Climate Change
and Global
Food Security
© 2005 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
BOOKS IN SOILS, PLANTS, AND THE ENVIRONMENT
Editorial Board
Agricultural Engineering Robert M. Peart, University of Florida, Gainesville
Crops Mohammad Pessarakli, University of Arizona, Tucson
Environment Kenneth G. Cassman, University of Nebraska, Lincoln
Irrigation and Hydrology Donald R. Nielsen, University of California, Davis
Microbiology Jan Dirk van Elsas, Research Institute for Plant
Protection, Wageningen, The Netherlands
Plants L. David Kuykendall, U.S. Department of Agriculture,
Beltsville, Maryland
Kenneth B. Marcum, Arizona State University, Tempe
Soils Jean-Marc Bollag, Pennsylvania State University,
University Park
Tsuyoshi Miyazaki, University of Tokyo, Japan
Soil Biochemistry, Volume 1, edited by A. D. McLaren
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Soil Biochemistry, Volume 6, edited by Jean-Marc Bollag
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Soil Biochemistry, Volume 7, edited by G. Stotzky
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Humic Substances in the Environment, M. Schnitzer and S. U. Khan
Microbial Life in the Soil: An Introduction, T. Hattori
Principles of Soil Chemistry, Kim H. Tan
Soil Analysis: Instrumental Techniques and Related Procedures,
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Soil Reclamation Processes: Microbiological Analyses and
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Symbiotic Nitrogen Fixation Technology, edited by Gerald H. Elkan
Soil-–Water Interactions: Mechanisms and Applications, Shingo Iwata
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Soil Analysis: Modern Instrumental Techniques, Second Edition,
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Soil Analysis: Physical Methods, edited by Keith A. Smith
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Growth and Mineral Nutrition of Field Crops, N. K. Fageria,
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Semiarid Lands and Deserts: Soil Resource and Reclamation,
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Plant Roots: The Hidden Half, edited by Yoav Waisel, Amram Eshel,
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Plant Biochemical Regulators, edited by Harold W. Gausman
Maximizing Crop Yields, N. K. Fageria
Transgenic Plants: Fundamentals and Applications, edited by
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Soil Microbial Ecology: Applications in Agricultural and Environmental
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Principles of Soil Chemistry: Second Edition, Kim H. Tan
Water Flow in Soils, edited by Tsuyoshi Miyazaki
Handbook of Plant and Crop Stress, edited by Mohammad Pessarakli
Genetic Improvement of Field Crops, edited by Gustavo A. Slafer
Agricultural Field Experiments: Design and Analysis,
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Mechanisms of Plant Growth and Improved Productivity: Modern
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Selenium in the Environment, edited by W. T. Frankenberger, Jr.
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Soil–Water Interactions: Mechanisms and Applications, Second
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Stored-Grain Ecosystems, edited by Digvir S. Jayas, Noel D. G. White,
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Agrochemicals from Natural Products, edited by C. R. A. Godfrey
Seed Development and Germination, edited by Jaime Kigel
and Gad Galili
Nitrogen Fertilization in the Environment, edited by
Peter Edward Bacon
Phytohormones in Soils: Microbial Production and Function,
William T. Frankenberger, Jr., and Muhammad Arshad
Handbook of Weed Management Systems, edited by Albert E. Smith

