PAflAPttRASING
iii
3. Even though the Jovian planets are grouped together, each
one
has
had a
very
different
evolutionary
history.
4. Despite the advantage thai young people enjoy
lor
recall
in
vocabulary studies,
older
people
appear
to be better at
word
recognition.
5. In spite
01
the
laetlhat
interviews are the most
oornmon
strategy
lor
assessing
job

appIi·
cants,
they
tend to have low validity.
NEGATIVE
Negative:
Aflirmative
Restatement:
The addiction
to
gambling is not unlike
the
addiction
to substances.
The addiction to gambling is like the addiction
to
substances.
1. Not
once
has
the
geyser known as
Old
Faithful failed to
erupt
on
lime.
2. Nonstandard dialects are not used as educational models in schools.
3. Never
has

there been such wide access to news lrom so many media.
4. The constnJction
01
a city
on
the ruins
01
a previous settlement is
nol
uncommon.
5. Not until
the
Triassic PeriOd did the lirst primitive mammals
develop
.
PASSIVE
Active statement:
Passive
Restatement:
Sea gulls need either fresh or salt water lor them to survive.
Either Iresh
or
sal! water is
needed
by
sea gulls
lor
them to survive.
1.
I!

Is interesting that people over the age of 65 experience fewer mental health disorders.
2.
In the stringed instruments, a
bow
produces the tones when it is played across a set
of
strings
made
of wire or gut.
3.
High· frequency radiation from the Sun
and
other sources partly ionize
gases
in the
ionosphere
.
100
ACADEMIC
SKILLS
4. Architects can use a
domed
roof to cooserve floor space.
5.
The Egyptians used papyrus to make paper, sails, baskets, and clothing.
,
Read
and
listen
for

meaning
When you read
Of
listen
lor
meaning, you learn to think about the ideas that the writer
Of
speaker is communicating.
not
the Individual words
or
grammar used.
I'RAcncE
Snu.TUY
Practice reading and listening
for
meaning. By focusing
00
sentences
or
even paragraphs, you
will train your mind to make coonections and comprehend the ideas instead
01
trying to under-
stand word by word. The Important question is this: What does the author or the lecturer
mean? What ideas are being expressed?
Puc
nuL
Acmm
15

Did
you
understand? Try to identify the sentences that express the same idea.
The
first one is
completed to give
you
an example. Example answers
are
printed
In
Chapt
er
7 on page 5
14
.
What does the professor mean by the following statement:
Poet and humorist Ogden
Nash
tlied
but
failed to adapt himself to the academiC and laler
the business
world.
Q;)
He was a better businessman than
he
was a teacher.
e He did nol succeed in either teaching
or

buSiness.
CD
He tried teaching before he finally succeeded in buSiness.
CD
He made
no
effort to succeed In teaching and business.
1. What does the professor
mean
by the following statement:
Atter
hitting a bar several
times
with similar results, an animal learns that
~
can get
food
by
presSing the bar.
CD
An animal is able to press the bar more alter it is led three
or
lour
time
s.
<D Three
or
lour
animals
are

used
In
the experiment with Similar results.
CD
There are several trials by an animal before the
food
is released.
CD
An animal learns
how
to get food by hitting a bar.
2.
What does the professor
mean
by the following statement:
Although he wrote many short stories, it was a poem, 111e Raven," that brought Poe his
greatest
fecogn~ion
as a writer.
CD
Poe is remembered more for 8 poem than
lor
his short stories.
<D "The Raven" is less well-known than Poe
's
short stories.
CD
Poe is famous for writing both short stories and poetry.
CD
Poe wrote more short stories than poems during his career.

yllet
matcr<8~
PARAPHRASING 101
3. What does
the
professor mean by the following statemeot:
It was an atom that contained
in
the
form
01
pure eneI'ID' Ihe fundamental oomponents of
the entire universe.
a.:>
The
universe was
made
up
of
many
atoms of pure energy.
<D
The
effect of a pure atom
in
the universe
was
to
produce energy.
«> Everything in

the
universe
was
reduced
to
pure energy in
one
alom
.
~
The
energy in
the
univefSe
was
stored
in
pure atoms.
4.
What does
the
professor
mean
by
ltIe
following
statement:
Although
a bear does
not

eat during the winter, sustaining itself
from
body
la
t, its tempera-
ture remai
ns
almost normal,
and
it breathes regulal1y.
a.:>
When
a bear survives on body fat Instead of eating,
its
temperature and respiration are
reduced.
<D
Not eating during
the
winter
does
not
affect the bear's breathing, but it does affect
its
temperature.
«> Duri
ng
the winter, the bear's temperature
is
normal

and
its respiration
is
regular, but it
does
not
require food.
a>
The
bear's
diel
of fat during
the
winter does
not
affect its temperature and respiration.
5.
What does
the
professor
mean
by
the
following statement:
It
is generally true that as long
as
the
CEO
maintains

the
confidence of the board
of
direc-
tors, they will not intervene to dictate
specific:
policies.
a.:>
Policies are dictated by
the
board with
the
approval of the
CEO
.
<D
The
board will assume control only if they
lose
confidence In
the
CEO
.
¢)
The confidence
01
the
CEO
is important
to

decisions thaI
the
board
makes
.
a> The
int
ervention by the
CEO
in board policies does not occur often.
6. What
does
the
professor mean by the followii19 statement:
Temperature
variations cause pressure dillerences
in
the
air.
a.:>
Fluctuations in
the
air pressure are a result of changes
in
temperature.
<D
Changes in
the
air
pressure

and
temperature vasy
at
dille rent times.
([) The temperature is usually different
from
the
air
pressure.
~
Changeable temperatures
are
caused by reversals in the wind.
7. What does the professor
mean
by
the following statement:
To maintain a
healthy body weight, an animal must
balance
energy intake with energy out-
put, largely by metabolic activity
and
regular physical e)(ertion.
a.:>
Metabolism regulates activity
and
e)(er
cise
reduces

body
weight
lor
a healthy life style.
<D
A healthy
ti
fe style includes e)(ercise in
order
to control weight gain that
is
caused
by
the
metabolism.
CD
Metabolism and e)(ercise are ways to stabilize consumption
and
production of energy
for a healthy weight.
~
Animals generally balance their metabolisms by healthy eating and e)(ercise, which
also controls their weigh\.
1
02
ACADEMIC SKILLS
8.
What
does
the prolessor

mean
by
the following statement:
An
example
of
children's literature that supports
the
natural inclination to play with lan-
guage is
the
nursery
myme
.
<I>
The nursery rhyme is a good eJt8mple
Of
children's literature because il is fun.
(I)
Children like nursery rhymes because they enjoy them during playtime.
<D Children's literature is written in language that the child can understand.
<D
The child's interest in
playing
with language is encouraged by
the
nursery rhyme.
9.
What
does

!he prolessor
mean
by
the
following statement:
F
or
employees whose jobs involve sitting at a computer terminal entering data
or
typing
reports.
the
location
01
the
computer
relative
to
the company is
01
no
consequence.
<I>
Employees who work
at
their comput
ers
like
to
choose their locations.

<I>
It
does
not
matter where employees
woI'II
at their computers.
<t:>
The location
of
their
computers
should be comfortable
to
employees.
<D
Computer
terminals
must
be locat
ed
near
each
other
In
a company.
10. What
cIoes!he
professor
mean

by
the following statement:
Ireland
was
first settled around
7500
B
.C.
by hunting tribes from Scotland. followed by
poopI&
from
th&
Mediterranean
know
as
the
Firbolgs.
®
The
Fitbolgs arrived in Ireland
from
the Mediterranean after
the
Scottish people had
already settled there.
<I>
Irish tribes went to
Scotland
and
then

followed a hunting route all
the
way
to
the
Mediterranean area called Fitbolgs.
<D
The Irish
and
Scottish people explored Europe, reaching as
lar
as the
Med~effanean
where they settled.
<D
looking
for a place to live, the Firbolgs went
to
Scotland and then
to
Ireland where they
linally settled.
,
Edit
proillem
paraphrases
Here are some problems that
you
can
leam to avoid:

•
Don'
change
the
meaning
•
Don'
leave
out
information
• Don'
use
too
much
of
the
original wording
• Don' copy !he original
Original
Sentence
:
Sometimes students plagiarize material from lectures and reading passages because they
0001 understand how
to
make
the
appropriate changes for
an
excellent paraphrase.
,",,,,,,,,,ttet

matenaie
PARAPHRASING 1
03
Dol
',
CI'
1lE

.
This
Is
not
an
excellent paraphrase because the meaning
has
been changed from
the
original:
On
occasion, students
use
paraphrases
of
excellent lectures
and
reading passages with·
out understanding
the
purpose
01

the
changes !hat
they
haye
made
in them.
DoI'y
LEAn
OUT
=
_tAIl
WIt
••
T1OI
This Is
not
an
excellent paraphrase because it
does
noIlnclude
all of
the
important infOfmation
in
the
original:
On
occasion, students
use
lecture and reading material verbatim.

Dol',
USE
11IO :tt
Of
1lE
II
Iltl"
WId
II I
This is
not
an excellent paraphrase
because
it looks and sounds
too
much
like the original:
On
occasion, students plagiarize material from lecltJres and reading passages
because
they
don~
comprehend
how
to
make
the
necessary
changes
for

an
excellent paraphrase •

,
COPY
1lE
Dmnt
This
is
not
an
excellent paraphrase
because
it
is
an
exact copy
01
the
original.
Sometimes
students plagiarize material from lectures and reading passages because they
don~
understand
how
to
make
the
appropriate changes
fOf

an
excellent paraphrase.
PMt:rt«
,kl'lrm
16
Did you understand? T
ry
to
find the problem in
each
paraphrase and edit il.
The
first
one
is
completed
to
giye
you an
example.
Example answers are printed in
Chapter
7
on
pages
514-515.
""',,'
Original:
Paraphrese:
Problem:

Edited
Paraphrase:
Tides
are
cauood
by
the
gravitational pull
of
both
the
Sun and the Moon.
Tides
are
produced by the gravitational pull
01
both
the
Sun
and
the Moon.
The paraphrase is
too
much
like
the
original. Only
one
word
was

changed.
The
combined
gravitational effects
of
the Sun and
Moon
produce tides
on
Earth.
Why is this ooller? Because synonyms have been substituted,
and
ar\
alternative grammatical
SIJUCture
has
been used, but the meaning
has
not changed.
t .
Original: Proteins are molecules that regulate
the
movement
of
materials across
cell walls.
Paraphrase:
Molecules
that regulate the movement
of

materials across cell walls
are
proteins.
1
0<1
ACADEMIC
SKilLS
2. Original:
Paraphrase:
3. Original:
Paraphrase:
4. Original:
Paraphrase:
5. Original:
Paraphrase:
6. Original:
Paraphrase:
7. Original:
Paraphrase:
8. Original:
Paraphrase:
9. Original:
Paraphrase:
10. Origini:ll;
Paraphrase:
, The invention of Ihe steam engine played a major role
in
the Industrial
Revolution because it caused the factory syslem to extend itself to many
a/tlas

01
production apart from thtl colton industry.
The invention of Ihe steam engine was a primary influence in the Industrial
Revolution.
Although big
companies are trying to maintain a balance between tradi-
tional advertising end some
of
the newer alternatives like bIogging,
It
is
often the smaller entrepreneurs who are using bloggers as an efficient way
to
stack thei r competition.
Big companies
are
using bloggers to defeat their smaller rivals.
Fossils
of
bones have the appearance of stone, but the holes and pores
are
actually Infused with mineral deposits from the surrounding sediments.
Fossils
of bones
look
like stone, but there are mineral deposits from the
surrounding sediments
in
the holes and pores.
Plctograms found

In
many paris
of
the
world
about
1
500
B
.C.
constituta the
eaffiest system of writing, although written symbols have been discovered
that
date fr
om
as early as 3500 e.c.
Plctograms found in various paris of the woffd are the earliest evidence of
a written system despite
the discovery of written symbols.
The
modem
atmosphere is probably the fourth atmosphere in the history
of the
Earth.
The
modem
atmosphere Is probably the fourth atmosphere in the history
of the Earth.
Whereas
alcohol is a depressant,

COffee
is a stimulant.
Alcohol Is not like ooffee.
The Pacffic Basin, which includes the continent of
Au
stralia and the thou-
sands of islands grouped together as Oceania, covers one third of the sur-
face of
the Earth.
The Pacific Basin is also called Oceanle because
It
encompasses
one
third of the Pacific Ocean.
In
fresco painting, the pigments
may
be mixed with water and applied
to
the plaster before it dries so that the lime in the plaster fuses with the pig-
ments on
the
surface.
The lime in wet plaster bonds with the pigments
on
the surface when the
colors are mixed.
As LinnCltlUS uriyini:llly cooceivttd lht! biological classification
cllaft,
he

segregated all living creatures soiely 8C(X)fding to their degree
of
physical
similarity.
Unnaeus originally created the biOlogical classification chart
by
categoriz-
ing
all living creatures according to their degree
of
physical similarity.
CITE
EXPRESSIONS
_IDEAS
Sblletlll
til
Usa
, Introduce
the
source before quoting
,
Mane:
quotations
in
writing
and
in
speaking
,
Use

strong verbs to report
ideas
, Mentioo
the
source
appropriately
~
Intrad

tile
1IIIon
q.DlI
••
PARAPHRASING 105
It
is
im
JXl(lant to ci
te
the
expressions
and
ideas
of
others.
To
cite
means
to
give credit to

the
source
.
Th
is
is especially true
when
the
idea
is a definition,
an
opinion, a
unique
eKPresslon,
or
rese
arch
data
that
is
not
common
knowledge
.
There
are several
phrases
and
clauses that can
be

used
to
introduce
the
source
of
your
ideas.
leI's
say that Professor
Thompson
makes
the
following
sta
tement in a lecture:
"The
shift
from
manufacturing
to
service
has
resulted in
lower
paying
jobs
and
a dectine in the strength
of

labor unions."
You
may
want
to
quote
this opinion. If you
do
,
the
words
in
the
quotation
must
be
exactly the
same
as
those
in
the
original. Here
are
five
ways
to
introduce
the
source

before
the quotation.
ACCOIding
to
Professor T1Iompson,
"The
shift from manufacturing
to
service
has
resulted
in
lower
paying
jobs
and
a dectine
in
the
st
rength
of
labor
unions
."
'n the
WORts
of
Pro/eSS(X
Thompson

,
"The
shill
from manufacturing
to
service
has
resulted
in
lower
paying
jobs
and
8
decline
in
the
strength
of
labor
unions
."
To
quote
ProIeSS(X
Thompson
,
"The
shift
from

manufacturing
to
service
has
resulted
in
lower
paying jobs
and
8 dectine
in
the
strength
of
labor
unions
.'
As Professor Thompson puts it,
"The
shift from manufacturing
to
service
has
resulted
in
lower
paying
Jobs
and
8 dectine

in
the strength
of
labor
unions
."
Professor
Thompson
said,
"The
shift
from
manufacturing
to
service
has
resulted
in
lower
paying
jobs
and
8
decline
in
the
strength of labor
unions
."
On the

TOEFl
examination, someti
mes
the
professor is not
named
. In that
case
, you
can
stilt
introduce
your
source
by
changing the introductions slightly:
Accord
ing
to
the
professor,
In
the
words
of
the professor,
To
quote
the professor,
As the professor

puis
ii,
The
professor said,