1999 CRC Press LLC
INTERNATIONAL
E
NVIRONMENTAL
S
TANDARDS HANDBOOK
Scott S. Olson
CRC Press
Boca Raton New York London Toky
o
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Olson, Scott S.
International environmental standards handbook / Scott S.
Olson.

p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 1-56670-270-4 (alk. paper)
1. Environmental management. 1. Title.
GE300.038 1999
363.7'05-dc2l 99-13383
CIP
This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reprinted material is
quoted with permission, and sources are indicated. A wide variety of references am listed. Reasonable efforts have
been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and the publisher cannot assume responsibility for
the validity of all materials or for the consequences of their use,
Neither this book nor any part may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or
mechanical, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording. or by any information storage or retrieval system,
without prior permission in writing from the publisher.
The consent of CRC Press LLC does not extend to copying for general distribution, for promotion, for creating new
works, or for resale. Specific permission must be obtained in writing from CRC Press LLC for such copying.
Direct all inquiries to CRC Press LLC, 2000 N.W. Corporate Blvd., Boca Raton. Florida 33431.

Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only
for identification and explanation, without intent to infringe.

© 1999 by CRC Press LLC
Lewis Publishers is an imprint of CRC Press LLC

No claim to original U.S. Government works

International Standard Book Number 1-56670-270-4
Library of Congress Card Number 99-13383
Printed in the United States of America 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0
Printed on acid-free paper

© 1999 by CRC Press LLC
1999 CRC Press LLC
“If Delicate Arch has any significance it lies, I will venture, in the
power of the odd and unexpected to startle the senses and surprise the
mind out of their ruts of habit, to compel us into a reawakened
awareness of the wonderful—that which is full of wonder.”
Edward Abbey
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Author
Scott Olson is Director of the Colorado Environmental Training Center and former Chair of the
Environmental, Health and Safety Department at Red Rocks Community College in Lakewood,
Colorado. He is a faculty instructor and coordinator of the Water Quality Management and Envi-
ronmental and Safety Technology Degree programs. Mr. Olson is also a program chair and instructor
for the Rocky Mountain Education Center, OSHA Training Institute at Red Rocks Community
College. He is a member of the Board of Directors for the Rocky Mountain Hazardous Materials
Association representing training and education. His company, Altitude Training Associates, pro-
vides environmental, health and safety training to a variety of organizations.
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Contents
Part I–Introduction to International Environmental Standards
Chapter 1 Introduction
Part II–International Conventions, Treaties, and Agreements
Chapter 2 An Introduction to International Environmental Controls

An Overview of International Conventions and Agreements
The Relationship Between International Trade and Environmental Controls
NEPA Influence on International Environmental Controls
New Tools for Providing Proactive Environmental Control
Conclusion
References
Chapter 3 The Influence of Command and Control Regulations
Introduction
References
Chapter 4 Key International Agreements
General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT)
North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)
Objectives of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)
Summary of the Agreement on Environmental Cooperation (As Agreed Upon
by the Three Parties)
Treaty of Rome, 1952, Single European Act, 1987, and the Maastricht Treaty, 1992
Declaration of the United Nations Conference on the Human Environment (1972)
Text of the Declaration of the United Nations Conference on the Human
Environment (1972)
The Rio Declaration On Environment And Development (1992)
Text of the Rio Declaration
World Charter for Nature (1982)
Text of the World Charter for Nature
References
Chapter 5 Media-Specific Conventions, Agreements and Standards
Introduction
Media-Specific Regulations for Selected Countries
Australia
Austria
Belarus

Bermuda
Canada (Federal)
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China
Czech Republic
France
Germany
India
Italy
Jamaica
Japan
Mexico
The Netherlands
Poland
Russian Federation
Singapore
South Korea
Ukraine
United Kingdom
Air Pollution
U.S Canada Bilateral Air Quality Agreement, 1991
Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution, 1979
Other Agreements (actions by the UNEP and EU)
British Standards Institute (BSI)
American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM)
Water Resources
Protection of Freshwater Resources
Protection of the Oceans and the Marine Environment
The European Union