Soil Sampling, Preparation, and Analysis, Kim H. Tan
Soil Erosion, Conservation, and Rehabilitation, edited by
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Plant Roots: The Hidden Half, Second Edition, Revised and Expanded,
edited by Yoav Waisel, Amram Eshel, and Uzi Kafkafi
Photoassimilate Distribution in Plants and Crops: Source–Sink
Relationships, edited by Eli Zamski and Arthur A. Schaffer
Mass Spectrometry of Soils, edited by Thomas W. Boutton
and Shinichi Yamasaki
Handbook of Photosynthesis, edited by Mohammad Pessarakli
Chemical and Isotopic Groundwater Hydrology: The Applied
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Emanuel Mazor
Fauna in Soil Ecosystems: Recycling Processes, Nutrient Fluxes,
and Agricultural Production, edited by Gero Benckiser
Soil and Plant Analysis in Sustainable Agriculture and Environment,
edited by Teresa Hood and J. Benton Jones, Jr.
Seeds Handbook: Biology, Production, Processing, and Storage: B. B.
Desai, P. M. Kotecha, and D. K. Salunkhe
Modern Soil Microbiology, edited by J. D. van Elsas, J. T. Trevors,
and E. M. H. Wellington
Growth and Mineral Nutrition of Field Crops: Second Edition,
N. K. Fageria, V. C. Baligar, and Charles Allan Jones
Fungal Pathogenesis in Plants and Crops: Molecular Biology
and Host Defense Mechanisms, P. Vidhyasekaran
Plant Pathogen Detection and Disease Diagnosis, P. Narayanasamy
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Robert M. Peart and R. Bruce Curry
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Plant–Microbe Interactions and Biological Control, edited by
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Handbook of Soil Conditioners: Substances That Enhance the Physical
Properties of Soil, edited by Arthur Wallace and Richard E. Terry
Environmental Chemistry of Selenium, edited by
William T. Frankenberger, Jr., and Richard A. Engberg
Principles of Soil Chemistry: Third Edition, Revised and Expanded,
Kim H. Tan
Sulfur in the Environment, edited by Douglas G. Maynard
Soil–Machine Interactions: A Finite Element Perspective, edited by
Jie Shen and Radhey Lal Kushwaha
Mycotoxins in Agriculture and Food Safety, edited by Kaushal K. Sinha
and Deepak Bhatnagar
Plant Amino Acids: Biochemistry and Biotechnology, edited by
Bijay K. Singh
Handbook of Functional Plant Ecology, edited by Francisco I. Pugnaire
and Fernando Valladares
Handbook of Plant and Crop Stress: Second Edition, Revised
and Expanded, edited by Mohammad Pessarakli
Plant Responses to Environmental Stresses: From Phytohormones
to Genome Reorganization, edited by H. R. Lerner
Handbook of Pest Management, edited by John R. Ruberson
Environmental Soil Science: Second Edition, Revised and Expanded,
Kim H. Tan
Microbial Endophytes, edited by Charles W. Bacon
and James F. White, Jr.
Plant–Environment Interactions: Second Edition, edited by
Robert E. Wilkinson
Microbial Pest Control, Sushil K. Khetan
Soil and Environmental Analysis: Physical Methods, Second Edition,

Revised and Expanded, edited by Keith A. Smith
and Chris E. Mullins
The Rhizosphere: Biochemistry and Organic Substances at the
Soil–Plant Interface, Roberto Pinton, Zeno Varanini,
and Paolo Nannipieri
Woody Plants and Woody Plant Management: Ecology, Safety,
and Environmental Impact, Rodney W. Bovey
Metals in the Environment, M. N. V. Prasad
Plant Pathogen Detection and Disease Diagnosis: Second Edition,
Revised and Expanded, P. Narayanasamy
Handbook of Plant and Crop Physiology: Second Edition, Revised
and Expanded, edited by Mohammad Pessarakli
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Environmental Chemistry of Arsenic, edited by
William T. Frankenberger, Jr.
Enzymes in the Environment: Activity, Ecology, and Applications,
edited by Richard G. Burns and Richard P. Dick
Plant Roots: The Hidden Half, Third Edition, Revised and Expanded,
edited by Yoav Waisel, Amram Eshel, and Uzi Kafkafi
Handbook of Plant Growth: pH as the Master Variable, edited by
Zdenko Rengel
Biological Control of Major Crop Plant Diseases, edited by
Samuel S. Gnanamanickam
Pesticides in Agriculture and the Environment, edited by
Willis B. Wheeler
Mathematical Models of Crop Growth and Yield, Allen R. Overman
and Richard Scholtz
Plant Biotechnology and Transgenic Plants, edited by
Kirsi-Marja Oksman Caldentey and Wolfgang Barz
Handbook of Postharvest Technology: Cereals, Fruits, Vegetables, Tea,

