Chapter 138. Moraxella Infections (Part 3) ppsx
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Chapter 138. Moraxella Infections
(Part 3)
Other Moraxella Species
Other Moraxella species are occasional causes of a wide range of
infections, including bronchitis, pneumonia, empyema, endocarditis, meningitis,
conjunctivitis, endophthalmitis, urinary tract infection, septic arthritis, and wound
infection. In a report on all Moraxella isolates submitted to the Centers for Disease
Control and Prevention between 1953 and 1980, certain clinical associations were
apparent (Table 138-2). M. osloensis and M. nonliquefaciens, the most commonly
isolated species, were cultured from various normally sterile body sites, including
blood, cerebrospinal fluid, and joints. M. osloensis was the Moraxella species
most frequently isolated from blood; M. nonliquefaciens tended to be isolated
from the ears, nose, or throat (47%) or the sputum (8%) and has since been
implicated as a cause of conjunctivitis and keratitis. M. urethralis was isolated
most often from urine and the genital tract and probably represents the Moraxella
species implicated previously in urethritis. More than half of isolates of M.
phenylpyruvica and M. atlantae were obtained from normally sterile sites. One
study found Moraxella spp., including M. catarrhalis, in 35% of infected cat-bite
wounds and in 10% of infected dog-bite wounds. The clinical features of
infections due to Moraxella spp. other than M. catarrhalis and the nature of the
hosts in which they occur have not been fully characterized.
Table 138-2 Moraxella Species Other Than M. catarrhalis
Moraxella
Species
Number
of Isolates
Common
Sites/Clinical
Association
Number
(Percent) for Each
Site
Blood 44 (22)
CSF 18 (9)
Urine 17 (9)
M.
osloensis
a
199
Respiratory tract 24 (12)
Blood 27 (8)
CSF 6 (2)
M.
nonliquefaciens
356
Respiratory tract 196 (55)
M. canis 74 Dog-bite wound 53 (72)
M-6 47 Blood, bone 15 (32)
M. lacunata
33 Conjunctivitis,
keratitis
23 (70)
Urine 16 (57) M.
urethralis
28
Genital tract 3 (11)
Blood 19 (26) M.
phenylpyruvica
73
CSF 8 (11)
Urine 12 (16)
Blood 20 (45) M.
atlantae
44
CSF 5 (11)
a
Some of these isolates would now be distinguished as a new species,
Moraxella lincolnii
.
Note: CSF, cerebrospinal fluid.
Source: Adapted from a summary of CDC experience (Graham et al).
Further Readings
Graham DR et al: Infections caused by Moraxella, Moraxella urethralis
,
Moraxella
-like groups M-5 and M-6, and Kingella kingae
in the United States,
1953–1980. Rev Infect Dis 12:423, 1990 [PMID: 2359906]
Ioannidis JPA et al: Spectrum and significance of
bacteremia due to
Moraxella catarrhalis
. Clin Infect Dis 21:390, 1995 [PMID: 8562749]
Maayan H et al: Infective endocarditis due to Moraxella lacunata:
Report
of 4 patients and review of published cases of Moraxella endocarditis.
Scand J
Infect Dis 36:878, 2005
Murphy TF et al: Moraxella catarrhalis
in chronic obstructive pulmonary
disease: Burden of disease and immune response. Am J Respir Crit Care Med
172:195, 2005 [PMID: 15805178]
Sethi S et al: New strains of bacteria and exacerbations of chroni
c
obstructive pulmonary disease. N Engl J Med 347:465, 2002 [PMID: 12181400]
Talan DA et al: Bacteriologic analysis of infected dog and cat bites. N Engl
J Med 340:85, 1999 [PMID: 9887159]
Verduin CM et al: Moraxella catarrhalis: From emerging to estab
lished
pathogen. Clin Microbiol Rev 15:125, 2002 [PMID: 11781271]
Bibliography
Wright PW et al: A descriptive study of 42 cases of
Branhamella
catarrhalis pneumonia. Am J Med 88(Suppl 5A):2S, 1990