European Union Directives
American Society of Testing and Materials (ASTM)
Specific ASTM Water Standards (partial list)
Waste
The Basel Convention (UNEP) on the Control of Transboundary, 1989
Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD)
U.S. Bilateral Agreements
EU Directives
ASTM Standards
Additional Standards
International Treaties Relating to the Environment
Air Pollution and the Ozone Layer
Oceans and the Marine Environment
Listing of International Treaties Relating to the Environment
International Treaties Relating to the Environment (alphabetical)
International Treaties Relating to the Environment (North America)
Part III–Environmental Standards
Chapter 6 An Introduction to International Standards Organizations and the
Development Process
Standards Organizations in the United States
International Standardization Activities of ASTM
International Standardization Activities of ISO
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Responsibilities for the Technical Work of ISO
Current International Standardization Activities of ANSI
Development of International Environmental Laws
Development of European Union Directives
Development of National Law
Chapter 7 Guiding Principles and Practices for Business

Introduction
Bellagio Principles
CERES Principles
Protection of the Biosphere
Sustainable Use of Natural Resources
Reduction and Disposal of Wastes
Energy Conservation
Risk Reduction
Safe Products and Services
Environmental Restoration
Informing the Public
Management Commitment
Audits and Reports
Responsible Care
International Chamber of Commerce (ICC), World Business Organization
The Business Charter for Sustainable Development
The PERI Guidelines
Professional Codes
World Federation of Engineering Organizations, Code of Ethics
References
Chapter 8 Programs of the United Nations
Introduction
United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED)
Introduction
UNCED Collection
Agenda 21
United Nations Environment Program
Programs of the United Nations
UNEP Environmental Guidelines
The World Health Organization (WHO)

Regional and Other Offices
International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC)
Conventions for which UNEP Provides Secretariat
Sources of Additional Information
References
Chapter 9 Environmental Management Systems
Introduction to Environmental Management Systems (EMS)
ISO 14001 Environmental Management Systems
Technical Committee 207 (TC 207) Environmental Management
Introduction to ISO 14001
ISO 14001: A Recommended Approach
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Other ISO Standards
Eco-Management and Audit Scheme, EU Directive
British National Standard, BS 7750, British Standards Institution (BSI)
Environmental Auditing
U.S. Regulatory Policy Toward EMSs and ISO 14001
U.S. Regulatory Setting, Background, and History
The Impact of USEPA’s Regulatory Reinvention Efforts
The USEPA/NEIC Compliance Focused EMS
Major Federal Agency EMS/ISO Initiatives
The Department of Energy (DOE)
Department of Defense (DOD)
Industry Response to ISO 14000 in the United States
Emerging Trends in Strategic Environmental Management
EPA Position Statement on Environmental Management Systems and ISO14001 and a
Request for Comments on the Nature of the Data to be Collected from Environmental
Management System ISO14001 Pilots
Environmental Protection Agency

Important Organizations and Terms for Environmental Management Systems (terms
from ISO 14001)
Agencies and Organizations Conducting EMS Activities
Environmental Management Secretariat for Latin America and the Caribbean
Federal Agencies of the United States, Initiatives for Environmental Management
U.S. States (Includes Pollution Prevention Programs)
Sources of Additional Information
Documents and Publications
Internet sites for European Union Institutions
References
Chapter 10 The European Union
EU Directives and Environmental Programs
Examples of EU Directives
EU Environmental Programs
Europe and Sustainable Development
European Consultive Forum on the Environment and Sustainable Development
IMPEL Network of Authorities in the Member States
Environmental Policy Review Group
EU Standards for the Safety of Machinery
European Community Legislation on Machinery
Summary of the Essential Health and Safety Requirements Relating to the Design
and Construction of Machinery
Directory of Community Legislation in Force Relating to the Environment
References
Part IV–Environmental Protection in the United States
Chapter 11 U.S. Laws and Regulations
National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) of 1969
Historic, Scientific, and Cultural Resources
Historic Sites Act (1935), 16 USC
National Historic Preservation Act (1966), 16 USC