and Spices, edited by Amalendu Chakraverty,
Arun S. Mujumdar, G. S. Vijaya Raghavan,
and Hosahalli S. Ramaswamy
Handbook of Soil Acidity, edited by Zdenko Rengel
Humic Matter in Soil and the Environment: Principles
and Controversies, edited by Kim H. Tan
Molecular Host Plant Resistance to Pests, edited by S. Sadasivam
and B. Thayumanayan
Soil and Environmental Analysis: Modern Instrumental Techniques,
Third Edition, edited by Keith A. Smith and Malcolm S. Cresser
Chemical and Isotopic Groundwater Hydrology, Third Edition,
edited by Emanuel Mazor
Agricultural Systems Management: Optimizing Efficiency
and Performance, edited by Robert M. Peart
and W. David Shoup
Physiology and Biotechnology Integration for Plant Breeding,
edited by Henry T. Nguyen and Abraham Blum
Global Water Dynamics: Shallow and Deep Groundwater: Petroleum
Hydrology: Hydrothermal Fluids, and Landscaping, edited by
Emanuel Mazor
Principles of Soil Physics, edited by Rattan Lal
Seeds Handbook: Biology, Production,Processing, and Storage,
Second Edition, Babasaheb B. Desai
Field Sampling: Principles and Practices in Environmental Analysis,
edited by Alfred R. Conklin
© 2005 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
Sustainable Agriculture and the International Rice-Wheat System,
edited by Rattan Lal, Peter R. Hobbs, Norman Uphoff,
and David O. Hansen
Plant Toxicology, Fourth Edition, edited by Bertold Hock

and Erich F. Elstner
Drought and Water Crises: Science, Technology, and Management
Issues, edited by Donald A. Wilhite
Soil Sampling, Preparation, and Analysis, Second Edition, Kim H. Tan
Climate Change and Global Food Security, edited by Rattan Lal,
Norman Uphoff, B. A. Stewart, and David O. Hansen
Handbook of Photosynthesis, Second Edition, edited by
Mohammad Pessarakli
Soil Sampling, Preparation, and Analysis: Second Edition, Kim H. Tan
© 2005 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
Climate Change
and Global
Food Security
Boca Raton London New York Singapore
A CRC title, part of the Taylor & Francis imprint, a member of the
Taylor & Francis Group, the academic division of T&F Informa plc.
Rattan Lal
The Ohio State University
Columbus, Ohio, U.S.A.
Norman Uphoff
Cornell University
Ithaca, New York, U.S.A.
B. A. Stewart
West Texas A&M University
West Canyon, Texas, U.S.A.
David O. Hansen
The Ohio State University
Columbus, Ohio, U.S.A.
Edited by
© 2005 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC

Published in 2005 by
CRC Press
Taylor & Francis Group
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© 2005 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
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10987654321
International Standard Book Number-10: 0-8247-2536-0 (Hardcover)
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Climate change and global food security / edited by R. Lal … [et al.].
p. cm. (Books in soils, plants, and the environment ; v. 96)
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 0-8247-2536-0

1. Climate changes. 2. Crops and climate. 3. Crop yields. 4. Food supply. I. Lal, R. II. Series.
S600.7.C54C6524 2005
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iii
Preface
Anthropogenic perturbation of the global carbon cycle has increased
the atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide, and decreased the
carbon pool in the world’s agricultural soils. Since the industrial
revolution, the atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide has
increased by about 30% from 280 parts per million by volume (ppmv)
to 370 ppmv. This increase is attributed to emissions of carbon from
fossil fuel combustion estimated at 270 Pg (gigatons), and from land
use change and soil cultivation estimated at 136 Pg. Conversion of
natural to agricultural ecosystems, with attendant soil erosion and
rapid mineralization of soil organic matter, has depleted the carbon
pool by 66 to 90 Pg for global soils, and 3 to 5 Pg for soils in the
United States. Depletion of the soil organic carbon pool has adverse
impacts on soil quality leading to increase in risks of soil erosion,
decline in aggregation and soil structure, reduction in plant avail-
able water capacity, decline in activity and species diversity of soil
fauna, and overall decline in agronomic/biomass productivity. The

