*seng
w
h- ‘sing, make an incantation’
*sen(h
a
)- ‘seek, accomplish’
*senh
x
dhr- (NW) ‘congealed moisture, slag’
*sen-i/u- ‘apart’
*senk- (NW) [*sek- ‘dry up’] ‘make/become dry, singe’
*seno-meh
a
te
¯
´
r (NW)
[se
´
nos ‘old’ þ *me
´
h
a
te
¯
r ‘mother’] ‘grandmother’
*se
´
nos ‘old’
*sent- (NW) ‘perceive, think’

*sent- ‘go’
*sentos [*sent- ‘go’] ‘way, passage’
*sep- ‘handle (skilfully), hold (reverently)’
*sepit ‘wheat’
*septm
´
8 ‘seven’
*septm8 -mo
´
s [*septm
´
8 ‘seven’] ‘seventh’
*ser- ‘line up’
*ser- ‘protect’
*ser- (WC) ‘Xow’
*seren(y)uh
x
s (GA) name of goddess
*serk- ‘make a circle; complete; construct/repair a
wall, make restitution’
*serK- ‘pass, surpass’
*serp- ‘crawl’
*ses- ‘rest, sleep, keep quiet’
*ses(y)o
´
- ‘grain, fruit’
*seu- ‘boil (something)’
*seu- ‘turn’
*seug- (WC) ‘be sick’
*seug/k- (NW) ‘suck’

*seuh
3
- ‘set in motion’
*seu(h
x
)- ‘bear a child’
*seu(h
x
)- ‘express a liquid’
*seup- ‘pure’
*seuyo
´
s [*seu- ‘turn’] ‘left’
*se
´
we ‘-self’
*sewos [*se
´
we ‘-self’] ‘own’
*(s)grebh- (WC) ‘scratch, cut’
*(s)greh
a
b(h)- (WC) ‘hornbeam’
*sh
2
o
´
men- ‘song’
*sh8
2

to
´
s (WC) [*seh
2
(i)- ‘satisfy’] ‘satisWed’
*(s-)h
4
upe
´
r(i) ‘over’
*s- h
4
upo
´
[*h
4
upo
´
‘up’] ‘underneath’
*silVbVr- (NW) ‘silver’
*sing
ˆ
ho
´
s ‘leopard’
A PROTO-INDO-EUROPEAN—ENGLISH WORDLIST 509
*siskus [*sek- ‘dry up’] ‘dry’
*skabh- ‘hold up’
*skaiwo
´

s (WC) ‘left’
*(s)kamb- (WC) ‘curve’
*skand- ‘jump’
*(s)kand- ‘shine, glitter; moon’
*skauros ‘Æ lame’
*skebh- (NW) [*sek- ‘cut’] ‘scratch, shave’
*(s)ked- ‘scatter’
*skeh
1
i(-d)- [*sek- ‘cut’] ‘cut’
*ske
´
its (NW) ‘shield, board’
*skek-‘Æ jump’
*(s)kel- (WC) ‘crooked’
*(s)kel-[*sek- ‘cut’] ‘cut, split apart’
*(s)keng- ‘crooked, limp’
*sker-‘Æ threaten’
*(s)ker-[*sek- ‘cut’] ‘cut apart, cut oV ’
*sker- (WC) ‘Æ hop about’
*(s)kerbh- ‘turn’
*sket(h)- (WC) ‘injure, harm’
*skeu- ‘sneeze’
*skeubh- (NW) ‘push away, push ahead’
*(s)keud- ‘throw, shoot’
*(s)keuh
1
- ‘perceive’
*(s)keu(h
x

)- ‘cover, wrap’
*(s)keup- (NW) ‘bundle’
*skidro
´
s (WC) ‘thin’
*(s)koitro
´
s ‘bright, clear’
*(s)koli- (WC) ‘young dog’
*skolmeh
a
- (WC) [*(s)kel- ‘cut’] ‘sword’
*(s)kolmos [*(s)kel- ‘cut’] ‘boat’
*(s)ko
¯
los (WC) [*(s)kel- ‘cut’] ‘stake’
*sko
´
tos (WC) ‘shadow, shade’
*(s)ku(n)t- (NW) ‘shake, jolt’
*(s)kwe
´
h
x
tis [*(s)keu(h
x
)- ‘cover’] ‘skin, hide’
*skwe
¯
is (NW) ‘Æ needle and/or thorn’

*(s)k
ˆ
egos ‘sheep/goat’
*(s)k
ˆ
eh
1
w(e)r- (WC) ‘north wind’
*sk
ˆ
o
¯
yh8
a
‘shade’
*(s)k
ˆ
up- ‘shoulder’
*(s)k
w
a
´
los ‘sheatWsh, wels’
*(s)lag- $ *(s)leh
2
g- (WC) ‘slack’
*(s)lag
w
- (WC) ‘take, hold’
*slak- (NW) ‘strike’

510 APPENDIX 2
*(s)lei- ‘sticky, slimy, slippery’
*(s)lei- (WC) [*(s)lei- ‘sticky’] ‘tench’
*(s)leidh- ‘slide’
*sleimak- (WC) [*(s)lei- ‘sticky’] ‘snail, slug’
*slenk- (NW) ‘turn, twist (like a snake)’
*sleubh- (NW) ‘slide’
*slih
x
u- (NW) ‘plum-coloured’
*slo
´
ugos (NW) ‘servant’
*(s)me ‘middle, among’
*smeg- (NW) ‘taste (good)’
*smei- ‘smile, laugh’
*smeid- (WC) ‘smear’
*smeit- ‘throw’
*smek
ˆ
- ‘chin, jaw’
*(s)mel- ‘deceive’
*(s)mel- ‘give oV light smoke, smoulder’
*(s)meld- (WC) ‘to melt’
*(s)mer- ‘remember, be concerned about’
*sme
´
ru- ‘oil, grease’
*(s)meug- $ *(s)meuk- ‘slick, slippery’
*(s)m(e)ug(h)- (WC) ‘smoke’

*sm8 -loghos (WC)
[sem ‘together’ þ *legh- ‘lie’] ‘spouse’
*sm8 mo
´
s [*sem- ‘once’] ‘some, any’
*smo
´
k
ˆ
wr
8 [*smek
ˆ
- ‘chin’] ‘chin, beard’
*sm8 teros (WC) [*sem- ‘once’] ‘one or the other of two’
*(s)neh
1
- ‘twist, turn’
*(s)neh
1
(i)- [*(s)neh
1
- ‘twist’] ‘twist Wbres into thread’
*sneh
1
u-[*(s)neh
1
- ‘twist’] ‘twist Wbres into thread’
*sne
¯
h

1
wr8 [*(s)neh
1
- ‘twist’] ‘sinew, tendon’
*sneh
a
- ‘swim’
*sneig
w
h- ‘to snow’
*(s)ner- ‘fasten with thread or cord’
*sner- (WC) ‘Æ rattle, growl’
*sneubh- (WC) ‘marry’
*sneudh- ‘mist, cloud’
*snig
w
h-s [*sneig
w
h- ‘snow’] ‘snow’
*snuso
´
s ‘son’s wife, brother’s wife’
*so/*seh
a
/*to
´
d ‘that one’
*soito/eh
a
- (NW) ‘sorcery’