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Preservation of Historical and Archeological Data (1960), 16 USC
Protection and Enhancement of the Cultural Environment (1971)
Advisory Council on Historic Preservation
Toxic Substance Control Act (TSCA)
Basic Goals of TSCA
How EPA Can Regulate Chemical Substances Under TSCA
Items Not Covered By TSCA
Basic Requirements
Polychlorinated Biphenyls
Clean Air Act
History
Provisions of the Law
Hazardous Air Pollutants
New Source Performance Standards (NSPS)
Other Provisions
Summary of the 1990 CAA Amendments
Example of State Air Regulation: Colorado, U.S.
Air Quality Control Commission (AQCC)
Air Pollution Control Division (APCD)
State Implementation Plan
Local Planning Commission (LPC)
Colorado Programs
Clean Air Act of 1990
Reporting HAPs on Air Pollution Emission Notices in the State of Colorado
State Implementation Plans
Permits (Title V)
Acid Deposition Control (Title IV)
Stratospheric Ozone Protection

Water Resources
Federal Water Pollution Control Act (Clean Water Act)
Wetlands
Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA), Public Law 93-523
Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA)
Goals of RCRA
Four Main Programs Under RCRA
Definition of Solid and Hazardous Wastes (40 CFR 261)
Regulations Applicable to Generators of Hazardous Waste
Transportation Emergencies Involving Hazardous Waste
Land Disposal Restrictions
Treatment, Storage and Disposal Facilities (Subtitle C Parts 264 and 265)
Underground Storage Tanks (USTs)
Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act (SARA) and Emergency Planning and
Community Right-to-Know Act TITLE III
General Provisions
Emergency Planning
Emergency Release Notification (Section 304, 40 CFR Part 355)
Community Right-to-Know Reporting Requirements (Sections 311, 312,
40 CFR Part 370)
Toxic Chemical Release Reporting (Section 313, 40 CFR Part 372)
Making Sense of SARA Title III Regulatory Citations
Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, Rodenticide Act (FIFRA)
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Summary of the Regulation
Additional Information
References
Part V–Sources of Additional Information
Chapter 12 Directory of Organizations and Agencies

Environmental Agencies of the World
Albania
Angola
Antigua and Barbuda
Argentina
Armenia
Australia
Austria
Azerbaijan
Bahamas
Bangladesh
Barbados
Belarus
Belgium
Belize
Benin
Bhutan
Bolivia
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Botswana
Brazil
Bulgaria
Burkina Faso
Burundi
Cambodia
Cameroon
Canada
Cape Verde
Caribbean Centre for Development Administration (CARICAD)
Central African Republic

Chad
Chile
China
Colombia
Comoros
Congo
Costa Rica
Cote D’Ivoire
Croatia
Cuba
Cyprus
Czech Republic
Democratic Republic of the Congo
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Denmark
Djibouti
Dominica
Dominican Republic
Ecuador
El Salvador
Equatorial Guinea
Eritrea
Estonia
Ethiopia
European Commission, Directorate General XI: Environment, Nuclear Safety
and Civil Protection
European Environment Agency
Fiji
Finland

France
French Guyana
Gabon
Gambia
Georgia
Germany
Ghana
Greece
Grenada
Guatemala
Guinea
Guinea Bissau
Guyana
Haiti
Honduras
Hong Kong
Hungary
Iceland
India
Indonesia
Ireland
Italy
Jamaica
Japan
Kazakstan
Kenya
Kiribati
Kyrgyzstan
Laos
Latvia

