The articles: alan
and
tile
161
Articles in phrases
of
time
A Introduction
- - - - - -


-


In
a phrase
of
time we often use
a singular noun without an
anic
le
in winter on Monday
Bur
we put at
an
or the before
an
adjec
ti
ve + noun.
n very cold

winte
r
We also use
an
article
if
there
is
a
phrase or clause
after the nOun.
the Munday before the holiday
the
winter
wh
en we
had
all
cllat sn
ow
In
8-H there are some examples with various kinds of time
phr
ase.
B
Years
The
company was
formed
in 1981.

The
war
iIl
s
ledfrom
18121
018
15.
C
Seasons
and
months
If
winter comes, c
an
s
pring
be
fllr behind?
It
's
nice here in (the)
summer
.
June
is
my fai
lO
urite month.
Th

e elections are in March.
D Special times
of
the
year
in the
ye
ar
1981
the
winter
of
2002
a marvellous
summer
I don't enjoy C
hr
is
tm
as
muc
h.
It
was a C
hr
ist
mas
I'll
ne
ver forget.

Americans eat
tu
rkey
at
Thanksgiving.
E
Days
of
the week
208
I must finish th
is
report
by
Monday
.
(Monday of next week)
Our visitors are
co
ming
on Friday.
(Friday of this w
ee
k)
I'm leaving on
the
Wednesday before
Easter. That's
the
second Wednesday

in
April.
This
happ
ened on a Friday ill July.
We
usually
go
out
on
Saturday
I
on
Saturdays.
(;
every Saturday)
F Parts
of
the
day and
night
At
midday
it
was
very
hot.
They reached the
camp
at

sunset.
We
'
ll
be home before
dark
.
at
night, by day/night
161
Articles in
phrases
of
time
We
usually
go
out
on
a Saturday.
Friday 12 May would
be
OK,
but
I'm
busy on the Thursday. (; the
Thursday
of
that week)
I'll

see
you
at
the weekend.
It
was a
wDtlderful
sunset.
I couldn't see in the dark.
in/during the
day
/the night/
the
morning/the afternoon/the
evening
In
phrases
of
time
we
normally use these nouns
on
their own: dawn,
da)'break, sunrise; midday,
noon:
du
sk,
sunset, twilight; dark, nightfall;
midnight.
But

we
use
af
an
or
the
when
we
talk about the physical aspect, e.g.
not being able to
see
in
the dark, rather than about the time.
G Meals
Breakfast
is
from seven o
'clock.
I had a sandwich for lunch.
H
Phrases
with
last and next
The breakfast we
had
at the
hOlel
wasn't very nice.
They
all

had
a delicious lunch.
The
meal
was perfect.
These fiats were built last year. The flats
had
been built the previous
year
/
the
year before.
We're having a party next Saturday.
They
were having a party tile
following Saturday.
Compare these phrases.
Seen from the present
I'm
leaving tomorrow.
The
match is !lext week.
Seen from
th
e past
I was leaving (the)
next
day
.
The match was the following week.

. ,
209
The articles: alan
and
the
162 Names
A Most n
ames
of
peop
le and places are without, the,
Daniel Mrs Pars
on
s Texas South
Au
stralia
Som
e place
names
have the, es
pec
ia
ll
y
names
consisting
of
more
than
one

word,
but
there
are others whi
ch
do
not have the. For example,
we
say the
Black Sea
but
Lake S
up
e
ri
or, Two things affect w
heth
er a
name
has
the
or
not.
They
are
the
kind of place it is (e,g. a sea or a lake
),
and
the

grammatica
l
str
ucture
of
the
name
. We often usc the in these
str
uct
ur
es,
Of-phrase:
Adjective:
Plural form:
the Duke
of
Edinburgh
the
Ame
ri
can
School
th
e Joh"sonslthe Johnson
famil
y
We
do
not

usually
Wie
the
befor
e a possessive.
Possessive: Cleopatra's Needle
th
e Isle
of
Wight
the
Ro
ya
l Opera
llou
se
the
We
st
Indi
es
For more details
about
place
names
and
the
. > 163.
NOTE
A noun

su
ch
as
doctor,
profe
.~s
or,
or pres
idem
can be part
of
a p
er
son's name.
J s
aw
D
oc
tor Fry
But
when
the
noun
is
nOI
part
of
a
name,
we

lI
SC
an article
In
the usual way.
J saw the doctor.
B
We
can s
ome
times use an art
icl
e
wi
th
a per
son's
name.
There's a Laura whu works in
our
office. (= a
per
son ca
ll
ed
Laura)
A
Mr
Wilsoll called to s
ee

YOf.t
. (=
someone
ca
ll
ed Mr Wilson)
The Laura I
know
has
dark
hair. (= the person called Laura)
That's a Hockn
ey,
is
n't it?
(=
a pict
ur
e by Hockn
ey)
Here are s
ome
examples
of
al
an
and
zhe with
place
name

s which normally
have no article. '
There
's
a Plymouth in the
US.
(= a place ca
ll
ed
Plymouth)
The
Plymouth
of
today is very different
from
tlte Ply
mouth
I once knew.
(Plymouth at different time
s)
Am
sterdam
is
th
e Venice
of
the
norch. (=
the
pl

ace
li
ke Veni
ce
)
Stressed
(he !
fJi:
! before a n
ame
can
mean
'
tne
famolls
I kno,w a Joan Collins,
but
she is
n'
t
TH
E joan Collin
s.
We can also stress a leI!
to
c
ontra
st with
the
:.

1
know
1\
joan
Collin
s,
but
she isn't
THE
joa~l
Collins.
163 Place names and the
210
For some general points
about
place
nam
es
and
the, > 1
62A.
H
er
e the
different types of
pl
ace
name
are dea
lt

wi
rh
in
more
deta
il.
163
Place names and
the
A Continents, countries,
and
states
Masl continents, islands, countrie
s,
states,
and
counties
are
wilhout the.
a trip
to
Europe
on
Bermuda
a holiday in France
through Ohio
in
Hampshire
New South Wales
B Regions

Exceptions are
name
s ending with
republic
or
kingdom.
the
Dominican
Republic
the
UK
Plural
names
also have the.
the Netherlands
the
US
When the
name
of
a continent
or
Most
other
regions
ha
ve
the.
country
(e.g. America)

is
modified
by
another
word (e.g. Centra!), we do
not use the.
Central America to North Wales
South·East Asia in New England
C Mountains
Most
mountains
and
hills are
without
the.
climbing
(Mount) Kilimanjaro
up
(Mount) Everest
o Lakes, rivers,
and
seas
Lakes are wi
thout
the.
beside l.ake Ontario
the
Sou
th
the

Mid-West
the
Midlands
the
Riviera
A velY few
mountains
have the.
the
Matterhorn
the
Eiger
Mountain
ranges
and
hill
ranges
hav
e the.
across
the
Alps
in
the
Cots wolds
Rivers, canals,
and
seas
ha
ve the.

