Q
382 Index
SDP (Session Description Protocol)
format, 21
codec negotiations and, 53–55
description, 53, 53t
responding description, 54–55, 55t
as a text-based protocol, 53
sectorization, 120
secure password-based authentication,
336
secure RTP, 52, 55, 341–342
secure SIP, 32
Secure Socket Layer, TLS replacing,
334
secure wireless network, 169–170
security
for 802.11, 169–192
in controller-based architecture,
121
principles of, 324
technologies in Wi-Fi, 170–180
for voice mobility networks, 323
security handoff overhead, reducing,
252–253
segment, in Ethernet, 78
self noise, 135–136
send loudness, 61–62
sender’s noise, 61–62
sequence control field, 111, 111t
Sequence field, in TCP, 88

sequence number
in IPsec, 338–339
in the sequence control field, 114
serial number, of a certificate, 333
serial protocol, Ethernet as, 77–78
server failure codes, in SIP, 30
Server Hello Done message, 187–188,
188t
Server Hello message, 187–188, 188t
Service Control Point (SCP), 42
service disruption, during 802.11r
transitions, 276–277
service period, in WMM Power Save,
213
“service provider,” for Wi-Fi, 233
service set identifier. See BSSIDs;
SSIDs
Service Switching Point (SSP), 42
service-level agreements (SLAs), 97–98
Session Description Protocol. See SDP
format
Session Initiation Protocol. See entries
at SIP
session lifetime, 183
Session-Expires header, 21
SETUP message, in Q.931, 41
720p high-definition video, 350–351
1700MHz band, 302
Shannon’s Law, 137–138
shared medium, 113–115

short guard interval, in 802.11n,
163–164
short preambles, 157
short slots, for 802.11ag, 161
sidetone, lack of, 62
signal(s)
as complex numbers, 195
modulating, 195
phase and attenuation of, 196–197
signal filters, airways as, 49–50
signal power level, 134
signal propagation properties, 135–136
signal strength. See also power
sudden drop causes, 244
throughout a one-room office, 133,
134f
Signal Transfer Points (STPs), 42
signaling channel, 5, 7–9
signaling protocols, 11–42
Signaling System #7 (SS7), 42, 42
signal-to-noise ratio. See SNR
signature algorithm, in a certificate, 333
signing authority, 330
silence suppression, 54–55
SIM (Subscriber Identity Module) card,
298
SIM authentication, 337
simultaneous impairment, 62
simultaneous ring PBX feature, 10–11
sine wave

basic carrier as, 193–194
representing complex function,
195
SIP (Session Initiation Protocol)
ACK request from caller to proxy,
25t
architecture, 12–15, 14f
authentication challenge, 31t
authentication response, 31t
based on HTTP, 12
busy everywhere rejection, 27t
busy here rejection, 26, 27t
calls-based, 14
compared to H.323, 32
described, 12–32
global failure codes, 30
goal of, 12
hanging up, 27
in-progress codes, 28
invitations in, 15
media gateways, 15
messages in text, 12
not voice specific, 14
OK response from proxy to caller,
23, 25t
over TCP, 341
phone conference management
and, 14
placing a call, 19–25
for point-to-point video calls, 361

proxy, 13, 15
redirection codes, 28
REGISTER request, 16t
registrar, 13
registration in, 15–19
rejected calls, 26–27
request failure codes, 28–29
response codes, 27–30
ringing response from, 23, 23t
server failure codes, 30
between specific infrastructure
resources, 28–29
success code, 28
SIP authentication, 30–31
SIP headers (HTTP), 16–17
“sip:” marker, for a URI, 13
SIP-based admission control, 214–215
SIP-based schemes, 230
SIPS (SIP with TLS), 32, 341– 342
site survey
after an adaptive power control
run, 281–282
tools, 286, 288
with voice in mind, 286
64-QAM, 159
64-QAM constellation, 159, 160f
16-QAM, 159
16-QAM constellation, 159, 160f
Skinny Client Control Protocol. See
SCCP