Lesotho
Liberia
Liechtenstein
Lithuania
Luxembourg
Macedonia
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Madagascar
Malawi
Malaysia
Maldives
Mali
Malta
Marshall Islands
Mauritania
Mauritius
Mexico
Micronesia
Moldovia
Mongolia
Mozambique
Mynamar (Burma)
Namibia
Nepal
The Netherlands
New Zealand
Nicaragua
Niger
Nigeria

North Korea
Norway
Pakistan
Panama
Papua New Guinea
Paraguay
Peru
Philippines
Poland
Portugal
Romania
Russian Federation
Rwanda
Samoa
Sao Tome and Principe
Senegal
Seychelles
Singapore
Slovak Republic
Slovenia
Solomon Islands
South Africa
South Korea
Spain
Sri Lanka
St. Kitts and Nevis
St. Lucia
St. Vincent and the Grenadines
Sudan
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Suriname
Swaziland
Sweden
Switzerland
Taiwan
Tajikistan
Tanzania
Thailand
Togo
Tonga
Trinidad and Tobago
Turkey
Turkmenistan
Uganda
Ukraine
United Kingdom
United States Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA)
Uruguay
Uzbekistan
Vanuatu
Venezuela
Vietnam
Zambia
Zimbabwe
Institutions of the EU
U.S. State Environmental Agencies
Alabama
Alaska
Arizona

Arkansas
California
Colorado
Connecticut
Delaware
District of Columbia
Florida
Georgia
Hawaii
Idaho
Illinois
Indiana
Iowa
Kansas
Kentucky
Louisiana
Maine
Maryland
Massachusetts
Michigan
Minnesota
Mississippi
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Missouri
Montana
Nebraska
Nevada
New Hampshire
New Jersey

New Mexico
New York
North Carolina
North Dakota
Ohio
Oklahoma
Oregon
Pennsylvania
Puerto Rico
Rhode Island
South Carolina
South Dakota
Tennessee
Texas
Utah
Vermont
Virginia
Washington
West Virginia
Wisconsin
Wyoming
Environmental Standards and Management Organizations
Austria, EU Environmental Management and Audit Scheme (EMAS)
Commission for Environmental Cooperation (CEC)
Environmental Management Secretariat for Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC)
Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD)
Quality Management Systems/Environmental Management Systems (QMS/EMS)
Sustainable Development Networking Programme (SDNP)
World Bank
U.S. EPA Voluntary Standards Network Coordination of ISO 14001 Activities

USEPA
Chapter 13 List of Relevant Documents and Publications
Publications for U.S. Environmental Regulations
Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA)
Underground Storage Tanks
Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act (SARA)
Wetlands
Environmental Auditing
Free Publications Available from the EU
Selected Titles in International Environmental Law and Management
Other Titles
Suppliers of Environmental, Health, and Safety Resource Materials (books, manuals,
standards, periodicals, training materials, software, videos)
Environment, General
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Environmental, International
Environmental Law/Compliance
Environmental Management
Environmental Science/Engineering/Conservation
Hazardous Materials
International (Environmental Standards and Technical Publications)
Safety
Standards
Water and Wastewater (Treatment and Resources)
Periodicals
Videos
Chapter 14 Information Available on the Internet
Organizations and Associations
Government Agencies

Australia
Canada
Denmark
Europe
France
Georgia
Germany
Hong Kong
Hungary
Indonesia
Israel
Japan
Luxembourg
New Zealand
Norway
Republic of Mauritius
South Africa
Sweden
Switzerland
Taiwan
Thailand
United Kingdom
United States
Environmental Organizations
Universities and Student Organizations
Other Sites
Chapter 15 Information Available on the Internet
Organizations and Associations
Government Agencies
Australia

Brazil
Canada
Denmark
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Europe
France
Georgia
Germany
Hungary
Hong Kong
Indonesia
Israel
Japan
Luxembourg
Mexico
Norway
New Zealand
Peru
Republic of Mauritius
Sweden
South Africa
Switzerland
Taiwan
Thailand
United Kingdom
United States
Venezuela
Environmental Organizations
Universities and Student Organizations

Other Sites
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List of Abbreviations and Acronyms
ACM Asbestos Containing Material
ACP Area Contingency Plan
AEPS Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Program
AIR Automobile Repair and Inspection
AIRS Aerometric Information Reporting System
ALARA As Low As Reasonably Achievable
ANSI American National Standards Institute
APEN Air Pollution Emission Notice
ASQC American Society of Quality Control
AST Above Ground Storage Tank
ASTM American Society for Testing and Materials
ATP Anaerobic Thermal Processor
BAT Best Available Technology
BATNEEC Best Available Technology Not Entailing Excessive Cost
BS British Standard
BSI British Standards Institute
CAA Clean Air Act
CAAA Clean Air Act Amendments (of 1990)
CAS Chemical Abstract System
CBT Chemical and Biological Treatment
CDPHE Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment
CDPS Colorado Discharge Permit System
CE Categorical Exclusion
CEI Continuous Environmental Improvement
CEN Comite European de Normalisation
CEQ Council on Environmental Quality

CERCLA Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act
CERCLIS Comprehensive Environmental Response Compensation and Liability Information
System
CERES Coalition on Environmentally Responsible Economies
CFC Chloroflurocarbon
CFR Code of Federal Regulations
CHMR Center for Hazardous Materials Research
CIA Chemical Industries Association
CITES Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species
CMA Chemical Manufacturers Association
CORACT RCRA Corrective Action Records
CSO Combined Sewer Overflows
CWA Clean Water Act
CZM Coastal Zone Management
DIN Deutches Institut for Normung e.V.
DIS Draft International Standards
DOT Department of Transportation
DRT Disaster Recovery Team
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EA Environmental Assessment
EC European Community
EEA European Environment Agency
EEZ Exclusive Economic Zone
EHS Environmental Health and Safety
EIA Environmental Impact Assessment
EINECS European Register of Chemical Substances
EIS Environmental Impact Statement
EMAS Eco-Management and Audit Scheme
EMINWA Environmentally Sound Management of Inland Water

EMS Environmental Management Systems
EPA Environmental Protection Agency
EPADKT EPA Civil Enforcement Docket
EPCRA Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act
ER Emergency Response
ERNS Emergency Response Notification System
ERT Emergency Response Team
EU European Union
FDSITE Federal Site Information
FINDS EPA Facility Index System
FONSI Finding Of No Significant Impact
FR Federal Register
GAC Granular Activated Carbon
GATT General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade
GCPA Global Climate Protection Act (U.S.)
GEMS Global Environment Monitoring System
GRID Global Resource Information Database
HAP Hazardous Air Pollutant
HAZWOPER Hazardous Waste Operations and Emergency Response
HFC Hydrofluorcarbons
HMTUSA Hazardous Materials Transportation and Uniform Safety Act
HMW Hazardous Material and Hazardous Waste
HR Human Resources
IARC International Agency for the Research on Cancer
IC Incident Commander
ICOLP Industry Cooperative for Ozone Layer Protection
ICS Incident Command System
IEC International Electrotechnical Commission
IECA International Erosion Control Association
IGO Intergovernmental Organization