on the (River)
Avon
the Missouri (River)
building
the
Panama Canal
the
NortFi Sea
in
the
Pacific (Ocean)
211
The a
rt
icles: alan and the
E Cities and towns
F
G
212
Most
ci
ties. towns, suburbs.
and villages are without
the.
in Sydney
Ki
ngswood, a suburb
of
Bristol
at Nether

Wa
ll
op
Roads and streets
Most roads, streets. and
parks
are wilh
am
'he.
off
SlO.tion
//oad
in
Balcer
Street
Madison
Avenue
along Broadway
in
Omtral Park
Kew Gardens
Bridges
Some
br
idges are witho
ut
th
e.
across Magdalen Bridge
We

stminster Bridge
near Tower Bridge
This includes the major
London bridges.
Exceptions are The Hague and
The Bronx.
Some names wi
th
adjectives have
the,
the High Street
the
Bo
tanical Gardens
We
u
sc
the in
th
is structure.
the Bath Road
(;
t
he
road to Bath)
We
can also use the with
some
main
road

s in cities.
along t
he
Edgware Road
We
use
the
with by-passes and
motorways.
the York by-pass
the M6 (motorwayJ
Other exceptions to the general
ru
le
are
The Avenue, The Mall,
and
The Strand.
But
there arc also bridges w
it
h th
e.
the Sydney Harbour Bridge
the H
umbe
r Bridge
(;
the bridge
over the

Hu
mber)
The
is used in American English.
lhe
Quee
nshoro' Bridge
H Stations, churches, schools,
etc
Most
lTan
spon facilities, churches,
s
choo
l
s,
and
other
important
buildings, as we
ll
as
palaces
and
house
s
are
wit
hout
the.

to Eusion (Station)
Heathrow (Airport)
51
Pau!'s (Cathedral)
Rugby
(School)
at
Essex
(University)
in Slough General Hospital
Leeds Town Hall
behind
Buckingham
Palace
at
Clarence House
Theatres, hotels,
etc
With
theatres
, c
inemas
, hotels,
mu
se
ums,
gallenes,
and
ce
ntres,

we
usually lise the
except
with
a
possessive form.
St Marrin
's
(Theatre)
Claridge's (Hale/)
When the first word
of
the phrase
is
a
place
name
(e.g. York), we can
sometimes
u
se
the
phrase
without
the.
in York
Museum
Some
US
names

with cefiter
are
without
the.
near
Rockefeller Center
J Shops
and
restaurants
Most
shops
arc
with
out
the.
shopping
at
Harrod
's
in
Next
A
restaurant
can
be
without
the
if
it
has

a possessive form.
at
Charley's (Restaurant)
163
Place
names and
the
VVe
li
se
the
when
there
is
an
of-phrase.
the
Church
of
the Holy Trinicy
the
Unillersily
of
Essex
We
generally use the when
there
is
an
adjective

or
n
oun
modifier.
the
Royal High School
the
Old Town Hall
the
White
House
Norma
ll
y we use
Lhe.
the Prince Edward (Theatre)
I
saw
it
at
the
Odeon
(Cinema
)
the
Dorset (Hotel)
the
Science M
meum
the

National Gallery
shopping
in
the Metro Centre
We
u
se
the wi
th
building.
the
Chrysler Building
We
use
the with
shops
and
re
stau
r
ants
when
t
here
is
an
adjective or nou n
modifier.
the
Kilchen

ISfi
op
at
the
Old Bakehouse (Restaurant)
Most
pub
names
have
the.
at
the
Red Lion (Inn)
213
Possessives
and
demonstratives
164 Possessives
A
Introduction
214
In
this conversation four people are discussing a
date
for a meeting.
Emma: What about Friday?
Luke:
I'll
just
look in

my
diary
.
Emma: Have
you
got
your
diary, Tina?
Tin
(t:
Jason:
L
uk
e:
J chink
so.
I haven't
gOl
mille
with me.
I can 't come Oil Friday, We're giuing a party for
one
of
our
neighbours. /t
's
her
birthday.
We
use possessives to express a

connection
, often
the
fact
that
someone
has
something or that
someth
ing belongs to s
omeone
.
My
diary
is
the
diary that
belongs to m'
e.
The possessi
ve
form
of
a
noun
has
the
same
meaning.
> 1328

Luke
's
diary our neighbour's birthday
There are possessive determiners (my, your, etc) and possessive pronouns
(
mine
. yours. etc). Possessive
determiner
s
come
before a
noun.
our
neighbour
her
birthday some
of
your
friends
my
diary
(N01
'
fite-diary-o~
on
IhHtly-t1'~ry)
Po
ssessive determiners are
sometimes
call~a

'
po
ssessive adjectives'.
We
leave out
(h
e
noun
when it is clear from
the
co
nt
ext wh
at
we
mean,
for
example when the
noun
has just
been
mentioned
. We u
sc
a
po
ssess
ive
pronoun
(e.g.

mine
) instead of a
po
ssess
ive
determin
er +
noun
(e.g.
my
diary).
I'll
just
look in
my
diary. - I haven't
gOl
mine
with
me.
I
LOok
LiSll
in
my
car because hers
had
broken down.
I've
gOl

my
opinion,
and
I'm
sure you've got yours.
A
po
ssessi
ve
pronoun
can be a
co
mplement.
Is this diary yours?

No, I
think
it's
Luk~
's.
(NOT
n-fhi:!
tiia"
fB
YBU?
OR
-lH1tffl-dtttrY-0fyotff)
NOTE
For
my

one, your one, etc, ,. 179C
Note
.
B
Form
DClenniners
Singular
First
person
my
pen
Second person
your
number
Third person
his
father
her
decision
its location
His
is
male,
and
her
is
female.
Luke's father

his

father
Emma's
father
-+
her
father
164 Possessives
Pronouns
Plural Singular Plural
our
house
mine
Ollrs
your
coats
yours
yours
their
artilude
his
theirs
hers
Its refe
rs
to
something
not
human
or
to

a place
or
an
organization.
the
roof
of
the car

its
roof
the
country's exports
-+
its exports
Their
is the plural
of
his, her,
and
its.
Luke
and
Emma's
father
-+
their
father
the interests
of

the two countries
~
their
interests
His
can be either a
determiner
or a
pronoun.
Has James got
his
mobile?
I've got
my
mobile,
but
james
hasn't
got his.
Its
is
a
detenniner
but
not
a
pronoun
.
The restaurant is
famous

for
its
good
food.
We avoid using its without a following noun.
The east-coast route
has
its advantages,
and
the west-coast route has its
advantages
£00.
(NOT
au:
/:Veil
eatiSf
IOttU
htt:!J
its latJ.)
We
do
not
use
an
apostrophe
with a possessive.
(NO
T y&t.tH
).
Note that