*sokto- ‘sickness’
*so
´
k
ˆ
r8 ‘(human) excrement’
*so
´
k
w
-h
2
o
¯
i [*sek
w
- ‘follow’] ‘follower, companion’
*sok
w
o
´
s ‘sap, resin’
A PROTO-INDO-EUROPEAN—ENGLISH WORDLIST 511
*so
´
k
w
t ‘(upper) leg’
*solh
x

- ‘dirt; dirty’
*solo/eh
a
- $ selo- (NW) ‘dwelling, settlement’
*so
´
lwos ‘whole’
*som-[*sem- ‘once’] ‘(together) with’
*somo-g
ˆ
n8h
1
-yo-s (WC)
[*sem ‘together’ þ *g
ˆ
enh
1
- ‘beget’] ‘same (kinship) line’
*somo-ph8
a
to
¯
r
[*sem ‘together’ þ *ph8
a
te
¯
´
r‘father’] ‘of the same father’
*somos [*sem- ‘once’] ‘same’

*soru ‘booty’
*speh
1
- ‘be satisWed, be Wlled, thrive’
*(s)p(e)iko/eh
a
- ‘bird, woodpecker’
*(s)pek
ˆ
- ‘observe’
*(s)pel- ‘say aloud, recite’
*(s)pel- ‘tear oV, strip’
*spelo/eh
a
-[*(s)p(h)el- ‘strip’] ‘shield’
*(s)pen- ‘draw, spin’
*spend- ‘make an oVering’
*sper- ‘?sparrow’
*sper- ‘strew, sow’
*sper- (WC) ‘wrap around’
*sperg
ˆ
h- ‘move energetically’
*sperh
1
- ‘kick, spurn’
*sperh
x
g- (NW) ‘strew, sprinkle’
*(s)peud- ‘push, repulse’

*speud- ‘hurry’
*sph
1
ro
´
s [*speh
1
- ‘be satisWed’] ‘Æ fat, rich’
*sph
a
en- (WC) ‘Xat-shaped piece of wood’
*(s)py(e)uh
x
- ‘spew, spit’
*(s)pingo- (WC/PIE?) ‘Wnch’
*spleig
ˆ
h- ‘step, go’
*(s)plend- ‘shine’
*sploig
ˆ
h
2
-e
¯
´
n ‘spleen’
*spoh
x
ino/eh

a
‘foam’
*(s)pondh(n)os (WC) ‘wooden vessel’
*(s)porno
´
m ‘wing, feather’
*(s)preg- (WC) ‘speak’
*(s)pre(n)g- ‘wrap up, constrict’
*spr8h
1
o
´
- [*sperh
1
-‘kick’] ‘heel’
*(s)pr8h
x
g- ‘crackle, sputter’
*srebh- ‘gulp, ingest noisily’
*sre/oh
a
gs (WC) ‘Æ berry, fruit’
*srenk- (WC) ‘snore’
*sre
¯
no/eh
a
-‘Æ hip, thigh’
512 APPENDIX 2
*sret- ‘boil, be agitated, move noisily’

*sreu-‘Xow’
*sreumen- (WC) [*sreu-‘Xow’] ‘Xowing, streaming (in river names)’
*srı
¯
ges- (WC) ‘cold, frost’
*sromo
´
s ‘lame’
*sr8po/eh
a
- ‘sickle’
*stag- (WC) ‘seep, drip’
*(s)teg- (WC/PIE?) ‘cover’
*(s)teg- (WC) [*(s)teg- ‘cover’] ‘pole, post’
*(s)te
´
ges- (WC) [*(s)teg- ‘cover’] ‘roof ’
*(s)teh
2
- ‘stand’
*(s)teh
2
ist (WC) [*(s)teh
2
- ‘stand’] ‘dough’
*ste
´
h
2
mo

¯
n [*(s)teh
2
- ‘stand’] ‘what stands, stature’
*ste
´
h
2
tis [*(s)teh
2
- ‘stand’] ‘place’
*ste
´
h
2
ur [*(s)teh
2
- ‘stand’] ‘post’
*(s)teh
4
- ‘steal’
*steig- ‘prick’
*steigh- ‘step (up), go’
*stel- ‘put in place, (make) stand’
*(s)tel- (NW) ‘be still, quiet’
*stembh-[*(s)teh
2
- ‘stand’] ‘make stand, prop up’
*sten- ‘moan’
*sten- (WC) ‘narrow’

*(s)tenh
x
-[*sten- ‘moan’] ‘groan; thunder’
*ster- ‘barren, infertile’
*ster- ‘spread out’
*(s)ter- ‘stork’
*ster- (WC) ‘steal’
*(s)terg
ˆ
h-‘Æ crush’
*(s)terh
1
- ‘stiV ’
*ster(h
3
)- ‘strew’
*ster(h
3
)mn8 [*ster(h
3
)- ‘strew’] ‘strewn place, ?bed’
*steu- (GA) ‘praise’
*(s)teud- ‘push, thrust’
*steup- ‘strike’
*steuros ‘large (domestic) animal’
*sth
2
bho/eh
a
- (NW) [*(s)teh

2
- ‘stand’] ‘post, pillar’
*sth
2
ei-[*(s)teh
2
- ‘stand’] ‘become hard, Wxed’
*st(h
2
)eug-[*(s)teh
2
- ‘stand’] ‘stiV’
*stı
´
ghs [steigh- ‘step’] ‘path’
*stl8neh
a
- (WC) [*stel- ‘put in place’] ‘post, support’
*sto
´
mn8 ‘mouth’
*storos (NW) ‘starling’
*strenk- (WC) ‘string, to pull (tight)’
A PROTO-INDO-EUROPEAN—ENGLISH WORDLIST 513
*(s)trep- (NW) ‘Æ cry out, dispute’
*streug- ‘be fatigued, exhausted’
*str8(h
x
)yon- (NW) ‘sturgeon/salmon’
*stup-[*steup- ‘strike’] ‘Æ oVcut, piece of wood’

*su-[*h
1
es- ‘be’] ‘good’
*suh
x
- ‘rain’
*suh
x
nu
´
s [*seu(h
x
)- ‘bear a child’] ‘son’
*suh
x
ros (NW) ‘sour, acid’
*suh
x
sos [*seu(h
x
)- ‘bear a child’] ‘grandfather’
*suh
x
yu
´
s [*seu(h
x
)- ‘bear a child’] ‘son’
*su
´

leh
a
-[*seu(h
x
)- ‘express a liquid’] ‘Æ (fermented) juice’
*su
¯
s [?*seu(h
x
)- ‘bear a child’] ‘pig (wild or domesticated)’
*sward- (WC) ‘laugh’
*s(w)ebh-[*swe ‘-self’] ‘lineage’
*s(w)edh- ‘custom, characteristic’
*swedh-o- ‘lineage’
*sweh
a
de/o- ‘be tasty, please’
*sweh
a
dus [*sweh
a
de/o- ‘be tasty’] ‘pleasing (to the senses), tasty’
*(s)weh
a
gh- (WC) ‘Æ cry out; resound’
*swei- ‘blow to hiss or buzz’
*sweid- ‘sweat’
*sweid- ‘shine’
*(s)weig- ‘deceive’
*swek