decline in soil quality is more severe in soils of the tropics than
temperate regions, and in soils managed for low-input subsistence
farming than those under intensive commercial agriculture. Soils
of Sub-Saharan Africa, Central and South Asia, and tropical
© 2005 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
iv Climate Change and Global Food Security
America are severely depleted of their organic matter pool, prone
to degradation by erosion and other processes, do not respond to
inputs, and have low productivity.
The world population of 6.06 billion in 2000 will increase to 7.2
billion in 2012, 8.3 billion in 2030, and 9.3 billion in 2050. Practically
all the increase in the world population will occur in the developing
countries, where soils are severely depleted of their organic carbon
pool and have low productivity. The population of developing coun-
tries will increase by 35% from 4.9 billion in 2000 to 6.6 billion in
2025. The required increase in cereal production by 2025 will be
778 million MT, an average of 31 million MT per year. The required
increase in 2050 will be 1519 million MT, an average of 30 million
MT per year. The required cereal production in developing countries
will be more than double by 2050, mainly because of the projected
rapid increase in population. The increase in food production will
have to come from increasing production per unit area from existing
land, because there is little if any potential for bringing new land
under cultivation. Therefore, restoring the quality of degraded soils
is essential, for which enhancing soil organic carbon pool is a prin-
cipal prerequisite.
Restoring the depleted organic carbon pool in soils of developing
countries of the tropics and subtropics is a challenging task for
several reasons. First, the resource poor farmers may not be able
to afford the inputs needed to attain the required increase in crop

yield even if the inputs were made available. Second, crop residues
and other bio-solids that must be returned to the soil are invariably
used for other purposes, such as household fuel, fodder, fencing and
construction material, and so on. Third, the decomposition rate of
organic matter may be four to five times higher in the tropics than
in temperate climates. Thus, there is a need to develop appropriate
farming systems to cater to the multifaceted demands of the
resource-poor small landholders of the tropics.
Encouraging adoption of recommended management practices
for enhancing the organic carbon pool is not a simple task for the
soils of temperate climates of the developed economies either. There
is a strong need to provide incentives and commodify soil carbon,
which can then be traded like any other farm commodity. While the
Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) under the Kyoto Protocol
and the BioCarbon Fund of the World Bank may be policy tools for
providing incentives to farmers of developing countries, interna-
tional emissions trading joint implementation, among others, may
be useful tools for those in developed countries.
© 2005 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
Preface v
This book addresses six complex and interactive themes as
follows:
1. The impact of projected climate change on soil quality,
water resources, temperature regime, and growing season
duration on net primary productivity of different biomes
2. Soil carbon dynamics under changing climate
3. The impact of changes in carbon dioxide and ecological
environments on agronomic yields and food production in
various world regions
4. World food demands and supply during the 21st century

5. Policy and economic issues related to carbon trading and
enhancing agricultural production
6. Research and development priorities for enhancing soil
carbon pool and food security.
© 2005 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
vii
Contents
Preface iii
Contributors xiii
SECTION I Global Food Security
Chapter 1
Reducing Hunger in Tropical Africa while Coping with
Climate Change 3
Pedro A. Sanchez
Chapter 2
World Food Security: Perspectives Past, Present,
and Future 21
Dennis J. Greenland
Chapter 3
Changing Times and Direction 39
Robert D. Havener, Christopher R. Dowswell, and
Norman E. Borlaug
© 2005 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
viii Climate Change and Global Food Security
Chapter 4
Greenhouse Gases and Food Security in Low-Income
Countries 71
Roy Darwin, Stacey Rosen, and Shahla Shapouri
Chapter 5
Climate Change, Soil Carbon Dynamics, and Global

Food Security 113
Rattan Lal
SECTION II Climate Change and Net
Primary Productivity
Chapter 6
Climate Change Effects on the Water Supply in Some
Major River Basins 147
Ranjan S. Muttiah and Ralph A. Wurbs
Chapter 7
Climate Change and Terrestrial Ecosystem Production 173
Wilfred M. Post and Anthony W. King
Chapter 8
The Changing Role of Forests in the Global Carbon Cycle:
Responding to Elevated Carbon Dioxide in
the Atmosphere 187
Evan H. DeLucia, David J. Moore, Jason G. Hamilton,
Richard B. Thomas, Clint J. Springer, and Richard J. Norby
Chapter 9
Impact of Climate Change on Soil Organic Matter
Status in Cattle Pastures in Western Brazilian Amazon 223
Carlos C. Cerri, Martial Bernoux, Carlos E.P. Cerri, and
Keith Paustian
© 2005 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
Contents ix
SECTION III Climate Change and
Agronomic Production
Chapter 10
Climate Change, Agriculture, and Sustainability 243
Cynthia Rosenzweig and Daniel Hillel
Chapter 11

