REVERSE ENGINEERING –
RECENT ADVANCES
AND APPLICATIONS

Edited by Alexandru C. Telea










Reverse Engineering – Recent Advances and Applications
Edited by Alexandru C. Telea


Published by InTech
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First published February, 2012
Printed in Croatia

A free online edition of this book is available at www.intechopen.com
Additional hard copies can be obtained from


Reverse Engineering – Recent Advances and Applications, Edited by Alexandru C. Telea
p. cm.
ISBN 978-953-51-0158-1









Contents

Preface IX
Part 1 Software Reverse Engineering 1
Chapter 1 Software Reverse Engineering in
the Domain of Complex Embedded Systems 3
Holger M. Kienle, Johan Kraft and Hausi A. Müller
Chapter 2 GUIsurfer: A Reverse Engineering Framework
for User Interface Software 31
José Creissac Campos, João Saraiva,
Carlos Silva and João Carlos Silva
Chapter 3 MDA-Based Reverse Engineering 55
Liliana Favre
Chapter 4 Reverse Engineering Platform Independent Models
from Business Software Applications 83
Rama Akkiraju, Tilak Mitra and Usha Thulasiram
Chapter 5 Reverse Engineering the Peer to Peer
Streaming Media System 95
Chunxi Li and Changjia Chen
Part 2 Reverse Engineering Shapes 115
Chapter 6 Surface Reconstruction from
Unorganized 3D Point Clouds 117
Patric Keller, Martin Hering-Bertram and Hans Hagen
Chapter 7 A Systematic Approach for Geometrical and
Dimensional Tolerancing in Reverse Engineering 133
George J. Kaisarlis

Chapter 8 A Review on Shape Engineering and Design
Parameterization in Reverse Engineering 161
Kuang-Hua Chang
VI Contents

Chapter 9 Integrating Reverse Engineering and Design for
Manufacturing and Assembly in Products Redesigns:
Results of Two Action Research Studies in Brazil 187
Carlos Henrique Pereira Mello, Carlos Eduardo Sanches da Silva,
José Hamilton Chaves Gorgulho Junior, Fabrício Oliveira de Toledo,
Filipe Natividade Guedes, Dóris Akemi Akagi
and Amanda Fernandes Xavier
Part 3 Reverse Engineering in Medical and Life Sciences 215
Chapter 10 Reverse Engineering Gene Regulatory Networks
by Integrating Multi-Source Biological Data 217
Yuji Zhang, Habtom W. Ressom and Jean-Pierre A. Kocher
Chapter 11 Reverse-Engineering the Robustness
of Mammalian Lungs 243
Michael Mayo, Peter Pfeifer and Chen Hou
Chapter 12 Reverse Engineering and FEM Analysis
for Mechanical Strength Evaluation of
Complete Dentures: A Case Study 163
A. Cernescu, C. Bortun and N. Faur











Preface

Introduction
In the recent decades, the amount of data produced by scientific, engineering, and life
science applications has increased with several orders of magnitude. In parallel with
this development, the applications themselves have become increasingly complex in
terms of functionality, structure, and behaviour. In the same time, development and
production cycles of such applications exhibit a tendency of becoming increasingly
shorter, due to factors such as market pressure and rapid evolution of supporting and
enabling technologies.
As a consequence, an increasing fraction of the cost of creating new applications and
manufacturing processes shifts from the creation of new artifacts to the adaption of
existing ones. A key component of this activity is the understanding of the design,
operation, and behavior of existing manufactured artifacts, such as software code
bases, hardware systems, and mechanical assemblies. For instance, in the software
industry, it is estimated that maintenance costs exceed 80% of the total costs of a
software product’s lifecycle, and software understanding accounts for as much as half
of these maintenance costs.
Reverse engineering encompasses the set of activities aiming at (re)discovering the
functional, structural, and behavioral semantics of a given artifact, with the aim of
leveraging this information for the efficient usage or adaption of that artifact, or the
creation of related artifacts. Rediscovery of information is important in those cases
when the original information is lost, unavailable, or cannot be efficiently processed
within a given application context. Discovery of new information, on the other hand, is
important when new application contexts aim at reusing information which is
inherently present in the original artifact, but which was not made explicitly available
for reuse at the time of creating that artifact.

Reverse engineering has shown increasing potential in various application fields
during the last decade, due to a number of technological factors. First, advances in
data analysis and data mining algorithms, coupled with an increase of cheap
computing power, has made it possible to extract increasingly complex information
from raw data, and to structure this information in ways that make it effective for
X Preface