ˆ
ru
´
h
a
s [*swe
´
k
ˆ
uros ‘father-in-law’] ‘mother-in-law’
*swe
´
k
ˆ
uros ‘father-in-law’
*swe
¯
k
ˆ
uro
´
s [*swe
´
k
ˆ
uros ‘father-in-law’] ‘wife’s brother’
*swel- (NW) ‘burn’
*swel- $ *sel- (WC) ‘plank, board’
*sweliyon- (WC) ‘wife’s sister’s husband’
*swelno- ‘rise’

*swelp-[*swel- ‘burn’] ‘burn, smoulder’
*swem- (NW) ‘swim’
*swe(n)g- ‘bend, swing’
*swenh
x
- ‘(re)sound’
*swep- ‘sleep, dream’ (vb).
*swep- ‘throw, sweep’
*swer- ‘post, rod’
*swer- ‘darken’
*(s)wer- ‘say, speak’
*swerbh- (NW) ‘turn, move in a twirling motion’
*swergh- ‘be ill’
*swerh
x
K- ‘watch over, be concerned about’
*swero- ‘(suppurating) wound’
*swe
´
so
¯
r ‘sister’
514 APPENDIX 2
*swesrih
x
nos (NW) [*swe
´
so
¯
r ‘sister’] ‘sister’s son’

*swesr(iy)o
´
s [*swe
´
so
¯
r ‘sister’] ‘sisterly, sister’s son’
*swı
¯
g/k- (WC) ‘be silent, hush’
*swoiniyeh
a
- (WC) ‘wife’s sister’, i.e., ‘sister-in-law’
*swombhos (WC) ‘spongy’
*swo
´
pniyom [*swep- ‘sleep’] ‘dream’
*swo
´
pnos [*swep- ‘sleep’] ‘sleep, dream’ (noun)
*sw(o)r- $ *sworaks (WC) ‘shrew’
*syo
¯
(u)ros ‘wife’s brother’
*syuh
1
- ‘sew’
*t
*tag- (WC) ‘touch’
*ta

¯
˘
g- ‘set in place, arrange’
*tago
´
s [*ta
¯
˘
g- ‘arrange’] ‘leader’
*tak- (NW) ‘be silent’
*taksos ‘yew’
*t-at- ‘father’
*tauros ‘aurochs; bull’
*tegus ‘thick, fat’
*t(e)h
2
us- (NW/PIE?) ‘quiet, silent’
*teh
a
- ‘to melt’
*teh
a
li (WC) ‘of that sort or size’
*te
´
h
a
mot(s) (WC) ‘then, at that place’
*te
´

h
a
wot(s) ‘so many, so long’
*teig
w
- (WC) ‘+side’
*tek- ‘bear or beget a child’
*tek- ‘run, Xow swiftly’
*teknom [*tek- ‘bear a child’] ‘child, oVspring’
*tek
ˆ
s- ‘fabricate’
*tek
ˆ
so/eh
a
-[*tek
ˆ
s- ‘fabricate’] ‘axe, adze’
*tek
ˆ
steh
a
-[*tek
ˆ
s- ‘fabricate’] ‘plate, bowl’
*tek
ˆ
s-(t)or/n-[*tek
ˆ

s- ‘fabricate’] ‘one who fabricates’
*telh
2
- ‘lift, raise’
*telh
x
-‘+pray’
*telh
x
-om ‘Xoor (of planks)?’
*telk- (NW) ‘push, thrust’
*telp- ‘have room’
*tem- ‘reach, attain’
*temh
x
- ‘be struck, be exhausted’
*temp-[*ten- ‘pull’] ‘stretch’
*ten- ‘pull, stretch’
*teng- ‘think, feel’
*teng- (WC) ‘to moisten, soak’
A PROTO-INDO-EUROPEAN—ENGLISH WORDLIST 515
*tengh- ‘be heavy, diYcult’
*teng(h)- ‘pull’
*tengh-s- (NW) [*ten- ‘pull’] ‘pole’
*tenh8
a
g- (WC) ‘shallow water?’
*tenk- ‘become Wrm, thicken; shrink’
*tenkl8 [*tenk- ‘become Wrm’] ‘buttermilk’
*ten-s-[*ten- ‘pull’] ‘pull’

*te
´
nus [*ten- ‘pull’] ‘thin, long’
*tep- ‘hot’
*ter-‘+speak out’
*ter- ‘crossover’
*terg
w
- ‘scare’
*terh
1
- ‘pierce, pierce by rubbing’
*te
´
rh
1
trom $ *te
´
rh
1
dhrom (WC)
[*terh
1
- ‘pierce’] ‘auger’
*terh
2
- ‘bring across; overcome, through, above’
*ter(i)- (WC) [*terh
1
- ‘pierce’] ‘rub, turn’

*TerK- ‘release, allow’
*terk(w)- ‘twist’ (< ‘spin’)
*termn-[*ter- ‘cross over’] ‘end, border; thread-end’
*terp- ‘take (to oneself ), satisfy oneself’
*te
´
rptis [*terp- ‘satisfy oneself’] ‘satisfaction’
*ters- ‘dry’
*teter- ‘gamebird’
*teu- ‘look on with favour’
*teubh- ‘steal’
*teuh
a
- ‘swell (with power), grow fat’
*teus- ‘be happy’
*teus- ‘to empty’
*teute
´
h
a
- (WC/PIE?) [*teuh
a
- ‘swell’] ‘the people (?under arms)’
*tih
x
n- ‘(be) dirty’
*tkeh
1
- (GA) ‘rule’
*tk

ˆ
ei- (GA) ‘settle, dwell’
*tk
ˆ
en- (GA) ‘strike’
*tk
ˆ
ı
´
tis (GA) [*tk
ˆ
ei- ‘settle’] ‘settlement’
*tk
w
reh
1
yot- ‘clay’
*tode
´
h
a
‘then’
*to
´
ksom (GA) ‘bow’
*tolko/eh
a
- ‘sacriWce, sacriWcial meal’
*tolk
w

- (NW) ‘speak’
*to
´
mh
x
es- ‘dark’
*to
´
r ‘there’
*to
´
ti (WC) ‘so much, many’
*tre
¯
bs (WC) ‘dwelling’
516 APPENDIX 2
*treg- ‘gnaw’
*tregh- (NW) ‘run’
*trem- ‘shake, tremble (in fear)’
*trep- ‘turn’
*tres- ‘tremble, shake with fear’
*treud- (WC) ‘thrust, press’
*treu(h
x
)- (WC) [*terh
1
- ‘pierce’] ‘rub away, wear away’
*tre
´
yes ‘three’