Assessing the Consequences of Climate Change for
Food Security: A View from the Intergovernmental
Panel on Climate Change 269
William Easterling
Chapter 12
Climate Change and Tropical Agriculture: Implications
for Social Vulnerability and Food Security 293
Hallie Eakin
Chapter 13
Effects of Global Climate Change on Agricultural Pests:
Possible Impacts and Dynamics at Population, Species
Interaction, and Community Levels 321
Anthony Joern, J. David Logan, and William Wolesensky
Chapter 14
Food Security and Production in Dryland Regions 363
B.A. Stewart
Chapter 15
Climate Change and Crop Production: Challenges to
Modeling Future Scenarios 383
Eugene S. Takle and Zaitao Pan
© 2005 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
x Climate Change and Global Food Security
SECTION IV Soil Carbon Dynamics and
Farming/Cropping Systems
Chapter 16
Soil Carbon Sequestration: Understanding and Predicting
Responses to Soil, Climate, and Management 407
James W. Jones, Valerie Walen, Mamadou Doumbia, and
Arjan J. Gijsman
Chapter 17

Reducing Greenhouse Warming Potential by Carbon
Sequestration in Soils: Opportunities, Limits,
and Tradeoffs 435
John M. Duxbury
Chapter 18
Management Practices and Carbon Losses via
Sediment and Subsurface Flow 451
Lloyd B. Owens and Martin J. Shipitalo
Chapter 19
Measuring and Monitoring Soil Carbon Sequestration
at the Project Level 467
R. César Izaurralde
Chapter 20
Dynamics of Carbon Sequestration in Various
Agroclimatic Zones of Uganda 501
Moses M. Tenywa, Majaliwa Mwanjalolo,
Matthias K. Magunda, Rattan Lal, and Godfrey Taulya
Chapter 21
Soil Carbon Sequestration in Dryland Farming Systems 515
Parviz Koohafkan, Ana Rey, and Jacques Antoine
© 2005 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
Contents xi
Chapter 22
More Food, Less Poverty? The Potential Role of
Carbon Sequestration in Smallholder Farming
Systems in Senegal 539
Petra Tschakert
Chapter 23
Hillside Agriculture and Food Security in Mexico:
Advances in the Sustainable Hillside

Management Project 569
Jose I. Cortés, Antonio Turrent, Prócoro Díaz,
Leobardo Jiménez, Ernesto Hernández, and Ricardo Mendoza
Chapter 24
Soil Organic Carbon, Quality Index, and Soil
Fertility in Hillside Agriculture 589
Jorge D. Etchevers, Miguel A. Vergara, Miguel M. Acosta,
Carlos M. Monreal, and Leobardo Jiménez
Chapter 25
Terrestrial Carbon Sequestration in Zambia 605
Robert B. Dadson, Jagmohan Joshi, Fawzy M. Hashem,
Arthur L. Allen, Catherine S. Bolek, Steven W. Muliokela, and
Albert Chalabesa
SECTION V Policy and Economic Issues
Chapter 26
Policy and Economic Issues Dealing with Global Warming 641
G. Edward Schuh
Chapter 27
Confronting the Twin Problems of Global Warming and
Food Insecurity 657
Luther Tweeten
© 2005 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
xii Climate Change and Global Food Security
Chapter 28
Policies and Incentive Mechanisms for the Permanent
Adoption of Agricultural Carbon Sequestration Practices
in Industrialized and Developing Countries 679
John M. Antle and Linda M. Young
Chapter 29
The Impact of Climate Change in a Developing Country:

A Case Study from Mali 703
Tanveer Butt and Bruce McCarl
SECTION VI Toward Research and
Development Priorities
Chapter 30
Researchable Issues and Development Priorities for
Countering Climate Change 729
Rattan Lal, B.A. Stewart, David O. Hansen, and
Norman Uphoff
© 2005 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
xiii
Contributors
Miguel M. Acosta
Instituto de Recursos Naturales
Colegio de Postgraduados
Montecillo, México
Arthur L. Allen
Department of Agriculture
University of Maryland
Eastern Shore
Princess Anne, Maryland
John M. Antle
Department of Agricultural
Economics and Economics
Montana State University
Bozeman, Montana
Jacques Antoine
Land and Soil Fertility
Management Service
Food and Agriculture