answering specific questions on the function, structure, and behavior of the artifact
under study. Secondly, new data sources, such as 3D scanners, cell microarrays, and a
large variety of sensors, has made new types of data sources available from which
detailed insights about mechanical and living structures can be extracted.
Given the above factors, reverse engineering applications, techniques, and tools have
shown a strong development and diversification. However, in the same time, the types
of questions asked by end users and stakeholders have become increasingly complex.
For example, while a decade ago the reverse engineering of a software application
would typically imply extracting the static structure of an isolated code base of tens of
thousands of lines of code written in a single programming language, current software
reverse engineering aims at extracting structural, behavioral, and evolutionary
patterns from enterprise applications of millions of lines of code written in several
programming languages, running on several machines, and developed by hundreds of
individuals over many years. Similarly, reverse engineering the geometric and
mechanical properties of physical shapes has evolved from the extraction of coarse
surface models to the generation of part-whole descriptions of complex articulated
shapes with the submillimeter accuracy required for manufacturing processes. This
has fostered the creation of new reverse engineering techniques and tools.
This book gives an overview of recent advances in reverse engineering techniques,
tools, and application domains. The aim of the book is, on the one hand, to provide the
reader with a comprehensive sample of the possibilities that reverse engineering
currently offers in various application domains, and on the other hand to highlight the
current research-level and practical challenges that reverse engineering techniques and

tools are faced.
Structure of this book
To provide a broad view on reverse engineering, the book is divided into three parts:
software reverse engineering, reverse engineering shapes, and reverse engineering in
medical and life sciences. Each part contains several chapters covering applications,
techniques, and tools for reverse engineering relevant to specific use-cases in the
respective application domain. An overview of the structure of the book is given below.
Part 1: Software Reverse Engineering
In part 1, we look at reverse engineering the function, structure, and behavior of large
software-intensive applications. The main business driver behind software reverse
engineering is the increased effort and cost related to maintainting existing software
applications and designing new applications that wish to reuse existing legacy software.
As this cost increases, getting detailed information on the structure, run-time behavior,
and quality attributes of existing software applications becomes highly valuable.
In Chapter 1, Kienle et al. Give a comprehensive overview of reverse engineering tools
and techniques applied to embedded software. Apart from detailing the various pro’s
Preface XI

and con’s related to the applicability of existing reverse engineering technology to
embedded software, they also discuss the specific challenges that embedded software
poses to classical reverse engineering, and outline potential directions for improvement.
In Chapter 2, Campos et al. Present an example of reverse engineering aimed at
facilitating the development and maintenance of software applications that include a
substantial user interface source code. Starting from the observation that
understanding (and thus maintenance) of user interface code is highly challenging due
to the typically non-modular structure of such code and its interactions with the
remainder of the application, they present a technique and tool that is able to extract
user interface behavioral models from the source code of Java applications, and show
how these models can be used to reason about the application’s usability and
implementation quality.

In Chapter 3, Favre presents a model-driven architecture approach aimed at
supporting program understanding during the evolution and maintenance of large
software systems and modernization of legacy systems. Using a combination of static
and dynamic analysis, augmented with formal specification techniques, and a new
metamodeling language, they show how platform-independent models can be
extracted from object-oriented (Java) source code and refined up to the level that they
can be reused in different development contexts.
In Chapter 4, Rama et al. Show how platform-independent models can be extracted from
large, complex business applications. Given that such applications are typically highly
heterogeneous, e.g. involve several programming languages and systems interacting in a
distributed manner, fine-grained reverse engineering as usually done for desktop or
embedded applications may not be optimal. The proposed approach focuses on
information at the service level. By reusing the platform-independent models extracted,
the authors show how substantial cost savings can be done in the development of new
applications on the IBM WebSphere and SAP NetWeaver platforms.
In Chapter 5, Li et al. present a different aspect of software reverse engineering. Rather
than aiming to recover information from source code, they analyze the behavior of
several peer-to-peer (P2P) protocols, as implemented by current P2P applications. The
aim is to reverse engineer the high-level behavior of such protocols, and how this
behavior depends on various parameters such as user behavior and application
settings, in order to optimize the protocols for video streaming purposes. As compared
to the previous chapters, the target of reverse engineering is here the behavior of an
entire set of distributed P2P applications, rather than the structure or behavior of a
single program.
Part 2: Reverse Engineering Shapes
In part 2, our focus changes from software artifacts to physical shapes. Two main use-
cases are discussed here. First, methods and techniques for the reverse-engineering of
XII Preface

the geometry and topology of complex shapes from low-level unorganized 3D

scanning data, such as point clouds, are presented. The focus here is on robust
extraction of shape information with guaranteed quality properties from such 3D
scans, and also on the efficient computation of such shapes from raw scans involving
millions of sample points. Secondly, methods and techniques are presented which
help the process of manufacturing 3D shapes from information which is reverse
engineered from previously manufactured shapes. Here, the focus is on guaranteeing
required quality and cost related metrics throughout the entire mechanical
manufacturing process.
In Chapter 6, Keller et al. present a multiresolution method for the extraction of
accurate 3D surfaces from unorganized point clouds. Attractive aspects of the method
are its simplicity of implementation, ability to capture the shape of complex surface
structures with guaranteed connectivity properties, and scalability to real-world point
clouds of millions of samples. The method is demonstrated for surface reconstruction
of detail object scans as well as for spatially large point clouds obtained from
environmental LiDaR scans.
In Chapter 7, Kaisarlis presents a systematic approach for geometric and dimensional
tolerancing in reverse engineering mechanical parts. Tolerancing is a vital component
of the accurate manufacturing process of such parts, both in terms of capturing such
variability in a physical model and in terms of extracting tolerancing-related
information from existing models and design artifacts using reverse engineering. A
methodology is presented where tolerancing is explicitly modeled by means of a
family of parameterizable tolerancing elements which can be assembled in tolerance
chains. Applications are presented by means of three case studies related to the
manufacturing of complex mechanical assemblies for optical sensor devices.
In Chapter 8, Chang presents a review of shape design and parameterization in the
context of shape reverse engineering. Extracting 3D parameterizable NURBS surfaces
from low-level scanned information, also called auto-surfacing, is an important
modeling tool, as it allows designers to further modify the extracted surfaces on a high
level. Although several auto-surfacing tools and techniques exist, not all satisfy the
same requirements and up to the same level. The review discusses nine auto-surfacing

tools from the viewpoint of 22 functional and non-functional requirements, and
presents detailed evaluations of four such tools in real-world case studies involving
auto-surfacing.
In Chapter 9, Mello et al. present a model for integration of mechanical reverse
engineering (RE) with design for manufacturing and assembly (DFMA). Their work is
motivated by the perceived added value in terms of lean development and
manufacturing for organizations that succeed in combining the two types of activities.
Using action research, they investigate the use of integrated RE and DFMA in two
companies involved in manufacturing home fixture assemblies and machine
measuring instruments respectively. Their detailed studies show concrete examples of
Preface XIII

the step-by-step application of integrated RE and DFMA and highlight the possible
cost savings and related challenges.
Part 3: Reverse Engineering in Medical and Life Sciences
In part 3, our focus changes from industrial artifacts to artifacts related to medical and
life sciences. Use-cases in this context relate mainly to the increased amounts of data
acquired from such application domains which can support more detailed and/or
accurate modeling and understanding of medical and biological phenomena. As such,
reverse engineering has here a different flavor than in the first two parts of the book:
Rather than recovering information lost during an earlier design process, the aim is to
extract new information on natural processes in order to best understand the
dynamics of such processes.
In Chapter 10, Yuji et al. present a method to reverse engineer the structure and
dynamics of gene regulatory networks (GRNs). High amounts of gene-related data are
available from various information sources, e.g. gene expression experoments,
molecular interaction, and gene ontology databases. The challenges is how to find
relationships between transcription factors and their potential target genes, given that
one has to deal with noisy datasets containing tens of thousands of genes that act
according to different temporal and spatial patterns, strongly interact among each

others, and exhibit subsampling. A computational data mining framework is
presented which integrates all above-mentioned information sources, and uses genetic
algorithms based on particle swarm optimization techniques to find relationships of
interest. Results are presented on two different cell datasets.
In Chapter 11, Mayo et al. present a reverse engineering activity that aims to create a
predictive model of the dynamics of gas transfer (oxygen uptake) in mammalian
lungs. The solution involves a combination of geometric modeling of the mammalian
lung coarse-scale structure (lung airways), mathematical modeling of the gas transport
equations, and an efficient way to solve the emerging system of diffusion-reaction
equations by several modeling and numerical approximations. The proposed model is
next validated in terms of predictive power by comparing its results with actual
experimental measurements. All in all, the reverse engineering of the complex
respiratory physical process can be used as an addition or replacement to more costly
measuring experiments.
In Chapter 12, Cernescu et al. present a reverse engineering application in the context
of dental engineering. The aim is to efficiently and effectively assess the mechanical
quality of manufactured complete dentures in terms of their behavior to mechanical
stresses e.g. detect areas likely to underperform or crack in normal operation mode.
The reverse engineering pipeline presented covers the steps of 3D model acquisition
by means of scanning and surface reconstruction, creation of a finite element mesh
suitable for numerical simulations, and the actual computation of stress and strain
factors in presence of induced model defects.
XIV Preface

Challenges and Opportunities
From the material presented in this book, we conclude that reverse engineering is an
active and growing field with an increasing number of applications. Technological
progress is making increasingly more data sources of high accuracy and data volume
available. There is also an increased demand across all application domains surveyed
for cost-effective techniques able to reduce the total cost of development, operation,

and maintenance of complex technical solutions. This demand triggers the need for
increasingly accurate and detailed information of the structure, dynamics, and
semantics of processes and artifacts involved in such solutions.
Reverse engineering can provide answers in the above directions. However, several
challenges still exist. Numerous reverse engineering technologies and tools are still in
the research phase, and need to be refined to deliver robust and detailed results on
real-world datasets. Moreover, the increase in types of datasets and technologies
available to reverse engineering poses challenges in terms of the cost-effective
development of end-to-end solutions able to extract valuable insights from such data.

Prof. Dr. Alexandru C. Telea
Faculty of Mathematical and Natural Science
Institute Johann Bernoulli
University of Groningen
The Netherlands



Part 1
Software Reverse Engineering