*trih
a
to
¯
n (WC) ‘watery (one?)’
*trı
¯
-k
ˆ
omt(h
a
)
[*tre
´
yes ‘three’ þ *de
´
k
ˆ
m8 (t) ‘ten’] ‘thirty’
*tris [*tre
´
yes ‘three’] ‘thrice’
*tris- (WC) ‘+vine’
*triyo
´
s [*tre
´
yes ‘three’] ‘third’
*tr
´

8nu- ‘thorn’
*trosdos (NW/WC?) ‘thrush’
*trus- (WC) ‘reed, rush’
*(t)sel- ‘sneak up on, crawl up on’
*tuh
a
s-k
ˆ
m8 tyo
´
s (NW) [*teuh
a
- ‘swell’ ‘thousand’
þ *k
ˆ
m8 to
´
m ‘hundred’]
*tu
´
h
x
thou
*tussk
ˆ
yos [*teus- ‘be empty’] ‘empty’
*tweis- (GA) ‘shake’
*twe
´
ks ‘skin’

*twer- ‘stir, agitate’
*twer- (WC) ‘take, hold’
*twerk- ‘cut oV ’
*two
´
h
x
r8 ‘curds, curdled milk’
*twork
ˆ
o
´
s ‘boar’
*tyeg
w
- (GA) ‘give way, pull oneself back (in awe)’
*u
*u
¯
˘
d- ‘upward, out (from under)’
*udero-[*ud- ‘out’] ‘abdomen, stomach’
*udro
´
s [*wo
´
dr8 ‘water’] ‘otter’
*ud
s
tero-[*ud- ‘out’] ‘abdomen, stomach’

*uk
(w)
se
¯
n- ‘ox’
*ul-‘+howl, hoot’
*ulu-[*ul- ‘hoot’] ‘owl’
*usr- ‘aurochs’
*w
*wadh- (NW) ‘wade’
*wag
ˆ
- ‘split’
A PROTO-INDO-EUROPEAN—ENGLISH WORDLIST 517
*wa
´
g
ˆ
ros (GA) [*wag
ˆ
- ‘split’] ‘cudgel’
*wai ‘alas’
*wailos (WC) [*wai ‘alas’] ‘wolf ’
*wak- ‘be empty’
*wal- ‘be strong, rule’
*wa
´
lsos (WC/PIE?) ‘stake’
*wa
´

po
¯
s ‘vapour, steam’
*-we
¯
‘or’
*we
¯
ben ‘cutting weapon, knife’
*webhel- $ *wobhel- (NW) ‘weevil, beetle’
*wed- ‘raise one’s voice’
*wedmo/eh
a
- (WC) ‘bride-price’
*wedh- ‘push, strike’
*we
´
dhris [*wedh- ‘push’] ‘castrated’
*weg- ‘plait, weave’
*weg
ˆ
- ‘strong’
*wegh-(*weg
ˆ
h-?) ‘shake, set in motion’
*weg
ˆ
h- ‘bear, carry also ride’
*weg
ˆ

hnos [*weg
ˆ
h- ‘bear’] ‘wagon’
*weg
ˆ
hyeh
a
- (WC) [*weg
ˆ
h- ‘bear’] ‘track, road’
*weg
w
- (WC) ‘wet’
*weg
w
h- ‘speak solemnly’
*weh
1
r- ‘conWdence, faithfulness’
*weh
1
ros (NW) [*weh
1
r- ‘conWdence’] ‘true’
*weh
a
b- (NW) ‘cry, scream’
*w(e)h
a
stos (NW) ‘empty’

*weh
a
t- (WC) ‘(suppurating) wound’
*weh
x
p- ‘body of water’
*we/oh
x
r ‘water’
*we
´
i ‘we’
*weid- ‘see, know (as a fact)’
*weig/k-‘+turn, yield’
*wei(h
1
)- ‘plait, wattle’
*wei(h
x
)- ‘go after’
*weih
x
- ‘be strong’
*we
´
ih
x
(e)s-[*weih
x
- ‘be strong’] ‘strength, vitality, vital force’

*weik- ‘appear’
*weik- ‘consecrate’
*weik- (NW) ‘W ght’
*weip- $ *weib- ‘turn’
*weip- (E) ‘set in motion, agitate’
*weis- ‘twist, wind around’
*weis- ‘ooze out’
*weis- ‘stink’
518 APPENDIX 2
*weit- ‘willow’
*wek
ˆ
- ‘wish, want’
*wek
w
- ‘speak’
*wel- ‘die’
*wel- ‘grass’
*wel- ‘see’
*wel- ‘turn, wind, roll’
*wel- ‘wish, want’
*wel- (WC) ‘warm, heat’
*weld- ‘crush, grind, wear out’
*wel(h
2
)- ‘strike, tear at’
*weliko/eh
a
- (WC) ‘willow’
*welk- $ *welg- (NW) ‘wet’

*wels- ‘bulge’
*we
´
lsu-[*wel- ‘grass’] ‘meadow, pasture’
*welutrom [*wel- ‘turn’] ‘case’
*we
´
mh
x
mi ‘spew, vomit’
*wen- ‘strike, wound’
*wendh- ‘wind, twist’
*wendh-[*wendh- ‘wind’] ‘(a single) hair’
*we/ondhso-[*wendh- ‘wind’] ‘facial hair’
*weng- ‘bend’
*wenh
x
- ‘desire, strive to obtain’
*wenVst(r)- ‘(ab)omasum’
*wer- (WC) ‘Wnd, take’
*wer- ‘boil, cook’
*wer- ‘crow’
*wer- ‘perceive, give attention to’
*wer- ‘surround, cover, contain’
*wer- ‘burn’
*werb(h)- [*wer- ‘perceive’] ‘oversee, protect’
*werg
ˆ
- ‘shave, shear’
*werg

ˆ
- ‘work’
*we
´
rh
x
us ‘broad, wide’
*werno/eh
a
- ‘alder’
*wers-‘+thresh’
*wers- ‘peak’
*werse
¯
n ‘male’
*wert- ‘turn’
*werwer- ‘squirrel’
*wes- ‘crush, grind, pound, wear out; wither’
*wes- ‘graze’
*wes- ‘buy’
*wes- ‘be dressed, dress’
A PROTO-INDO-EUROPEAN—ENGLISH WORDLIST 519
*wesno-[*wes- ‘buy’] ‘purchase’
*we
´
speros $ *we
´
keros (WC) ‘evening’
*we
´

sr8 ‘spring’
*we
´
stor-[*wes- ‘graze’] ‘herdsman’
*wesu- ‘excellent, noble’
*wet- ‘year’
*wet- ‘see (truly)’
*we
´
telos [*wet- ‘year’] ‘yearling’
*wi- ‘apart, in two, asunder’
*widh- [perhaps *wi- ‘apart’ þ *dheh
1
- ‘separate, put asunder’
‘put’]
*widheweh
a
-[*widh- ‘to be separated’] ‘widow’
*widhu (NW) [*widh- ‘to be separated’] ‘tree, forest’
*wih
1
e
¯
´
n [*wei(h
1
)- ‘plait, wattle’] ‘grapevine’
*wih
x
ro

´
s [*weih
x
- ‘be strong’] ‘man, husband’
*wikso- (WC) ‘mistletoe’
*wı
¯
k
ˆ
m8 tih
1
[*dwi- ‘bi’ þ *de
´
k
ˆ
m8 (t) ‘ten’] ‘twenty’
*wik
ˆ
pots [*wik
ˆ
s
ˇ
- ‘extended family’ þ
*po
´
tis ‘husband’] ‘master of the clan’
*wik
ˆ
s ‘(social unit of ) settlement’, extended
family, clan’

*wi(n)g
ˆ
- ‘elm’
*wis-/*g
ˆ
(h)ombhros (NW) ‘bison’
*wı
´
ss [*weis- ‘ooze out’] ‘poison’
*witeros [*wi- ‘apart’] ‘far’
*wl8h
2
neh
a
- ‘wool’
*wl8ka
¯
nos ‘smith god’
*wl8k
w
ı
´
h
a
-[*wl8k
w
o
´
s ‘dangerous’] ‘she-wolf ’
*wl8k

w
os ‘dangerous’
*wl8k
w
os [*wl8k
w
o
´
s ‘dangerous’] ‘wolf ’
*wl(o)p- ‘(red) fox’
*wn8d
s
tı
´
- ‘bladder’
*w(n8)na
´
kts ‘leader, lord’
*wo
´
dr8 ‘water’
*wog
w
hnis (WC) ‘ploughshare’
*wo
´
h
1
‘you two’
*wo

´
inom (PIE?) [*wei(h
x
)- ‘plait’] ‘wine’
*wok
ˆ
e
´
h
a
- ‘cow’
*wo
¯
k
w
s [*wek
w
- ‘speak’] ‘voice’
*wolno/eh
a
- ‘(bloody) wound’
*wo
´
los ‘tail hair (of a horse)’
*wo
´
lswom (GA) [*wels- ‘bulge’] ‘gums’
*wo
´
rghs ‘chain, row, series’

*worh
x
d-i/o- (WC) [*worh
x
do- ‘wart’] ‘frog’
520 APPENDIX 2
*worh
x
do- ‘wart’
*worh
x
dhus ‘upright, high’
*wo
´
r(h
x
)g
ˆ
s ‘nourishment, strength’
*worPo- ‘enclosure’
*wortok
w
- (GA) ‘quail’
*worwos (WC) ‘furrow’
*wos(h
x
)-ko- (NW) ‘wax’
*wospo/eh
a
-[*wes- ‘be dressed’] ‘garment’

*wo
´
su ‘goods’
*wo
¯
t- (NW) [*wet- see truly ] ‘poet, seer’
*wo
¯
tis [*wet- ‘see truly’] ‘god-inspired’
*wr8b- (WC) ‘branch, sprig, twig’
*wredh- ‘grow, stand, take shape’
*wreg- ‘track, hunt, follow’
*wreg- (NW) ‘press, oppress’
*wreh
1
g
ˆ
- (WC) ‘break, tear to pieces’
*wreh
a
gh- (WC) ‘thorn’
*(w)rep- ‘turn, incline’
*wre
¯
tos ‘Xock, herd’
*wr8h
1
e
¯
n ‘lamb’

*wr(h
a
)d- (WC) ‘root; branch’
*wr8h
x
os ‘pimple’
*wriyo/eh
a
- ‘fort’
*wr8mis (WC) ‘worm, insect’
*wr8to/eh
a
-[*wer- ‘surround’] ‘enclosure’
* y
*yag
ˆ
- (GA) ‘honour, worship’
*yak(k)- (WC) ‘Æ cure, make well’
*yam $ yau (NW) ‘now, already’
*(y)ebh- ‘elephant’
*ye
´
bhe/o- ‘enter, penetrate, copulate’
*yeg- ‘ice, icicle’
*yeh
1
- ‘do, make; act vigorously’
*yeh
1
- (WC) ‘throw’

*yeh
1
g
w
eh
a
- (WC) ‘power, youthful vigour’
*ye
´
h
3
s- ‘gird’
*yeh
a
- ‘go, travel’
*yeh
a
- (E) ‘ask for, beg’
*ye
´
h
a
wot(s) (GA) ‘as many, as long’
*yek-‘Æ express, avow’
*yek
w
r8(t) ‘liver’
*yem- (E) ‘hold’
*yemos ‘twin’
*yes- ‘boil’

A PROTO-INDO-EUROPEAN—ENGLISH WORDLIST 521
*yet- ‘put in the right place’
*yeu- ‘bind, join together’
*yeudh- ‘moved, stirred up; Wght’
*yeudhmo
´
s [*yeudh-‘Wght’] ‘Wghter’
*yeug-[*yeu- ‘bind’] ‘joins, harnesses’
*yeug
ˆ
- ‘stir up, incite; be unquiet’
*yeuh
x
- ‘mix something moist’
*ye
´
w(e)s- ‘order, law’
*ye
´
w(e)s- ‘grain’
*-yo ‘and’
*yoinis (NW) ‘reed, rush’
*yo
´
k
ˆ
u ‘(animal) body hair’
*yo
´
rks (WC) ‘roedeer’

*yo
´
s/*ye
´
h
a
/*yo
´
d ‘who, what, that’
*yoteros (GA) ‘which of the two’
*yo
´
ti (GA) ‘as much, as many’
*yu- (WC) ‘Æ shout (for joy)’
*yugo
´
m [*yeu- ‘bind’] ‘yoke’
*yuh
x
-r- (WC) ‘water’
*yuh
x
s $ *uswe
´
$ *swe
´
‘ye’
*yu
´
h

x
s-[*yeuh
x
- ‘mix’] ‘broth’
522 APPENDIX 2
Appendix 3
An English to Proto-Indo-European
Wordlist
abdomen *udero-, *ud
s
tero-
able (be physically) *magh-, NW *gal-
(ab)omasum *wenVst(r)-
about *per
above *terh
2
-
abundant *bhe
´
ng
ˆ
hus, NW/PIE? *menegh-
accept *dek
ˆ
-, *nem-
accomplish *sen(h
a
)-, NW *kob-
accustomed *h
1

euk-
acid NW *suh
x
-ros
acorn *g
w
elh
a
-
acquainted with *g
ˆ
neh
3
-
across *terh
2
-
act hypocritically NW *leud-
act vigorously *yeh
1
-
addition (in) *h
1
eti
adhere *leip-
adjacent WC *pos
advance *seh
1
(i)-
adze *h

4
edhe
´
s-, *tek
ˆ
so/eh
a
-
afflict *h
a
ei-, *seh
4
i-
affliction *h
a
e
´
ghleh
a
-
afraid *bhibho
´
ih
x
e,WC*h
a
egh-
after *posti
against *proti
age *g

