,
~
j'-
,
,
'"
'
,,-

-
t;d~
-
,.
~
-
•
FLAME
¥
~
SAFEGUARn
-
CONTRULS
•
-'
•
•
HoneyWell
'
-
A
Honeywell·

r
Textbook
I'
, '
,-
~
•
•
-
I
TABLE
OF
CONTENTS
PAGE
INTRODUCTION
TO
FLAME
SAFEGUARD
• I
COMBUSTION
•
1
BURNERS
AND
BOILERS
PART
I:
Burners
•• • • • 5
PART

III:
Air
Heating
Units
• • •
6a
PART
II:
Boilers
• • • • 45
flAME
ROD
APPLICATIONS
PART
I:
Types
01
Flame
Detectlon
Systems
71
PART
II:
Requlremenls
ror Flame
Rod
Rectification
Systems
•• 73
PART

III: Flame
Rods,
Holders,
and
Rectilier
Pilots
82
OPTICAL
DETECTOR
APPLlCATIONS
8S
PRIMARY
CONTROLS
107
RA890
Primary
Controls
109
RA890H
Self-Checking
P,lmary
Controls
115
R471lS
Primary
Controls
122
R771lS
Primary
Controls

124
PROGRAMMING
CONTROLS
131
The
Sell-Checking
Function
134
6asic
ProgrammIng
Sequence
_137
R4140
Programming
Controls
148
BC7000
Microcomputer
Burner
Control
Systems
165
Semi-Automatic,
Industrial
FSG
Con1fols
175
TROUBLESHOOTING
AND
MAINTENANCE

OF
192
FLAME
SAFEGUARD
SYSTEMS
SERVICE
EOUIPMENT
LIMITS
CONTROLLERS,
AND
INTERLOCKS
216
VALVES
AND
VALVE
TRAINS 263
SIZING AND
APPLICATION
OF LARGE
GAS
VALVES
286
FIRING
RATE
CONTROLS
301
G
LOSSAR
Y 331
206

INTRODUCTION
TO
FLAME
SAFEGUARO
WHAT
ARE
FLAME
SAFEGUARD
CQNTROLS7
The
'.rm
FLtmo
Sol'f4!Jard
irl
i"
b"""de.t
__
00-"
aU
tbe
""""0"'
,.,;., <1
'lrith burnen,

d
lhei.r
,

'111
",":pn>eIlL

Thi>
illcllldn
,he
Ilomo
,onsin~
deoi'"
I
10
dooIoc!
Ills no"",.
operw.liIlq
aDd
aroty
de""",,,
I
\0
5tUt
:l1t01> I

llwtle

I_
to'
<00"01
lui
fi<l "
""I-c:i"'l
flitI'".
00><1
.<I'riIiarY

",n"o~
u J.
in
co~j"''':'lon
witlt
,1>0
bum

aloty
"'n,,,,1
·""oms.
If
_ -bod
to
dofino the 'onn FJuo.
s"roquud
5J'll~m.
'lui
d'lIIlition
miljht
be
.,m

lWlq
Iil<. -
"A

of
CIJIl,,01
~Il.il>"""

_ in • ''1''_
'0
I',,,,rid.
ar.
0:>0'1'01
01
bU<»ar
opetalion

<dtod
by
In.
bwa

ppij""tian."
If
'hs
denz,ilion

ms
brood. "'"",mbor
'lui'
it must
",dud.
con,,,,

I""
.1I
typo.
of.,

fro", <implt
""n,in""",,
( "otinq)
pilot
"",nKorlnq 'yr<O"'"
.11
tile
_y
'0
""mpln
qu.n<illoJ
"amtroJ
<)'110m, for!arl;1o
bumen.
HISTORY
OF
FLAME SAFEGUARD
CONTROLS
Tb.
hi>lory
of
IJome
Wequa>d
"'0,,,,11
do_
bock
.Imo"
'0
tho n
1'


,.,1
""
."d
oil bumOR-
Tbt
tim: afoqllOlrl
ct>ot1<lb
op.,,"od
~,,"Uy
and
111'1
<Iluch
to
b.
d l
ftom
'luIlU1>d

OI
of
_yo
fo'
.:tample,
on.
ot
'""
Iiort typos
01
'UIO

<Ic
n.m.
af_nl,
""lJOd lllo "Bea/D
Sal»;'
""",m
wMnl>y
,h.
aOCllIllw.,i""
01
""b",,*,
oil
1lI
•
""".
wno<
",used.
leo

t<>
clD. a

1

ill
'bo. rupply
aU
line. This,
of
count,

Jl'O"Od
""'1' umatlsloetory.
Than
c
eJ""lro~
combination.
dill
"'nlll<!
'_peratu

by

Clfblm.ut., diophra9"'J.
0'
,hermoooup!os.
TI\IIy
wort
"",,,"'td
by
Ilw
tompo<:I.,

of
the
!lUi _

or
lbe
dJr"""
rorholi of

boo<
fr<lm
th.
!101M.
Tl>ooo
"",.hods _ lUitoblo
rOl
JaaaII
tumo<:eo
ond
boU ,
bu'

instaUolion1
~otd
ill
.a,
tM
""",
,.;.,g
nom.
Afoquard
"'

11
",,,,",,,
.0
be
I ,
.ID.

ODd
""""blo.
So
,h.
iIld\IfUY
"-"
chir>l
far
f

., ,
of
p-o.u.q
1Io"""
Dol
no-
tli1",

In
lbe
10<1
1920'0,
it

toUlld llul.
na-
""
_1>0<
obara


'"
_b1o
la'
oI.toclion-tU
abllltyof
a fluoo 10
dl ,.

a""t\c:ol
ow-r.nt. T1li:Ilod 10
,he
develop." '
of
tlul
.flV
trpoo
of
.ltetr<>ni. tlom

feguard ,",011Ols.
Thne
lIOt
"'Jy
pre

,be
tlomo
lIluch fastor,
but


,
__
also lIIucb
""'''
_,i

to
fla"'"
~.
M<lo.l"'I"U

'lui
first manur''''","r
to
oI.n1ap a \nCIicol
,.,
of
dotOC'tinq flallll oloc<r<>ai<:aUy;.nd
ill
,luI
ly
19:51)'"
marko'ed
00
.Io""ooi.
sy1tlltl
"';"g
a !Io
n>d
ood


ho'
is
looWl
at
a fIollll
<:ollduc<ioity
dm>It
While
'his

a

impr-ofttllenl
0_
dII
.locu<> clumi<:ol
.",e , , it
hod
iu
.ba<"<",miJl.p;
1IIIZlIIv,
;.
plrmittod a
hillb
_'"
IlIcn ;,. .be
n.mo
18IIIUul
cirv.IlI,

""""
•••
n m.
rod
du:nod
to
~.
to
oImW.,"
a
fIo_.
Thi.,
of
"'\IJ1I,
"'"
U ""ootl a>odltioo
ODd.
IJI
impr-o"""
"""bod
bod
10
be
deoi.d
Shan.,
&ner
World
W""
II,


d

Joped
,110
tIo",a
,1tCti1I.""ion
.ircuit
to
0_0>
,bo prolll101l
of
,be
110"",
oolld<><O.iYitl
clrotlit.
If
.lIa
of
0111
lle<trodo in
lbe
t1allUl
is
mad

.11;0\10

1of<jOl

Ihl

a

of
'ho
oth"" tbe
mol'
is
a 1I<'lif1OOtiOO
of
al'omating
curt'I!l,
'0
dJr«:l CUtt'OJI'.
lit
WIO
at
lloctroDi.
"'lwpomnt
",.
opoo.cl

0II1y
'0
,h;,o
direa
"",,00'

able
'0


"id
'M
pombJU,V at a
skart
coUliDf
'llo

f.
O>l>di,;""

",uld

wi'b
.b.
!II""" <:on4"",;Yi.y
'YO'"'"
Tho
II",
llo<:t,OIli<'
~*"'"
_to Umi.od bu:i""Uy
'0
a
!Ioml
rod,
pbl""""lly

ill
.bl
1Io100

i

olf.
0'
•
pboto<>tll
to

n'" a Yiallll
114b'.
t ler. il
_.
fOW'ld
l"~
.hl
pntI ".
0/
infrved
udiotioft
in a !lome a>uld
b.
uood
fa,
d ,i;:In
purp:ae oftd
'he

d
.uIf>dol
no"",

dlWCUlr
bam.
10 le,
,"'
_
r""nd
tIla'
"ill
aootlulr
pttrtiQII.
at

1ioJh.
tpectnlb'l.
<>:>Illd
be._
fo'
lJ,omo
driectiOll llich
would
be
""'to
l.e-ti

;n
i"
_on
ODd.
_b,
po>ide

'l!

af.ry_ond
,b.
Ill"" iol.' <Io"""or

",,,,"aped-
All
of
'b
",n""l
doroolopmon
""'to
b",u!lo'
about
by
,bon,,",

01
oddi<i<Jo:o
'"
,he
<:'>ro",""",1
and
iodoomu bw:oor and boiler
501d.o
.0
"'

,

dlCiqn
",d
appU""liOu
od

n"".
FUNCTIONS PERFORMED
BY
THE FLAME
SAFEGUARD
SYSTEM
•
Tbe modo'"
Flo

SoJ"l""rr1
cootrol
,,,,ern
on a
",,,,,,,,,rciol
0'
indu"';"'] boilo' porfo

,110
rol"win~
fu.oction"
1.
l'toYidn.
JJJlI m


of
~
and
.toPP'nq
,bl
burn

i,ber """,, Uy
or
au'o"",'iaUy.
2.
Stan.
'M
bumer in 'be P'O]lOt"

qu""",
.nd
"'~
,be
b, r !10m. during oporation.
3.
GlloVtb
tho
., om
090it>,.
u""""""
P"""""
Q'
IImpora.ur.
",""-'<iOUL

In
.dditicm,
ler<Ier
<v-stlltll
olao perform
t~
lUDe<ions:
I.
Raqulall"
b""""
I'IliOi"
"'re.
2.
llbimalJI. b
Ii

4uritlq
'M
b~ ,rr
<>do
.
TYPES
OF
CONTROLS
Tho foUowiog
",
of
eon",,10
UI
:I

'"
porfoml.
buic
no"",
afoquord
runetJon,.
A.
CONTROLLERS
Tbo
<:on,rollor
mI,
bo
00 au,o_<i<J

pot~'"re
or
_ :og d
'"
d8Iigo8d
t<>
opon,.
,bo. bwtlat
.0
1l>II.Io"""
(dlpendin9
an
'b.
modi""" bft>9
Iia'odl


1Iml"
01
_,
_,e,
'ompoAlllA.
or
.it
l ,·
pm.,,,,,,.
on.
_",,]lor
"",y
.ls>o
be.
IItOrt/ltOp
".'ion
wbid1
0110",
tbe
opera'o,
10

uoay
non
.nd,
if
dasi:w:l,
_nuo!l,
ItOP
'Oo

bllJ1tor.
71-97~S8
B.
LlMlf

NO
tA.FEfY
CONTROLS
IV
•
cbo<:k
IIp:m.
,110
'D1UlOlIa
."d
1~
prowido
•
"",:<>mom
Limi'
b.l""'d
whkh
lilt
bwn

'hould
not
be
•
Lio_

'0
opo""'
••
Iimil
""n'I'>! must
b.
pro';dod.
J"Oil<>n<h"'l
.ither
'0
p
nn
Of

po'

LU'
•.
On
"

m
boil.",
iHs·olo<>
•
,.
ry to provid
••
low
w."'"

CUlcff
La
I'<""",t
bwn

<>po",ti<ln
should the
_at.,
10

1
dro~
b.lo",

r.
Li".".
In
.dditiOfl,
if
,be
beil.r
M'
•
food

,.r
or
"""d

'.

r",wn
PI'/IlP. ,hi.o
i,
"anod
prio'
to
low

,.r
outoff .<'-i"n
ill-
ord.r
'0
,,'um
11>0
bail.,
_lOr
10
LI>o
desired
Jonl.
c,
llURl'leR INTERLOCK CONTROLS
S"'-
lnt.rled<
""nnob
porI'Ofm
LWI>
fWlOli!>",
l.

Pro

IMt
,he
""n_
••
10<
combustion a",
os·
,"b~,luKI

d
'ML
1M
b

i'
_dJ'o
be
nanod.
2.
Pro

'hot
""ndinon'
a",

'i<faOlary
fo<
b"",or

ope",ti""
to
"""'inu
•.
5,
on
;;'1011
""b
indu'"
w1 r:l"'ocl
in
k>d<I.
dalllpo,
PO"~""''''l
o:nitrolo,
rutl
"",",,"'"
'ob
•••
oJectriool
our<
"".rloeb
•
."d
oil
10"0110.""
""""010.
RUMj~
inrorloda ibollJd. '"01 p


lIOIlle
rwitcltao.
""mbwtio.
air
""n""b
(t.irfi

switob)
•••
d
doft
oon'-l"'l,
(10"
;md
hlgh
In
ptQting switohoo).
Locllout bltori<cl:! tnd.ude
airflow
and
fuel
~ uro
swi,ch

~
W<lllid
be
used
will>
flame


f ttl e<lIl
trois iIl00f?C,.ting • lockoul iIllorlock citcuit.
Th"y
""'llId
"pia

,imilar running ir!uulock•.
SmAller
bum"",
do
nO'
",quir.
oil
0(
"'
•••
inL.dod<l
in
1Il0ir
<:onLe,"
",,,.ltII'.
bet
lo."lOf
b"'n"",
would _
mCll1
0(
LMm,
0.

fiRING
R

n CONTROLS
Tbe
"",jori'y
"I
""""""rcial
and
i.du''''''l
!l""'"'"
be

a
mAm
or
,yj1Ig
'ho
firinoJ
,.L.
'''''''~
to
tho
1<».~
~"","nd.
Thi.o
i:l
"\lOlly
acccmpU,hod 01"".
tticallY

("",y
be
don.
PJI.""""iooliy)
and
in""l_
0!lulqln9
'h"
firin~
",te (boLh o.i,
.o~
lu.1
~l1OJltiti

,imoltallOOusly) f,oUl high rl."
10
low
rlr.,
or
mr>du
Jotin~
LlI.
firill~
raT

,110
syst.m d.malld cMnlJl"'.
Whon flti"'l ro"i
"""",,I,
01

to:.
higlVlow
0'
m<><lu'
1.tin9 rypo .ro pmtld.,j, •
""",an,eed
low II'"
nut

,
be
requir.d
'0
pro¥ida.
,mooth
Sl.,.mp.
f.
FUEl
V

LVES
ruol

1

, open, do"",

d
_i


Jt»d
t.
'~a
fuol
",pply.
On
oil
b""""9
rryo1OmIl. IOma
_,
ha

d""'yed
openinQ
r.,,,,",,
Gu

I

may
boo
01
Lhe
.Iow
1J1
r.j!
openi"'l lypo.
F.
PFlI_FlY
011

PIIIOGFl

MMING
CON'Tl'IOU
Tbe
primary
·0'
ptolJfUlllling
oo~,rol,
with
ill
associ&'OI!
fIa"'"
"''-ttl,.
iJ
,he

01 ,be <:o"'rol
,yno",
and
pto

moon.
of
ItOrlizul
Lbo
b","",
i.
;t>
propor

""I"""""',
uu,
thot
LM
fIomo
ha,

"UI'oIi:lhO<l

d
"'i>tmlin~
"'.
name
dI1rin9
l.un.r
oporan"n.
An
.1000roolo
n "",
t«jlOUd
oon=1
a"""",p!tollM
i"
purJlO"
I>J porI'orming
,_
IWlOlian, .1Il0h
"'0
iIlt",lo~od
.,

'ha'.
wi,hou,
ClIDIplKiJl9
,11.
Om,
,be
,"""od
~""Ol
""n'inn:
1. Senoing
Lhe
preMO""
0(
a

'idoctOl'Y
n
o
2.
seq

<inQ-
tbe
opar

ian
of
tho
b""""
rryotom,

In
.ddi,ion,
,h.
fla",
•
t«juord
<y>.L.".
must provid•
a'Nrd
fuoctjo.
to
f"O¥ide t.
opera"on-
~.
(:h.ckin;
ito 0

o<>mp:tllllo".
1. SENSING 'I'IU: PRESENCE
OF
A
SATlSFACTORY
FLAME
A
flam.
",f«juord
mu"
d;nin~ui,h
b.,


t.
Iltm
•• rt.:l n

f.
flo"".
and
,0methiOll
(re,
in"""",.
ht>!
:of'.Oto,y)
tha'
i:l
ooL
a
flam.
at
u
hUl
",.,<1J
ha.
10"'"
of
Lbe
chua"'oriJli",
of
flam<,
And
iL

mun
do
thi.o
la

and
mOro
a'",,,,.,,ly
tM.
\'Ou could
do
iL
or
'III ",,,,I, may
b.
a ditT.,enL kind 01 ri

WI>'b
Withou,
\0;'
""mpl

abili'y, • flam

r<quar~
.'"
t.",
i,
".


,ban
_10,,_;\
i'
dOWlVight
dong.fou,
~.
JiEQUE;tlC1I'lG
TIlEOPERA'I'ION
OF
TIlE
BURNER
SYST£fl!
When
we
,pook
of
"'Qu
••
cin~
Lh' 0PO«l;OO
01
lh.
b"",,,,
syn.m, _ nlUO tN.t
it.
"'<><0".
b!cw ,
ill"itio
••
and

fuel

I•
."
must b
••••
"';zed
ooly
when
'hoy
or.
need.,j-in
'h'
proper '.QU
••
"'.
On
a .hUl
do,"",
""'

1
or
ho",u_
01
flam.
lailura,
Lh_
com·
po:Ion"


u"
also.be d

gi

~
ill
Pl'opor
"QUO."
'0
pw"~'
w:lbumed
ru.l
l'om
a"cw.,,.lIs'inq ,n
,h.
a>mb""io.
,bember
wher.
i'
,""uld CiU'" a boArdoU'
OCII't.di,in.
Ylbsn
• <tan
bu"on
ill
ptlt_
0'
an

au!o"""io
<:onrroU",
Cil!b
lor
hu',
"'methi"'l
mun
make sur.
'M'
,b.
blLcnor
9"lJ fuel
••
~
illl\,,;on at
,b.
righ,
""'"
to

a good
~~ht-<>ff.
Power
mun
be
""J>P~'"
to

motOll, opo!!


I

" .1Id
.0
J>ro';~.
i9n.i'ion.
ANI
il
""me
com""

'
or
intetlock
.be

bo, tho
lJIl.m
if
dan

ow,
thi.>

m•
,,,,,,,!Woq
moot stOP
'ho
ooq


and
>bu, down
,he
burn.,
., ,ern

r.ly,
Tho "lcmotllinq"
'M'
mutl
~"""mpliJh
an
'hi.o
i>
the
flo","

!~
ryItOtll.
h
, y
parlorm
OLhar
dUli

too.
"""b

pur11in;
0'

"'utlding
alar",;,
bu'
ill
""m>
duty;'
to
f.
Ol"""tion. To
do
thi<.
it mUn
noL
o.ly
,""
~""
or
.""'not
of

tillaOlo"
flo

hut
abo
coo'lOl tho
onli,.
operaTini ooquen

01 all

<:ompono."
0(
Lh.
blLcno,
'l'Sl.ltl
,"
propel'
orde<,
3. CHECKING ITS OWN COMPONENTS
Ey me,.,",
01
a built·in

Ie·nan
cbecl:, the
no"",
",fe'l'"''''
ohecl:s
in.if
fer
un",fe
railures
en
."'ry
".n
ilnd

try
time
po_

ill
,eapp~ed.
if.
nome
<ilnul.tinq. failuro is pr

nt, tho .ale-start
eh""k
will
p,event!he
bIlmer
lrom

artisl~.
We
!MY
be
tao
incline<!
to
ronOd.r.ll
,hu,down,

nuiianoe shutdawn,.
Eu'
••
butdawn
is
a nuilanoe
'hutdoWil only

If ron'inue<!
al""otion
would ho""
b_
sate beyond all question. A 'hutdoWll
0tI
a
owgiml
flome rondit;on
i.l
no, a noiwloe shu'down; the flo"'"
sofequonl
i.
runC<ionjn~
as
it .houJd. A flo"'" sat.·
'1'"''''
oynern
"'nsid"",
Mf.ty
fun
IIDd
c't:m

nion""
><condo
Tho primary
",ntrol
contoins tho
neoesary

"'LlY'
ond
oonta",
tor ,

ninq
ond rroppinq tho burnor
WId
orner from tbo
apo""inq
",n'rollor,
limit "'ntrollorr,
innlrlook., ond
I10me
d

"",o,.
A
~enerali:led
fla"",
s.IequonI
control
.yrtem
i'
0110,"", in the
lollowin~
'-
CONTOO,
'v"'.~
'U'_'"SY>T'~

CO_,"OL'"
,""'",

:
~~~r
"

~.
'."GUAOe
••
,~

vo.
O".A""O
I
.Qul

"T
'.""'AMMmG
<O"'"OC
J
anOOTO'
.""~.
""
Thi, i""."1ized
'yII.m
is
rep'''''''''''t; ,
of
all

110_
.alequ.ud
ooouol
,y

e"",.
'!'he
fi'l"'e mokeo i. apparont
that
the
primary conlrol
iW't>
oIle
b""",," sj'ltem on
siqnal from the eontrnller,
and
pwmia
operatiOll
ro
""""il"
UIlder control
at
""" feedback \oope. Tha
!lams d

eer.o.
mooitor.lIarne
",nditian.
Ind
5iqnols tho

bumer
'a
"op
if
I10me
is
Ie

,
Or
if
~
lailun
"""""
ill tho
d

"",ion
,y

em.
Tbo
limi"
and
inlerlock.
monitor ron·
dition. othor thon the
p nee
of
nome, .hUltinqdmwn

tho

",em
if
condi'ion.< oxceed
limi'
or
int""lccl:
"",ring"
A
~rll./l\min~
oonuol
i.l
haoically
the
"''''''

primary
"""'rol
e

1"
"""

'bo

ord
·'pta'l'.mmin~"
impli


,
it
ptom.
tirnod
"",,",,nang
01
tne
b1Jrl\Or
fUnctiOIU.
It
may aJsc incllld"
rontrol
of
additional
fUnOriCln',
Neb
OJ
prop""}ll, po''PU''1", timod (rial for
iqrtition, ond
IiriD~
"Ue
l.oricn.
WHY
DO
WE
NEED SPECIAL
CONTROL
SYSTEMS FOR LARGE BURNERS?
A bllffier
is

.imply a ·deoico far
ronv.nin~
fuel into
"""ble Ileat
o_!/y.
Bwne'"
ore
ra'o<!
by
,he
amount
of
h".t
m.y
prodllce
in
BN" per bOIl' (Eruhl.
Thi,;,
det"rmined.
by
the
amount
of
fuel hoin" burnod, and !he
Etu eool.'11
of
tbe
fuol
A
"P"~

bea,er
in·.
'e<ldenoo
~hl
be
rated for
30,000
Eruh; a
damellio
rurillloe
!oJ,
80,000
0'
100,000
Stub.
Equip""""
of
'iii,

i.
u.ually controllod
by
bOAt
,,,,,sin~
I10me
d

o",ion
I)'5lenu uck
OJ

,hormaeouple'
and
oil
stadt
,ola\,,-
wiliob
=p
tb.
ope,.tian
when
they

n

en
""",fo
ritwtion.
In a t1umnaoouple
.y

o"" fuol
is
rut
all
Lf
no
pilOt
is
1""",0'- In
'be


of.
'taok

lay,
ILIOI
is
CUt
orr
if
i'l'tition
dee,
nOt
OOell<.
The

",t_nu,
g"nmUy
~uiring
1m",
I
'a
3
minu'

(0
a",ually ent
off
lu.l
IUpply

Iller
I1omo
I"",
or
f.iluro to iqnite,
a'"
podo<:tly
",lirl'''Qry
fo'
tho
,ypo,
or
bum

on whioh
'noy
Ole
1lMd.
Aaume
,he,.
'lI'
burnet
u<in~
120
""bie
f_
or
1000 B,u
ili"
per

hour
(110,000
Etuh
bllffie,)

l1o""",u•.
I"
hN'

nling protoction
'f'!'om
,b"',
of!
IUlII
to
the bllnJe< in
.bout
a minule. Whal luipp<ru'
In tho minute
'01Jo"""~
!lamoou', 2 cubic
fOOl
at
ili"
anr ,,,leaoed inro
tho
eombwtian
clwnber.
Mi>:e<l
wi'h

IIDouqh
air for
colllb_ioo-ohou.
10
ti""",
lh"
all>Ount
of
'lI'
in
thi!
"",,-wo
eould
ha

22 enbio reet
of
explc

Oli""""'.
Eut
wha'
would happen If thi!

m"
control oynern
_0
.pptiod
'0
• bume<

med
for
1,200,000
Etuh_bwninq
1200
<Ubio
fOOl
of
'lI'
every
hour.
in
alllinut.
folJo.nnq I1orni'Oul,
,hi!
rynom
wouJd
in<ro<la""
20
""bin feo1
of
'IOI-or,

b.n
IiIin<i wi'b
combustio.n
ai<-220
enbk
r_
of

oxplosi

min",e.
I!
deLlyood
iqrtition
tokn
pia"", tbe
,e.uI~
wiU
be
dioootro

Obriaualy

_ r
tw
_<hodl'
of
flam.
foiJuro
d11IKtiCln
rot
~
bum
For sof"'Y,
,h.
l)'Ilem
m_
a",\I011y

MUI
ott
the fuol
wi'k±o.
2'04
""",od,
or.
I1omo
filii

I:n
.ddilion
lO
rpeod.,

need ,,>liabili,y-bo.h for
r y
ODd
for
"""
••
",Ii<:
reasons, sin.,. lot.
of
bumor

may
be experui
We
_

~u""natie
""".ml-c:apoblo
of
""nuoI!ing
all the fUneticns
of
a eolllP",X
burn

"YW'0m
Mf.lyand

!iobly-withou'
""notan'
a

ention
fmm
an
QperalO'.
W. _ to PlOtect
,bot
'>"".m from
0''''''
d.ul~"n
besido
bsII
of
f\omo-""",h


e~
,,,,,,pera'''',,
0<
boiler
-=.
In
otdot to _ all
tm.
r8quinmlon

,

_
oopblstirated
"Io"''''''in
!lalM requonl CDntrall)'llOlilL
ii
i
71·97558
To

t8tJlish
am
mainLain
carouellOl1, 3 slsma<lts
must
be
pr"""nl.
TIls


ars
ruel, air, and ignition. This
Oan
be illustraled
a.
a oi'ole dMded into 3 equal
pe'ls
called
lhe combuslJon clrc/o.
Removinll any
SS\jr1"lIlnl

111
destroy lha cirols. Slml-
la,ly, r"m,wirN;j ona
0'
lha slemants raquired lor oombus·
bon will
OSIJ"" lhe burning 10 osasa.
R""""vlng
fLJelI
wilt
stop combusllon as air alone will
",t
bu,n,
a,sn
al
high
temperatures. Ramc.lng air will leav"
ruel

and
~nitlon,
but
sinc"
ru,,1
will nol tlurn wilhoot ai',
oombo.JsllOI1
cannot
be maintained,
One may
say
lhat famoving ignition wiil
root
Slq)
Com·
buslion, but this
ie
nOllrua, sinca the
combo.Jstion
01
pert
01
lha fuel and air provides
th"
roea!
"""essa",
10
lQ"lita
the
unburned ruel

am
air.
Illhi.
heat
(01
inh"rent ilJ1ilion) is
re~
th"
incoming
rual
9<'\d
air

ill r

in
al a Iem-
peralura lawar
troen
that
recp.Jireo
for oorrtJuet;on.
CLASSIFICATION
OF
HEATING
FUELS
Healing ruals may
be
Cl


ified accordin" to thair
physical
SLata
as
solid, liqukj, or
Q1ISSOus.
SOUO
FUELS
The prlnclpel solid fuel is
cOiII.
Healing
vallJllS
cf coal
rango Irom 6,900
BW
per
It>
lor lignite to 15,550
Btu
per
Ib
for
IOW-IIOialile
bituminous.
Ott>el
examplll!l cf
""lid
fuels
ara coke, ood,
$9,.OOst,

and
t>riqususs,
lIOUID
FUELS
The prlnoipel liquid luel
I.
011.
Fuel oils ara
Qfadad
ac-
cording
10
Ihelr oharaoterlsllcs, includirN;j
viSCOSity,
flash
point, pou' point,
"aler
and
:limenl C0l11 ,I, oarlxln
,

Iwe,
aslI, and dlstiliallOl1 cha,acterlstlC$.
The
1Ig,ler oila, Graela. No.1 end
No.2,
are used
pre-
dominantly
In

do"",.llc
heating
aqJlpma<l1.
The hea,,!
oils,
Gradels
No.
~
end
6,
a'a
used in cOmmercial and
in·
d.<strial burne,s and gensrally 'aqulrs prshaatirN;j. Haating
values rangs from 132,900
Btu
per
Qal
fo'
No.
'1
od
10
155,900 Btu
'per
Qal
for
No,
6
011.

Oths, eXSfTllles
olllqukj
ru
s a,e kerosene,
Q850line,
and
alcohol.
GASEOUS FUELS
Fuel
\lase. fall inlo 4 broad
cl=Wcatio,,":
11)
""lural,
12)
manulactured,
(3)
mi,ed,
am
14)
liqu~ied
petrOleum
(LPI,
Healin" values of
\l5s.s
fange from 900
10
3200
Btu
per
cu~.

1.
Nalural \ISS is a mixture
01
sa,sr~1
combustibla
Q88BS
and, usually, a small percantal;j<l
01
inert
Q8S9S
at>-
tair>9d
lrom geolog;o formafio,,".
2.
Manufaclured \15595,
such

coke c.a<l
and
car·
tlufaled walar gas, ara made
by
the
C1islillatiOl1
or crack"'\1
01011
or
0"""1,
by
lha

SlearTl-Cafl:<;n
,aaction, or
by
combina-
tions
01
these orocesses.
TYPICAL HEATING VALUES
OF
FUELS
COAL.:
ANTl-IflACITE
BITUMINOUS
SUBBITUMINOUS
UGNITE
FUEL
OIL.:
ORI\DE
NO.
1
(IJGI lTEST]
GRADE
NO.
2
GflADE
NO.4
GflADE
NO.
5L
GflADE NO. 5H

GflAOE NO.
6
(HEAVIEST)
12,S10
10
15,200 Btu
pel
Ib
10,150 to
15,:lSO
81u
pal
It>
8,300 to 13,000 BIu par
It>
6,000
to
8,300
Btu par
It>
132,900
to
135,800
to
143,100
to
146,800
10
149.400
fO

151.:lOO
to
1J7,000 Bru per
\151
1
41,eOO
Btu per gal
146,100 Bru per gal
150,000 Bru per
0"1
152,000 Biu par
\151
155.000 Biu par (lal
GAS:
NATURAL GAS
USUAl. RANGE
FOR
USE
MANUFACTURED
GAS~
MIl:ED GASES
UOUEFIED PETROLEUM
(LP)
COMMERCIAL PROPANE
COMMERCIAL BUTANE
~"
1,000 to
~
"
~

"
,.",
2,500 to
,
1,400
BfU
per ou
~
1,050
Bill
per cu
~
600 Btu per cu
II
800 Btu per cu
II
3,200 Btu per cu
II
Btu per ou
~
Btu per cu
~
7Hi755e·l
3.
Mi"","
Il""""
a,a
a
mllttu,a
of

""Iu'al
and
trlMllfac-
Mod
~
They
'SSlJIl
f,om
lI"oII
""" :l
d;sttil:oJllon
01
n'I~'oJ

lh't>.VlI'onsoonlirerrtal
p;pa lil"lll!l,
Inlo
atlla5
h
ng
a.ioling
"""llfaclu'oo
gas
Illcilili,,*.
4.
Uqulfllld
patmleum
ILPI
gases. suoh ;os .,ropo
ar<!

""a"".
a'e
hl\1l8r
I!y<jrocarbon
gases
r(),,,,.I'Y
o:b-
lairlod
liS
a by-p'ock;cl
01
oil
'alineries
0'
bv
SIh""ingnalu-
,al gas,
51"""
Ihay
Can
be
Il<J1IllO>d
by
11'>0
8W/ical;""
01
moderate
p'",,"ure
al
no,mal

,lempe'atu",.,
IheV
II"
<J5IJ-
ally
SOld
in matal eylinders
~ri<lar
p'8S5~,e
as
II
1i"Ji<!
and
called
bol1la'Q1lS.,
Tha
IICl~i<J
avapo

ales
vmen
p,essu'.
i.
,ali
••
ad
im::n.ha
'""ullin,,
""5
,IS

I:oJrnad,
FLAMMABLE
LIMITS
In ordar
fo'
lual
10
bu'n,
II
is
necessary
10
hova
ad&
q,Jala
ai'
Ios~r1
CO~l;on,
H
lha,e
Is
100
muCh
or
100
lillie
a~,
LJ-oII'wI
will
nal

bu'n,
The 'ange
belw ,
th

IWD
ao!

,~
<;all",,"
Ihe
"liarnnabia
limits" oi lhe par
l,o lar
1I.ol1.
TNs
is
lhe
,1lt'Ql
in Wh;ch
burning

III
be
"'ff
.~r1lng.
When
Iha
mixlu'a
is

culside
lha
flammabla
hmhs,
lhe nre ,

m
cp
cul.
The
l~e
below sllooos lhe 'anl:l&,ol air lhol "'HI
eu~r1
carb.Jslion,
1115
>pi"'"
in
per
ca'"
01
",o;:niOtT1Blfle air, I.a

lha
e"'ol
amo~nl
01
ai,
'eq~I'ad
10'
p"d~<l

combusll"",
Fo'

ample:
11100
Cu
tl
01
air l< ffq.Ji,ed
lor
pot1ect
can-
l>JsI.lon
01
'0
O~
noi nolU'a,I
Q8&.
tha gas will
.,ill
b~,n
wilh
eo
Iii!"
as
84
<u
n
01
ai,'

or

ilh
as
m~ch
as 247
Cu
n
01
ai'.
PERCENT/l,GE OF STOICHIOMETRiC AIR
CoaIIP~I

'izad)
Net~''''
Gas
'"
•
MINIMUM

'"
."
MAXIMUM
'"
'"
The
1",,1. shown
afa
MllJlal
QaS.

oil, ond
0081.
Notice
partlcularl~
Ihe
exlfama
I""ll"
'hal
wi!',po'mit
caa.1
10
I:oJrn,
ThiS
means
lhel
~'M
coal wilt
bu'n
e-an
Whan the
cmo, ",.I.",
is
.ery
low
0'
very
~ig~,
As a msull, greal
<."
,~I

t:e
laJ<en
10
ha.a
a vary
",lioO'"
aou,ca
of
igni-
I""
IOf
p::>",,"fed
coal
00''''''''-
The
11"6
and
pjl mixtu'es,
ha.lng
a
mora
Iimil""
Ilam-
"loOM,\"
'''''0'1.
mUllI be """"011",," to aosu,a
II>.iII
lhey slay
"lIhin
m.

l~rnnabla
l,milS crICEIlgnlled.
IGNITION
To
CIIu

"
1,-,"1
TO
bulO. or reeCI wllM 0

(100, hast must
be
_,
The
I"",perar~res
al
whl,h
lhe
vari"".
luel6 i
nile vary
g'''''W.
Tha
'Ollowinij l8bIa gives Iha
"I¥',oxi.
J!IIlle V'iticl'1
tempe'at~"

01

a lew
01
lhe moat common
1

,•.
The
t~'al~'es
sM_
a'.
dIlla,mlned
"'"
hasling
a
mixlu,e
oi
1he
fuel
Bt'ld
'ha
prope,
amo.ml
oi
ai,
Ullillgni.
1I""la<""
DlSce.
"'W'oval
MdIe.
SOm&limas allow special

~dBfatlons
or hava
dlllereni
.'/IIld8l'ds
lor
conlrol
01
Iu,,,,,ce. end
"" s
Lhal
ha""
a
normal
oPe'.'ing-
lelT\-
po'~lu'a
"'
axcess
01
1400
F,
sfnea I" ,. C<>,.iclllr
lhel
a
<ombU:Sllon chamber at>ove
lhal
tampera'ure
will raliably
"'II(11t.
llammable mlxlura. A

haL>roo~a
c<>,d't;on exists
IGMTION TEMPERATURES
OF
FUELS
1200
DEGREES
F
=
=
,~
,~
,~
FUE~
KefO$lllna
L1\tll
FlJOl
Oil
Gasoline
Bulane-N
Heal'\' Fual
Oil
"""
P'q:>ane
Nalural Gas
<,-
Coroon
Monoxide
N~l~,al
Gas

only
Duringll>e start
and
wa'm~p
per;OCl9,
tlolo,a
tMa
lam·
pe,alure
01
!he 1I,et>o,
a,cDEd;
,
<00
F.
EXTERNAL
1~1l1T10N
SOVflCES
AftoI
m""rs
Ih.1 '.1

lhe
lampe,alure
oi e
cOn"tlU:Sli·
bla
mixl~,.
ae.o
'Is

9'lti""
lemperatura
"ill
ilJ1iTa
II
Sava'al 19n;t;on
""Iems
afe
In
common
u.a.
Spark i'ln;lion
""'amS,
consisting
01
an
eleelrl,
SP"rk
belween
t"",
el"cl'O<l<ls, are
mosl
common.
Dapend;nQ
on
"'a
anarQY
S<.9i'IiM
I"
IMe

a,c,
ils
lempe'el~'a
";;1 tle
well
abo

lhe
ignili""I"""PEJ'alura
oi
tha luel and
al!
mi.
IU'e. Arc terrparatu'es
In
">oa""
01
3000
Fare
Oommon
TN.
II'PE'
01
;""ilion
is
used
""
op;>lianoe., WtnesiiO oil
burners,
andlo'

pnot Q/lS
0'
",.in
0;;
Ilam.
Ignition on oom·
merclal
51

burne'
•.
Olha'
I",,'i<>,
eystam.
ora
"""d
on
romeslle
lype
Meal·
inO
equipmenl and "I¥'1i.neas . euch es Maat"""
"i,e
ill-
n;l.rs.
catelylic
Ign~er,;,
aM
p;e.oelaot"c
ignilers •

bul
thElSllII}~"IJl'll
ar.
",n generally saltslaclory
10,
Oomme"
oi.1
or in<U;l,i.J i)'P8 equipmenl.
flAME
PR\JP/l,G/l,T10N
RATES
FlAme
pm""""'~M
rale. illnilion valDeity,
wln,n~
,'.iN
ity,
and
ns_
&;>eed
a,a
synonymous
larms
~soo
'0
(lef;n.
Iha
'ales
al
"h;oh

a
llama
willl,aval
th,ou(11 a
Ocnr:l~,t;bl.
mixlur.
oi
luel
and
a;'.
If
an
alact,lc
spa'k
I,
",aoa
,n
II
Con·
laina'
filled
"'11M
a 11"mmoOla mixlura, il

III
&<plooe. Tha
axpk>slon
~m!.
_ar.
an in9lantaneou:sbumlng

of
all
lhe llarronable
ml.rura.
A<luBI'Y lhe
burning
slarts
in'
a
small a,,,,,
whe'e
Iha
m,Xlu'e Is Ignited,
Tha
burning
j~al
lhen ignlles more
lual.""".""ls
Il'1rough Iha
spaca
until il
'aecheslhe

al~
ol/l1e conl8;nar Whe,a
tha,e
is
no
com-
busllble

"",terial.
""''';;e !his
OCCU'S
.ary
rapldl~,
Inare
IS
a
dallnlla
Ii"'"
'equi'ed
10' lhe
ria"",
f'''''1
10
l:I&'ao,o"
IMe
.noIDS~"'.
The"'"
ollhe
ftame;.
dIlpon<len,
on
.evaral
laoto,",
inCluding;
,.
Flow rala and <leg'ea
oi
lu,l:oJl"n,.

2. Tl'P8
of
lual.
3.
T~,atu,a
oi
lhe
ml.I~'e.
4.
Fuel " ralio,
5. Inllial
pI_~re
of
Ihe
mixMa.
,
.~~~=~cr_mm
D322~3
~
'i"
~
/"
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micro,,".
11

readily deteoled
by
awn>
prlal~
,"""'5.
Tl1e
!ImCU11
<>I'
ulI,a1o'1"'@III\t1l""~led
i.
'elaled to lhe
~ame
1""'P",ature. M

lmum radllliion ocou,"
nea'
lhe
bas.
of
the llame
anddec,
__
near Ihe
ond
of
lhe lIame.
Tesls iooloal. that

hlg,
I"""",'atum
lIa
, suoh
liS
Ihose on
,
0""3clel"""
wekJino
tD'Ch.
a'.
exl,emely rioh
in
ull'a.>OI.1
,adialion.
E. IOtllL/l.TIOH IN
AtlPAIlOUNO
nn. FLAIr/lE
H""I
from
Ihe
flame
cau

ai'
moleoul

10
",,'lIde with


on
ole.,.
Ill>
",""oibly

10
knock
acm.
"Ieeuo,,"
OUI
of
1M
.1011"6,
lnuo;
p'w.,oclng Ions
eoo
free
eleou<Y\O
In
lhe
~am.
,'1""11
ond
In
a (hln ",elope
a'ound
the name.
Tl1is
makes
1M

llame <ooouolive. The lesistance
of
lhe
fl

on
a
<onv""l;o~
bur r
o>Brl
ba
salow
as
100.000
cl">

•
PART
I-BURNERS
INTRODUCTION
Because
name
saleg""'d
co~lrol,
3'e used
on
1"'0"
Ir>
<iJslrlal
1!.nd

tommarOial
bu,~".
Ihis rala"""oa

Ii.'
em-
~_'%e
lar,." burnars.
lfl(Ju"na!
tJUlnB,.
~
"sed
lor
p,~ing
matarials
In
pr<:O.><"oo
arid """'ulaolurirog.
Th<ly
inolude oooking
""d
baking
o,·~,
dryir(l
kilnS.
an;I
metallut';lical iur""Ce!l. Commorci,1
!Jt.JmotS
"'.
USild

10
heallal\lO
o~·;oa
Olapartmerll buildings. "!'My ara
t)ErIa"
ally
found
on
bailors
and
"aa!ir(l
fLJrnao

In<).J51f1al
boJrners
aro
USualty
ignilad manwlLy
or
semi,
au!omatioaLly.
""".
oomma<Oi~1
burna

,,,
~sually
ig-
M"d
aulomolically.

In
soma
ca

,he sarna
TyP<l
of
bUf"'" cen
be
el'~e'
induslrial
ar
o<ommorc"'l.
d'f'l/nOnQ
on
ils
a~oa"o~.
Sn'a'l ,i.GS
I"'"
OOr,,"," L

lhan
400.00lJ
B1Uh
or
oil bu'na
i!l'$S
U ,n
3\)01
"""

~I
Can
"""n
be
usad.'
domesliO
i'esid~~liall
bur""

SOME
USEFUL
DEFINiTiONS
COM8USTION -
lheaol
or
proce"
01
burninQ;
Ih.
'<1Pid
a.,clilli~n
01
lC1SI
ac<vmpanle<l
by
111.
pro<iJct",n of
he '.
or
heat

ar>d
Ii(}hl.
Tobe

re.
<onll>Jstion
mU'1
ba
coni roll ,
by
Mop.lralor
or a
oon\l<>l
,yoram.
F""I
nd
O"l'gen
rai,)
musl be ml.ad in II
pr~r
p,~rl,O'l~
and ign,led.
AI
R·FU£L RATIO
_!M
ralio
of
air
5LfJPI~
llow '''Ia

10
luel
"'-'PlJly
no

r.le
""'",urad
In
lha
same
CflIIS
,-,,-;lOl'
Ihe
""rna
condillons !'or mosl
aI'IiCi~~1
burning. 10
cub"
feel
01
air afa
~e""'ally
r.qu.irM
[0'
an
ornounl
ollual
havlr>g
a n.·all"IJ
valu~

'"
1000
Btu.
For
nalu'aI =
wilh "hearing val,," 011000 Blu per wboc
teat.
I~eq;lli'
"",m
.iHuel
ratia
WOLJi<l
ce 10 to 1. A
",iO~·
folio
(n-o,e
1u~11
of
9
10
1

oLM
rOSUliln
a cool,
I'."i"'"
~8me.
wI1ile
a "lean" ,allo!ia


tue~
or
11
Ie 1
"ould
resul!
in
a
[:QOI.
blu," flam.,
In
nor"",1
aw'ic",.\"~,.
a
o.'lain
"",,"-",I
01
a,ce80
8i'
is
provl<led.
BURNE~

a davice
"hi<:~
inlroouoae
luOI
an;Iair
plOp-
"rly

mi<ad
I1f"o(j
in
ihOl
COrreot
prqxll\

into a
oom·
bustion ohamoo'

Mfa
Ihe mixlu'e is t>Jrnad""d 1M
produOis
DI
oont>C1Sli""
r."."",,,".
FURNACE -
an
enclo.ad oham""r or slruolu,e",

hioh
heal
i.
p'<;dJcect
the
<ormClSliOfl
oharrt><!<.
CLOSED
(SEALED-IN)

I3URNER
- a
lltJ''''''
lOOunlOO
O'l
a
ILJrnaCD
in
an
al~ignl
mannar so
a.'1
Ql lhe air requir""
for comb",:,,,,,
i~
SUpplied
1,~«)iJQh
,he OO"'''L
OPEN
BURNEA - a bu,ne,
I'o3vinQ
an
opening a'ound il
through

hiCIl
""cordary
air
anl~,s
lho CllrT()wlion

Chamber;
as
atsh'9"s/led
l'om
a
cl"""d"",ner.
Many
bu''''''s
~ave
.~
air
"'gi5!8r wilh "

U'"
10
alldw
W-
juslmanl
01
!ha
VQI"ma
'"
sacOf'l<lary
air.
CHAAGE _
in
an irldusl", lumace, 1M
"""'"
ICled
nr

"'"
leria' ,
It;h
is
oong
~.
BATCH
TYPE FURNACE _
an
in<iJsl(lal lurnaca
"'al"
aIM
rl:lwn
perirocally
10
'em"",.
thQ
old oho'O"
""d
aCl:l
a n

chorQO,
CO'lTINUOUS FURNACE - an IrdJstfJol lumar:e ope,.
.tad
on
an
,-",;nlarrupled ,,\,ola.
I~


~IC~
1M Ci'atga II
being
CONlBr1I1~
a<ti3d
10,
"",vad
1~!OUQh.
~r :
re-
moved from 1M /urnaoe

dlslirgJishad
~om
a
b'IO~.l\'Pa
lurnaca.
PRiMART
AIR
_ Ih9
a"
suppliad !h'''''-9''
abu'''''
lhol
mixes
w,th
'M
ruel
befc,e
il

,aao_
I~.
ocrnbusl'l>"'1
charme',
Jno'udeS
alomi"nO
""d
c"",,,uolion air
S"CO~OAflT
AIR
_ air
",hiC~

,nlrodJead
~t
IMl"linlof
eorf'C!Uslion;
ail
w~lch
10
n~t
mi<ad

il~
1M lusl
t>e/o'a
il 'mla

1M
eomoClSlion

cMrrb,.
8URNER
CHARACTERISTICS
Fioi1g
fa,.
is
Iha
corrt>us!",~
tale,
II
is
Ina
'ale
Ol

hIC~
~i',
lual. or
9n
Air_I",,1
mid",a
i"
"'-"P'iad
to
at"",,",
or
lur-
MOd.
~xpr,SSe<l'ln
volum~


eighl.
or
halJ
unlls~Liad
pe,
~nil
lime,
rutt>tj~wn
15
iM
ralio
of
1M ma.imum firing rale
'"
Iroe
minimum
~""O
rale
al
hiell
tI10l
~um~,
ill
~,at.
"'U
•.
laolorily. !'or
~xampl


, Ihe
~''''Il
W.
01
a
lltJ''''''
,,,In
a'
'0
1
IufMo

n 'ange
can""
"""ad
lrom
11lI
"",x;mum
(100
",,«enl)
d::own
ID
1/.
01
ils maximum
tz.l
P'«enI'), A
hit;t\
I~,nrl:lwn
ralio

',s
partloulart~
oo<;l'.t>fe
10'
ba!C~-fjpe
",-,.
nece. or olhar< Inal ara shul

perlr;i:jlcall~.
A
~iQ'1
~r
lng
r~t9
,an
ba
used
It>
Mal
'he lurnaoe rapidly
tn.r
Il
Is
sI""ed
up again.
Afte
lho lurnece
is
_Ied~.
1M

nrlng
r""
oan
be
lurnad
00_
ICl
normal,
Flam.
tiow·o" timl!s 1M ma<imwn
M"Il
rala.
A flame
n-o,es a

ay
hlm
a bumar
W~Bn
1M valooity roIll"e
ai'·Iu~
ml'lure
i.geeaw
Ihan 1M
veloc, ,.
01
1M
"""'"
~
(llama

pre,>!I(IiII,,,,, rala).
Blow-<J"'o~en
raso.JI!$
in
"'e
~8tflIl
I;$r(l
e':'~I'J;.had,
FI~sh"'ok
1i",;15
I~~
minimum
~ling
,ale. A
nome
IMV,,"
baCk
'l1.'ou~h
abu,,,,,, (arid possibly
back!CI
Il"ea".
luel m;xi"l1
POlnl)

hen
n
flame
pr~~I'"
,a'"
;s

Qr9~ler
lhan
'~a
velooii>'
<>I1~a
,larinQ alr·

1
mIXlu,e,
Sl~bilily
is
anOIha/ ilT"flllllan' oM,ael"",liO. A
slIlb"
cum

ill remain
1;1
over ils no""",1 ·'eroa
'"
p,,,,,,,,,-,,es
ar<!
""'lua'
r~I;DS

nil.
i!
;s
slill colll
"'I
rdom

t~atura
du'inO
<la'IUP!.
A tlurner
""nnal
be cor

ide,ad olallie ;"'1
baC1>lJ5ll
,I
f\as
a pilol. M
,,,,I<1Ole
bur""r
1_
ma1
~
""I
drld
e~
gas mig'l' a<ccrnulal.
I"
cause
an
""pI<>
Slon

han
the
p.,OI

feignilas Ih9 burner.
Flamo
5iIa""
i.
dependant
'-P')n
bJrnar
9nd ccnbu'>-
llan
~~
deSiO", Tu!bJl.nOfl
I1f"o(j
hiit' ""II:>:if'" rll-
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CTION


Ii

FIG.
2_TYPICAL
UPSHOT BURNER.
""
"><'
<O""""ON
".,

FIG.
J_NATURAL_DRAFT
BURNER.
AA
insri(,,~nrJ
buml/r
IFi~
4)
IAas
.enh.Jrl acllon
10
brino
in primary air, Gas is
al~
10
asoape inlo the
c0n-
stricted Inroat of a
.enluri
luta

ltE
conolriclion increoses
tne
cas
velocity,

nlcn
lower.
Ine
pr!OSSlJra
in
lhe
Inroal
of
Ine tUbe.
ltE
sli""t
vaCUlJm
IMt
is
dIMllcpod
d'aws
oir
InlO
lne
tUbe. The amount of
air
anlrained incraases
as
lhe

gas pre55um arKl velocity incraase. Large indiJ5t,iai
and
commercial burners require
nilt'
gao prassures. This
:we
of
burner is also called an
ini.G~on
bumer
or
a venturi mix-
ing
burner,
MECHANICAL·DRAFT BURNERS
A mecnanical-d'afr
bur""r
uses
macnnery
10
dell-er
air
10
tna combuollon
c~,.
Twogeneral
melhodsa,e
used-lorCed-ci"a~
or
In<1J<ed

dra~,
A rorced-d,alt Oumer IFilJ. 5),
canmonly
called
apo
'
burner,
"""" a
motor
ci"lven Ian
or
blo

r al
t""
inlet o( Ille
combustion cnamoor
10
blow air Into Ine ocmbuSljon
chsrrbe'.
II
requi'ed, a<Xlitii:rlal ai, may be provided by
,
,w

,.
"'""VA"
"'"n".
'""
FIG.

4_INSPIRATING
BURNER.
FIG.
5_FORCED·DAAFT
(POWER) BURIlER.
nalural
d'aft
or by
""nluri
action. "'any 01'"" laroer Indus-
Irial
and
cnmmerclallJJr""",
are
power
eur"",s.
AA
induc.d<1ralt
bum.,
IFiO.
6)
usas
a molor-d"iv,""
fen
or
blow.r
alll1a
ouUel
oIlne
combuotion

ch8ittler
10
cre-
ale
a slient partial
v.Ctll1l
,lnin
the
CMrTDe<.
This
cauaas a sucllon wnicn draws In air.
A va'ialion
oftnis
method is Ine
lanmix
burner
IFIll- 7)
In
wnicn tne fan is
nol
motor-drIven and is located
allhe
Infol
to
Ina
cc.TbJstlon
cn8ittler.
The
Ian
;s

mecl1anl<:a11y
c0u-
pled
10
propalkl'·like blades
mounled
on
a free-spinninl/
S/1aft.
Oriflces

e drilled at an angle along theedgoS ofthQ
blades.
HIg,
prassure gas (10 to
50
pslg)
escaprng
Intothe
cootllJStion
cMmber
Ihr~
tne orifices
CalJSB5
lhe
tH1Ides
10
"pin.
The sr>nning bl1ldes
r01a1e

thQlan which
e1raws
in air.
CLOSED AND OPEN BURNERS
The amounl of carrtluslion
ai,
~iod
IMrCilQ1
lhe
burner glv,," riee
10
aOdillooallBlms regardir>;j
t""
dellvlllY
or
air.
A
clO!JOd
or
.oai.,Un
bumer
ie
mounted on a furnace In
an
elrtiglt
manner
eo
all
of
Ille

air
raqulrod for
OCn-/:x.lsllon
Ie
~;od
through Ihe lJJrner. This PB,mlls
aC=ura~
a:n-
11'01
ollne
alr·fuel ratio, • wldia ,ange
01
tumace
~ralir>;j
pressure,
anel.
wide
ral'"gll
01
firing 'aleo
~u'rrtlwn).
1Hl155&-1
••
••
""".
,.,-
."-
'"
~._'~,= =-~ j
FIG.

'-II'lDUCED-DRAFT
B~'RNER.
0·'·""
'''>0",,,.,,.,

'"."""0_
••
-
<::[.~'~
.•
;';'~;~~~~
CH"""
""om_
FIG.
7_FANMIX
BUAN~R.
AA
open
tvln8'
lIaS
an
openin~
arocn;! 'I
through
WI'llcll_cndllry
air
Cllf)
""'IB'
Ihe
CO/TlOuSl''"''

charmer.
Clper>
OUn'lll'S
permit Qreale, capaoilies
by
vlrl,-">
o!
this
adi!;,nll
air.
"","""ver.
a
<x>rrnsp:J01dinoly
la'Qa!
""'I
ca'
paclty
must
also
be availat>e.
Marry
burn~t~
hav~
an
ai,
~giSlo,
around them ",lin
.~
edJusl"'l~
shull8'

'"
pII'mil c,>eralion
"'
em, , an CI"'"
'"
a cloead
burna'
Ths

Ier
can
also
bio
r<liuSled
10
con-
I'DI
Ih~
volu'I1e
o!
"""on",,')'
air.
3. MIXING
TilE
FUEL
AND AIR
0""
method al classi!ylrtll;lllS burne,s
is
uf

where
llie
IJ'lS
and
ai,
are mixed.
I"
pt~m,~nfJ
00'$
bum.~.
Jl1e
gas
end
primary
air
,ra
",Ixed belor"
[hey
,each
1""
tl.Jmer
porlls).
II
seoMmry
ai'
Is
also riQuired.
'!ley
are"""",-
times

oalla<!
","'I1_","mix
bumels.
/Vi
The
nome
i""lies,
I~
non!.
",,:.il1l}
Qas
OOfflltlS
tr.a
Il"S
on:Ielr are
kspl
sepIlrale
"llhrn
Ihe burner
11",,11,
bul
lhe
MI:Ils
orifices
am
deoiQl'ed
lo
pro'ide
rapid m;,lnQ,,1
(M

llulc:ls
as
I~
lea'i&.ln<l<lIoliYIJ(f
mlJdnQ
gas
~~m'fs,
I~e
rate
01
rYIi>lnglh. \IIOurxl air
Is
,ery
low
go
Ihell,'\8Y Iravel
a considerable
di51ance
from lhe i:lJrn."
t>9tore
m;xlng
and
blJ,ni~
The
thol0L.fQhn8SO
01
mlxinQ de,a.rmlnes
10
a
Oreal

ex,
1""1 lhe
~Mract

risliOt of
'he
1lame,
Turbulence
Md
high
vel"'''till!! resull in
IJOIX.'
ml>,"Il, and
prOO<Jce
a 51'01(,
Ou<ny
I""""
DelayOO
ml"'~
~'Id
low , ,loCili

prc<%><e
~
long,
SI8r>der
flame.
Trla
manne' In which the
gas

and
air are m;>oo
lewns
In sevllra! 'l'P9"
or
premi,inQ.
nonle
mi,.;,g, and
""laved
mixing
IJ'IS
ourners. Ttlll

a'a
~"olJSS<ld
in the SIlchon
,I~I"'"
GAS BURNER TYPES.
4.
IGNITINCl AND aUI'ININCl THE
FUEl.AIFl
MIXTUFlE.
Aomall
Qas
bums'
c~lIed
apilor is
usua"~
cUld
10

i""ite
larO"
1n<llJSlr
'a'Md
commercial gas burna,"ll. A
c""trn~o~s
pilot
(sorT'Ielim,

called COIIS'."I.
sral1O'by,
or
s,analng
pl.
lot)
bur,
wi'l>ou!
turnO;Jwn
Ih'''''l1'Oul lhe entire
tim~
Ire
bur"",
is
In
Service, whelhar
01
nal the main burner " fir
,"~.
M inleffupled pilot Is,,-n,rtime< called il1nilion
plD:1

IS
Bulomalically
luon£l<l
""
each lime there
Is
a call
1o,
hOl8t.
and
l\lJlemalicall~
Ou'
on
at the end
01
Ihe
"",in
burrer
lla~abllsh.'n\l
plllic.j.
M inlermlnenl1'101 is aUlomali·
call~
'u'nord
on
eaoh lime ,he,e is a
ca.li
la'
""31 and main'
lainord
<l:Jrr"O

Ire
Bnlire run pe';c.j.
II
is
.hul
oN
will'! the
ma",
Ou'""r
at lhe end of
heel
dernEl'ld,
In
a manually
i~nil.cf
bum.,.
luel to
I""
main
bu'"",
"
wrred
on only
loy
nand and
i""iled
llf'odsr
lhe
super""1""
of

an
operalo,. In
on
alf1omaHca!It
Ig"lled
bum.f,
ludl
Is
a~1orne.ticall~
I",ned
on and igniled

"hoot
lhe
pr_nOB
of
an operato'.
At1
alJlomatic
bUf" r.,.t1"
runs. end slope
aU'orne.li,ally,
while"
somiauromalio burne, reQuires
$omo
manual operali,,"," _ .talling,
ill"llin\l,
and
slop-
P,llg·

",",roval
agenoiBs'
delinillon~
vary:
ref.,
10
iha
specKiOClli""lslandard fn,
I""
pa,tioular
a""noy.l
80fh
typlI!!
a,e pur., ,. """1Uern;ed, and mo<lUlau.:t AUlomali-
oBlly. wilh
cell.in
sfeps end
CCO:IIIIOn$
supervi'ed
b~
salety
inIO"","",
Induslrial
burnert
~,e
usually
semieul<>-
malic 10'
man~ai'"
Iglitad),

whi"
ocmmBrcial burnaiS a,a
'!Sua

a~lCITIatic.
Co'lsiderable oonll,,1
r>!
\Ile flame <haracte'isllcs
0""
tle
c.jleinord
loy
r9\JJlalir"IQ
lhe relalive
""""un,s
of primary
and
~ry
air,
a,
Rich mlxle'llI!! (100 Iltile
ai~
<XI
roJ! t m
com~lelely
until
""C<J1dary
ai'
mi~""
cOlTplelely wilh

11>0
lual.
The'elo'e a rich
miXlu'.
'""",lis
rn
a
lonQ.
COOl,
ye"
(0

~ame.
b. \.BiIn mi.tuoes
1100
me~l'!
alt] burn more rapidly
I"S-n
perlect
mi,lu,

l;>ooCeuse
lhey
prr;x;klCa
a ,'1ghe'
flame plq:,aQi'lim ,ale.
H""",,"er,
II,.
a'cellS air
de-

cre.ses
lhoe
ani"iancy
r>!
lhe bUm&'
booCau.e
Ihe
rapid t:.Jrnino allo
100
muCh
"""I
10
eacape up
Itle
"I~Ck.
A
leBn
mi.IUia r6,,,II" in a
sl'>c~,
0001,
Oluo
flame.
5.
REMO"'I~G
THE
PROOVCTS OF COMBV'5TlON
The
prOCl"ol<
or
CCO"l'i]u.li~n

are
uS<Jally
r~"'oved
f'om
1M
comtlu:<\i""
,~~mtle'
as a
","ull
of "",pplying combus·
U""
~ir.
Ir\ r

i

,
1_
"",l~
i",lcr:Ie:
a
N~I,,'af<jran
- P,.:a,,:11
01
t<>"Ttl

II""
escape
up
Ine

c~;mney
or
alacl<
or<!
poJll
in
"",c""dary
air.
b
1ft<;l1'3IiflQ
-
.""Iu';
atli<n
bri g:<
in p,lmal)'
ai'

hic~
mi

;I~
100
Q3ll
and
di,;places Ihe p'od-
uct.
aI com<M;liM
e.
ro'<:ad-<l'aft _ a fatl
{)(

bl ' blows
ai'
into the
con;tlusliM
tt'larrber
"tlItn
be""
<>Jllhe p,ooucls
aI comtlu:<lion.
d.
Induoed-dra~
- a Ian
0'
blower oreales a "'-Jelion
whien dravr,; In air
aro:J
""mv""
If>e
p,oouc\s of
combu",ion.
OTHER
FACTORS
AfFECTING
GAS
BURNER
DESIGN
In
oddlllM
10
lhe 5 besic fUncllons jusl (jj.C"ilSad


e,al olher leQLJi'amenls may arlectltle deSign""
0'"
P"rn.
ing
equipment.
1,
MODULATION
OF BVRNER
INPUT
TO
MATCH
LOAD
In rneny
caoes;l;s
del;iloO",
10
mooulale
1M
!LeI Inpul
to lhe
bU<oo1
in
'''''4X'r"ISa
10
changes in
"'«d.
To maintain
Hiciancy
"nder

mo:iJlaling
conlro~
il
18
neooa:lolary
10
moclulala tha
fUal
and
ail
"Ul'PI'as lli

lta"'""u.t, Tha
range
""
nring ralas ovar which satisfactory oaTtl",,:,on
may be cblained
i.
raferred
10
as lhe
I"r~
range
~I
If>e
b"rnar. Mo:iJlalion may be
ec in"o,,~
lI>t~'-O'"dtllh;.
range,
or

if
may
in""l",
ont,-
high-
and
"'
·!ir pasilit:lrlS.
sa_aral me,,,,,, am uoed to obtain
mo:iJlellM.
a.
Simullanooua adjuslme:

""
If>e
air
reg"lIe'
er

a~
~
arYl the
0""
val""
- Il
U!Il.I8lt,-
is
diflicuille
cblain a wide 'enge
aI

lurl"lClown
b)I Ihis
mea"".
chiefly t>e<euie er
tf>e
""

1nrW cMraclerlaties aI
datrpars
and

Iv,,".
D.
Varying
\he
gas pressu

- Th;s means
Is
partIe,,"
larty
""eclmo
wr.e

all air for combusllon
IS
I.,.
'4lltale<:l
i~
a venlUrl sectIon

by
the energy Ql a high
pressur
gas stream.
llis
alSO
affective
In
elher al·
mowl'e,it
b"tnefS.
c.
Varyi~"
t~e
air pressure - This means provid't!! a
large tumdown rallc In aspirating
t)pe Du,ner.
whet"
lhe
~
IS
enlrained b)I lhe high
","""ily
air
sIt""m.
do
Pr~p::mio al
ml'ing
I~
ablower _ A large turndown

rallo
<an
be cblained
b)i
IhiS m

ns
"llh
unlls he""
i~g
"""tielly
desi""ed
air and
gas
val_
conlrol-
Une
ruer ,d air inpul to a mectw1lcal blower.
e
varyi~g
the
0'"
pre""u,a!o
change
lhe"-;
of a
O"&d'iven
fa~
which is ind.Jcing air fer
o<>rT1bu&ion

~anmi.
t>urne~.
2. PREVENTION
01"
FLASHBACK
Valv,," and
preml.i"g
bume"
.".
sWject
10
~aaroack
"ndar
ecrne
corYlil"'n
•.
Flaort:.cl<
""cu

when
If>e
"'Icc-
Ily
allf>e
alr-oas mixlure Ihf"Wl1'
If>e
burner
po""
I!I
I

1tw1
If>e
flame
pr~gallon
rale. It
o~en
""c"

al
mini_
mum firing ral,,",
Flasrmck
"",y
result
f'~m:
Low gas pre""um.
leaking
gas .alve,
lean
gas-al' mixture.
Buma'
ports or
p~
100
lar~e.
Exe"",iv
lernperalure
alltle
Qas-air
mi'l"ra

.
Exc"""lv

I~tature
alltle
burner pons
CI!
plr:m-
l~sutliCienl
d'at!.
ir"lSulllcie,u combustion speoe.
3.
PROVISION
OF
SMOOTH
IGNlTlON
Among fae!e,s
iml"""ci"ll
Q3ll
burner 1""llion are
1M
IoIlowing:
Locallon
and
number
aI
pIlQlS.
Opening cf>eracterislic"
011tle
Qas

.alva
Manifold
charel"llilme.
Burner draft condiUens.
O;;rtb.JSIiM chambe'
lemperal~re.
Flame "q:>1QiIl",n rale.
n
lollowing""
a
Jew
01
ihe many means
'-"
10
,,<>-
vOle
,.,Ih.
au",1
i""il:""
SIQW-<J;>ljfli~
O"s
"Iv,,".
Muiliple pilOlli
f~r
simullaneous i(Tlilion
al

,oj
PJ'~l$

PilOl
local ion
al
poi~l
of nrsl gas
daliv"l)'
.
l.lJ

fif~
~ralion
unlil slacl< and corrb.i&llon
chember
a'e
wa'm.
GAS
BURNER
TYPES
Tl>e'"
sr~
many lyPM
of
O"s burners
ar'ld
Ihere;6 nol
al

'"
S
"'arp

di!ltlnclloo between
types.
l~
fOCi,
rTCISl
t>.J'~er:l
ara
a con-tlI""lion
01
2
br
rmre
fYPElS.
~ng
~n
1M
mell1o::ts
or
elassl~cellon.
For a
"",n
Wico-
lion.
Soe,

"al
",Ust.lclory dasi"na
can
be worked oul.
Gas

b.u"t18'S
range in capaCity lrc:m
abo"l
20
10
l1'O)I"a
than
100.000
ccbiC
f

""
gas per heur.
D~lng
en
,he
heliti"ll
value
allhe
gas uoed. !hls ,ange ill
l'om
aI:o.rI
10.000
Bluh (BIu's per
i"oIJrt
/or
small
~Iie
burrlEl!S
t~

".,.er 300 million Bluh for
la'lJ!
Indusl,;al
erd
cemme,clal
bume'S.
MO!iI
Q3llburMrs ara ortopr'Dle
10
~da
'ilfIQa!lal
capaCity,
gas
pr

re.
and
~
t-earing value merely b)I
char"(Ji"ll o'ifice sizes
arod
air
'IOgI!II
~in~.
n rebll
~
Is
dltllcullle
a


l""
••
i:z&
'1lnQIl
10 a
partl""l

t)pe of
burMr.
Sr:>Too
oorl'/enillnl
CI

iliCiliol'le
01
gas
burM'S
ar
b)I
drafllype,
port
type.
and
mlxlflQ~.
Toblg I
"'".,
lhe
mi.ing
types
comrronly used

",il~
tna
_.,IOV!J
dran
~
erd
port
~.
!lllathar
con_lent
olasslnCall""
1""1
Is
srmell"",s
<&ld
Is
the
ph;SoioOi
~
01
If>e
~u,_.
Tl>e
"""I
caTVTllln
ef Ih
••
a
~
will

t>e
dMcrlb9:l
rn
I~is
saclion.
DRAFT TYPES
These
lypea
M"" already _ oesc'lbed
r~
lhe
as;-
lia'l
a'I
GAS BUflNER
fUNcnONS
(fUnCUM Nc.
1-11

l"",iflQ
Air
to
Itle
cO'tt1Uln"'~
C/IerW:lerl.
In '
••
1 ,
I"""
inclcr:le:

•
71·87558·1
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, ,,-,

-,, ,, ,
I
''',

"<,,.,.~"'

,.""",.
"""
,,"
flll;.~_
TY~ICAl
lARGE-PORT (PFlESSl!Al TYPE) BURNERS
Ir,e lile w;jl
fe;l1'ile
the
ga5·~;r
mi>lurB.
Th'"
1IVllilo

""'.
10

main
lain
ig~ilion
,'"
rWLlO&
!IUhtlaCk
IlN:l
bl""'<lll.
Tl'1e
presence
01
lha
lile
,_It~
in
•
<1'o:;r1~'
~""'"
""ich
te<1ds
10
be
more
.Iable
0"8'
b

.00
,on""
01

input

FiQ.
10
snows a typical lillJ-PO't
~umer
TIle
mosl
common
111&1'0"1
IJurner
;1
"

TIJN"lEL
BURNER,
so
called
be<a"""
!Me
[;til
r u
a
O()1iCal
01
"rIO'>-
drioal
h04e
(!lame lunn"l) WOOlll'
Its

omte'.
AcU
1
"""'"
toJsll""
begins in tha (un

l.
F
oQ.
11
,no"",
a 'un toJmer
which
L.lSGS
no

le mi.ir(l.
~t<ltTl;.I"ll1O
al""
eft ,
~
capacltl

range
from 400
10
1
~,OOO
C<be

feel
01
"'"
PO'
hoor.
The
FLAT FlJ;,ME eUANEA
(0<
""l1k1ing
1lUnf~.
""own
in
Fig.
1:/,
Is aoluaUy a rTo:;dincallon
'"
Ihe
lu

t;Io.Jrn~r.
The
:~nnel
IlIlhe
life ChBnQaS
f'om
a
cylirdar
10
a
w;cjg-",,~"

ConG,
Gas
Is
",rayed
into an
ai,,,,,,,,,,,,
apir>-
nin",
.,
~;g~
velocity.
The
l1"li
aro:l
a;1
ale
_II
m"ad
al!he
e<'l'anoe
'0
'~e
lile
aro:llh,own _

along !he waif
of
t~e
Ilia
T1'1e

ml~lure
toJ'ns in a flaI
flatnll!hel
ftlI_lha
00'1"",
0'
lhe lila. A
Wieal
llama
may
be
ontya few inch9s
long
~ori<JXJlalty
bul
save,al

1In dlamalar. The 9sme
h

le Iha lila and
lhe
,efraelory
surface
oll~a
su'l"Oi¥dng
lu,na<;e wall
or
roof
by

CO cllon.
These
roel
relraclory
"ur1'ac,,"
t~en
radiale heBI to lhe
WQrkload,
'85Uftlng In
.ery
""Ifo,m
lemperalures. The
flaillame
t:unar
15
used
in
bolh
sdawalls
and
'txlls
01
irdJSlrial Iu,nac,,"
aro:l
ovans.
T1'1e
RADIANT
+lEAD
BURNER (Fill. IJ)
heS

rel'a<!Qry
blocks
InslMd
of
a liIe
'in>.i-
The
g:<l$-al'
m"lu,e
Is
IlIleao;ed
1~,oUQh
narTow
alOla
a'oond the
boltom
edgaB
cllhe
re-
"aOIOry
blOCks.
CorTtlllslion begina he'e. heeling lhe
blOC~
10
Inear1dascanca. The blocks radiale
m<lI<l
of
lhe
heal
Ie

l~e
workload
and
incr

!he ftame
p'opaQalm
rala. This "l'?"
~l
toJr

,;$
usualty used
!or
amoll txlilers.
C81;Jao,li

'8'Vi
I,om
50
10
15,000 oubic r

1
or
\l8-i per
-,
MIXIN(;
TYPES
""""Ihe'

conv ,1enI go"
bu,ne,
cl

lflcation
i"
by
lhe
positlM
and manna, In
w~lch
lhe
gas
aro:l
corrbJ"llon
>i'
ale
b,ouQ~1
l">l"l~e,.
They
can
be
cl

ifled as p'<ITlixlng.
"""'-Ie
mi.lng,
0'
dslayed
ml~ing

toJrne's.
PREMI~ING
8URNERS
lAGS.
14
TI-lROUGH
17)
In a
preml'l""
burner, the
gas
aro:l
prjmary oir
are
mi.e<l tlelcra
lr>oy
",,110 the toJme' porlls). The
ml,e,
JTI8lI
be
an fnspIra''''II
.•
,iral;"".
0'
Ian mixing type. The
toJ'r>-
ar
proper ae",es ontv as a llama
1YJlde<.
maimoining lhe

ftame
in !he ~,ed locallon.
Theoratlc".I;~,
111ha
"'oclt)'
01
lhe
>l8Wi'
mlxlura
EQ->III,
Ihe flama propagell<:r" 'ala,
Iha flame will 9Land$lall"",,,-ry al ,. polf'll
III which
igIlUm
ie
awlled.
AoluaJl~,
a 'e1&II.eIy
cOQl
t:lJI'TlIII"
no",.
(0'
por1)
is
n-:Qj

a
ne.me
"Bl)jlr
n-e""""

PO~
~<'-
lhe
flame
11
II
ad'<an<e5
100
".,
Into lhe
PO~
<1.00
10
•
~
lary fluolualion in
ml,lu,e
veloelly.
Air
""d
gao ara
lho'r:u:1'I~
m;,Q<l1n
~
prarrlltlng
toJrn-
ar, 'esulllnQ in
II
shOfl, hoi
~am8

wllh
hl~
naal 'el

T1'18
INSPIAATING BURNER .,ISO carted
1"i""~t>7
burner
0'
venWtf
mi;ri1llJ
burn."
u""'"
t

"
101lon
10
tlrl""
In primary al,. The
hiQh
.eloC'1y
'"
lhe l1"li
orseaping
in,o the oonslrloled Ih,oal
01
a van/u,i ILbD lDMlrs
tr
pnot-

sure and
dra1l'S
In
(enlral""
or
~,al8!l
pnmary
alr.
T1'1.
Is lhe
<:r"1~
type
of
m"a,
wllf'l
CI'l
, ,
ai,
~iow

requi'ed.
71-97!l56-1
/

fIG
10
_TYPICAL' TILE_PORT (RADIANT] BURWEll,
(C"Ufl<S~
0'
North AmeriG/l!!

Mg.
Cf,.,
Cll,vel~~cf.
Ohio.)
In the sl,

sla(l<>
mi

shOwn In
F;g,
14.
high pre
SUfe
Q<lS
cl;sc~",lllng
Irem
the
spLJd
(gas
ori!I,.)
forms a
Mig,
oeloclt1 jet
in
It>\!
IMroal
of
the v ,turi-lil<&
l>::>C'f.

The
0""
jilt
Inspi'.t""
air
in
or<lpOnion
to the
gas
II""".
and
lhe
gas and
air
are
m"i>(l
The grad""l
""Ia",,"me~t
O!
the
bo<:I)I
'es,,''!
In
Ihe
mixtur8
.eiQclly
returning
10
sl"(,<
ples-

~vrg
AdjLJSt;ng
the
position
of
the
disc
prOOu''''
1M
,c
•••
d<roiIed
air-fuel fallo.
In
domestic and low-ruly Indu.\';a' burners,
the
I.,
OilS
pressures available
for
llIl~~r.1
"""
~r9
adequale
10
iflopl'ete
enolJ\11
primary air. Larger burners require much
mor~
primary

ai'
and
tn~r"o",
nl<;lher
gas pressures.
InciJ"lrlal Inspiralo's r>ea<lal
1&51
5
PSi\!
~r
manufaeturoo
n,"",

~"".""."
gas,
and
at
,_
'0
p5;g
for
nalural
s_
Induslrlal blJr""rs
typically
r'4';"
M
air-fUel
rallo
of

about
6
10
1,
will>
mo'a
seeordluy ai,
"""'0
al the
IlJrna.C<!.
P,~na
or
bula""
gas
eM"'"
be
used w'Ih irld",u;al
bur""",
000."",
lI",se
fuerl.
,,,,,,,i,e
""
ai,·!v«1 ,allo or oboul
~
0'
JO
10
1 Thl.
Jl"<lth

.If
oannol blI in""i'ated with
a"'l
,,,,'mel
gas
o,a.;sure,
fiG.
11_
TUNNEL eURNER,
(From
GmI1lW,,,,,
Han@Q~"
by
Nmf1 Amorican
MfQ
Cf,.,
a.".la"",
01>0.)
FIG,
12-FLAT
FLAME (WHIRLING) BURNER.
carefully
allgr>ed
with Ihe
spud,
The
spud
may
be
drilled to

""y
OM
or several
s"es,
depending
00
the de.ired burner
capacily. air·fuel rallo.
11'"
pressure, and specific gravity
of
Iha gas. The
Size
oflhe
vanturi thrcallimilS lhe rarl(l6
of
workable
op<J<I
Cfil~a
d'amelers. For tho'ou;Jh mixing
of
II"s
and ai,
in
a snort IllIlQIh and for a more conSlant
afro
fuei ralio. a 2·Stage irospi,ator wilh 2 venturi
lubeS
(Fig.
14)

""'y
be used on hign pressure
gEI'l
lin ,;.
In.pirating
mixer.
can
be
used

ilh
eilMr
q>en
or
sealed-in bu,nalS on any
o""n
or rumace
t"o;ving
a lairly
StMOI comoostion charm

pno"ura.
A nogall"" cham·
ber
preSSlJre
increases inspiralor capacity and relan:ls
"NGL!
.UG<
'''".0
".,YO,

M<
FIG.
14-INSPfRATlNG
BURNERS.
fl"shbaok; a positive
Chamber
pr ,;sura
,e<IUoes
Insplralor
capaCily and increases Ihe pr<Dilbilily
off'a.ruck.
Since
lhe inspi,ator
mu.1
induce a la,ge volume
01
ai'
wilh a
small volume
orga
•.
1M range oflurndown
is
limlfed. Ce·
pa'ili"';
'ange Irom
about
1(1(]
10
8.000

oL.t>ic
feet
01
(JlS
per
C<:>ur.
The ASPIRATING BURNER (Fig.
151
also uses ,enluri
aClion.
bul lhe air dr s
In
!asp<rat

1Ihe
II"s
Inslead
01
troe
QIl.lnspi,aling Ihe air, This rnal<e. il

y
10 ,1
air·fual
ralios
0110
10
1 or higher.
so
Ihe

.ep"atin~
mi.e,
is
lha
mosl
used premixer lo::loy.
AA
e",,,,,le
or
it.
Simplicily
Is
It"o;
insecticide sprayer.
FIG.
l~_ASPIAATING
(ZERO GOVERNOR)
BURNER. (from
Combus@aHaOOhqQl<or
North
American Mia, Co

Clave/and Ohio.)
GM
is usually
"'Wiled
al
alrrospheM
pressu,e
tzera

gEI'll
"",inl<lined by a zero \PIernor, which
i.
why lhistype
i.
01.0
I<nown
as
a
2'''0
~D"'emor
burner. A Ian or blowo'
blows air lhrocV> the
""nlurl
01
a pressure
<.$Jatly
belOW
I
psi.
At
the Ih'oal
oIlhe
""nluri. zero gas
i.
~awn
into
the
alrslream
In

di'eC!
prop::>rtlon
to
lhe airflo

ThereforB, al·
ler
an
inillal adjJslmenl
of
a
""""iU""
ga.s
val""
10
QIlllt"o;
d

ired rallo,
lroe
"i'·!ue I ,alio

lIi remain conslanl
"".f
0
T1·97SSS·1
"''''TE".
AT"O'~H"'C,
V'N"'"'
,,'.'NC

.un,"

FIG.
lJ_TYPICAL
RADIANT.HEAD BURNER.
For prcporliOMI air inepirallon at
hi~h
mixnJre
pI ,;-
sures. Ihe venluri lhroal musl
be
machined smoolh
~nd
GAS
'"OM
«00
Ga"E.~O'
"VE~TU"'
'HROAT
""

.,.
rNO'
01
lurn:;lo"",. "!QIlfdle

of
lhe
ai'->'Olu,,"",
F

thi.
'EIil&On.
thl.
mixer til
commonl~
called a ptoponjor.aI
""xe,,
"Il'I>
~,In~
'lOla
16
OorllrOllw
~
air adjLJ5tm""l 010,,"_
To
!urJl;I1""
properly, !he burnat
pot!
ar
.mJd
be
BbouI
~_s
t,l'>1

lila
mixer Ihroal a'ea, If
/""
pM
15

1<>:>
larQe, hlss
m"lure
preSSUre
will bIlllvailllblll. which will
te-
<1ice
lhe
lu""",""n
range
Illhe
I»~
Is
100
.matl,
JYIO(Il
mi.
lure
JX

ur

ill
be
avallat\'e
bul

suOllen will
b.
diMllq:>e(l

lor._asplr.lin~
llI'lI.
ltMJ.
rad.Jcin~
capilcily,
II
"'
rdl
alwa",
1»"""'''
to
determine lhe
l>nl
'.Iio,-",tll
lhe
wmar
has
r-n
'''''Ialled. Aflllr hslalialiCl'. (fSl'lace-
ma",
'em
of
v.aryiflQ
O_ler.
can
be
in~ane:l
10
lidiLJ51
tho

a'

oIlhe
mixer Ihroat unliliroo p,cpor r lio
I.
bIlier·
m'ra!.
In
enna
burne.,;."
di.pl.c

nl rod

im
""rlou
•
•
,~ed
roo

throlJgh
II
"lin
be
'-""Idlo
.diu" lhe
CapilC'ly
O'f
the

wr""r
merely
~
r ,ositiOl'1ln~
lhe rod.
capaoll

'iII"IQIllrom
ato.Jl
SO
10
~.SOO
C<llio feel
O'f
gss
per 1'O.it.
As
lhe ma
i"""'"".
In
II
FAN MIXING BURNER
(Figs.
16
Md
17) Ihll
oas
and primary air
ara
mixed

~a
ran,
In
lhe MECHANICAL-PREMIX TYPE (fIe.
16),
!he
prllll\lx·
Inc
I.
w
in a
molor ,ri_
blower.
Gas
i.
'I'J~lIed
ai low
pt r

SimultaneaJl> troXIulalional
QI!llI
and
ai,
permil•

wi""
rarySl of
IU"",,,,-,
limil.d
OI'1ly

~
the ''''1ulramenl
lhei
lroo
""Iocily
or
lhe
eaa-"r
mlxtu'.
""caeo
Ih.llo"",
prq>agOli'" rale to p'a,,,,,t
!Ia.~ck.
Mechani<al1>remi.
wr""'"
a'a
u lly In
me
si.e
'an""
allOO
10
10.00!l
cwo
1m!
01
\ja3
per
ndut,
"",

".,

""g;'
,

Og

,_
.
FIG.16-TYPICAl
MECHANICAl·PREMIX
BURNER (FAN MIXING),
The FANMIX BUAr-lER (Fig. 17) i
••
'an
ml.ing
w,ne,
01
""'sual
desJgn. The
1""
is nor
"","o,-<"i_.
but
i.
ma-
<Mni<ally coupled to propeller
-ilka
blades
"""-"'led

en a
I,

splnning shaft, O"llces
af~
drilled al an
"",Ie
.I()f>ij
the
edges
of
1M.
bladeJ;,
Hi~n
ple.su'e
gas
110
In
50
o, Ijj
ascopinQ
Into
th~
<OmbuSllOfl
<Mambar
Ihro~
l/1@0'"
fic,,"
CaL£eS
lho

bl"des
to
spi~,
'Th<I
spinning bJ.d8S
rO'~le
iho
ren
,.I\',n
dra

in
tM
p'lmery air. Tl1. sPeed
of
lhe
'''n
varias

ilh
lroe
(j>.,
p'_ure,
lheraoy a,M'mallcally
ad)U5t-
l"\llne
ai,
volum~
10
"",inlain

ao
optimum oi,-flJl'll ratio,
Rei

",
of lho gilS
Irom.
Ie'''''
number of small orillce5
e1

r
(iQ/'1
""gl

to
lh~
las/·moving alrst'eam produces
a~
Inlimate gas-air mi<ILl"L
Thi.lype
of butner M"" a good
lurndow~
oh"""",teristlc.
"Il'I>
t>g
p,o;bIem
I.
10Calirl(lihe pilot
10

""'lit
"

l'Oquira-
"",nl
o( proving the pilOi
In
Ihe palh
Ollne
ma.n burner
~"""'_
1h ,
bu'nelS
rang&
In
capaoily from 1,250 to
58,000
ewe
fooi
of
gas pe'
ho~r
_

,
••
FIG.
11_
TYPiCAL FANMI)( BURNER
(FA"

MlXING).
NO;:ZLE MIXING BUANERS
(FIGS
'e Tf'AQUGH
l'2J
Nct:;;l.
mi,ing
bumers
.re
lroo
mosl
1~J',,:al
I<>do/Iy
k.
lho
~ame
implies,
lhe
gas
aro
combuslion air
do
root
mi.
"\'11,1
Ihey le.va 'he bu'ner porL The 2 fluids ara kept sepa-
rate within lrIe burner itself.
bUllhe
nozzle orilices
a'.

oe
.igne:llo
p'o.'''''
rWd
OIi<lng
01
I""
fluids as they I
va
Since combu",
'''''
"ans
at
lroo
point of mixing, nashW-c.
cannol ocou'-
wh.r
advant"-I/US
i""luoe
~'eal.r
!Ur~down
ran(lEl,
g,!W~r
.<laplabilily
10
speclel o,,",f'Juralions lin-
OIOO,m;.
oomblMllOI'1 burnerS).
ard
.ome"", ,;

I""""r
pres-
&ure
''Oquirement.
10'
blowers, E.L.,nal
'o~UlaIO'"
0'
p,opo'I'Oflin\l oal.es
era
'OQJIIW
10
prooon'on lhe gee
and
all
In lho
nozzl~
m"I"lI
bu'
YIown ,n Fig.
'B,
the
ge.
aM
ai'
.0'0
"'''ed"llow
veIOCil;". al Ihe
enlronte'~
the

burner
Iile_
In IN! tile-pon
burhe'
.h"",n
previo'JSL~
in
F,~_
10, air
at
ry
~il1>
",Iooily
Cr

IH
n~li

zo~e.
al tr,e
(ja'
no;:zl and
QEl6
creeps
".er
101m.
nuzzle
•.
Arloth.r
Ivp.

mix,,"
I;<ll~
",.
aha
ai'
at hlolt
v~IOCitl,,",
ond yel
an-
Oth.r concentrales
rno
elr in a
51~gle
jel
'SO
ihe air will
per-
tially
.nirai~
tne
QII<.
ItMJo'
'OQJirl~g
""ry
low gee suooly
p'!!SSUre._
A$
you
"Ii"


e.
Ihe'e
are
a murl,lude
of
",-ri-
atl"n.
I~
r>o:Uie
mi.lng
burners.
TIll

or
1M
masl
com-
mon
'Yf>I'S
w,li!:>eo
oesc,It:lo!!d.
T""
~XCESS
AlA
BURN~R
(Fi~_
191
MODO,as a f

-

lure
oall~d
IJIlra.srabiUIy,
In
m."'I
,onvenll",al
burne"
"itn
COl'1cenl,lc
ei'
and \las
no:lI

in
a
relali.eillla'""
ror
l
L

~
.
9iSI!I11
FIG.18
TYPICAL NOIZL!. MIXING BURNER.
"'''.
''''"'
am",""
'.00"""""'


"'"'
/""""

, ""
00""""0" /
"
I
(
-I
-''''''''
'"
~.
•
t
.j
'"
FIG.
1;_
EXCESS AIR BURNER
(NOlZLf
"'IXING).
(from
C<JIIIOU.t/Qrr
Handbook
~
lIorrn
Am.ric~n
MIg.
Co.,
0


1
"".
0Ili0.)
I'eolory
lilQ,
IMe
"",;lraljeIIBr>c:ls
<0
Cleale a
.on(u'i
",lion
\hal
·\1CkJce5
furnaoe QBilrd
Inl"
\~a
lile.
111~e
bo'"
at
lhe
W~mo
becomes 5urrwr;ded
bV
an .,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,. con]S;"',,"
mor"
lhan
2 pe'Oonl
0l0J'l::01

di""l00 (CO;,
lroo
fIBm.
b&-
COITO>S
\.Ols!at>I~
••
pullere. aro;I
~
cul. By
acn>ilti""",,
cess
.'r
<''''''',
10
the
p"r;Pr ry
'"
J/IoII
'Ilet.
lhe
, ,1I,a
li~
,.
filled

11I11;ji18
and
ai, , ,.;"" culward,
In""

p'

nlir>Q
8t\
Inll"" or furnace
QBs.es.
Th'. il/rangemenl
p,o<""
slable
"""rall~
O.S' a
muon

,de,
r""ge
of
air'MI
''''OIu_1I
as assurinQ ill""lIlly
yrdar
0"'1",,.,.
oper"'~rIQ
~di!icr<s.
The l8Ige
~""t8QIl
of
"xc,"""
air
/4:l
to 400 percent,

a~
oc=icntlly
~s
muoh
as
200Q

rc~nl.
'"
tr Ih""'e4l'
cal qu.nliry) redJc,," the
""'p"raIUtll
at
lroo
llame,
im·
pro",,"
1 ".,pa,alura
~niformily.
affl
itlcraasltS
1"-
tu't>:VI<wn
'anga. Tha

0_
air
burna'
IS
IISP'Iclally

app41-
cabla 10'
lOw
'amD"r:1l~,a
cparatlons
und!ll
1000
F
(538
C]
,
II
i.
0.,.ir80'a
10
avoid ho' oporn
ir1
Ironl
<l!
lhe
bum-
ars
and
10
,nOiosase
tha
Ci'C~lation
In Iha
j~'''''oa
for

Irn-
proving
""mpa'alu,a
unllormity
The BLAST BURNER (or IlIfJfl
vetoclry
bum.'
sM"",
In
Flg.~,
ill a layorlla
_saof
It"almpjlolt~.
Ahlgh
.eloc-
Ity
~

lal antralns
.'I1a
eur'ClJIldlng
t>Qj1
.el<>elly
air
ll<'V1
promol

mi
••
,.,.,.

With a
gi.en
sl:l:a
ofg
pipe.
hlQj1
CIi.·
charga
.elo,lly
10
oblalnll<l
9ith"
Of
"""ing
tha plpa

"
fiG.
10_
SIMPLE
BLAST
BURNER, ALSO CALLED
A
HtGH
VELO<;:ITY ElURNER
(NOZZL~
AoIIXINGo).
w""'
0'
Of

InaLollln~
a
ct"o:>J<e
(a
cap
w~h
a
s"",11
""nla).
u1aral
holElS
In Iha
ci'"O<e
I""'aasa
lhol
mlxl'l;j~.
A
lh'oltla
valva I•
".",
In lhol
air
pipe
of
Fto-
20;
ar
olhe,
Ihroilia
vaM!

's 1""lalled in
lha
Q!l$11

Thia typo of
bu,ner
i8
<ned

Iensi"sly in hlQj11a"1>O,alu", furnaces
known
as
/JI"s!
furnace
•.
"",a
!Ir'T1allElSt
p:l&Sible
bu'

i.
fired
,,"
h"fl
as possible
/Wld
1han
turned ct."",
10
lal

1M
'esidual naal
eX>
Ihe
wc,~.
Th.
high
""I<>elly
~,
mix'
lure c,aal

a
eycl""a
pa"am
Inside
1M
fur",,,"
lII!llCh
"""'aa
bac~
arC
"'rltu.
Iha (Irln'l raT. 'Ii
~Ied
bo_
hillh
SI'ld
10". In
I_rial

IurreciOi !IlJch
lIS
I:Illc~
kllre.

",,,.1
biasl
bu''''''S
are uoed ,or
""I"",m
"'allng.
Th"
IIolIolERSION
ruBE
eURNER
(FiQS.
21
ana 22)
also
CI$IlS
'IOnle
mixing. it gota ila nama tl&cac

lt1e
twa
is Immeroed
In
a
li


'id
unll~e
the radianl!<.bo.
OI!lich
will
bEl
CliscussOO
in
i~e
nexl
.eellon.
an
I""""
on II.tIa
can
wilhstand "

high heal
ralaa$~
,al

bacausa
il.
0<J!s;d9
our1~oa
I.
_II
o""led
Of
the

:l"rfO<JndLng
liquid. A
dasiQ'l
,imila'
to
!hat
"nich
Ihraw
lt1e
f1ai
bma
sideways
,'1'1,,-
12)
10
'-'lIed
10
throw
''''
~a"",
and
MOt
0""""
agalnsl !!"<lIn"",
"ails
Of
I'"
Imm~rsicn
lubEl.
produoir1(llhe high .elocity

scn.tiJinQ
acljo~
lhal
''''uno
In a MIlt' <.onveclion
heal
I,a"",,,'
r>l

T1'1e
alngle Immersion r ,
SI"oO\fjn
in
FIQ-
21
IS
sool ,.in
aild
ullra·stabIB.
The multiplB Irrrne,slon l<Jl8loume< shown In
'>g.
22ls
a
SBrl

01
individUal burners.
eaCh
flring
Into

,IJ
""'"
com-
bLBlion
CMambar.
All
01
lhol combustion
Talres
place Within
lubes thai are saalad at lheir ramOiB
endl.
T1'1_
lUtlas
a,e
Immarwd
In
a boiler Combusl1<lrl
'"
con-pletar::l
wlIMI"
Ihe
fi,S!
,_
feel
<l!
IhEI
tuoas. The
ve""'lty
ofltie

Ml
prod-
UCI. nl <:<Ir'bJSlkln
Is
hlgn, d.JIIlo
lhe
p'''"''''''
of
lila
aas-
<!if
mixlure
,d
10
tM
~'pansion
lhal
"':';'""
all
cormusllon
I"~os
pl.",,_
Th~,e
I~
a
high
'.'.
of
"""t
I'a


r~r
10
(he
waJo,
ourroun<ling!he It.be•.
capaC111

,aiVi'
Irom
55
10
~.400 ou~ic
1

1
01
(laO Per
hw"
The
o~rm'-'lliion
chilrr()ar of a
SOOlch
marl",,!\rQ IJbo
boiler
lFIg.
9:31
is a
Io1gra
IICale

Imme'''lon
tLbllhal
,.
QUires

burnar deal",Od
""","ilioally
10
ftl
II!
II'D""lry.
UkIl Ihe Convent

1
irrrna,.lon
tL.baa.
It>IB
O'1IIolso
tIBe
a
high haal
'"''''''''
rale. buI
1M
haat
",,-
mlJ$'lllll
~I.
FIG.
~1_

SINGLE
IMMERSION
TUaE
aURN~R
(N02):'.LE MIXING). (Ftom CgmOOsIJon
H.!OdblJ9~
by
NOflil American MIg
CD
.•
Cla"elana, OhIo.)
FIG.
21_
MULTIPLE IMMERSION TUBE
aURNEII
(NOZZLE MIXING).
unlfoml
thr"'ohoul
!I>O
C~f
18"101h
10
a.oill
ur><lt.oe
str

In
the
pr«S5lJte
_seJ.

The combustion must be
oomplr!1o<l
'ather
ob~tly
belOfe lhe ,d
01
Ihe
Chamber
10
~void
~""'"
in
lhe rearreversir g
Charrt>e,
0'
""
Ihesleal
bio~l.
DELAYED
MI~ING
BURNERS
(f1GS
ZI
THROUGH
25)
In
001"';
mixing burner. Ihe Q'l5 end
ei'
le'Ne Irlo

bumer
pon
<$1ml

oo,
and Illareefler
mi,
relall

'1~
SlOWly,
lar(ll!l~
IhrbuQll llil/lJsion. This
fe.ull.
in
a lung.
lumln",.
llame.
The LONG
FLAME
BURNER IF'll 23)
Is
lhe mosl
c0rn-
man delayed mi.,"O t.,,'ne'. Bolh 1""0 end luminous
lIam

era prc.ducad bl'
Tha
oem, mechanical

eCI;on
at
lhe
bumaf.
In
lacl,
Ii
Is
C111'1'"Uli
<0
prodU"," one without lhe
olher.
Ther.lor.,
1M
Jor g
IIem8
tMner
Is
also 1::"""",
OS
a
luminou.
name
burne', e
yollow
name
!l<Jm."
or a
dlffuaJon
!/arne

romer.
,o.
·"OC'"
".,
,",."
'"
•
Flli.
23-LONG
FLAME
BURNER (DELAYED
MIXING).
(Froo!
CombcitMI!
HiwllbslQ~
Dr
Noah
Am.rioan
Mfg.
Co.
Cla"oland,
0"'<>1
The
lor g
!<arne
Is
QfWJoOO
by
inJeoHng
low veloclly,

IlO'1lurtJul."'.
1'"-"1101.
and
.djacenl
o;lElS
and
ai,
strMtn5
Inlo
lila
combUSHon
spac

This
p,ovide."
low mi,jng rale
because
m",'C
oceLR'
""I~
at
the interlace
belw"",,
Ihe
pr"allel
(1M
S"Mm
.no
a;r
'lrearns· The 2 fluid!; Iravel a

oonsidorobla
O'S!ar1ca
f,om
l~e
our""r
befo,e
mixlr g
aM
ou'o'nQ.
The combustion lhal ocours
at
Tha
~as-air
inlerfaoe will
radate
heat
lolha
gas
sl,,",,,,,, oau.,nc 'i
TO
Ofark
.~d
pro·
du","
ILRTlinous
tatb::01
particles The I""Q
\I~rno
b'J'ner
is

used in wide
0'
a'lrem.l~
!<lng
'fUr,,"r""
w~ere
diraci
!lama fadlalion ove' a
l.ro;lEl
are.
'S <le'lrable. Poor haal
d,sl,lbulion
(hot
opol~
and
001<1
",,",,"I
.,Wldbe
';tltoina<l
I'an
m<llnary cloa'
lIame
c~,,,,,
oeceu,"
'I could nol
be
5pfea<l over a large spec.
In"
REGENERATIVE flEATlNG FURNACE (F'Q.
241,

Q'l5 ondal'
.'"
mked;~
(he
"-"Mea
it
••
lf,
or
In
a co"'t:us-
Ii""
cherro" Ihal
co'
,reely
e<ChanCe
radiam heat w,lh
Ihe M

"r g
c~arro,r
.ndlhe,oaIore
i.
almOSI
a pari
[,j
'M
'fUrMo
•.
In

a re(Jenaral'

'fUrnaca,
The
ports ara opon,,"J"
in.
wall t'om
""Ich
Q'l5
end
air fio., side
by
side_
Velocl·
Ii""
.,al"'"
00"."""
'M
air;s
rt"IO'/ed
by
OUo~anc~
or bl'
low
pt~'"
fans. Mi,,"C
oM
cc.ort>uslion
taxe plaoe
""'Inl~

bl' diNuslon
a'<!tad
by lhe increase
01

olume
ca'-'5lad
bl' combusll",,_ W'da
port.
oMlhick
brico
"'al~
bel"'een lhem fesull
In
ol"""
Ocort>uo.Io0n
willl 10'lQ llamae.
Gapacilies 'ange
f,om
atlout 1.500 to 10.000
<UbiC
feel
Of
gas per
hour_
The RADIANT
TUBE
BURI~ER
IF'Il.
2~1

is used to
hlOO'
a 1urMce filled willi an
e'plOOiv&
g~s
(.uc~
as pure nyd'o-
Q9nl
or with a prolective, inan ll"S
(""en
as
.rQ0n).
u.ed
in
"r.finlngproC

_The lutlIlls made
<;If
e"
e.~nsive
car-
borundum or stal,less
$tael
alloy m ceramic ma'a,ial, so it
is imporlanl Ihat no parl or
II
(s
damaQr'd
by
o


<fIoaling,
Th,S
iequi'oe
thiJl
I~e
flame wllhin the lube must
,al_
ns
halOT
.'
eu";lormly
hiit'
fale IMroughOullhe tube
larv;l!~
Ga. and
a"
e"lar
al Iha same low velocity, very
"OW
mi.·
ing
pr<:dJces" I""C, yellow flame
I~rougll
theleng1n o/tha
,L.toe.
ThiS
f"Sull,;n
unrfOim heat
\fansl"r

IhrouG\,<>ul
the
•
IIC'T'O~
111"01
~"Wt
•
L
•
FIG,
H-
REtiENERATlVE
HEATING
FURNACE
(DHAVHI
MIXING).

"'

,"'"
,

'0·"'0_.'

,.",."

'
I",

".


"

,-"

,,,

,
"'
••
0

"
FIG.
25-
RAD\A'lT
T1JBE
BURNER (DELAYED
""XING).
luba,
1.1001
rad"nl
1L1l<l
bu,,,,,,.
have
on
adjustment
10
vary Ihe
ler>;oth

'"
dlanla,.,
of
lhe
ubes
10
""it
!Me
applioallCO'1
B1,JRNfR
SHAPES
Ga,
OOme,s
am ctt , classified
t>y
IhD\f
lJh/:Iicol
Y>;!pol' Some
of
Ihe rn::s
coronon
I)'PIJS

11
bo

,iMed
M'a.
The GUN BURNER IFig. 25] Is
epo",e,

IXlrner
in",nich
ll'l'
Is eje<tad al pressures
'"
to
15
psfQ
l,om
a
opW
(01
opud!;)
,,,,,.,e:j
in
Ine
<anle'
01
a
tu!bul ,t
aJ'
stream, ,
sulling
in
9C<'d
m<XlrJg.
A
Ian
01
tllowar

blowslh"al.
at
hi""
I<>clty
pasl
''''''IS
(or
MbJlatofS)
to
pro"ide
111.
SWi"irg
ajr molloo. Capao",ie"
vlry
from about 2000
10
50.000
cubic
feel
o!
gas oar
MU'
FIG.
26-TYPICAl
GUN
BURNER
ThO1M'
burna'
is
very Common

in
lhe
P8'rollL.W1'l
ir<1JS-
try. Most ouroers
01
Inis
doIsiQn
srs
ccwrIoi",,'1a! gas
Md
0<1
burnars.
The
RING
BURNER
(Fill.
VI's
similar
lolhe
QUrlbum·
ar except Inal
the
Il"S
1$
@jecloe<l
into
Ina
lurbu""'t
air

stream
from
spuds
locaTac
allt>ll
<>.JISIde
of
tn@alrslr""",
Inslead
'"
in
the
c@nl$<.
Th@gasls",teasedlromaro;mbe<
ofponsarourd!he
i

'
pe'lphery
01
a
~ng
allhe
moulh
'"
Iha
bur"",.
5i",s
ran\19
tram

aMu'
500
'0
8,000
CUbiC
feet
01
gas
prlr ro.rr.
'Ina
U~E
BURNER IFio- 26)
ia
a
8mIII1
po<'!
lPortad
manitoldllyp;i
of
bumar.
A
mi.lu",
0Iga.s
an::!
ai,
1$
flld
lhrough
l/1@t"",omollheorossorlhrougll<nlollhll d
~.nQOil'l.

Tl1@tloltomol
lha
~ame
"ouQ1
<:(111111""
r"""
<JI
.m,,11
holes Ihrough
which
the
Q3S·air
mi.lu"a
.'""11"0.
Tl"li. t>umer
i6
oeslgned
for
awlloalion
In
<;>;>en

nlro
lind
""ou,"
In a
""riary
of
forms
for

paltarn
tleallro.
II
10
usualfy
ulid
ill
small
inctJ.lrlal
0"""".
This
bu''''''
op&r·
al

al a I"'" nII.lure pressu'e (no!
ovar
112
Inch
of
walar,
or
0.018
paij,
p,af"'/.blv
wilh
a rioh air·hJal
mi.lura,
and
al-

ways In a location where
5e'C<J lary
air
,"avallabla
10
stabi-
lize Ihe
n""""
Temprlrs.lur.
ahould
nal
a.oeoo
300 F
(14$
Cl
The
RIBBO~
BURNER [Fig. :;>!IllS
jLOlllrolher
form
<JI
line
burnar

iltl
a
buill·ln
rrela-1I10
rittk:w1la Inorease
,he

runbe<
01
~Ing!l
an::I
pl~O' • mOla CQI1llnuou.
nama.
••
,[
FIG.
2~
_TYPICAL
LINE BURNER.
FIG.
~c
SPREAOER
IIURIHR.
OIL BURNERS
.,~.,
,,"'

, :~'"~

"
,o

•
",f
FIG.
21-TYPICAllltNQ
BURNER.

FIG.
29-lYPICAL
RIBBON BURNER.
The SPREADER BURNEll IFIg. 30)
Is
a low p;e
••
ure
bur"",
thot

mu';
act;""
10 Insplrale port
of
the air
'<Q.Ji'ed
I",
CDmtlLJSlion.
Tho
""ntun
delivers the air

~
",i.lu'.
10
a large, vertlt:8l
pon.
Here a
apr"",."

plate
[

hi,n
gi.e.
lhe burna II. ramol ""reed!;
1M
flarn<l
10-

.,d
lho
COJt.lde
wall
of
Ihe
carCuSllcn
th.",,,,,,.
Bu,~~rs
of
IMi.l\PIl range
In
size
j'ol11
100
10,
~OO
out>l<
1 ,1
of gas

PO'
~OJr.
OIL
BURNER FUNCTIONS
TIlls
""eli""
inoludEIS
II.
QI>
'.idlso,-","on
of
1M
melh·
od>
of
per10rmlng
I!>e
SbUi<> lenoll""". The
, xl
seclion,
OIL
BURNER
TYPES,
'n<lt.o::lo.
QoI~II.
of
1M
m",hod>
"":'3d
in Ihe COITII'T'IOn r1Pll"

of
0;100"'.,
•.
l.
DEliVERING FUEL
TO
THE
I;OMBUSTION
CHAMEl~R
0;1
Is
alm081
always
dallvered
10
the
butnar
u",,"'
p,,,,"
1"'1
provided
by
a fuel puo1l), Bccept are ,m.1I
dI>-
m

lio
Cur""

and

one
lype
of
venic.1
rot.ry
t>\)r~.r.
rn
tM.e
inSlanc:

tne all
lank
is
",,"-",led
~Igher
in ,
I~~
Curner
50
'~e
011
~ows
downward to tne
b\Jr~",
tIy
gravlt'y
A
M.V\I
all
(No.4,

S,
or
6) may requrrep'ehOa1i"O
I~
a
lar"lk
'0
low",
It.
ViSCosity
SO
It
ca~
be
.oumpad to
I~e
bum-
er. A NO.5
or
5 oil
"'~y
,Iso
rQjI'e
addlli(>l"l8l prehOallng
~""r
I~e
burnar
10
fl."'''.'
Iawe<

lis
vlscoslt'y
SO
II
ca~
be
alom;,ed

sll~.
aoo
10
'oi

l1. temperalu,a
OIO&/l'
10
I"e
i~nllion
pol~l.
NO.5 oil
&Imosl
always
,~ires
preheallng.
both for har<lllno
and
lor
bumi"ll.
Unll~e
gao,

o~
"''''1
btl
prep;ored tor burning.
II
musl
be
vaporized
IOQ.,vaned
10
1M
(lMIl,",,~
sialel belore
II
Can
be
l>Jrned
&:>me
.mall
l>Jmers aoo",""pli5h
(hi.
vaporizalion
In
••
,~~l.
Slep
by
the apolicaHon ot hear
arone_
Such

bU"n."
are called vaporizing
ow"',,,.
L.ar~.
"""",oy
,ommo"",1
and induslrial o.,fMrS use 2
Slep'
10
gsllhe
oil
i~lo
'<>"bJsrible lo!m,_alomizalion
pill.
vaporizalion,
"'lo"'''

li""
is
I""
redJclion ot
Ihe
oil iniO a mullil!.'de
or
1;~~
dr",lel.
, ,i<~
<an
lhe~
be

vopor;zed al " much
hi,., r
r~l~
{",n
,r
r-l
alon~
wera used.
Burn."
",hich
LJSIO
~iQI't
pr".,
••
".
Of
an
alomizi."Il medium
10
aCO""'1>I'o/1
l~iS
are
calHlcl
aromizinQ burne,s, Olher$ whicn use
ce~·
IrrlI.9al
Ior,e
ar.
called tOlaf)' bumen;.
Th.

oomrM"
,,pes
of
vopori'ing. alom",inij, end IOlary
bur~ers
"'ill
0.,
"".
sc,lbed in
1M
""cli""
enlilled
OIL
BURNER TYFES
2. OELIVERrNG AIR TO
TH~
COMBUSTION
CHAMBER
Oil burners use tha "",me malhods a

o.,r"",s
10
bri~Q
in cCll'l1bu.llon air, wilh
111&
excepUon. of the insplral-
ing burner and Ine
tarm',
o.,ffie'. The melhods used ara
~alu'al-arafi

(fig.
31,
l",oecklrafi
(Fig.
5),
and
induced-
<.1,afi
(FiO
51.
Va"""
~u<buialorsi
are
otte"
used
10
gl"a
the
air a """irli,,", moflon;
lhi.
provid&s a more
Inlimal"
mixture
01
th~
a"
~r<l
oil and aie;,;;n liame snaping.
3. MIXING
TH~

FUEL AND
AIR
I~
vapori'inQ bur

,,",
mixino
usuall~
lak

~I",.
Oy
d,r
Ju,i",,_ Air pulled
in
by
a
~alural
<lra~
surround<;
m_
rl.,m"
."
""d
i~lermi~\lles
",lin :ne vaporized "d. Burners
u,e;j
i~
'afi
10 inc'ease Iheir oil-burning oapaoity

I~
at"mizlng
arod
'olary t>urn"rs,
air
is
SCWI,e;J
OV
a
blowe'
0'
Ian. Tlle air
mi,es
",ilh Ihe
dropl.t.
01
atomi2M
Oiljusl
b ,<irod
the
burner
ro%%I.(s].
~anes
0'
IullllJlalO,"
IIi""
:he air a rapid e",irliro;j
"",lion
fo'
mO'e

lt1OI'O<Jgh
mix'
i~g.
In
a"":Omizi"O
burners. alomiziro;j
"ir
mix

",ilh Ihe
oill)<llore and duriro;j .tomiUlllon.
4.
ICl~IT''''Cl
AND IlURNrNCl THE
FUEl-AIR
"'rXTURE
$I'1AII
Mmesllc
bu'nere o1the
""tX"lzlnglyp8
Elfe
lit
OV
• mAlcn.
u'OO'
pol Iype '1'llOrlzl"O
bJr~"r~
used
j~
cen-

t,al
h~t;~g
systems, alomizlng burners,
""d
rotary bum-
ers usually use di,,,cl spark
Iglilion
~'"
a high voltage
eleclrlc
spa<~
(10,000
vOII$
mlnlmLml), w!'lich leaps A gap
belwaerl2
er<>Clrodes
localOO
In
clo.e p'O'imily
10
the
no,·
zj,,(.], ;gnjles
the
luel-air mixture.
La'g'" indusl,la!
arod
com"",,,I.,
burne's
us'no

hBa'Y
oil ,equlre a \lila
pilollhal
is
iQnilM"",
a
wark.
El'JIJ'er~
\IS
ing
h"a"'!
011
o~en
haw
a
time;J
iQnili""
or
1~lerf\Jl'le;Jp"O!
10
let
the
COrrtl
lion chamber hoo\
4).
Wt>l~
Ihq iQnllion
or pllol
i.
cui

oH,
Ihe
heale;J
ohamt>ar
tlolps
SIJ

'~
Ihe
Ilame.
Like gas
bur",,",
induillrial
Oil
~u'n&/5
are
us""ily
semiaulomatic (0' manually Ign,ll'dl,
\Ofl,le
commEroial
burners are usually aulomalic
~.
REMOVINCl
THE
PRODUCTS
OF
COMBiJ''STION
S"",II
0"
~urners

seldom req.Ji'e
mO'e
lhan nAlural
drafi
Ie
', nove lhe p'''dUct5
01
combustion frem the
oom-
eLlS'i"" cl<lmbe'.
urger
oil bJrners usually req.Ji'e
i"
auCed-
~,
fo'ced·d'a~
Ian Some
"""e,
bumer.
,eC[(Culale""""e
of
the
pro<1Jels
of
<:orrt>.r5IictllO reduce
.mo

OIL
BURNER
TYPES

Oil burners
a'e
classified
by
tn" ""'ll1od
uGOCl
to
pr

pare the oil
10'
burning.
In
a vap¢rizi"fj burner, vapom."·
lion ocou,s from the .urta
ce
01
a pool
0'
layer
of
liOr.ndlying
on the boltom
of
a
comt>lJSlion
chamber.
In
ao
alomizing

tJumer,
v"FJOflzation
OCCUfO
from
the
:;ur1'ace
01
minute
dfcplets
Of
globuie.
oT
"quOd
TloaUrv
in
""
e.
a
!p'ay
Of
clM,
",ithin tha space """'D8l>d""'lhe eomb\Jstion
c~m·
be,. Tlle
'01"1)1
bume'
i'
Similar
10
the

alomizirtg burner ex·
oept that Ihe
vaporllation,~
.""~I_
~
cent'ifuQaI
action.
Table
iI
lists
IypiCal
.""rael",;sll'"
m
Qit
bJrnera ",hioh
"'III
be d6!;crlbod
111
Ihi.
"""liM.
VAPO~iZt"'Cl
OIL IlURNERS
IflliS.
31
THROUGH
33)
Vaporizing oil t>urne'a
conva"
oil from
troe

bqu'd to tn"
va ,'
,late
by
tM
applicalion
01
nesl alone.
no.'elo'e.
Ih

a",
cllsigned
p'ima,11y
10,
use "'ilh li\jhl diSliliale
!Loll
oila (No.1
Of
No,
21,
Vapo<izatictl U!lll!IIIy
llCC1J

al tI,la'
lively low rales at normal tlllTP""alurllS-
0rICE!
OOn"OuSiIM
rw,
••

18ned,
the
heallh"l
i.
pn::dJced
mpldy
I""r

es
lh<l
,ale
of
vaporization. Vapo<lllIll,,"
1_
place
Trom
I""
.<.
posed surface
01
the riquid. Sinoe
praollc"
cM.idrlra:ion~
01
t>urner
.j,e
limil Ihis surlaoe
"'ea,
"" ,"'i"ll
bu''''''

are
limlled in capaCily
0'
h~1
output
aM
ar". '""rere'a,
used solely in domesllc appllcalions,
Va "lzjng
burne",
10
w!'ll'h oil
i.
100
OV
gr

1y
u ,
conlrol
of
a cOnlllanl
Ie-"I
dlwl

ha.

I)<1

In

uS"
Sin<.
Irw,
earty days of domeslic oii heaTinlj.
MllIl~
relinemenlS
an<!1""ro""menla haoe been made. Burners
P'Cld\Jced
~~
variO

""""ulaelu",,,,
di11o>'
in
deleil, bul

nl;ally all
~ral.
on
the

me
"",Inoio"'. Th

may be divided Imo 3
""".rallwes
_
ici<.
",,",ve, aroj
pollyp8

-

hich va"!
only
in:M
rnecI1IIniCet
""",ns
01
hendli"O aroj
pr_ring
lhe oil lor vapo,;.zation.
Th&

,CK
TYPE VAPORIZINCl BURNER
IFig,
31
)
Is
mo.1
OO'nffiCI1ly
used
In
011
burnjng lamps
ard
smail
sto,es
(or h


hng and cooking.
BurnjnIl1a~e.
place
~om
l!>rl
uppe' <ldge
01
e
nal
wick, lhe lower
"nd
01
wf'Iich
",_
l<lnd<l
inlO an Oil·{lIled fEservoi,.
To
slart lhe burna" a
maloh llame is
aw'iM
10
Iha exposed swlace
01
the
wick
Tlle Ileme
v"po,i,e.
and
i~tes
a amall poriion

ollhe
oil
thet has boon drawn
lO
the
su"a,e
o( the wick
by
capilla"!
aCliM.
Once ignili,,"
beQitlS,
the
heal prO()Jced vop:>rlz,,"the
011
M 1M ramaining
su"ace
0'
1M
",iei<
~nd
the
l·,"",e
wrood!; over Ihe w,",le
expose<l
area.
1>,
h""d
",n.l
"'\jU-

lales
the
~mounl
of Ihe wiok atQO:'lild, ",hiCh
conl'~b
lhe
size
01
lhe llame. A
r:hlmn8J'
en'IO<6<
'ha.II1EChani$'l'1.
and
troe
dra~
c'eated
"'"
rising
c""""'u,:'oo
ga

""lis
in
art
al
the
bollom
ollhe
Chimney. Tllis
~Ir

SUUOI.a'I<l!IIl1E
"ame
an<!
produces a olean
Ilam~
no.
SLEEVE T'!"PE VAPORIZING
BURNER
l~'~.
~2)
,.
~~en
ca"ed
the
·range" oil burner because
il
is
"",n-
monty
U5e;J
for
~"~,,
<ilchen ranoe'.
Il
oonsiSla
01
an
iron
0'
'1"'

ba$e

'Ih 1
0'
mo'"
concentric, circula' grooves
inlo
",~ich
oil
nO","
by
graVity, A ronstanH 1device
m~inla;"5
lhe ollle",,1 in Ihe Ijrooves al a
~ln
01
If8
to
1/4
iN:ll. T",o oonCEnlric, perlcraled, heal'r""islam mel

cyl·
inoo's
{s,"v

) torm a combUe/ion
chanUlr
"""'

~Ch

groo"e.
LOO8'fIty
nWng
",Io!<s,
1 in
eaCh
gr"""",
••
lend
_
the
su"ecE
01
the
011
an<!
Ihus Inc,,,,,,,,, lhe
su"ac~
a'
Irom t1ich vapo<i:ralion can
lalee
pia""
during

,mup. Netu'3r draft pUll6 in cormualion air
Ihror o'>
tn"
per1oral;ons in
tile
~


_.
Tlle air mix
Ith
lhe
gases
evaporaled
rrt>m
Ihe
.~rl!>ce
01
lhe oil an<!lrorn
the
<~s.
A lo,ch
Of
melch _
~Ii"",
to the ",rclr9
9',
tile
burnar. Tlle name
spftid:;
over the entlra
""rx-d
ar""
01
the wloks and rapidly n
t.
the

s,"v a.
W/>a'1
!he
s1
""s
I)<Icomr;
hot, hoot
raft
lecl 'rom thair
","ac""
""
the
rale
01
"""porallon
to
inO'eaM.
""'"
!ta"'"
th""
lifts
a"ay
I,om 1M wlclrs
aflll
burn.
a Ill'Ofl
<:IiSlencE
"""",e
lI1em.
The

POT
T'!"PE VAPOR:ZIN(l BURNER .I'lown in
Fig.
:lJ has a btJilt·in fan
I"
provide
IotC<o<l
drd.
Forced draft
increases
the
Cap.",ty
oll~e
ouma'
I,om
213
~
to
as
hig1
as
2·11~
gallOf'S
per
no~"
makl<lQ
il
S'Jilable
10'
c""tral

h""lIng
0"
dwelling. Howeve" many
pollVl>e
vaporizing
burne"~'l'l
naluraj draft
and
are found in
'OlSidBntial
cook·
Ing and healing
S!OVOlS,
!lJrnaces. and "'ater
I'lIoaIErs,
Tllil
type
of
011
burner conslSlS
of
a metal
eC<f'tu;t1c:n
<tlamber
(pot)
into ",hien oil
n<>1051rom
an elevalod
Ian~
OV

\7avity,
0'
~om
en
aUlomatlc
po.n'p.
The
011
fermi!;
a !hln
"
TABLE
II-TYPICAL
OIL
BURNER CHARACTERISTICS
ATOMIZING
APPROXI MATE SIZE
'

PRESSURE
lINPUT)
TURN-
(PSIG)
TYPE
OF
USUAL
'0.
31-33
34
35-37

fiG.
DOWN
BURNER
APPLICATIONS
RATIO
b
HR
AIROA
GAL PER
STEAM
BTUH
B
0"
20
thousand Small
~apacity
residential
stoves.
Vaporizihg
0.15 tD2.5
Ie
- - furnaces.
and

aler
heaters,
350
thousand
'Ie'
-

,~
AiT-Alomlzing:··
-
70
lhousand
Mosl versatile;

arm air furnaces.
Low
Presaure
31e'
Ie
,
0.5
to
530
-
boilers.
and
process
furnaces.
80
million
Ie
"'
Ie
,Ie,
Air·Atemizing.
Major-sized
induatrial

plants utilizing
Hiijh
Pressure
1.4
miUion
25
31e'
10
to
SOO
- compressed air
in
their process
appfi-
75
million
Ie
0
"'
Ie
calions.
Par\k;ularly
adaptable
lor
con·
'SO
'0'
•
verting
to

combinelOn
Ilas-o~
burners.
31e ,
1.4
million
25
Mejor-sized
indu!ilrial plents using
SWam-Alomizing
10
to
500
-
0
steam
generators. pmcularty walar·
35-37
75
million
'SO
"
"'
Ie
tube
boilers.
Particularly adaplable
for
converting
to combination

gas<lil
""
burners.
, Ie ,
MechanicaJ·Alcmizing,
70
thousand
75
DomeS'lic

arm
air funaces.
38.3
9
Norvecirt:ulating -
0.5
to
80
(on-ofl
boilers.
and
small
industrial
12
million
Ie
300
furnaces.
control
only)

"
Mechll1lical·A:omizing.
3.5
millIOn
'Ie,
'00
Mosl
econcmical alcmizing burner.
Recirt:ulating
25
to
1200
Ie
-
Ie 40
Wide
range.
trom
domestic
oil
,()()()
10
"'
to
Ie,
{Retur

Flow}
180 mlllon
burners

to
major·sized
boiler
plants.
including
marine
boilers.
-
750
thou9and
All
lypes
of
installations - domestic.
Horitonlal
Rotary
, Ie ,
-
- industrial.
and
commercial.
45
mi11ion
"
0
5"
300
Residential
and
small

industrial
42.
43
Venical
Rotary
40
thousand
-
0.3
to
15
- burners.
Ie
,,"
,
, 2 million
•
British lhermal units per hour.
based
on a heat
conlel1\
o!
140.000 Btu
per
gal.
for light
(distillate)
oils.
and
1SO.OOO

Btu
per
gal.
br
heavy
(residual)
oils.
. b
Ratio
of
the
maximum firing rale
to
t'Ie minimln'
firing
rale
at
IIttiich the burner will operate
&8bsfactorily.
layer
or
film
on
(he bollorn
of
the pot. Small burners are Iii
by
a match; larger ones
by
an

eleclric spark inilially.
and
theraafler
by
a small
continuous
pilot.
Afler ignllion, vaporization takes place
from the sur1ace
of
the
Oil
10
create a .tone
01
vapor
near the
bollom
of
the
pol. Corrtlustion
begins
in the lower part
of
the pot.
As
va-
porization increases, the gases rise and combustion takes
place in the
U~f

part
ot
the
pol.
Finally the flame rises
to
the space above
lhe
pol.
Air
is
admitted
through prc:perly
spaced porls
or
c:penings in the
upper
part
oflhe
pot
walls
and
mil(9S with (he rising gases.
The
heal radiated
from
the flame maintains a
temperature
on
the bottom

at
lhepol
high
enoLlQh
to
vaporize the incoming oil.
ATOMIZING OIL BURNERS
(FIGS.
34
THROUGH
40)
All large capacity commercial
and
Industrial oil burners
use 2 steps to
gel
the oil into combustible
form-aromiza·
~n
lion
plus vaporization. By firsl atomizing the oil into mil-
lions
01
liny droplets, the el(posed surface area
is
increased
many
times so the oil can
be
'Japorized

al
a
much
higher
rale. For good atomization
aM
vaporization,
a large volume
of
air
must
be
intimately
mixed
with the oil
panicles.
The
air
must
be
lurbulenlto
produce
ascrubbing
action
on
the sur1ace
01
the oil partiCles. AtomiZing oil
burners use
noules

to accomplish atomization. Those us-
ing centrifugal action are called rotary
burners
and
are de-
scribed in the next section.
LOW PRESSURE AIR-ATOMIZING
OiL
BURNER (FIG. 34)
This type
01
burner uses a large quantity
of
air
at
)0'11'
pressure
{1/2to
2 psig) as the oil atomizing medium. An oil
pump
delivers oil
to
the burner at low pressure (usually
110
5 psig) - just
enough
lor
positive dellvery and flow control.
There are about
as many special types

of
noules
and vari-