Skype
described, 35–38
freeing from PSTN integration,
37–38
high-bitrate codecs, 37–38
not manageable in an enterprise
sense, 35–37
SLAs (service-level agreements),
97–98
slash notation, 81, 85–86
slots
in 802.11ag, 161
in Ethernet, 78–79
for a radio, 146
Slotted ALOHA, 146
slow start process, in TCP, 89–90
SNAP (Subnetwork Access Protocol)
header, 111, 112t
SNR (signal-to-noise ratio)
minimum, 136–137
per-stream, 202
relation to data rate, 137– 138
in the R-value, 60–62
sockets, 86–87, 362
soft handoffs, 273, 301
softphones, 12
soft-state table, 79–80
Source, in IPv6, 86, 86t
source address (SA), 113
source bits, in 802.11ag, 161

Source field, in IPv4, 82
Source Port
in TCP, 88
in UDP, 87
Q
Index 383
sources
Ethernet addresses seen as, 79–80
of noise in Wi-Fi networks, 134
space-time block codes (STBC), 164
spatial streams
capacity of, 202
in MIMO, 163–164
speaker, in a phone, 5–8
specifications. See standards
SpectraLink company, 38
SpectraLink Voice Priority. See SVP
spectrum analyzers, 287
spectrum management, 228–229
SPI (Security Parameters Index),
338–339
spreading, in 802.11, 153–154
SRTP (secure RTP), 52, 55, 341–342
SS7 (Signaling System #7), 42, 42
SSIDs (service set identifiers), 107. See
also BSSIDs
in a beacon request, 264–265
best practices, 107–108
broadcast suppression, 107–108
hiding, 107–108

naming the network, 107–108
typing, 108
SSL (Secure Socket Layer), TLS
replacing, 334
SSLv3 peers, 335
SSP (Service Switching Point), in SS7,
42
SSRC (Synchronization Source), 51
stacks, in phones, 5–7
standalone access points, 120, 258–259,
260f
standalone wireline, 120
standards, 3–4
standby mode, 209
stateful classification, of packets, 95
stateless manner, 95
static architectures, 123
static microcell over-the-air
architectures, 123
statistics, on expected quality of calls,
230
status code, in Association Response,
117
STBC (space-time block codes), 164
sticky client problem, 242–244, 243f
still images. See also pictures
compression, 352–357
STPs (Signal Transfer Points), 42
stream cipher, 171–172
streaming packets, 54–55

strict prioritization scheduler, 96
strict time sharing, 299
subcarriers, in OFDM, 158
subnet, distributing, 120
subnet mask, 83
Subnetwork Access Protocol (SNAP),
111, 112t
subpixels, 352
subscriber, Q.931 point of view, 41
success code, in SIP, 28
supplicant
in 802.1X, 252–253
in EAP, 329
software, 180
Surplus Bandwidth Allowance,
216–218
SVP (SpectraLink Voice Priority)
architecture of, 38, 39f
described, 38–40
designed for Wi-Fi, 40
gateway, 38
symbols
in 802.11, 153–154
errors involving, 155, 157f
in the modulation function,
195–196
SYN flag, in TCP, 88, 88t
Synchronization Source (SSRC), 51
T
T-Mobile, UMA for voice mobility

networks, 321
T1 line, 40
talker echo, 62–63
TCP (Transmission Control Protocol)
applications, 362
communicating using SIP
endpoints, 32
described, 87–90
flags field, 88, 88t
flow control techniques, 89–90
as handshaking protocol, 89–90
inappropriate for voice mobility,
90
packet format, 88t
prioritizing traffic, 362
refusing to allow any loss, 90
SCCP running on, 34
stream, 89
tracking flow state, 89
traffic, 138b
for video, 90
TCP Report element, 268, 268t
TCP-based streaming, for video, 361
TDMA (time division multiple access),
299
technology stacks, in phones, 5–7
telephone communications, voice for,
43
telephone switch, 7, 79
telephones. See entries at phone

telephony application, 5–7
Temporal Key Integrity Protocol. See
TKIP
10BASE-T, 78
terminals, in H.323, 32–33
text messages, in SIP, 12
text “phone numbers,” in SIP, 13
Thawte Consulting certificate authority,
333
theft, preventing for handsets, 344–346
theft detection, 345
thermal noise, 134
thickness, of a network, 229
“Thin” wireline. See controller-based
wireline
300 Mbps data rates, in 802.11n, 163
3G technologies, 301–303
three-dimensional visualization, 288
throughput
data rates and, 138b
required by video, 350
TIDS (Traffic Identifiers), in WMM,
216
TIM (Traffic Indication Map), 209
time delay, of signals, 196–197
time division multiple access (TDMA),
299
time-based policies PBX feature, 10–11
timeslicing function, in SVP, 38–40
timing