it
's
is
a short form of
it
is
or
it has, >
290C.
C Possessives
with
parts
of
the
body
We
normally use a possessive with
people's
heads, arms, legs, etc, and their
clothes, even
if it is clear whose we
mean.
What's the
matter? J've
hurt
my
ba
ck. (NOT Fbt flUi t the
baek.)
We

all
gal
out
of
the
car
to
stretch
our
legs.
He
just
stood
there
with
his
hands
in
his
pockets.
But we u
sua
lly use
the
in this
pattern
where a person is the object.
Verb
Person
Prepositional

phrase
The stone
hit
the policeman
on
J
Ire
head
.
Someone
pushed
me
in the back.
Tom
LOok
Karen
by
the
arm.
215
Possessives and demonstratives
We
use the
in
the equi
va
lent passive sentence
s.
A police
man

was hit
on
the
head
.
Co
mpare these examples.
The
SlOne
hil
him
on
the
Jz
ead.
He
h
ad
a bandage
ro"nd
his head.
A
per
so
n is the object (
him
) only in
the
first example.
o A

friend
of
mine
My
friend means a definite person,
the
person I am friends with.
To
talk
about
a person I am
fri
ends with, we say one
of
my
friends or a frie
nd
of min.e.
Sing
ul
ar
Plural
Oe
finite
my
friend
my
friends
Ind
efin

it
e
one
of
my
friends I a friend
of
mine
so
me
of
my
friends I so
me
frie
nds
of
mine
Here arc some examples of this of-structure.
I like The Strok
es.
I'm a
fan
of
th
eirs.
My brother has
just
seen
an

old
girlfriend
of
his
.
Didn
't you borrow
some
CDs
of
min
e?
I don't th
ink
my private
lif
e is
any
business
of
yours
.
We
can also use the possessive form
of
names and other nouns
in
the
of-structure.
We mel a cousin

of
Nicola's.
These
ar
e
ju
st
some
papers
of
my
jlatmate
's,
NOT
I:
In
informal specch
we
can u
se
t"
is,
tllat, th
ese,
or those.
I've been
lhmki
rz
g about
that

suggestion
of
yours.
E
Own
We
can use
ow
n after a possessive determine
r.
I'd love to have
my
own
flat.
S
tud
erl
lS
ar
e exp
ec
ted to contribute their
own
ideas.
My
own
means 'belonging
(0
me
and not to an

yo
ne else'.
There
is
also a structure with
of
I'd love a Jlne of
my
own
(N
OT
~
)
So
metimes
own
expresses the
id
ea of doing something
yo
urself without help.
You'll
ha
ve to
make
your
owt! bed. 1
(;
Yo
u'

ll
have to make your
bed
y
ours
el
f.)
We
can
mi
ss out the noun
if
the meaning
is
clear withoUl it.
The ideas should be
your
own.
On
you
r
own
and by yourself mean 'alone'.
I dOll't
wanlto
walk
home
on
my
own

/by
my
se
lf
2
16
165 Demonstratives
NOT
E
Very
OI
U
rI
IS
more
emphatic
.
1 never expected
(J
little vIllage /0 Iltwe its
very
OWl!
zoo
J lannah
's
dr(
~
am
was
to ha/lt a pony

of
lIer /lery
OWl!
.
~
65
Demonstratives
A In this
conversation
Debbie
is
ch
oosing
a
birthday
gifl for her
mot
her.
D
eb
bie: I just
warll
to look
at
th
ese jugs. I
might
buy
one
Jor

my
mother.
La
uren: Tho
se
glass ones are nice.
Debbie:
Yes
, this one looks the so
rt
of
thing s
he
might l
ike.
L
auren:
Wha
t
ubuut
tllis?
Debbie: I
don't
like
that
so
much.
We
use
de

m
ons
tratives to
'point
10' s
ome
thing in
th
e situation. This and
the
se
refer
to
somet
hing n
ear
the
speaker.
That
and
those refer
to
thin
gs
fu
rther
away
_ This
an
d that are singular. These and lhose are plural.

Singular
Pl
u
ra
l
Ne
ar
Furt
l1
er away
this colour that car
these flowers those hills
We also
usc
this
and
that
with
unco
unt
able
no
un
s as we
ll
as
singul
ar
ones.
this

co
ffee th
at
musi
c
For
uncounta
ble
noun
s,
> 137.
We leave out
th
e no
un
when it is
clear
frol11
the
context
what
we
mea
n. vVhen
we
do
th
is
we
u

se
a
pronoun
.
Det
erm
iner:
Pronoun:
What about
thi
s jug?
What about tliis?
I like
th
ose pictures.
I like
tho
se.
217
Possessives and
dcmon
strativcs
We can
use
one
or
ones ins
tead
of the noun.
What abolll this

one
?
These ones are nice.
B The basic m
ean
ings
of
'nca
r
the
spea
ker'
and
'furth
er
away
from
the
speaker'
a
pp
ly
to
both
place
and
t
ime
. .
Place

Near: this book (
her
e)
these papers (
her
e)
Further
away:
that
shop (there)
those people (there)
Time
at
thi
s
moment
(
:::
now)
the
se days
(:::
now
)
at
that
time
(:::
the
n)

in those
day
s
{:::
then
}
When we
are
in a place or
sit
uation or
at
an event, we
use
lhis (n
ot
that
)
to
refer
to
it.
This town has absolutely no night life.
H
ow
long
is
this weather going to last?
This
is

a great party, isn't it?
We
can
lise lhallthose with
something
already
see
n
or
talked
about
but
no
longer present in
the
situa
tion.
That dress Tanya was wearing looked very smart.
Tho
se
things I bought in the market were really cheap.
Th
is
usage is rather informal.
We
use
this
when
we
are

talking
abou
t some
thin
g
that
is
abo
ut
to
happen.
['m going to enjoy this
meal
.
We
use
thal for s
omething
that
is over.
That was delicious.
We u
se
this or these for
the
present
time
.
My mother
is

staying with us (his week.
Things are different these days.
We u
se
rhat
or
those for
lhe
pa
st.
J remember
that
terrible storm. My
moth
er was staying with us
that
week.
Things were different in those days.
We
didn't even have computers then.
NO
TE
In informal
En
glish, this (inslCad
of
al
an
)
can

IIltrotluce
the
topic of a story or
Jokl~.
Tllis girl knocked on ollr door one day
and

The
scene
IS
morc immediat
e,
as if we call sec
the
girl in rront
of
us.
C Look at these examples .
2J8
. . .
Th
is
is
a great party,
Lm'l
it
? I'm really enjoying it.
The
se
shoes are wet. / left them outside in the rain.

when
we
mention
somethi
ng a s
econd
time,
we
u
se
it
or
lhey/them. We do
not
usually use a
demon
strative again.
16
5 Demonstrati
ves
o
We
can u
se
a
demon
strative with words for peo
pl
e.
that

waiter (over ther
e)
these people (in here)
We
can also use the
prono
uns this
and
that when we identify s
omeon
e.
Mum,
this is
my
Jriend Leanne."" Hello, Leanne.
That was Simon
at
the door. ", Oh? What did he want?
On the
phon
e we use this when we identify ourselves.
Hello.
This
is
Stev
e.
Is
Claire there, please?
We
usually usc that when

we
ask who the
other
per
s
on
is.
Is
that
you, Mark?
Who
is
that
? I Who is this? (
US
: Who
is
",is?)
But
we do not usc these
c><p
ressions w
hen
speaking face
to
fa
c
e.
NOTE
We slJlIl

clnne
s leave
oul
people after those.
Those (peo
pl
e)
who
ordered lunch sllOuld go
to
the dining-room.
E
We
can
u
se
that
to
refer
to
a s
tatement
or
i
dea
mention
ed h
ef
ore.
I haven't

goz
an
appointment.

