INTRODUCTION TO ENHANCED OIL RECOVERY (EOR) PROCESSES AND BIOREMEDIATION OF OIL‐CONTAMINATED SITES pot
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INTRODUCTIONTO
ENHANCEDOILRECOVERY
(EOR)PROCESSES
ANDBIOREMEDIATIONOF
OIL‐CONTAMINATEDSITES
EditedbyLauraRomero‐Zerón
Introduction to Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) Processes
and Bioremediation of Oil-Contaminated Sites
Edited by Laura Romero-Zerón
Published by InTech
Janeza Trdine 9, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia
Copyright © 2012 InTech
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First published May, 2012
Printed in Croatia
A free online edition of this book is available at www.intechopen.com
Additional hard copies can be obtained from
Introduction to Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) Processes
and Bioremediation of Oil-Contaminated Sites, Edited by Laura Romero-Zerón
p. cm.
ISBN 978-953-51-0629-6
Contents
Preface IX
Section 1 Introduction to Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) 1
Chapter 1 Advances in Enhanced Oil Recovery Processes 3
Laura Romero-Zerón
Chapter 2 The Application of
a New Polymeric Surfactant for Chemical EOR 45
Khaled Abdalla Elraies and Isa M. Tan
Chapter 3 Microbial Enhanced Oil Recovery 71
Hamid Rashedi, Fatemeh Yazdian and Simin Naghizadeh
Chapter 4 Enhanced Oil Recovery in Fractured Reservoirs 89
Martin A. Fernø
Section 2 Environmental Management Through Bioremediation 111
Chapter 5 Microorganisms and Crude Oil 113
Dorota Wolicka and Andrzej Borkowski
Chapter 6 Comprehensive Perspectives in Bioremediation
of Crude Oil Contaminated Environments 143
Chukwuma S. Ezeonu, Ikechukwu N.E. Onwurah
and Obinna A. Oje
Chapter 7 Hydrocarbon Pollution: Effects on Living Organisms,
Remediation of Contaminated Environments, and Effects
of Heavy Metals Co-Contamination on Bioremediation 185
Shukla Abha and Cameotra Swaranjit Singh
Chapter 8 Bioremediation of Crude Oil Contaminated
Soil by Petroleum-Degrading Active Bacteria 207
Jinlan Xu
VI Contents
Chapter 9 Microbial Outlook for the Bioremediation
of Crude Oil Contaminated Environments 245
Rachel Passos Rezende, Bianca Mendes Maciel,
João Carlos Teixeira Dias and Felipe Oliveira Souza
Chapter 10 Crude Oil Metagenomics for Better
Bioremediation of Contaminated Environments 261
Ines Zrafi-Nouira, Dalila Saidane-Mosbahi, Sghir Abdelghani,
Amina Bakhrouf and Mahmoud Rouabhia
Chapter 11 Oil-Spill Bioremediation, Using a Commercial
Biopreparation “MicroBak” and a Consortium of
Plasmid-Bearing Strains “V&O” with Associated Plants 291
Andrey Filonov, Anastasia Ovchinnikova, Anna Vetrova,
Irina Puntus, Irina Nechaeva, Kirill Petrikov, Elena Vlasova,
Lenar Akhmetov, Alexander Shestopalov, Vladimir Zabelin
and Alexander Boronin
Preface
Worldwide,crudeoildemandisunceasinglyincreasing.Asa response,EnhancedOil
Recovery(EOR)processeshavere‐gainedinterestfromtheresearchanddevelopment
phasesto the oilfield EOR implementationstage. This renewed interesthas been also
furthered by the current high oil price environment, the maturation of oilfields
worldwide,
andfewnew‐welldiscoveries.Concurrently,environmentalconcernsand
public pressure related to crude oil pollution control and remediation of oil‐
contaminatedsitesarebecominggreaterthanever.
This book provides a concise and accurate introduction of enhanced oil recovery
(EOR) processes and bioremediation of oil‐contaminated environments. The book is
structuredintwosections.Thefirstsection,whichcontains4chapters,presentsabrief
and simplifieddescription of the mechanisms of primary and secondaryoil recovery
processes and clearly explains the need for the implementation of EOR processes to
boosttherecoveryofoiland/ortodisplaceandproducethesignificantamountsofoil
left behind in the reservoir after or during the course of any primary and secondary
recovery process. The mechanisms, limitations, and problems encounter during the
application of EOR methods are succinctly reviewed. This section also highlights the
emerging EOR technological trends and presents key EOR areas that
need to evolve
throughresearchanddevelopment.
Thesecondsectionofthebookfocusesontheuseofbiologicalactiontoremediatethe
inevitable environmental footprint of crude oil production; such is the case of
accidentaloilspillsonaqueous(i.e.marine,river)andlandenvironments.Thissection
is structured
in seven chapters and begins introducing specific microorganisms that
are capable of living in and/or degrading crude oil. Then, it reviews the concepts of
bioremediation, phytoremediation, and biomonitoring. It also provides practical
information on the isolation and evaluation of petroleum degrading microorganisms
and discusses the main variables affecting bioremediation of aqueous
(marine, river)
and land sites contaminated with crude oil. Furthermore, it introduces crude oil
metagenomics, which isan emergingbiotechnology useful to improvetheevaluation
ofthe diversity, identification, isolation, and functional properties of microorganisms
involved in the degradation of different petroleum compounds. The molecular
analysis of the bacterial composition
present in polluted sites represents an essential
stage to improve the current understanding of the microorganisms involved in the
X Preface
degradation of hydrocarbons. This section closes with insights on the mixture of
microorganisms to formulate highly efficient bio‐consortia to target the degradation
andefficientremovalofcrudeoilpollutantsfromcontaminatedenvironments.
Thisbookistargettoawiderangeofreaderswhomighthavesomebasicknowledge
in these
subjects but are looking for more matter‐of‐fact information. Thus, through
this book practical concepts in enhanced oilrecovery methods and bioremediationof
oil‐pollutedsitesweregrouped,structured,andplacedalltogetherincontextwiththe
ultimategoalofbeingusefulfora non‐specializedaudience.Thus,this
bookis useful
for university students (undergraduate and graduate students), oilfield operators,
reservoir engineers, environmental engineering professionals, oil business managers
and/orexecutives,amongothers.
The sources used to aid in the writing process consisted mainly on the review of the
most recent scientific literature in these fields and on discussion of
current research
and development conducted directly by the authors and co‐authors of some of the
chapters.Themainobjectiveistoprovidestateoftheartinformationontheemerging
technologicaltrendsinthefieldsofEORandbioremediation.
Finally, I would liketo express my appreciation and thankfulness to the authors and
coauthorswhocontributedwritingthedifferentchaptersofthebook.Ialsogratefully
recognize, the effort and time devoted by the technical reviewers and editors team,
whohelpedandcontributedtowardsthewritingprocessandpublishingofthisbook.
LauraRomero‐Zerón
ChemicalEngineeringDepartment
University
ofNewBrunswick
Canada
Section 1
Introduction to Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR)
