rail fares mean that we cannot afford to
travel so much.
increasingly
increasingly /n

krisŋli/
adverb
more
and more
ć He found it increasingly dif-
ficult to keep up with the workload at the
office.
ć His future with the company
looks increasingly doubtful.
indeed
indeed /n

did/
adverb
(
for emphasis
)
really ć Thank you very much indeed
for inviting me to stay.
ć They have been
very kind indeed to their daughter.

independence
independence /nd

pendəns/
noun
1. freedom from rule by another country
ć The colony achieved independence
ten years ago.
ć Scotland is aiming for
independence in the next few years.
2. a
state of not needing help from anyone
else
ć She’s eighteen and is looking for-
ward to a life of independence from her
family.
independent
independent /nd

pendənt/
adjective
1. free, not ruled by anyone else ć Slov-
enia has been independent since 1991.
2. not owned by a group, not controlled
by the state
ć The big chains are forcing
the independent shops to close down.
3.
not needing help from anyone else ć
She’s eighteen and wants to be inde-

pendent of her family.
index
index /ndeks/
noun
1. a list, usually in
alphabetical order, showing the pages
on which different subjects appear in a
book
ć Look up the references to Lon-
don in the index.
(NOTE: The plural in
this sense is indexes) 2.
a regular re-
port which shows rises and falls in
things such as prices and unemployment
ć The economic indices look very prom-
ising at the moment.
(NOTE: The plural
in this sense is indices)
indicate
indicate /ndket/
verb
to show some-
thing
ć Can you indicate the position of
the enemy camp on this map?
ć The lat-
est figures indicate a fall in the number
of unemployed men.
indignant

indignant /n

dnənt/
adjective
feel-
ing offended or angry because of an un-
fair situation
ć I was really indignant
when I found out how much my col-
league earned.
indirectly
indirectly /nd

rektli/
adverb
not di-
rectly
individual
individual /nd

vduəl/
noun
a single
person
ć We welcome private individu-
als as well as groups.
í
adjective
sin-
gle, for a particular person

ć We treat
each individual case on its merits.
ć We
provide each member of the tour group
with an individual itinerary.
indoor
indoor /ndɔ/
adjective
inside a build-
ing
ć an indoor swimming pool
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indoors 166 initial
indoors
indoors /n

dɔz/
adverb
inside a build-
ing
ć Let’s go indoors. ć Mum was in-
doors, reading.
industrial
industrial /n

dstriəl/

adjective
relat-
ing to the production of goods
ć The
Midlands is the main industrial region
in Britain.
industry
industry /ndəstri/
noun
the production
of goods and the provision of services,
or the companies involved in this activi-
ty
ć Oil is a key industry. ć The car in-
dustry has had a good year.
ć The gov-
ernment is helping industry to sell more
products abroad.
ć The tourist industry
brings in a lot of foreign currency.
(NOTE: The plural is industries.)
infamous
infamous /nfəməs/
adjective
famous
for being bad or unpleasant
ć Tourists
were warned not to go near the infa-
mous back street moneychangers.
infant

infant /nfənt/
noun
a young baby
infatuation
infatuation /n

ftjueʃ(ə)n/
noun
a
sudden strong feeling of love for some-
one, especially someone you do not
know very well or someone who does
not love you
infect
infect /n

fekt/
verb
to pass on a disease
or infection to someone
ć He was in-
fected with the disease when he was
abroad on holiday.
infection
infection /n

fekʃən/
noun
a disease
which spreads from one person to an-

other
ć Her throat infection keeps com-
ing back.
ć He was sneezing and
spreading infection to other people in
the office.
ć She seems to catch every lit-
tle infection there is.
infectious
infectious /n

fekʃəs/
adjective
(
of an
illness or an emotion such as fear
)
likely to be passed from one person to
another
ć This strain of flu is highly in-
fectious.
ć He’s a great music teacher
and his enthusiasm for jazz is very infec-
tious.
infinitive
infinitive /n

fntv/
noun
the basic

form of a verb, usually shown with ‘to’
influence
influence /nfluəns/
noun
the ability to
change someone or something; an effect
ć He has had a good influence on the
other staff in the department.
ć The in-
fluence of the moon on the tides.
ć He
was charged with driving under the in-
fluence of alcohol.
í
verb
to make
someone or something change
ć She
was deeply influenced by her old teach-
er.
ć The moon influences the tides. ć
The price of oil has influenced the price
of industrial goods.
inform
inform /n

fɔm/
verb
to tell someone
something officially

ć Have you in-
formed the police that your watch has
been stolen?
ć I regret to inform you
that your father has died.
ć We are
pleased to inform you that your offer
has been accepted.
informal
informal /n

fɔm(ə)l/
adjective
1. re-
laxed, not formal
ć Dress casually – the
party will be informal.
ć The guide gave
us an informal talk on the history of the
castle.
2. (
of language
) used when talk-
ing to friends and family
information
information /nfə

meʃ(ə)n/
noun
a

set of facts about something
ć She
couldn’t give the police any information
about how the accident happened.
ć
She gave me a very useful piece or bit of
information.
ć For further information,
please write to Department 27.
informed
informed /n