Oh,
that
doesn
't
maller.
Here that means 'the fact that I haven't got
an
appointment'.
Here are n
,o
more examples from real
con
ver
sa
tions.
The
room.~
are
so
big. Tllat
's
why it's cold.
Well,
if
you
haven'l gOlleleuision, y

ou
can't watch
it.
- Thar's true.
Sometimes we can use this, although
tha
t
is
more
usual.
r
simp
ly
haven't gal the money. This is / That's the problem.
We
u
se
this
and
that
in a
number
of idiomatic statements
10
express
agreement or
to
say that someone has
made
a relevant point.

That's
right. 11rat's
I.he
thing.
That'
s
(j
u
st)
it.
This IS i
t.
In
these expressions we stress the wo
rd
at the end (righ
t,
thing
, ll).
When we refer
fOl
wa
rd to what we are going
to
say, we u
se
this.
What I'd like to say
is this. The government has done a great deal w
F

We
can use
that
or
those
in
this paltern.
She recognized lhe
hand
wriling as
that
oj
her husband.
(
::
the handwriting
of
her
husband/her
husband
's h
an
dwriting)
Th
e best advice
I'ue
ever
had
is
that

which
myoid
teacher galll! me.
(::
the advice which
myo
id
teacher gave me)
Some
leaves are poisonous, especially
those
of
evergreen shrubs.
(=
the leaves
of
evergreen shrub
s)
There's a
big
diff
er
ence
be
twe
en.
stud
ies w
hi
ch

are
sc
ientific
and
thuse
which are not.
(::
studies which are not)
This use of that
and
tho
se
is rather forma
l.
219
Quantifiers
166 Large and small
quantities
A
What
is
a
quantifier?
A quantifier is a word like
many
, no,
or
some. It usually
cnmes
before a

noun
.
many times no
ri
ckets some
wale
r
A quantifier says
how
many
or
how
much.
For exampl
e,
many
exp
r
esses
a
large quantity.
and
110 expresses zero quantity. Which quantifier we
use
can
also
depend
on
whether a nOUI1 is countable
or

un
countable. For example;
we say.
many
bills
hut
much money.
for
deta
il
s
about
the
po
ssible
combinations, > 1378.
A quantifier
can
consist
of
more
than
one
word, e.
g.
lots of, a few.
loIs
of
fUll
a

few
people
We
can also use a
phrase
with number or amounl.
a
number
of
problems
no
amount
of
effort
We
often use
an
adjective with
"umb
er
or
amoulll
, e.g, small, enormous.
a
small
number
of
cases
an
enormous

amount
of
{lJ()ft
Some
times
we
· can lise
an
adverb
of
degree (e.g. l
Oa,
quite
) with a
quant
ifier.
too
many
e-mails
quite
a lot
of
mOtley
For
the
possible
co
mbinations,
> 196F.
We

can
li
se a quantifier without a
noun
when the meaning
is
clear (rom lhe
coni ext. > 1
74
J expect
ed
to
st.#(!
Jot
s
of
people, but. there were Dilly a
few
.
In B- E th
ere
are so
me
examples
of
how
to
ex
pr
ess l

arge
and
sm,
IJl
quantiti
es.
Some
of
the
se forms are
dealt
with
in more detail in
167
- 174.
B A large
quantity
220
With either a pl
ura
l or
an
uncountable
no
un
.
There
are a lot oftlols
of
lellers for you. > l67A

,B
There's masse vheaps/loads
of
tim
e.
(informal)
Only with a plural noun.
Many
questions re
main
unanswered. >
16
7A,B
A large/considerable
number
of
languages have
died
nUl
completely.
Numerous
diffiCUlties were
put
in my way.
On
ly
w
it
h an
un

c
ountable
noun.
We
haven't had
much
rain lately. > 1
67A,B
A
di
shwasher uses a great
deal
of
electricity.
A iarge/consillerable
amount
of
dala
has bee" gathered.
Adjectives we
can
usc before
numb
er
or
amounl
include
co
nsiderable,
enormous, fair, farge, s

ub
stantial,
and
treme1ldous.
1
16
7 A
lot
of
,
many
, much, a
few
. a
litt
le. and a
b,t
of
NOTE
The verb ag
re
t:
s with the noun. > 1
46B
" f
ar
xe
numb
er
of

ltmguuges have dIed O
ld
.
C A
quantity
With eith
er
a plural
or
an uncountable noull.
I need
to
earn some
mon
ey.
> 1
72
A
Only with a plural
noun
A
numb
er
of
problems have ari
se
n.
Only with
an
unco

unt
ab
le noun
The machine makes a certain
amount
of
noise.
D A small
quant
ity
Only with a plural
noun
I'm having a
few
days
off
work. > 176
C-
0
A small
number
of
hous
es
will be
buill
.
The group has
only
a

handful
of
me
mber
s.
Several people were injured in
th
e
in
cide
nt
(
perhaps
four or five peopl
e)
Only with
an
un
counta
ble noun
/'II
just
hav
e a
littl
e
water
la
bit
of

water
. >
167C-0
A computer uses only a
sma
ll
amount
of
elec
tr
icity.
E Z
ero
quantity
There's
no
milk
in the fridge. > 172C
I
haven't
sent
any
e-ma
ils today. > 172A
67
A
lot
of, many, much, a few, a little,
and
a

bit
of
A A
lot
of, lots of, many,
and
much
These words express a large
quantity
. We u
se
a lot
of
and
lots
of
with
both
plural
and
uncountable
nouns.
P
Lur
al: The town gels a lot of lIisicorsllots
of
uisicors in s
umm
er.
Uncountable: You'll

ha
ve a lot
of
fun/lots
of
fun
at
our
Holiday
Ce
lltre.
Many
goes before a plural noun
and
mu
ch be
fo
re
an
uncountable noull.
P
lu
ral: There aren't
many
trains on a Sunday.
Uncountable:
Th
ere isn't
much
traffic on a Sunday.