Organization
Rome, Italy
Martial Bernoux
Institut de Recherche pour le
Dévelopment
Paris, France
and
Centro de Energia Nuclear na
Agricultura
Universadade de São Paulo
São Paulo, Brazil
© 2005 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
xiv Climate Change and Global Food Security
Catherine S. Bolek
Office of Sponsored Research
and Programs
University of Maryland
Eastern Shore
Princess Anne, Maryland
Norman E. Borlaug
Sasakawa Africa Association
International Maize and Wheat
Improvement Center
México City, México
Tanveer Butt
Department of Agricultural
Economics
Texas A&M University
College Station, Texas
Carlos C. Cerri

Centro de Energia Nuclear na
Agricultura
Universidade de São Paulo
São Paulo, Brazil
Carlos E.P. Cerri
Centro de Energia Nuclear na
Agricultura
Universidade de São Paulo
São Paulo, Brazil
Albert Chalabesa
Mount Makulu Research
Station
Chilanga, Zambia
Jose I. Cortés
Instituto de Recursos Naturales
Colegio de Postgraduados
Montecillo, México
Robert B. Dadson
Department of Agriculture
University of Maryland
Eastern Shore
Princess Anne, Maryland
Roy Darwin
U.S. Department of
Agriculture–Economic
Research Service
Washington, D.C.
Evan H. DeLucia
Department of Plant Biology
and

Program in Ecology and
Evolutionary Biology
University of Illinois
Urbana, Illinois
Prócoro Diaz
Instituto de Recursos Naturales
Colegio de Postgraduados
Montecillo, México
Mamadou Doumbia
Laboratoire de Sol, Eau et
Plante
Institut d’Economie Rurale
Bamako, Mali
Christopher R. Dowswell
Sasakawa Africa Association
International Maize and Wheat
Improvement Center
México City, México
John M. Duxbury
Department of Crop and Soil
Science
Cornell University
Ithaca, New York
© 2005 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
Contributors xv
Hallie Eakin
Centro de Ciencias de la
Atmósfera
Universidad Nacional
Autónoma de México

México City, México
William Easterling
Penn State Institutes of the
Environment
The Pennsylvania State
University
University Park, Pennsylvania
Jorge D. Etchevers
Instituto de Recursos Naturales
Colegio de Postgraduados
Montecillo, México
Arjan J. Gijsman
University of Hawaii
Honolulu, Hawaii
and
Institute of Food and
Agricultural Sciences
University of Florida
Gainesville, Florida
and
Centrol Internacional de
Agricultura Tropical
Cali, Colombia
Dennis J. Greenland
Department of Soil Science
University of Reading
Reading, United Kingdom
Jason G. Hamilton
Department of Biology
Ithaca College

Ithaca, New York
David O. Hansen
International Programs in
Agriculture
The Ohio State University
Columbus, Ohio
Fawzy M. Hashem
Department of Agriculture
University of Maryland
Eastern Shore
Princess Anne, Maryland
Robert D. Havener
Winrock International (ret.)
Sacramento, California
Ernesto Hernández
Instituto de Socioeconomía
Estadística e Informática
Colegio de Postgraduados
Campus Puebla, México
Daniel Hillel
Center for Climate Systems
Research
Columbia University
New York, New York
R. César Izaurralde
Joint Global Change Research
Institute
College Park, Maryland
Leobardo Jiménez
Instituto de Socioeconomía

Estadística e Informática
Colegio de Postgraduados
Montecillo, México
© 2005 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
xvi Climate Change and Global Food Security
Anthony Joern
School of Biological Sciences
University of Nebraska-Lincoln
Lincoln, Nebraska
James W. Jones
Institute of Food and
Agricultural Sciences
University of Florida
Gainesville, Florida
Jagmohan Joshi
Department of Agriculture
University of Maryland
Eastern Shore
Princess Anne, Maryland
Anthony W. King
Environmental Science Division
Oak Ridge National
Laboratory
Oak Ridge, Tennessee
Parviz Koohafkan
Sustainable Development
Department
Rural Development Division
Food and Agriculture
Organization