ILEV Inherently Low-Emitting Vehicles
I/M Inspection/Maintenance
IPC Integrated Pollution Control (Ireland, England)
IPM Integrated Pest Management
IPPC Intergrated Pollution Prevention and Control (EC)
IRPTC International Register of Potentially Toxic Chemicals
ISO International Organization for Standardization
ITFM Intergovernmental Task Force on Monitoring (Water Quality)
JTPC Joint Technical Programming Committee
LCA Life Cycle Assessment
LD50 Lethal Dose 50% (median lethal dose)
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LDR Land Disposal Restrictions
LEPC Local Emergency Planning Committee
LSA List of CFR Sections Affected
LUST Leaking Underground Storage Tank
MAC Maximum Admissible Concentration (European Union)
MARPOL Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping of Wastes and
Other Matter
MCL Maximum Contaminant Level (U.S.)
MMPA Marine Mammal Protection Act
MRL Maximum Residue Limits
MSDS Material Safety Data Sheet
NAAQS National Ambient Air Quality Standards
NAFTA North American Free Trade Agreement
NCP National Contingency Plan
NCPDI National Coastal Pollutant Discharge Inventory
NEFCO Nordic Environmental Finance Corporation
NEP National Estuaries Program

NEPA National Environmental Policy Act
NESHAP National Emission Standard for Hazardous Air Pollutants
NFPA National Fire Protection Association
NIOSH National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
NGO Nongovernmental Organization
NOEL No Observable Effect Level
NOV Notice of Violation
NPDES National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System
NPLDSC National Priorities List Descriptions
NTP National Toxicology Program
NWI National Wetlands Inventory
OCS On-Scene Coordinator
ODC Ozone Depleting Compound
ODS Ozone Depleting Substances
OHSMS Occupational Health and Safety Management System
OPA Oil Pollution Act of 1990
ORD EPA’s Office of Research and Development
OSHA Occupational Safety and Health Administration
OSHAIR Occupational Safety and Health Administration Inspection Reports
PA Preliminary Assessment
PACM Presumed Asbestos Containing Material
PAH Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon
PBB Polybrominated Biphenyls
PEL Permissible Exposure Limit (OSHA)
PERT Project Evaluation and Review Technique
PPE Personal Protective Equipment
ppm Parts Per Million
PRP Potentially Responsible Party
PSM Process Safety Management
QC Quality Control

RAB Registration Accreditation Board
RACT Reasonably Achievable Control Technology
RCRA Resource Conservation and Recovery Act
RCRIS Resource Conservation and Recovery Information System
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REA Registered Environmental Assessor
RIFS Remedial Investigation Feasibility Study
RMHMA Rocky Mountain Hazardous Materials Association
RMPP Risk Management Prevention Plan
ROD Record of Decision
RODS EPA Superfund Record of Decision
RRT Regional Response Team
RQ Reportable Quantity
SACM Superfund Accelerated Cleanup Model
SAGE Strategic Advisory Group on the Environment
SARA Superfund Authorization and Reauthorization Act
SBUV Solar Backscatter Ultraviolet
SC Subcommittee For ISO 14000
SCBA Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus
SDWA Safe Drinking Water Act
SEA Single European Act
SEM Strategic Environmental Management
SERC State Emergency Response Commission
SHEMS Safety, Health and Environmental Management Systems
SI Site Investigation
SIP State Implementation Plan
SITE Superfund Innovative Technology Evaluation
SME Solar Mesospheric Explorer
SONS Spills of National Significance

SOP Standard Operating Procedure
SUB TAG Sub Technical Advisory Group for ISO 14000
SWCP State Wetland Conservation Plans
TAG Technical Advisory Group
TC Technical Committee
TC Toxicity Characteristic
TCDD Tertrachlorodibenzo-para-dioxin
TCLP Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure
TLV Threshold Limit Value (ACGIH)
TMB Technical Management Board
TOMS Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer
TPQ Threshold Planning Quantity
TSCA Toxic Substance Control Act
TQ Threshold Quantity
TQEM Total Quality Environmental Management
TRI Toxic Release Inventory
TRIS Toxic Release Information System
TSDF Treatment, Storage and Disposal Facility
UN United Nations
UNCED United Nations Conference on the Environment and Development
UNDP United Nations Development Programme
UNEP United Nations Environment Programme
USC United States Code
USEPA United States Environmental Protection Agency
UST Underground Storage Tank
UV Ultraviolet (radiation)
VOC Volatile Organic Compound
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WG Working Group for ISO 14000