We can use
quite
and
rather before a lot
of
(but
not
before
lOI
s of,
man
y,
or
much).
We get
quite
a lot
of
visitor
s.
221
Quantifiers
B A
lot
of
,
lots
of,
many,
and

much
in
s
tatements
and
questions
As
a very general rule, we use u lot ofl lots
of
in
po
sitive stat
eme
nt
s
and
nwny
or
mu
c
ll
in
nega
ti
ves
and
qu
estions.
Positi
ve:

We gel a lot
of
visil.ors/lots
of
v
;siLOrs.
Negative:
We
dan'[ gel
mall)
' visitors.
Ques
ti
on: Va you gel
many
visilOrs?
J-/ow
mall
Y visitors do you gel?
However, therc arc exceptions to this general rule. In positive
.s
tat
emen
ts we
use
many
or
much
(but not a lut ofllots of) after very,
so,

IOO,
as,
f
ind
how.
Very
mall
Y crim
es
go
unreported.
I've
got so
many
books there's no room for
any
more
.
nl
ere's too
mu
ch concrete
around
here
and
flOt e
nough
grass.
1
haven

't
taken as
many
pharos this year.
J
know
ho
w
mu
ch work you've
put
into tile project
A lot
of
and lots
afare
rather
more
informal than
many/muc
h. In inform
al
Eng
li
sh we can u
sc
a lor
ol
in negatives
and

quest
i
ons
as we
ll
as in positi
ve
s
tatemen~s
.
We
don
't gel a lot
of
visitors /
man
y visitors.
H
ave
you
done
a lot
of
work
/
mu
ch work
on
the project?
Ma

inly in more formal English, we
can
u
.se
many
and
much
ill positive
state
ments
as well as in negatives
and
quc
stions.
Many
voices spoke out in protesl.
There
ha
s heen
much
criticism
of
the government's policy.
NOTE
We
ca
n
w,
e
nut

many
I
IIot
milch I
lint
a lot
of
+
nOlln
:IS
subject or after a prcpIIsition > lOe
Not
many
shops were ullen
We
armJCci
witll u
o/
(l
1
01
of
tllll
l!
10
.\
/
}(Ire.
C A few, a little,
and

a
bit
of
222
These wo
rd
s
mean
a small quantit
y.
We
use them mainly
111
pos
it
ive
statcme
fll
S.
A
few
gocs before a plural noun; a lillie
and
a hil
of
go before an
unc
ountable
no
un

.
Plural: J took a
few
photos
of
the
animal
s.
Uncount
ab
l
e:
I've still got a little
money
/a bit
of
monl"Y lefl,
fortu
nately
.
We often use a few
in
expressions
of
time.
/ saw J.ucy a f
ew
days ago.
A (liule) bil
of

mea
ns the s
ame
as a little but is
more
informa
l.
fm
JUS
[ goiug to
add
a (littl
e)
bie
Of
sa.
il.
We can lise
quit
e
be
fore a
few
and
(l
bit
of
/ lOok
quit
e a f

ew
ph-olUS.
We've
liad
quit
e a
bit
of
rain.
This means a fairly large quantity,
si
mil
ar
to quice a 101
of
photos/rain.
Dilly emphasizes the smallness
of
the
numb
er.
f
only
took a
lew
photos.
This means a smaller
numh
cr
than

we might expec
t.
NOTI\
Utile
can
also
be
an adj
ec
ti
ve m
e'
lIling ·SIll'
lll
in
size', e.g.
(J
lililej/(ll I
(I
smrlll
flat
168 Whole
and
part
quantities
o
few
and
little
f'ew,lIld little without a ha

ve
a negative meaning.
Compare
these examples.
Do
p
eo
pl
e come here on holiday?-
Yes,
there are a
few
tourists.
(=
some tourists/a small
numb
er
of
tour
ists)
Do
peuple come here on holiday?

No, there are
few
touri
sts.
(= nor
many
tou

rist
s)
Even
at
thr
ee
in the morning there was a little traffi
c.
(=
some
trafficla sma
ll
amo
unt
of
traffic)
Il
was three in
lh
e mornin
g,
so
th
ere was little traffic.
(=
not
much
traffic)
Few
and lillle used alone without a

arc
rather formal.
In
conversation not
many
and
nor
much (tre morc usual.
We
ca
n use very before few
or
littl
e.
Th
ere are very f
ew
l
ou
ri
s
t
.
~
her
e.
(= a vel)' small
number
of
tourists)

E Special patterns
with
many, few, and
little
Many, few, and liltle
~ome
lim
es
come after a determiner. e.g.
Ili
s, Ihe, these.
Tim introduced us
LO
0111!
of
his
many
girlfriends.
71r
e
few
hotels
in
the area are always full.
Only
th
ese
few
survivors
ar

e l
ef
t to tell lhe s
lOry
.
I didn '( want
ro
waste (lie
aule
money
1 had left.
A grem
many
is
a little formaL
A
great
many
crimes
go
unreported.
NOTE
a This pattern
v,
"ith
man
y a is rather literary.
Many
a sliip
IU

Lf
COme to
grief
off
rile coast here
Many
{I
lim
e I I!lwe dreamed
of
starling a Ilew
lif
e.
In
Inf
ormal spcel.h
many
limes or lots
of
lim
es would be more usual.
b
Many
and
Jew
Ciln
be a complement.
Tile
dis,uJllanlaKe,~
of

lhe scheme are
many
.
This IS rather
lit
erary.
Many
before the noun would be more us
ua1
.
Tile
sc
heme has
many
distutvQllcag
es.
168
Whole
and
part
quantities
A
Introduction
To talk about whole and part quantities, we can use wo
rd
s like all and
mo
st.
nle
s

lOry
is in all (oj)
the
newspapers. (Ihe whole group)
The bed
wk
c!s
lip
most
of
th
e space in her
e.
(t
he greater part)
We
often use
o[wit
h whole
and
part
quant
iti
es.
Some
quantifiers can express either l
arge/sma
ll
quantities
or

whole/pan
quantitie
s.
They in
clude
a
JOI
of.
much,
many, a few, and a little.
223
Quantifiers
Large/small
> 1
66-
16
7
I
found
a lot
of
information on the
Internet.
(<1
large
amount)
We
didtz't see mall)' protesters
on
the

streets.
(a
large number)
The artist sold a
few
painlings.
(a
small number)
Some
pages were missing.
(a
numb
er)
We
can
lis
e
an
uncountable
noun
(in/ormation)
Dr
a
plural
noun
(protesters, paintings. pages)
when
expressing large or small quantities.
Whole
I pa

ri
> B- H
._ - _
._-
-
But a lot
of
the
in/ormation
J
found
wa.\/!
'I
VelY
helpful.
(a
l
arge
part)
MmJY
of
the
protesters were weari
ng
masks.
(a
large part
of
the group)
The artist sold a

few
of
his
painting
s.
(a
small part
of
the total)
Some
of
tile
pages
were mlssing.
(a
part
of
the total)
Some
of
the
book was
mi
ss
ing
.
(n
part)
We
often u