Rome, Italy
Rattan Lal
Carbon Management and
Sequestration Center
School of Natural Resources
The Ohio State University
Columbus, Ohio
J. David Logan
Department of Mathematics
University of Nebraska–Lincoln
Lincoln, Nebraska
Matthias K. Magunda
Kawanda Agricultural Research
Institute
Kampala, Uganda
Bruce McCarl
Department of Agricultural
Economics
Texas A&M University
College Station, Texas
Ricardo Mendoza
Instituto de Socíoeconomía
Estadística e Informática
Colegio de Postgraduados
Campus Pueblo, México
Carlos M. Monreal
Agriculture and Agri-Food
Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
David J. Moore
Department of Plant Biology

Program in Ecology and
Evolutionary Biology
University of Illinois
Urbana, Illinois
Steven W. Muliokela
Golden Valley Research Trust
Lusaka, Zambia
Ranjan S. Muttiah
Department of Geology
GIS & Remote Sensing Center
Texas Christian University
Fort Worth, Texas
Majaliwa Mwanjalolo
Department of Soil Science
Makerere University
Kampala, Uganda
© 2005 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
Contributors xvii
Richard J. Norby
Environmental Science Division
Oak Ridge National
Laboratory
Oak Ridge, Tennessee
Lloyd B. Owens
U.S. Department of
Agriculture–Agricultural
Research Service
North Appalachian
Experimental Watershed
Coshocton, Ohio

Zaitao Pan
Department of Earth and
Atmospheric Sciences
St. Louis University
St. Louis, Missouri
Keith Paustian
Department of Soil and Crop
Science and Natural Resource
Ecology Laboratory
Colorado State University
Fort Collins, Colorado
Wilfred M. Post
Environmental Science Division
Oak Ridge National
Laboratory
Oak Ridge, Tennessee
Ana Rey
Food and Agriculture
Organization
Rome, Italy
and
The University of Edinburgh
Edinburgh, Scotland
Stacey Rosen
U.S. Department of
Agriculture–Economic
Research Service
Washington, D.C.
Cynthia Rosenzweig
NASA Goddard Institute for

Space Studies
New York, New York
Pedro A. Sanchez
Tropical Agriculture
The Earth Institute at
Columbia University
Palisades, New York
G. Edward Schuh
Hubert H. Humphrey Institute
of Public Affairs
Minneapolis, Minnesota
Shahla Shapouri
U.S. Department of
Agriculture–Economic
Research Service
Washington, D.C.
Martin J. Shipitalo
U.S. Department of
Agriculture–Agricultural
Research Service
North Appalacian
Experimental Watershed
Coshocton, Ohio
Clint J. Springer
Department of Biology
West Virginia University
Morgantown, West Virginia
© 2005 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
xviii Climate Change and Global Food Security
B.A. Stewart

Dryland Agricultural Institute
West Texas A&M University
Canyon, Texas
Eugene S. Takle
Department of Agronomy
Department of Geological and
Atmospheric Sciences
Iowa State University
Ames, Iowa
Godfrey Taulya
Department of Soil Science
Makerere University
Kampala, Uganda
Moses M. Tenywa
Department of Soil Science
Makerere University
Kampala, Uganda
Richard B. Thomas
Department of Biology
West Virginia University
Morgantown, West Virginia
Petra Tschakert
Department of Biology
McGill University
Montreal, Canada
Antonio Turrent
Campo Experimental Valle de
México
Instituto Nacional de
Investigaciones Forestales,

Agrícolas y Pecuarias
México
Luther Tweeten
The Ohio State University
Columbus, Ohio
Norman Uphoff
Cornell International Institute
for Food, Agriculture and
Development
Cornell University
Ithaca, New York
Miguel A. Vergara
Instituto de Recursos
Naturales
Colegio de Postgraduados
Montecillo, México
Valerie Walen
Institute of Food and
Agricultural Sciences
University of Florida
Gainesville, Florida
William Wolesensky
Program in Mathematics
College of St. Mary’s
Omaha, Nebraska
Ralph A. Wurbs
Department of Civil
Engineering
Texas A&M University
College Station, Texas

Linda M. Young
Department of Agricultural
Economics and Economics
Montana State University
Bozeman, Montana
© 2005 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
Section I
Global Food Security
© 2005 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC