• and others
• ETP
• electrolytic tough pitch
• f
• feed rate
• f
t

• feed per tooth
• F
• force
• F
c

• primary (horizontal) cutting force
• F
f

• feed force
• F
m

• momentum force
• F
n

• normal force on shear plane
• F
N

• normal force in grinding

• F
r

• radial or thrust force
• F
s

• shear force
• F
t

• tangential force
• fcc
• face-centered cubic
• Fig.
• figure
• FMS
• flexible manufacturing system
• ft
• foot
• GAC
• geometric adaptive control
• gal.
• gallon
• GPa
• gigapascal
• h
• hour
• h
• undeformed chip thickness; height

• HAG
• higher-accuracy grinding
• HAZ
• heat-affected zone
• HB
• Brinell hardness
• HBN
• hexagonal boron nitride
• hcp
• hexagonal close-packed
• HIP
• hot isostatic pressing
• HK
• Knoop hardness
• hp
• horsepower
• HPG
• higher-productivity grinding
• HPSN
• hot-pressed silicon nitride
• HR
• Rockwell hardness (requires scale designation, such as HRC for Rockwell C hardness)
• HSLA
• high-strength low-alloy (steel)
• HSS
• high-speed steel
• HV
• Vickers hardness
• Hz
• hertz

• IBR
• integrally bladed rotator
• IC
• inscribed circle
• ID
• inside diameter
• in.
• inch
• INCRA
• International Copper Research Association
• ipt
• inch per tooth
• ISO
• International Organization for Standardization
• J
• joule
• JIT
• just-in-time
• k
• thermal conductivity
• K
• Kelvin
• K
• stress intensity factor
• K
Ic

• plane-strain fracture toughness
• kg
• kilogram

• kgf
• kilogram force
• km
• kilometer
• KB
• kilobyte
• kPa
• kilopascal
• ksi
• kips (1000 lbf) per square inch
• kV
• kilovolt
• kW
• kilowatt
•
• length
• L
• liter
• L
• length
• lb
• pound
• lbf
• pound force
• LBM
• laser beam machining
• ln
• natural logarithm (base e)
• log
• common logarithm (base 10)

• LSG
• low-stress grinding
• m
• meter
• MB
• megabyte
• mg
• milligram
• Mg
• megagram (metric tonne)
• min
• minimum; minute
• MHS
• material handling system
• mL
• milliliter
• mm
• millimeter
• MPa
• megapascal
• MPIF
• Metal Powder Industries Federation
• MRP
• materials requirement planning
• MRR
• material removal rate
• MRS
• minimum residual stress
• ms
• millisecond

• MSDS
• material safety data sheet
• N
• newton
• N
• speed of rotation (rev/min); number of cycles to failure
• NASA
• National Aeronautics and Space Administration
• NC
• numerical control
• NFPA
• National Fire Protection Association
• nm
• manometer
• No.
• number
• NPS
• American National Standard Straight Pipe Thread
• NPSC
• American National Standard Straight Pipe Thread for Couplings
• NPT
• American National Standard Taper Pipe Thread
• NPTF
• Dryseal USA (American) Standard Taper Pipe Thread
• ns
• nanoseconds
• OD
• outside diameter
• ODS
• oxide dispersion-strengthened

• OF
• oxygen-free
• OFHC
• oxygen-free high-conductivity (copper)
• OSHA
• Occupational Safety and Health Administration
• oz
• ounce
• p
• page
• p
• pitch
• P
• cutting power
• P
g

• gross power
• P
s

• specific power
• Pa
• pascal
• PC
• personal computer
• PCBN
• polycrystalline CBN (cubic boron nitride)
• PCD
• polycrystalline diamond

• PCM
• photochemical machining
• pH
• negative logarithm of hydrogen-ion activity
• PH
• precipitation hardenable
• PLC
• programmable logic controller
• P/M
• powder metallurgy
• ppm
• parts per million
• PSA
• pressure-sensitive adhesive
• psi
• pounds per square inch
• PTP
• point-to-point
• PVD
• physical vapor deposition
• r
• radius; ratio of uncut chip thickness to chip thickness
• R
• stress (load) ratio; radius; gas constant; resultant force
• R
a

• roughness average
• R
max


• maximum peak-to-valley roughness height
• R
q

• root-mean-square roughness average
• R
y

• maximum peak-to-valley roughness height
• R
z

• ten-point height (roughness average)
• Ref
• reference
• rem
• remainder
• rev
• revolution
• RHR
• roughness height rating
• rms
• root mean square
• s
• second
• SAE
• Society of Automotive Engineers
• SCC
• stress-corrosion cracking

• SCEA
• side cutting edge angle
• SEM
• scanning electron microscopy
• SFFER
• silica-flour-filled epoxy resin
• sfm
• surface feet per minute
• SFR
• smooth face rubber
• SI
• Systàme International d'Unités
• SP
• specific power
• SR
• serrated rubber
• SUS
• Saybolt Universal seconds
• t
• depth of cut; feed or uncut chip thickness; time; tool lifetime; thickness
• t
c

• chip thickness
• T
• temperature
• TEA
• triethanolamine
• TEM
• thermal energy method

• TIR
• total indicator reading
• TRS
• transverse rupture strength
• tsi
• tons per square inch
• TSR
• thermal shock resistance
• TWR
• tool wear rate
• u
• specific energy
• u
f

• friction energy per unit volume
• u
m

• kinetic (momentum) energy per unit volume
• u
s

• shear energy per unit volume
• UNS
• Unified Numbering System
• USM
• ultrasonic machining
• UTS
• ultimate tensile strength

• V
• volt
• V
• cutting velocity
• V
c

• chip velocity
•
F

• slide infeed removal rate (grinding)
• V
s

• shear velocity
•
S

• radial wear rate of grinding wheel
•
W

• radial removal rate of work being ground
• vol
• volume
• vol%
• volume percent
• W
• watt

• w
• width; weight
• w
c

• width of chip
• W
• chip weight
• WJM
• waterjet machining
• WRP
• work removal parameter
• wt%
• weight percent
• YAG
• yttrium-aluminum-garnet
• yr
• year
• Z
W

• workpiece total volumetric removal rate (grinding)
• Z'
W

• workpiece unit-width volumetric removal rate (grinding)
• °
• angular measure; degree
• °C
• degree Celsius (centigrade)

• °F
• degree Fahrenheit
•
• direction of reaction
• ÷
• divided by
• =
• equals
•
• approximately equals
•
• not equal to
•
• identical with
• >
• greater than
•
• much greater than
•
• greater than or equal to
•
• infinity
•
• is proportional to; varies as
•
• integral of
• <
• less than
•
• much less than

•
• less than or equal to
• ±
• maximum deviation
• -
• minus; negative ion charge
• ×
• diameters (magnification); multiplied by
• ·
• multiplied by
• /
• per
• %
• percent
• +
• plus; positive ion charge
•
• square root of
•
• approximately; similar to
•
• back or rake angle
•
• angle between normal force (N) and resultant force (R); shape parameter
•
• shear strain; clearance angle
•
• shear strain rate
•
• change in quantity; an increment; a range

•
• strain
•
• strain rate
•
• machine efficiency
•
• edge angle; characteristic life parameter; tool temperature
•
• friction coefficient
• in.
• microinch
• m
• micron (micrometer)
• s
• microsecond
•
• Poisson's ratio
•
• pi (3.141592)
•
• density
•
• stress
•
• shear stress
•
• shear angle
•
• ohm

o Greek Alphabet
• A,
• alpha
• B,
• beta
• ,
• gamma
• ,
• delta
• E,
• epsilon
• Z,
• zeta
• H,
• eta
• ,
• theta
• I,
• iota
• K,
• kappa
• ,
• lambda
• M,
• mu
• N,
• nu
• ,
• xi
• O, o

• omicron
• ,
• pi
• P,
• rho
• ,
• sigma
• T,
• tau
• ,
• upsilon
• ,
• phi
• X,
• chi
• ,
• psi
• ,
• omega