ˆ
erh
a
-
age of vigour *h
a
o
´
yus
agitate *twer-, E *weip-
agitated *sret-
ahead *pro
aim WC *del-
alas *eheu, wai
alcove *gubho/eh
a
-
alder *h
a
e
´
liso-, *werno/eh
a
-, WC *kleh
a
dhreh
a
-
alive *h
2/3

wed-
allow *TerK-
alone *kaiwelos, *h
1
oinos
along *h
a
enh
a
e,E*h
a
en-u
already NW *yam/yau
amass *kr(e)u-bh-
among *(s)me
and *ar, *h
1
eti, *-k
w
e, *-yo,
angelica NW *k
ˆ
we
´
ndhr/no-
anger WC *h
1
o
´
istro/eh

a
-
angry *reus-, *seh
4
i-, WC *bhorg
w
o-, GA *k
ˆ
et-
animal *g
w
ye
´
h
3
wyom, *k
w
etwor-pod, *le
´
uh
x
o
¯
n
animal (large domestic) *steuros
animal (small)WC*meh
1
l-
animal (wild) *g
ˆ

hwe
¯
r, *h
2
we
´
dr8
anoint (with salve), (be)smear *h
3
eng
w
-
(an)other *h
1
iteros,WC*sm8 teros
ant *morwi- $ *morm- $ *mouro-
anus *kutso
´
s, *puto
´
s,C*pr8h
3
k
ˆ
to
´
s
any *sm8 mo
´
s

apart *seni/u-, *wi-, WC *dis-
appear *k
w
ek
ˆ
/g
ˆ
-, *weik-, WC *prep-
apple *h
a
ebVl-, *meh
2
lom
apportion *dap-
apportion (er) *bhagos
arch WC *k
w
elp-
argue *h
4
erg
w
-, *mel-
arm *dous-, *h
a
e
´
rh
x
mos

army *koryos
around *h
2
entbhi-
arrange *ta
¯
˘
g-
arrow NW *h
a
e
´
rkwos,GA*h
1
ı
´
sus
as WC *k
w
eh
a
m
ash *h
2
e
´
h
x
o
¯

s, *kenh
x
is,NW*perk-
ash (tree) *h
3
es(k)-
ask for *g
w
hedh-, *h
1/4
er-, *perk
ˆ
-, E *yeh
a
-
aslant GA *dh8
3
g
ˆ
hmo
´
s
asp (fish) *ghe
´
rsos
aspen *h
2/3
osp-
ass *os(o)nos,WC*mu
´

(k)skos
assail *h
a
ei-
assert *h
4
erg
w
-
at WC *h
a
ed
at one time *sem-
524 APPENDIX 3
attach *h
a
e
´
r(h
x
)-, NW *(h
2
)wer-
attain *h
1
enek
ˆ
-, *tem-
attempt WC *per-
attention (pay) *bheudh-, *wer-

auger WC *te
´
rh
1
trom $ *te
´
rh
1
dhrom
aurochs *tauros, *usr-
autumn *h
1
esen-
avow *yek-
awake *h
1
ger-
away *h
4
eu, *h
a
et, *pro,NW*de
¯
awl *h
x
o
´
leh
a
-

awn *h
a
ek
ˆ
stı
´
-
axe *h
4
edhe
´
s-, *pelek
ˆ
us, *tek
ˆ
so/eh
a
-, NW
*seku
¯
r-, WC *h
a
egwisy(e)h
a
-
axle *h
a
ek
ˆ
s-

babble *baba-, lal-
back *h
4
epe
´
r-, *h
4
e
´
po
back (side) *ku
´
h
x
los
bad *dus-, *h
3
ligos, *melo-
badger NW *meli-
bag *bho
´
lg
ˆ
his-
bake *pek
w
-, WC *bho
¯
g-
bald *kl8h

x
wos, NW/WC? *gol(h
x
)wos
bar WC *kleh
a
wis
bare *ne/og
w
no
´
s, NW/WC? *gol(h
x
)wos,WC*bho-
so
´
s
bark (dog) *leh
a
-, NW *bhereg-, WC *baub-
bark (tree)WC*lo
´
ubho/eh
a
-
barley *g
ˆ
hre
´
sdh(i), *h

2
e
´
lbhit, *meig
ˆ
(h)-, NW *bhar-
es-, WC /PIE? *h
2
ed-, WC *bha
´
rs
barren *ster-
barter *per-
basin WC *louh
1
trom
basket NW *kreb-, NW *k
w
as-
bast WC *lo
¯
p-, WC *lo
´
ubho/eh
a
-
bathe WC *leuh
1
-
be *bheu(h

x
)-, *h
1
es-
beam *k
ˆ
red-, WC *bhe
´
lh
a
g
ˆ
s
bean WC *bhabheh
a
-, WC *bhak
ˆ
o
´
/eh
a
-
bear (a child) *bhe
´
re/o-, *seu(h
x
)-,*tek-, WC *pelh
x
-
bear (animal) *h

2
r
´
8tk
ˆ
os
bear (verb) *bhe
´
re/o-, *weg
ˆ
h-
beard *smo
´
k
ˆ
wr8,NW*bhardheh
a
-
beat NW *bheud-
AN ENGLISH—PROTO-INDO-EUROPEAN WORDLIST 525
beat the weft with a stick WC *krek-
beautiful GA *kal-
beaver *bhe
´
bhrus
bed *le
´
ghes-, *ster(h
3
)mn8

bee NW *bhik
w
o
´
-, C *melı
´
tih
a
-
beech WC *bheh
a
g
ˆ
o
´
s
beer *h
a
elut-
beetle NW *webhel- $ *wobhel-
before *pr8h
a
e
´
h
1
, *pr8h
a
e
´

i
beg E *yeh
a
-
beget a child *g
ˆ
enh
1
-, *tek-
begin *neik-
behind *h
4
epe
´
r-, *h
4
e
´
po, *po-sk
w
o-, WC *g
ˆ
ho
¯
-,
WC*pos
being (come into) *bheu(h
x
)-
belch *h

1
reug-
believe *h
2/3
eh
x
-, *k
ˆ
red-dheh
1
-
belt NW *kerd-
bend *bheidh-, *bheug-, *bhedh-, *h
2
enk-, *kamer-,
*kleng-, *leng-, *lenk-, *nem-, *weng-,
*swe(n)g-, WC *leug-
bend (of terrain)WC*kam-p-
benefit NW *lau-
bent *h
2
o
´
nkos, *lei-
berry *h
a
o
´
geh
a

-, NW *dhreghes-, WC *h
1
o
´
iwo/eh
a
-,
WC *sre/oh
a
gs
bestow *h
2/3
enk
ˆ
-
bestowed *h
2/3
o
´
nk
ˆ
os
between *h
1
ente
´
r
beyond *h
a
et,NW*h

a
elnos
bi- *dwi-
bind *bhendh-, *deh
1
-, *dherg
ˆ
h-, *kergh-, *yeu-,
WC *mer-
birch *bherh
x
g
ˆ
os
bird *h
a
ewei-, *pipp-
bird (type of) *(s)p(e)iko/eh
a
-, *teter-
bird of prey GA *k
ˆ
yeino-, C *g
ˆ
hy- $ *g
ˆ
yei-
bison NW *wis-/*g
ˆ
(h)ombhros

bite *denk
ˆ
-
bitter *h
2
em-, *h
2
em-ro-s
black *k
w
r8sno
´
s, *mel-n-, NW *k
ˆ
eir-
blackberry *mo
´
rom
blackbird NW *h
a
emesl-, WC *kopso-
526 APPENDIX 3
bladder *wn8d
s
tı
´
-
blame *h
1
lengh-

bleat NW *bhleh
1
-
blind *h
a
endho
´
s
blood *h
1
e
´
sh
2
r8, *kre
´
uh
a
bloom *bhel-
blossom *bhel-
blow *bhel-, *bhes-, *h
2
weh
1
-, *peis-, *per-,
*p(h)eu-, *swei-, *wet-
blue *k
ˆ
er- $ *k
ˆ

r8-wos, modheros
boar *twork
ˆ
o
´
s, NW/WC ?*h
1
eperos
board NW *ske
´
its,WC*swel- $ *sel-
boat *ne
´
h
a
us, *(s)kolmos
body *kre
´
ps
boil *seu-, *sret-, *yes-, WC *bhreu-
bold *dhers-
bolster *bho
´
lg
ˆ
his-
bolt WC *kleh
a
wis
bone *h

2
o
´
st
booty *soru
border *h
4
erh
2
os, *morg
ˆ
-, *te
´
rmn8
born *g
ˆ
enh
1
-
both *bho
¯
u
bottom *bhudhno
´
-
bow NW *h
a
e
´
rkwos,GA*to

´
ksom
bowl *kumbo/eh
a
-
bowstring GA *g
w
(i)ye
¯
h
a
braid *plek
ˆ
-, WC *mer-
brain *mosghos,WC*mre
´
ghmen-, E *mo
´
str8
bran WC *k
w
et-
branch *h
2
o
´
sdos, *h
4
log
ˆ

-, *k
ˆ
ank-, *k
ˆ
o
´
h
1
ko
¯
h
2
,NW
*ghabhlo/eh
a
-, WC *gol-, WC *gwe
´
sdos,WC
*wr8b-, WC *wr(h
a
)d-
brave *dhers-
break *bheg-, *bhreu-, *leug
ˆ
-, *reup-, NW *bhreg
ˆ
-,
WC *bhreus-, WC *h
3
lem-, WC *plek

ˆ
-, WC
*wreh
1
g
ˆ
breast *dhh
1
ileh
a
-, *h
1
o
´
uh
x
dhr8-, *pap-, *pe
´
rk
ˆ
us,
*pste
´
nos-
breath *h
1
eh
1
tme
´

n-, *h
a
e
´
nh
1
mos
breathe *dhwes-, *h
a
e
´
nh
1
-, *h
a
e
´
nh
1
mi, *k
ˆ
wesh
x
-
breathe one’s last WC *dheu-
brew WC *bhreu -
bride-price WC *wedmo/eh
a
-
AN ENGLISH—PROTO-INDO-EUROPEAN WORDLIST 527

bright *dei-, *g
ˆ
hers-, *leuko
´
s, *(s)koitro
´
s, WC
*g
w
haidro
´
s,C*h
2
eug-
bring across *terh
2
-
bring forth *per-
bristle *g
ˆ
hers -, *h
a
ek
ˆ
stı
´
-, NW *k
ˆ
er(es)-
broad *plet-, *pl8th

2
u
´
-, *we
´
rh
x
us
broth *korm-, *yu
´
h
x
s -
brother *bhre
´
h
a
ter-
brotherhood *bhreh
a
trı
´
yom
brother’s wife *snuso
´
s
brown *bher-, *h
1
el-, NW *badyos
brush(wood)NW*k

w
re
´
snos
bubble *bher-
buck *bhug
ˆ
os
build *dem(h
a
)-, *dheig
ˆ
h-, *k
w
ei-, *k
w
er-
bulge *wels-
bull *domh
a
yos, *tauros
bundle NW *(s)keup-
burden *h
1
o
´
nh
x
es-
burn *bhleg-, *deh

a
u-, *dheg
w
h-, *g
ˆ
welh
x
-,
*h
1
eus-, *h
2
eh
x
-, *h
4
elh
1
-, *h
a
eidh-,
*h
a
el-, *kenk-, *k
ˆ
eh
a
u-, *k
ˆ
euk-, *k

ˆ
seh
1
-,
*preus-, *swelp-, *wer-, NW *ker-, NW
*swel-
burrow *bhedh-
butter WC *h
3
e
´
ng
w
n8
butterfly NW *pelpel -
buttermilk *tenkl8
buttock GA *g
ˆ
hn8ghe
´
no/eh
a
-
buy *wes-
cabbage *kaulo
´
s
cackle WC *gag-
call *gal-, *g
ˆ

ar-, *g
ˆ
heu(h
x
)-, *kelh
1
-
callosity *kl8nos
canoe *h
x
oldhu-
captive NW *kaptos
carp *k
ˆ
o
´
ph
a
elos
carrot WC *mr8k-
carry *bher-, *weg
ˆ
h-
carve *del-, *kerd-
case *welutrom
castrated *we
´
dhris
cat NW *kat-
528 APPENDIX 3

catch WC *kagh-
cauldron *k
w
erus
cave GA *ka
´
iwr8(t)
cavity *h
2
elwos ,*h
2
e
´
ryos
caw *ker-
cedar WC *h
1
elew-
chaff *pelo/eh
a
-, WC *k
w
et-
chain *wo
´
rghs
characteristic *s(w)edh-
charcoal *h
x
o

´
ngl8,NW*perk-
charm *meng-
cheat NW *meug-
cherry WC *kr8nom
chew *g
ˆ
yeuh
x
-, WC *mandh -or*mant-
chickpea WC *k
ˆ
ik
ˆ
er-
child *teknom
chin *men, *smek
ˆ
-, *smo
´
k
ˆ
wr8
circle *a
¯
nos, *h
3
e
´
rbhis, *serk-

clan *wik
ˆ
-
clay *ml8dho/eh
a
-, *tk
w
reh
1
yot-, WC *gloiwos
clean *peuh
x
-, WC *k
ˆ
leu-
clear *leuko
´
s, *(s)koitro
´
s
cliff *pel(i)s-
cloak *drap- $ *drop-, NW *ruk-,
WC *baite
´
h
a
-
close the eyes *meigh- $ *meik-
cloth *los-, *p(e)h
2

no/eh
a
-, WC *bhr8w-,
WC *lo
¯
p-
clothes *drap- $ *drop-, *wospo/eh
a
-,
WC *ke
´
ntr/n-
cloud(y) *ne
´
bhes–, *sneudh-, NW *bhlendh-
club NW *lorgeh
a
-, WC *bak-, GA *wa
´
g
ˆ
ros
coal *g(e)ulo-
cold *k
ˆ
elto-, *k
w
ruste
¯
n,NW*gel-, WC *h

3
eug-,
WC *srı
¯
ges-
colour (deep intense shade) *k
ˆ
yeh
1
-
comb *kars-, *kes-
combat NW *nant-
come *g
w
eh
a
-, *g
w
em-
commit a crime NW/PIE? *h
2/3
wergh-
commotion (be in) *dheu(h
x
)-
companion *so
´
k
w
-h

2
-o
¯
i,NW*dhrougho
´
s,GA
*h
2
e
¯
pis
compel WC *bheidh-
AN ENGLISH—PROTO-INDO-EUROPEAN WORDLIST 529
compensation *k
w
oineh
a
-
complain WC *leh
a
-
complete *serk-
compress NW *greut-, WC *gen-
compute WC *del-
conceal WC *k
ˆ
el-
concern *k
ˆ
eh

a
des-, *(s)mer-, *swerh
x
K-
concubine *parikeh
a
-
confide WC *bheidh-
confidence *weh
1
r-
congealed moisture NW *senh
x
dhr-
conifer *pe
´
uk
ˆ
s , *pit(u)-
conquer *seg
ˆ
h-
consecrate *weik-
consider *men-
constrain *h
2
emg
ˆ
h-
contain *h

2
em-, *wer-
container *pe
¯
l(h
1
)ewis
contend *h
3
enh
2
-, *mel-, *reus -
cook *pek
w
-, *wer-
coot WC *bhel-
copper *h
1
roudho
´
s, *h
a
ey-es-
copulate (< Early PIE ‘enter’) *ye
´
bhe/o-
corner WC *kan-t(h)o-
corpse *ne
´
h

a
wis
couch *le
´
ghes-
cough *k
w
eh
a
s-
count (out)WC*h
a
rei(h
x
)-
country *pl8th
2
wih
a
-
cover *h
1
eu-, *h
1
rebh-, *k
ˆ
em-, *(s)keu(h
x
)-, *wer-,
WC/PIE? *(s)teg-, WC *k

ˆ
el-, GA *dhwenh
2
-
cow *g
w
o
¯
us, *h
1
eg
ˆ
h-, *wok
ˆ
e
´
h
a
-, WC *loh
a
po-
cowherd WC *g
w
ou-k
w
olos
crab *karkr(o)-
crack *gerg-
crackle *(s)pr8h
x

g-
craft WC *ke
´
rdos
craftsman WC *dhabhros
crane *ger-
crawl *serp-, *(t)sel-, NW *re
¯
p-
crayfish *km8 h
a
ros
cream *re
´
ughmen-
creatures *h
2/3
we
´
dr8
530 APPENDIX 3
crooked *(s)keng-, WC *lerd-, WC *lord(sk
ˆ
)os,WC
*(s)kel-
cross-eyed NW/PIE? *ka
´
ikos
crossover *ter-
crow *kVr-C -, *wer-

crowd WC *ger-
crown of the head *ml8h
2
dho-
crush *mer-, *pis-, *(s)terg
ˆ
h-, *weld-, *wes-
cry *glag
ˆ
h-, *g
ˆ
ar-, *gher-, *kau(k)-, *k
ˆ
euk-,
*kreuk
ˆ
-, *neu-, *wed-, NW *(s)trep-,
NW *weh
a
b-, WC *ghel-, WC *leh
a
-,
WC *(s)weh
a
gh-
cuckoo *kuku
¯
cup *kVlVk
ˆ
-, *poh

2
tlom
curds *two
´
h
x
r8
cure *med-, WC *bher-, WC *yak(k)-
curse *h
2
eru-
curve *geu- $*geh
x
u-, *keu(h
x
)-, *keu-k-,
WC *(s)kamb-
curved NW *pandos
custom *s(w)edh-
cut *bher-, *bhreh
x
i-, *bhreu-, *deh
a
(i)-,
*del-, *kerd-, *k
ˆ
es-, *k
w
er-, *put-, *sek-,
*skeh

1
i(-d)-, *(s)kel-, *(s)ker-,
*twerk-, WC *gleubh -, WC *(s)grebh-
cut hair *koik
ˆ
-
cutting weapon *we
¯
ben
damp *penk-
dangerous *wl8k
w
o
´
s
dark *dh(o)ngu-, *to
´
mh
x
es-, WC
*(h
a
)mauros,WC*(h
a
)merh
x
g
w
-
darken *swer-, NW *merk-, GA *dhwenh

2
-
darkness *h
1
reg
w
-es-
daughter *dhug
ˆ
(h
a
)te
¯
´
r
dawn *h
a
e
´
uso
¯
s
dawns *h
a
(e)us-sk
ˆ
eti
day *deino-, *dye(u)-, *h
a
e

´
g
ˆ
hr8,C*h
2
eh
x
-mer-
dead *mr8to
´
s, *ne
´
k
ˆ
us
deaf *bhodh
x
ro
´
s
dear *h
x
leh
a
d-, *leh
a
d-
death *mo
´
ros, *mr8tı

´
s, *mr8to
´
m, *neks, *ne
´
k
ˆ
us
debt NW *dhl8gh-
decay *k
ˆ
er-
AN ENGLISH—PROTO-INDO-EUROPEAN WORDLIST 531
deceive *dhreugh-, *meng-, *(s)mel-, *(s)weig-,
NW *meug-, WC *kel-
declare solemnly *k
ˆ
eh
1
-, *k
ˆ
e(n)s-
deep *dheub-
deer *h
1
elh
1
e
¯
n,WC*yo

´
rks
defecate *g
ˆ
hedye/o-, *g
w
uh
x
-, *kerd-, *k
ˆ
ek
w
-, WC
*kak(k)eh
a
ye/o-
defect *mendo/eh
a
-
defend *h
a
lek-
defile *kerd-, NW *mai-
descendant *neptiyos
desire *gheldh-, *g
ˆ
hor(ye/o)-, *h
x
ih
x

ig
ˆ
h-(e/o)-,
*leubh-, *moud -, *wenh
x
-, WC *h
1
op,
E *k
w
lep-
destroy *bhreh
x
i-, *dhg
w
hei-, *h
2
erh
x
-, *h
2
erk-,
*h
3
elh
1
-
destruction *h
2
re

´
tk
ˆ
es-
dew *ro
¯
´
s
die *mer-, *nek
ˆ
-, *wel-, WC *dheu-
difficult *tengh-
dig up *bhedh-, *h
3
reuk-, *perk
ˆ
-, NW *dhelbh-, NW
*ghrebh-
dip *g
w
abh-, *mesg-
dirt(y) *reh
1
mo
´
s, *solh
x
-, *tih
x
n-, NW *mai -, WC

*gru
´
g
ˆ
s,WC*leu-
dish WC *po
´
th
a
r8
dispute NW *(s)trep-
distribute *bhag-, *pr8(h
3
)tis,NW*h
1
em-
disturb *mer-
dive *g
w
a
¯
dh-, *mesg-
divide *bhag-, *deh
a
(i)-, *lenk-
do *kon-, *k
w
er-, *yeh
1
-

dog *k
ˆ
(u)wo
¯
n,WC*(s)koli-
donkey WC *mu
´
(k)skos
door *dhwo
¯
´
r
doorjamb *h
a
e
´
nh
x
t(e)h
a
dormouse *gl8h
1
ı
´
s
do something hateful WC *h
a
leit-
double *dw(e)i-plos, *dwoyos
dough WC *(s)teh

2
ist
down *kath
a
e
downcast WC *h
a
egh-
downwards *ni
dragon WC *dr8k
ˆ
-
532 APPENDIX 3