se
of
+
determiner
(/lie, his) +
noun
. As well
as
an
un
cou
mabl
c
or
a plural
nOUll
,
we
can
also usc a singular
noun
(book).
In
B-Ii there are
some
examples
of
how
to
express whole

and
part quantities.
Some
of
th
ese
form
s arc dealt with in more detail in
169
- 174.
B The
whole
All
(oj)
the
tickets Itave been sold. > 169B
The whole
lof
the)
show
will be televised live. >
169D
Every seat will be occupied. >
171
C The
greater
part
I slept through
most
of

the
film. >
169A-B
o A large
part
A lot
of
the
passengers 011 tile
plane
were backpackers.
Many
of
the
spectators left before the end.
I s
pend
much
of
my
tim
e (Jlaying
golf
E A
part
[an
swered
some
of
tl,e ex

am
qu
es
tions. > 172D
J
did
part
of
the
exa m. > 172C
F Numbers
224
About
a
hundred
of
the
spectators left before the end.
J answered six
of
the
exam
quc
!slioIlS.
Two
of
the
apples have gone bad.
'69
All, mos

t,
half, none,
and
wh
ole
G A small
part
A
few
of
the apples have gone bad.
Can you eat a little
of
this cake?
We'll oniy
mi
ss a
hit
of
our
holiday.
Not
many
of
the
motorists were carrying pas
se
ng
e
rs

.
You
haven't read
much
of
that
book
yef.
H
No
part
None
of
my
friends wellt
to
the parly. >
16913
I
don't
like
nny
of
these colours.
169
All, most,
half,
none,
and
whole

A
We
can lise all! most before a plural
or
uncountahle
noun
to
make a
generalization.
All rabbits loue
green.
food.
Most
banks
hm/e cash machines.
Most pollution c
ould
be avoided.
These sentences
are
about
rabbits, hanks,
and
pollution
in
general.
Compare
the
se
examples.

Most people
ju
st w
ant
a quiet life.
(p
eople
in
general)
Most
of
the
people here are strangers to m
e.
(a specific group of people)
As
well as most, we
can
also use
allhe
majority
~f
and
mor
e titan
half
Affhe
majority
of
banks

hav
e cash machines.
More
than
half
(oj) the pollution in the
worLd
could be
alJOided
.
The
opposite
is
a minority oJ
or
l
ess
lhan
half
A
minority
of
banks
halle no cash machine.
NOTE
a
AU
+
noun
is s

om
e
timc
s used 011 writtcn i
nstructions
about what peo
pl
e have
to
do
.
All tickets
mu
st he s
l/
ow
". All visitors report
to
ReceptIOn
h
Fo
r a generalization wi,h a plural noun
on
Its
own
, e.g. Rabbits love g
re
e
n/
oo

(l.
>
15
3.
B
Wh
en
we
are
talking about
something
more
specific, we usc:
aUl
most
l half! none +
of
+ determiner +
noun
.
All
(oj)
our
rabbits
died
from
s
om
e diseas
e_

Most
of
the
pubs
arou.nd he
re
se
rve food.
(NO
T
che-mf1Sl
-u
/-lfle pubs)
J got the photocopying done at
half
(ofJ
the
normal
price.
None
of
these jackets fit me any ,nore.
In this
pattern
we
cannot
leave
Ollt
of
after

most
ol hon
e.
We
can
leave
out
of
after all
and
half
But
before a
pronoun
such as
il
or
them, we always lise
of
We
had
some rabbits, blll
all
of
lhem
died.
I re
ad
the book,
hUI

J couldn't
und
erstand
half
of
it.
225
Quantifiers
We
can usc a I
an
with
half
We
waited
half
all
hour
I ate
half
a slice
uf
toast.
So
me
noun
s can follow a half, c.g. a
Iwlf
hour, a
half

day.
I work a
half
day
on Thursdays.
But this
pattern
has
a more limited usc than
half
WI
hour
or
half
a day.
We
can u
se
all
after an object
pronoun
.
Tile
rabbiLS
died. We lost
th
e
m.
ali
I all Of them.

J[ can also
come
in mid position or after the subject.
Th
ese
pictures are all quite valuable.
The rabbits
all
died. I They all died.
We
cannot
usc most
in
mid position, but we
can
usc
mo
stly.
The pubs
around here
mostl
y serve food.
(; Most
of
the
pubs
around
here serve fuod.)
NOTE
For

(Ill
wit
h
out
it
noun
or
pronoun
.
:>
174B.
C None
means
'not any
of
the group'.
We
use
it
wi
th
the
of-structure.
None
of
the
ralJbits survived. I'm afraid
they
all
died.

(NOT A#-o/-rhe-rubbiI3
didll
't
surbibt:.)
Not all
means
'fc.werlless
than
all'.
Not
all
{oft tlte rabbits died.
Some
of
them survived.
NOTE
For
I/O
and 1I00W,
:>
174C.
o
We
can u
se
whole as an adjective before a singular
noun
.
Did
you

lislen to
the
whole
tape~
(NOT
the

flll-Ittpe)
'111;S
whole
id
ea
is
completely crazy. (NOT tlti
$-
flll itltffl)
Y()U
didn't eal a whole chicken!
We can also use whole as a noun.
Did you listen to tlte whole
of
ti,e tape?
Compare these examples.
We
'fJeTII
all day I the whole day on the beach.
(We
were Ihere from morning till evening.)
We spe
nt

el'ery
day
on the beach. (every day of
our
holiday)
170 Both,
either,
and
neither
A
We
lise th
ese
words for two things.
226
The police set
up
barriers
aI
bollr
ends
olthe
street. (the
one
and
the
other)
If
you're ambidextrous, you c
an

write with
eit
ller
hand
.
(the
one
or
the
other)
Neillier
of
ti,e twillS
is
a
ll
especially
allractiue
child.
(
nol
the
one
and
not
the other)
171
Every
and
each

B Compare the meaning
of
bolhl neither
and
all! none.
Positive Negative
Two:
80th
pnsoners escaped.
Three or more: All the
prisoners escaped.
Neither
of
the
prisoners escaped.
None
of
the prisoners escaped.
C .
We
use
bOlh
before a plural noun.
BOlh hou.ses
are
for sale.
We
can
al
so lise

it
before a determiner
or
with the of-structure.
Both (oft the
lrouses are Jar sale.
Both (oj)
th
ese lellers have been incorrectly addressed.
Bulh
(oj)
her
parenb
are alcoholics.
But we do NOT say
fhtd_h-I,ou ,
We
can usc bOlh after
an
object pronoun.
Two prisoners escaped, but
(he police caught
them
both
/ both
of
them.
It
can also
come

in mid position
or
after the subject.
The learns
are
both confident
of
viCLOry.
The girls both
enjoyed
themselves.lThey
both
enjoyed
lilcmsellJcs.
NOTE
For
the
pattern
holll her morher and her fnlher. > 233E
D
We
lise eilher
and
neither
before a singul
ar
noun.
Either
way
is as

good
as the other.
Neither
car
is very economical
to
run.
We
can also use them
in
the of-structure with a plural
noun.
IslAre
either
o/your
sisters married?
Neither
of
our
cars
islare very
economical
to run.
Tn
positions
other
than the su bject, we usually lise
eilher
rather
than neither.