fɔmd/
adjective
having a
lot of information, or having the latest
information
infuriate
infuriate /n

fjυəriet/
verb
to make
someone very angry
ć Slow service in
restaurants always infuriates him.
ingenious
ingenious /n

diniəs/

adjective
very
clever
ć It was an ingenious plan.
ingredient
ingredient /n

ridiənt/
noun
a materi-
al or substance which you use to make
something
ć Make sure you’ve got all
your ingredients together before you
start cooking.
inhabit
inhabit /n

hbt/
verb
to live in a place
inhabitant
inhabitant /n

hbt(ə)nt/
noun
a per-
son who lives in a particular place
initial
initial /


nʃ(ə)l/
adjective
first ć The in-
itial stage of the project went off
smoothly.
ć My initial reaction was to
say ‘no’.
ć He started the business with
an initial sum of £500.
í
verb
to write
the first letters of your name on a docu-
ment to show you have read and ap-
proved it
ć Can you initial each page of
the contract to show that you have ap-
proved it?
ć Please initial the agree-
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initially 167 instance
ment at the place marked with an X.
(NOTE: initials – initialling – ini-
tialled)
initially

initially /

nʃ(ə)li/
adverb
at the begin-
ning
ć Initially we didn’t like the new
flat, but we have got used to it now.
initiative
initiative /

nʃətv/
noun
a decision
which is intended to solve a problem
ć
The government has proposed various
initiatives to get the negotiations mov-
ing again.
injection
injection /n

dekʃən/
noun
the act of
putting a liquid into the body using a
needle
ć The doctor gave him a flu in-
jection.
injure

injure /ndə/
verb
to cause pain or
damage to a part of the body
ć He in-
jured his back playing rugby.
ć He was
badly injured in a car accident.
injured
injured /ndəd/
noun
hurt ć The in-
jured girl had fallen off her bike.
injury
injury /ndəri/
noun
damage to your
body
ć He never really recovered from
his football injury.
ć She received se-
vere back injuries in the accident.
(NOTE: The plural is injuries.)
ink
ink /ŋk/
noun
the liquid in a pen ć He
has ink marks on his shirt.
ć The ink
won’t come off the tablecloth.

ć She
wrote comments on his work in red ink.
inland
inland /nlənd/
adverb
away from the
coast of a country
ć If you go inland
from the port, you soon get into the for-
est.
inn
inn /n/
noun
a small hotel
inner
inner /nə/
adjective
inside ć Go
through that arch and you will come to
the inner courtyard.
ć Heat is conduct-
ed from the inner to the outer layer of
the material.
innocent
innocent /nəs(ə)nt/
adjective
not
guilty
ć He was found to be innocent of
the crime.

ć In English law, the accused
is always presumed to be innocent until
he is proved to be guilty.
innovative
innovative /nəvetv/
adjective
new
in a way that has not been tried before
ć
a very innovative design
input
input /npυt/
noun
information that is
put into a computer
ć The input from the
various branches is fed automatically
into the head office computer.
inquiry
inquiry /n

kwaəri/
noun
1. a formal in-
vestigation into a problem
ć a govern-
ment inquiry into the police force
ć A
public inquiry will be held about plans
to build another airport.

2. a question
about something
ć I refer to your in-
quiry of May 25th.
ć All inquiries
should be addressed to this department.
ć He made an inquiry about trains to
Edinburgh.
(NOTE: also spelt enquiry.
The plural is inquiries.)
insect
insect /nsekt/
noun
a small animal
with six legs and a body in three parts
ć
A butterfly is a kind of insect. ć Insects
have eaten the leaves of the cabbages.
ć
She was stung by an insect.
insert
insert
1
/n

st/
verb
to put something
inside something else
ć She inserted

another sentence into the letter.
ć He in-
serted each leaflet into an envelope.
ć
Insert a coin into the slot.
insert
insert
2
/nst/
noun
a paper which is
put inside something
ć The invitation
card had an insert with a map showing
how to get to the hotel.
inside
inside /n

sad/
adverb
in a house or oth-
er building
ć Come on inside – it’s cold
in the street.
ć It rained all afternoon,
so we just sat inside and watched TV.
ć
Is there anyone there? – The house
seems quite dark inside.
í

preposition
in ć There was nothing inside the bottle.
ć She was sitting inside the car, reading
a book.
ć I’ve never been inside his of-
fice.
insist
insist /n

sst/
verb
to state firmly ć He
insisted that he had never touched the
car.
ć She insisted that she should be
paid compensation for the delay.
inspect
inspect /n

spekt/
verb
to look at some-
thing closely
ć She inspected the room
to see if it had been cleaned properly.
inspector
inspector /n

spektə/
noun

a senior of-
ficial who examines something closely
install
install /n

stɔl/
verb
to put a piece of
equipment into the place where it will
operate
ć It took the plumber a week to
install the new central heating system.
instance
instance /nstəns/
noun
an example ć
There have been several instances of
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This is trial version
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This is trial version
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