WHO World Health Organization
WRI World Resources Institute
WTO World Trade Organization
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Part I
Introduction to International
Environmental Standards
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1
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Introduction
“Man has the fundamental right to freedom, equality and adequate conditions of life, in an environment
of a quality that permits a life of dignity and well-being, and he bears a solemn responsibility to protect
and improve the environment for present and future generations.”
Principle 1, The Stockholm Declaration
Significant changes in the environmental field have required a re-evaluation of the environmental
protection programs in place around the world. Although reductions in pollution levels have been
realized in certain areas, necessary expectations for environmental protection have not been met
in spite of extensive regulatory programs and cost expenditures. This book examines new
approaches to environmental protection, including the emerging field of international environmental
law and environmental management systems (EMSs). This book is intended for environmental
professionals, regulators, students, educators, lawyers, business leaders, organizers, and others. It
is intended to provide information on environmental protections programs, international treaties,
national law, environmental management systems, and codes of business practice. As a student,
use this book to assist in the research of international environmental law, regulatory compliance,
or environmental management. Learn about existing principles recommended for businesses to be
good stewards of the environment while improving efficiency. As a government official, use this
book to stay informed about emerging strategies to address environmental problems from both
business and other nations. As a business person or environmental professional, this book provides

a host of references and materials to assist in program development. Educators may use this book
for program delivery and reference. Individuals may learn the national and international efforts to
improve the environment and determine the impetus for local programs. For a company to meet
its environmental policy, they must urgently comply with environmental laws while developing
and implementing an EMS.
As the EMS movement grows, students of the subject need a variety of resources to understand
this new paradigm. Some people have found it difficult if not impossible to think beyond compliance
and embrace the EMS or other system to improve environmental performance. This work identifies
the important drivers for such an approach. Corporate environmental policies go beyond a system
to comply with legal requirements into strategies to reduce operating costs and improve sales
(Figure 1). Jennifer Kraus of Global Environmental Consulting Company, Inc. has provided insight
into ISO 14000 conformance based on her many years of experience working with companies on
EMS development and implementation. John Grosskopf, PE, DEE, president of Environmental
Resources Engineering, has provided guidance to the approach of U.S. federal agency actions
regarding the EMS and regulatory programs. Nancy Montgomery of Environmental Outsource
effectively introduces the subject in Chapter 2. I wish to thank all the contributing authors for
providing their valuable expertise.
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Figure 1 Environmental Performance Chart
Transboundary movement of pollution and the desire to balance economic growth and envi-
ronmental protection have stimulated a variety of actions from businesses, countries, states, and
organizations around the world. Some involve national laws and regulations and others are in the
form of treaties for environmental protection or promotion of balanced trade. Gatherings of country
representatives in Stockholm and Rio de Janeiro have produced principles and proclamations that
recognize the need for environmental protection and the right of individual states to exploit their
own resources without damaging the environment of other states. The text of many of these treaties
has been provided here as well as summaries of actions taken by key organizations of the world,
including the United Nations and the European Union. The framework for the development and
implementation of EU legislation is especially important even for local U.S. businesses. The

doctrine of direct effect should stimulate regulators and government representatives to implement
directives in their respective countries.
The internet has become such an important tool for business and was instrumental in developing
this book. A list of internet and e-mail addresses for contacts around the world is provided in
Chapter 14.
Environmental problems are situational and typically are addressed on an as-needed basis.
These problems require analysis, planning, and action. This book has organized many of the
international agreements and requirements by topic, including air pollution, water quality, and
hazardous waste. These requirements and recommendations include guidelines, standards, laws,
regulations, codes of conduct, treaties, protocols, conventions, guidelines, case law, recommenda-
tions, declarations, policies, agreements, measures, principles, reports, directives, or orders. Use
this information to improve environmental quality while meeting strategic objectives.
Scott S. Olson
Littleton, Colorado
November 1998
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