J
don't
like
either
of
those pictures.
This
is
more
usual
than
Iltke
neither
of
those pictures. But we usc
neither
in
the subject
of
a negative sentence.
Neither
of
those pictures appeals
to
me.
(NOT
Rifherl&Jth~It,3,U;
"i£tures~()-me.)
171
Every

and
each
A
We
lise every
and
each before a Singular noun
to
mean
all the members
of
a group.
There were flags flying
from
every/each
buildiflg.
Mike
grew
more
HerUOLtS
with every/each
minute
that
passed.
A subject with euery
and
each has a singular verb.
Every/Eaelr customer
;s
greeled

at
the
door.
227
Juantifiers
B
In
m
any
contexts
eilher elle
ry
or each is possib
le
.
bUI
there is a dirference
in
meaning.
Ellery
Customer means 'all the cusromcrs' and jrnplies a large
number.
Ea
c
l!
cus
tom
er
is greeted at tfle door
means

all the cus
tomer
s
see
n as
individual
s,
as
if
we
i:\re
lhinking of greeting
tl
~em
onc by one.
The
follo\\
~
n
g
examples show the difference
in
meaning
berween every and
euc/J,
a1though
either
word
is
possible in these contexts.

On
the
tape 1
cou
ld hear ellery
word
clearly.
(
all
the
words,
everything that was
.aid)
The
swdent
had
10
look
lip
e
ach
word
in
a dictionary.
(
aU
the
word
s
one

by one)
Every
child
is
conditiolled
by
its environment.
(
all
children
in
general)
Each
child
was
given a medal
with
his
or
her
name
on.
(a
ll
the
children
individually)
Every
usually
suggests

a larger number than eac
h.
f ach
refers
to
two or more
things,
blH
every
refers
to
three or more.
United
scored
a goal in eaell
halpbath
halues.
Miss
il
es
we
re being thrown
from
ellery direction/all directions.
We
often
use
e!lt'ry
to
talk.

about things happening at regular intervals.
The
noise
U!ukes
me
up evel)'
monling
.
I
go
to
the
gym
every
Thursday
.
Each
is
pOSSible
here hut less usual.
In
these
examp
l
es
expressing frequency,
we
u.se ellery but not each.
The
meeting

s
are
eve
ry
four
weeks.
(;;;
at
intervals
of
four weeks)
We
lIisie
my
mother every other weekend. (!: every second weekcnd/on
ahemate
weekend
s)
C
Wc
can
use
almo
st or
nearly
with evel)' but not with
each.
Tllere
were
flag

s flying from
almost
every
buililing
.
Every
s
ingle
means 'cve
ry
one without exception
'.
No
one
was
lefr
out.
Every
single child
wa
s give
ll
a
medal
.
o
We
can
use
each

(but
nO(
every)
in
these patterns.
Each
of
the
students
has
a personal
/Utar
.
Before
the
visito
rs
lef
t, we gave
them
each/eacll
of
them a souvenir.
Tile winrlers
eac
h received a
prize
.
But
we

call
usc
every
one
of
+ noun phrase. This emphasizes the
fa
ct that
there
are
no
exceptions.
Every
one
of
the st
ud
ents has a per
so
nal
'V
,lO/,.
We
gaue
every
olle
of
them
a souvenir.
I

For
the
differen
ce
between everyone (two
word~)
and eve,yone
(o
ne word),
>
1808
Note
a.
22B
Each
as
an
adverb can come after a noun.
'fhe
ricket
s are
flO
each.
172 Some, any,
and
no
E
We
cannot
use

a negative verb after every
or
each.
Instead
we
use nOlle
and
a
pO!:>itive
verb.
None
of
the doors was/were
lo
cked. (N
OT
EtJeryIEoch t/wttS-rH-loeketI )
But
not
every
means
'fewer
than
all'.
Not
every
door
was locked.
Some
of

them
were open.
(N
OT
Nal
Md,
daBr
WM
ttu;Ireti. )
172 Some, any,
and
no
A Some/any expressing a
quantity
Some
with
a
plural
or
un
co
untabl
e
110un
is
equivalent
to
a/an
with
a s

ingular
noun
, > 157
You 'll need
some
wood, a
hammer
,
and
some
nails.
Here
some is usually
pronounced
!saml
or
Is
m /.
Some
expresses a positive quantity,
Some
nails
means
'a
numb
er
of nails'. But
any
docs
not

have
this positive
meaning.
Vvc
use
any
mainl
y in negatives
and
questions.
Positive:
/'
ue
gal
some
nails.
Negative: 1 haven't got allY nails.
Question: Halle
you
gOl
ally/some nails?
In a negative
sentence
we use
any
rather
than
some.
This
includes

sen
tence
s
with
negative
words like never
and
hardly,
I
'lever
seem
to
have
any
spare
tim
e.
We've
won
hardly
any
games this season.
Any
is
more
usual
in
quest
i
ons.

Ha
ve
you
got
any
nails?
"-
Yes.
/ No. / I
don't
know,
Did
y
ou
catch
any
fish?-
Yes,
lots. I
Yes,
a few. I
No,
we didn't.
But
we
u
se
some
to give
the

question
a
more
positive tone, especially
when
making
an
offcr
or
request.
It
may
suggest
that
we
expec
t
the
answer
yes.
Did
you
catch
some
fish?
(~
I expect you caught
some
fish.)
Would

you
like
some
cornflakes?
(0::;
Have
some
co
rnflakes,)
Co
u.ld
you
lend
me
some
money?
(:;
Ple
asc
lend
me
some
money
.)
In
an
if-clause
we
can
use

either
some
or
any.
If
you
need
some/any
help, please let
me
know.
We
can
li
se
any
in a
main
clause
to
express
il
condition.
Any
problems will be dealt
with
by
our
agelll,
(:;

If
there
are
any
problems
,
they
will be
dealt
with
by
our
agent.)
NOTE
In
a
negati
ve
se
ntence
or a questIon
we
can
SO
mellrlltlS usc
any
with a singul;u
nOlln
.
I wrote to the

company
,
but
I
didn'l
get a reply /
any
reply,
00
you
haw
a mew/a
ny
mew on ri,e maIler?
AllY is rather more emphatic than a here. In
th
e
fir
s!
example
we
cnn
li
se
any
to
e
mpha
S
iz

e
the
fac
t lhal the
re
wa
s
no
repl
y.
But
III
general
alan
Is mo
rc
llSU;t1.
We s
ay
I haven't
gOl
(I
229
Quantifiers
mobIle
rather
than
/1/lWen'l
g
UI

afly
mubile.
POI'
Urty
wi
th
a s
ingular
n
OU
Il
me
.tIllng 'it
doesn't matter
Whll
.:
h',
::>
E.
B Someone or anyone, something
or
anything, etc
We
choose between someonel anyone, etc
in
the
same
way as we choose
between
some and any.