in 802.11ag, 161
of scanning, 238
tinting, 353–354
TKIP (Temporal Key Integrity
Protocol)
bridge from WEP to WPA2, 178
defined in WPA, 174
introduction of, 173–174
mode in WPA, 174
on WEP hardware, 176–177
TKIP sequence counter (TSC), 177
TLS (Transport Layer Security)
described, 334–335
as outer tunnel in PEAP, 187
protecting SIP over TCP, 341
record types, 335t
TLS client Hello, 141, 187t
T-Mobile, UMA for voice mobility
networks, 321
To DS flags, 113
To field, in SIP, 18, 21
To line, in SIP, 17
Token Bucket Rate, in RSVP, 91
Token Bucket Size, in RSVP, 91
token buckets
metering flow of traffic, 97
used for policing, 98
working to regulate a flow, 91
toll-quality, MOS scale for, 58
TOS field, in IPv4, 92–93, 92t

TOS precedence, 205
TOS/DSCP field, in IPv4, 82, 92
Total Length field, in IPv4, 82
TPC (transmit power control),
225–226. See also power control
Traffic Class field, in IPv6, 86, 92
traffic director, in Ethernet, 79–80
traffic ID, 268–269, 268t
Q
384 Index
Traffic Identifiers (TIDS), 216
Traffic Indication Map (TIM), 209
traffic shaping, 95
described, 97–98
highlighting packet-based
networks, 97–98
through some form of token
bucket, 97
traffic specification. See TSPEC
traffic streams
in WMM, 216
in WMM Admission Control, 216
transient interference, 229
transitions, in 802.11r, 255–257
Transmission Control Protocol. See
TCP
transmission retries, clients monitoring,
239–240
transmit beamforming, 164, 166–167
Transmit Opportunity (TXOP) Limit,

207
transmit power control (TPC),
225–226. See also power control
transmit stream metrics, 268–269
transmit stream request, 268–269,
268t
transmitted frame count, 269, 270t
transmitter address (TA), 113
Transport Layer Security. See TLS
transport mode
in IPsec, 338
payload in, 339
triggered reporting element, 268–269,
268t
trigger-enabled access categories, 212
triggers, for autonomous reports, 263
TS Info field, in a TSPEC, 216–218
TSC (TKIP sequence counter), 177
TSPEC (traffic specification), 91, 215
contents of, 216–218, 217t, 222f
TTL (Time To Live) field, in IPv4, 82
TTLS (tunneled TLS), 336
tunnel mode, 338–339
2.5G. See GPRS
2.75G technology. See EDGE
technology
2100MHz band, 302
2 Mbps data rate, 155
2G technologies, 297–301
two-dimensional visualization, 288

TXOP limit (Transmit Opportunity
Limit), 207
Type field
in EAP, 329–330
in WiMAX, 304
Type of Service (TOS), 92
U
UDP (User Datagram Protocol)
described, 12, 86–87
as a lossy protocol, 23
packet format, 87, 87t
RADIUS running on, 325
SIP running over, 12
UMA (Unlicensed Mobile Access), 320
UMA Network Controller (UNC), 320
UMTS (Universal Mobile
Telecommunications System), 301
new type of radio, 301–302
pursued by U.S. GSM vendors,
303
requiring new spectrum, 302
way for even higher throughput,
302
underrun, of a voice recorder, 69
unequal load, same call producing,
221–222
Uniform Resource Identifier (URI),
12–13
United States, spectrum allocation, 103f
Universal Mobile Telecommunications

System. See UMTS
Universal Subscriber Identity Module
(USIM), 302
Unlicensed Mobile Access. See entries
at UMA
Unlicensed National Information
Infrastructure (U-NII), 104
unlicensed spectrum
benefits of the freedom from
using, 104
other uses besides Wi-Fi, 130
upstream loss, monitoring, 230
upstream part, at the access point, 245
upstream transmissions, 118
upstream-only traffic stream, 216
URG flag, in TCP, 88, 88t
urgent field, in TCP, 88
URI (Uniform Resource Identifier), in
SIP, 12–13, 17
user agents, in SIP, 12–13, 18
user authentication, in ISAKMP, 341
User Datagram Protocol. See UDP
user/password login, Access-Request
for, 326, 328t
USIM (Universal Subscriber Identity
Module), 302
utterances, in PESQ, 59
V
variance, of an antenna’s signal, 200
vendors

architectures possible with, 119,
119t
EV-DO (Evolution-Data
Optimized) technology, 303
interoperability, 298
mobility domains across, 259
point of view of, 241
pursuing UMTS, 303
Version field, in TLS, 335
Version/Flow field, in IPv6, 86, 86t
Version/Header Length Field, in IPv4,
82, 82t
vertical handoffs, between channels,
276
Via field, in SIP, 18
Via header, in SIP, 16–17
video
compression, 352–360
differences from voice, 350
discrete Fourier transform and,
357
encoding concepts, 350–352
networking, 362–363
sensitivity to loss, 350
video bearer, 360–361
video codecs, 360. See also codec(s)
video conferencing
attractiveness of, 349
codecs for, 360
H.323 and, 32

requirements for effective, 361
video mobility, 349–364
video signaling, 361
video streams, 362
video transport
as the bearer, 360
real-time, 360–361
virtual carrier sense, 115, 143–144
virtual reality, as visualization tool,
288
virtual time, units of, 96–97
virtualization
of the BSS, 275
per-device containment provided
by, 125
segmenting client population, 275
architecture, 125
Wi-Fi partitions, 125
Virtual Cell,
visited gateway, 294
visitor location register (VLR),
292–293
visualization techniques, 288
voice
differences from video, 350
frequency of, 43
monitoring tools in wireless
networks, 230
recording mechanisms, 43f
as sound waves, 43

sources for problems with, 231
unique nature of, 203–204
WMM providing priority for,
207–208
voice call(s)
anatomy of, 5–11
behavior over Wi-Fi, 241
flows of information, 7
limiting in a cell, 208
moving parts of, 5, 6f
placing, 5, 106
Q
Index 385
voice certifications, 279–280
voice clients, as more proactive, 240
voice codecs. See codec(s)
Voice Enterprise certification, 280
Voice Enterprise test, of the Wi-Fi
Alliance, 279–280
voice immobility, 1
voice lines, terminating, 346
voice mobility
concerns for, 289
described, 1–2
introduction to, 1–4
over Wi-Fi, 203–288
RF modifications for, 280–286
technologies addressing with
Wi-Fi, 214–230
technology behind, 5–55

Wi-Fi Alliance certifications for,
277–280
WiMAX problem, 305
voice mobility deployments
in the 2.4GHz band, 284
challenges to, 148
voice mobility devices
categories using Wi-Fi, 105–
106
documentation influencing handoff
behavior, 241–242
voice mobility handset. See handset
voice mobility networks
as a company secret, 2–3
four- or five-digit dialing within, 9
interpreting the factors, 70
with less voice than data traffic,
281
with mostly voice traffic, 284
physical security for, 346–347
pipe in, 342
security for, 323
voice mobility site survey, 286
voice networks
IP-based, 73–90
keeping separate from data
networks, 346–347
voice over cellular networks, 299
voice over IP
networks, 59

pioneers, 75–76
voice packet arrival interval, 238
voice packets, client scanning between,
238
Voice Personal certification, 280
Voice Personal test, of the Wi-Fi
Alliance, 279
voice quality
determining, 58
elements of, 57–72
examining, 57–64
impact of inconsistent and variable
coverage on, 281
measuring, 70–72
monitoring for devices on the
network, 229–230
monitoring for good, 287
non-IP effects on, 70
properties influencing, 64–70
voice traffic
distinctive over Wi-Fi, 347
high density, 284
at lower ratio to data, 281
prioritization for, 204
shorter in bytes than data traffic,
281
voice-aware radio resource
management (RRM), 227–228
voicemail PBX feature, 10–11
voicemail service, 292

VPN, accessing enterprise network on
the road, 343–344
VPN clients, in phones, 343–344
W
W-CDMA (Wideband-CDMA),
301–302
waveguide, environment serving as,
132–133
W-CDMA (Wideband-CDMA),
301–302
web security, certificates in, 332–333
webcasting, attractiveness of, 349
weighted random early detection
(WRED), 99
WEP (Wired Equivalent Privacy),
116–117
author’s recommendation on, 170
described, 170–173
frame body, 173t
keys in, 170–171
WFQ (weighted fair queueing), 96–97
white, as not a pure color, 351
“whys,” of Wi-Fi, 193–202
Wideband-CDMA (W-CDMA),
301–302
Wi-Fi
advantages of, 101–106
approach to wireless, 137–148
basics of, 106–127
break-before-make handoff,

249–252
channels, 123
chip, 343
devices for, 105–106
differences from IEEE 802.11
standard, 102b
elements of, 127
engine, 242–244
enormity of, 2
handoff(s), 320
handoff protocol, 249–250
locations of, 105
maturity of, 105
mobility networks, 118
modes of power saving, 209–213
multicast, 363
multicast for, 363
noise generated by, 135
power connection into hands of
clients, 232–233
radio types, 148–169
radios in SVP phones, 38–40
role in delivery of video, 362
security, 343
security technologies, 170–180
stretches (“bands”) of the radio
spectrum, 104
SVP designed for, 40
voice mobility over, 203– 288
“whys” of, 193–202

Wi-Fi Alliance
certification programs, 102b
certifications for voice mobility,
277–280
certifications for voice within, 279
ensuring devices interoperate, 163
rule of thumb for voice
certification efforts, 66
testing WMM devices, 278
trademark of, 102b
Wi-Fi Alliance certificate
example, 277, 278f
sections of, 277
Wi-Fi Multimedia (WMM), 204
Wi-Fi networks
allowing the administrator to
monitor voice, 287
associating with, 185
evaluating for suitability for voice,
318–319
handing off to, 319–320
handoff outside, 319
licenses not needed to operate, 102
as local to the campus, 306
mobility appliance management
role, 309
Wi-Fi Protected Access. See WPA
Wi-Fi Protected Access version 2
(WPA2). See WPA2
Wi-Fi to Wi-Fi handoffs, 319

Wi-Fi-clients. See client(s)
Wi-Fi-only devices, 105–106
Wi-Fi-only handsets, 344
WiMAX
accessing channels, 303
base stations transmitting beacons,
304
basics of, 303–304
described, 303–305
frame format, 303, 304t
as a laptop option, 305
market acceptance and coverage
areas, 305
running the licensed spectrum, 303
uses of, 305
Q
386 Index
Window field, in TCP, 88
wire mesh, causing attenuation, 131
Wired Equivalent Privacy. See WEP
wired networks, quality of service on,
90–99
wireless
demand for, 104
Wi-Fis approach to, 137–148
wireless architectures, 802.11r in,
258–259
wireless controller, 121
wireless devices, 106
wireless loss, 64

wireless network management reporting
tools, 287
wireless network virtualization, 125
wireless networks, in an enterprise
private network, 69
wireless noise, non-802.11, 287
wireless radios, in phones, 5–7
wireless tool, 220
wireline, 120
wireline architecture, 119
wireline categorizations
controller-based, 121–122
controllerless, 122
directly connected, 122– 123
standalone, 120
for wireless networks, 119
wireline networking technologies, 76
wireline networks
handling large amount of traffic,
94
placing into the voice network,
342–343
quality of service, 91–92
wireline portion, of the voice mobility
network, 346
wireline technologies, 106
within-band load balancing, 223
WLAN virtualization, 125
WMM (Wi-Fi Multimedia)
certification, 278–279

changing backoff procedure,
206
described, 204, 207–208
header, 205
listing on certificates for voice
devices, 277–278
Parameter Set information
element, 207
parameters, 207t, 285
Power Save, 205–206, 212–213,
278
providing priority for voice,
207–208
quality of service with, 203–208
setting parameters away from
defaults, 208
TOS precedence values in, 92–93
WMM Admission Control
access points, 285
certification tests, 279
defaults causing problems with,
205–206
described, 215–219
details of concepts, 216
requirements of, 251
setting to mandatory or optional,
215
working for all traffic types,
218–219
WPA (Wi-Fi Protected Access)

frame body, 177t
version one in 802.11i, 173–174
WPA2, 174
AES and, 178–179
Enterprise security, 347
frame body, 179, 179t
key hierarchy, 254
Wi-Fi certification requiring, 343
WRED (weighted random early
detection), 99
WWW-Authenticate header, 31
X
X.509 format, 332–333
Y
YC
b
C
r
, 353