32. Which theory would correctly predict the path of a projectile such as an arrow?
f. The impetus theory says the impetus runs out gradually at a decreasing rate. This would explain
why the projectile follows a parabolic path.
g. The inertia theory says the inertia runs out gradually at a decreasing rate. This would explain why
the projectile follows a parabolic path.
h. The impetus theory says the force of gravity is acting on the projectile causing its motion to change
and creating the parabolic path.
j. The inertia theory says the force of gravity is acting on the projectile causing its motion to change
and creating the parabolic path.
33. Which of the following statements are true?
I. In the inertia theory, the net force acting on the arrow to cause it to slow down and fall to the
earth is the force of the bow on the arrow.
II. In the impetus theory, the arrow gains an infinite amount of impetus and will never slow down
and fall to the ground.
III. In the inertia theory, the net force acting on the arrow to cause it to slow down and fall to the
earth is the force of gravity on the arrow.
IV. In the impetus theory, the impetus imparted to the arrow by the bow is used up and that is why
the arrow falls to the ground.
a. I and II
b. II and III
c. III and IV
d. III only
34. According to the impetus theory, for an object to continue moving in a straight line at constant veloc-
ity what conditions must be true?
f. According to the impetus theory, the object must be given infinite impetus.
g. According to the impetus theory, the object must have no net force on it.
h. According to the impetus theory, the object must be given infinite impetus.
j. According to the impetus theory, the object must have gravity providing the impetus.
35. According to the inertia theory, for an object to continue moving in a straight line at constant velocity,
what conditions must be true?
a. According to the inertia theory, the object must be given infinite inertia.

b. According to the inertia theory, the object must have an infinite net force on it.
c. According to the inertia theory, the object must have gravity as the net force acting on it.
d. According to the inertia theory, the object must have no net force acting on it.
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36. Which of the following statements is correct?
f. Impetus is a property of the object in motion.
g. Impetus is a property of motion that is transferred to the object in motion by the object that acts on
it.
h. Impetus is used up gradually.
j. Impetus is the tendency of an object at rest to remain at rest unless acted on by a net force.
37. Gravity is a type of:
a. net force.
b. impetus.
c. inertia.
d. parabolic path.
38. According to the impetus theory, if you throw a rock:
f. it will immediately hit the ground.
g. gravity will act on the rock.
h. it will continue to fly forever.
j. your arm gives the rock the property of motion.
Passage VI
Background Information
If a characteristic is expressed in an organism, that is the organism’s phenotype. The genes that
determine that phenotype are called the organism’s genotype. A characteristic is determined by the
organism’s genes that were passed down by the parents. If a gene is dominant, that gene will be
expressed in the phenotype. If a gene is recessive, it will only be expressed in the phenotype when
two recessives are present in the genetic makeup of that organism.
Description
A cat breeder is losing money because customers are buying cats that do not have white paws, and

the cat breeder has mostly white-pawed cats. She decides to experiment with breeding with the six
remaining cats that do not have white paws to see if she can produce litters of kittens without white
paws. A cat without white paws can be either pure for the non-white pawed cats (homozygote) or
a carrier for white paws (heterozygote). The trait for having white paws is recessive.
A homozygote for the non-white = WW (non-white cat paws)
A heterozygote for white = Ww (non-white cat paws)
A homozygote for the white = ww (white cat paws)
You can create Punnett Squares to show the phenotypes that would result from two parent cats
breeding.
WW x WW cross yields all non-white pawed kittens.
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WW x Ww cross yields all non-white pawed kittens in the first generation; however,
ᎏ
1
2
ᎏ
will be carriers
for white paws.
Ww x Ww cross yields a ratio of 1 homozygote non-white paws to 2 heterozygote to 1 homozygote white
paws for the first generation.
Experiment
Group 1
The cat breeder breeds two cats that do not have white paws. She finds that the first generation of
kittens in this group does not have any white paws. When the first generation of cats was bred, she
finds that the second generation of these kittens is
ᎏ
1
8
ᎏ

white-pawed and
ᎏ
7
8
ᎏ
not white-pawed.
Group 2
The cat breeder breeds two different cats that do not have white paws. She finds that the first, sec-
ond, and third generations of kittens in this group did not have any white paws.
Group 3
The cat breeder breeds two different cats that do not have white paws. She finds that the first gen-
eration of kittens in this group has
ᎏ
1
4
ᎏ
with white paws and
ᎏ
3
4
ᎏ
without white paws. She does not
breed for a second generation in this group.
W w
W WW Ww
W Ww ww
W w
W WW Ww
W WW Ww
W W

W WW WW
W WW WW
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39. Which group contains parent cats that may be pure for not having white paws?
a. Group 1
b. Group 2
c. Group 3
d. None of the groups
40. Describe the most likely genetic makeup of the parents in Group 1.
f. The cats were both pure for not having white paws.
g. One cat was pure, while the other cat was a carrier for the white paw trait.
h. Both cats were carriers for the white paw trait.
j. It cannot be determined.
41. If the cats from Group 1 were to continue breeding:
a. the number of white-pawed cats would eventually outnumber the cats without white paws.
b. the number of white-pawed cats would decline until no more white-pawed cats existed.
c. the number of cats without white paws would decline until no more cats without white paws
existed.
d. the number of white-pawed cats would decline over time, but white-pawed cats would still be
found in newer generations.
42. If a gene is recessive:
f. it will only be expressed in the phenotype when two recessives are present in the genetic makeup of
that organism.
g. it will never be expressed in the phenotype.
h. it will only be expressed in the phenotype when a dominant and a recessive gene is present in the
genetic makeup of that organism.
j. it will always be expressed in the phenotype.
43. How many of the six cats are pure for not having white paws?
a. 2

b. 3
c. 4
d. 5
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44. Based on this data, which of the following is a valid conclusion?
f. Cats from groups 2 and 3 should be switched between the groups to produce kittens with no white
paws.
g. Cats from groups 1 and 3 when switched would produce all white-pawed cats for all generations.
h. Cats from groups 1 and 2 should be switched to produce a greater number of white-pawed cats
than the original setup.
j. The cat breeder should not make any changes because a greater number of cats without white paws
cannot exist.
45. If this experiment were recreated, inaccurate results could be caused by:
a. the fact that some people like white-pawed cats.
b. not all of the cats being fed the same brand of cat food.
c. a cat from Group 3 breeding with a cat from Group 2 during the experiment.
d. the parents in Group 1 breeding 1 month later than the cats in Groups 2 and 3.
46. What would the Punnett Square look like for 2 homozygote white-pawed cats?
f.
g.
h.
j.
w w
w ww ww
w ww ww
w w
W Ww ww
W ww ww
w w

W Ww Ww
W Ww Ww
w w
W Ww Ww
W ww ww
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47. An organism’s genes that determine the phenotype are called:
a. heterozygote.
b. characteristics.
c. genotype.
d. homozygote.
Passage VII
Graphs I-IV and Data Table I represent the motion of objects in one dimension as detected by a motion
detector. Motion in the positive direction represents motion away from the motion detector and motion in
the negative direction represents motion toward the motion detector.
Graph I
Graph II
0.50
1.0
0.75
0.25
−0.25
−0.50
−0.75
−1.0
23 5 71468
Velocity
Time (s)
6

8
7
5
4
3
2
1
23 5 7146
8
C
B
D
A
Position (m)
Time (s)
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