Someone has been trying
to
kill
me
.
Polite complaints weren't gelting
me
anywhere
.
Have
you got
anything
/
somelhing
suitable
10
wear?
Could you do
something
for me?
For more details about someone etc, > 180.
C
No
No
is a negative word. ""e can use
it
with singular, plural,
and
uncountable
nouns.

I'm afraid there is simply no alternative.
There are no rivers
in
Saudi Arabia.
We
had
no coffee,
so
we
drank tea.
A sentence like
Th
ere is no alternative
is
more emphatic th
an
There isn't an
alternative
or
Th
e
re
isn't
any
alternative. (For
any
+ s
in
gular noun, > A Note.)
Co

mpar
e these
two
sentences.
No
warning was given. A warning was
nol
given

We cannot use a subject with
any
to express this idea.
(NOT
"ny-w<t~"""
.)
NOTE
Par no and non
e,
::>
174C.
D Some expressing
part
of
a quantity
Co
mpare
these two meanings of some.
230
Quantity: There were
some

people
in
the studio.
Isml
'a
numb
er
of
people'
Part: Some people enjoy quiz shows.
/sA
ml
'some but not
aU'
Here arc some more examples wherc some
means
'some
but not all'.
Some
trains
ha
ve a r
es
taurant car.
Sante fish can change their
se
x.
Some
of
the

tra-illS
from this slation go direct
to
Edinburgh.
Some
of
the fish in the ta
nk
were a beautiful blue colour.
Here some
fi
sh has a genera) meaning,
and
some
of
the fish
ha
s a morc
spec
ifi
c meaning.
Wh
en some means
's
ome
but not a
ll
',
we
can use

it
in a negative sentence.
Some people don't enjoy
quiz
shows.
172 Some, any, and
no
As
well as a plural noun, we
can
also lise some with a singular
or
an
uncountable
noun.
I only watched
some
of
the programme.
J like
some
jazz
but
not all
of
it.
We
can
use
parl

of
instead of
some
a/but
only with a singular noun.
J only watched part
of
the programme. (
:::
a part of the
programm
e).
(BUT NOT PttrHtf-the-/fflittt-gO-ffTEdinImrghJ
We can also use
any
of
I was out, so 1 didn't
see
any
of
the
programme
.
E
Any
meaning
'it
doesn't
matter
which'

When
any
has
this meaning, we
can
use it in positive sentences.
You can choose
any
colour you like.
You can call
on
me
any
time. I'm always here.
Any
passer-by will be able to direct you to the town hall.
All
passers~by
know where the
town
hall is,
so
it
doesn't
matter
which
one
you ask.
They
are

all
a possible
source
of
information.
At
any
minute/moment
means
'very
soon'.
The bus should be here
at
any
minute.
Compare
the
meaning
of either
and
any
,
Two: There are two colours. You can have either
of
them
.
Three
or
more:
There

are
sel/eral
colours.
You
can have any
of
them.
We
can
use
compounds
of
any
in
the
same
way.
The door isn'clocked. Anyone could
just
walk
in.
What
would
you
like for lunch?""-'Oh, anything. J don't mind.
F
Other
uses
of
some

Some
with a singular
noun
can
mean
a
person
or
thing whose identity is
unknown.
Some
idiot dropped a bottie.
The flighl
was
delayed for
some
reason (or other).
This
sugge
sts
that
it
is
not
especially
important
who
the
idiot was
or

what
the
reason was.
Some
day/time
mean
s
an
indefinite
time
in
the
future.
I'll
be
famous
some
daylonc~
day, you'll see,
You
must
come
and
see
me
some
time.
NO
TE
a Some before a number means 'about'.

Some
twenly
p€OlJl
e aflellded tIle meeting.
b Stressed so
me
/sAml can express a strong and positive feeling about somcthing.
Thai
wa
s
SOME
parade, wasn't it?
This
mean
s
lhat
the parade
wa
s
an
especially impressive
onc
.
231
Quantifiers
173
Enough,
plenty
of,
too

many/much, another,
some
more,
and
other
232
A Enough
We
can use enough with a plural or an
un
co
untabl
e no
un
.
We
had enough c
han
ces to win the gam
e.
Is there enough
room
for
three people O
il
the
back
seat?
There
aren't e

nough
bricks here to
bui
ld a
wa
lL
We
can
al
so u
se
the
of
-st
ructure
f
or
a
part
quantity.
} saw enough
of
/I,e
film
to
know
J wasn't
goin
g
LO

lik
e
it.
NOTE
ror
l'nough
as
an
adverb, > J
96G.
B Plenty
of
and too
many
/
too
much
Plenty
af
m
ea
ns 'enoug
h'
or
'more
than
enough'. We u
se
it
with a

plural
or
an
uncountable noun.
There
are plel/ty
o[jobs
for
qua
lified people.
11lere's
no need to hurry.
We
've got
pl
e
nty
of
tim
e.
To
express
'more
than
enoug
h' when Ih is is a
bad
thin
g, we u
se

con
many
or
Co
o much.
I always take too
many
clothes on holiday. I really
don't
need
so many.
J spend lao
much
tim
e
on
my
work
. I never
have
time
for
anything
else.
C Another and some more
Th
ese express
an
extra
quantity.

We
t1
SC
another
with
a si
ngular
n
oun
and
!iOme
more with a plural
or
uncounrable
noun.
Singul
ar:
Would you like
anoth
er s
ausage
?
'"
No, t
hank
you.
I'
ve had
enough.
Plural: Have some more be

ans

Thank
you.
Un
countabl
e:
Have
we
got s
ome
m ore orange
juice
? We've
finished
this
carlOn
.
We
a
lw
ays write another as
one
word.
Anoth
er
can mean either 'an extra one'
or
'a
differenr

one'.
We
rea
lly need another c
ompuler
. I
hate
s~
wrin
g
one. (an
eX
ira
one
)
I
th
ink I'll buy
anoth
er c
omputer
and
scrap
thi
s one.
(a
diff
erent
one)
In

so
me
co
ntexts we use a
ny
mor
e rather
tha~
some
more.
There
isn't any
mor
e
ora.nge
juice, I'm afraid.
for
the choice of some and any, > 1
72A.
Before more
we
can also use a lot. lots,
many, much,
a few, a lillie,
and
a bit.
rlll/
eed
a few
mor

e
le
ssofiS
before I can ski properly.
Si
n
ce
t
he
econo
mi
c reforms there has been 'a lot
mor
e
food
in
lhe s
hop
s.
Can.
'I
you.
put
a little
mor
e effort
jlllo
it?