Appendix A Common
Exposures or Accident Types
The common exposures or accident types help standardize the review of hazards.
There are 11 basic types of accidents:
.
Struck-against
.
Struck-by
.
Contact-with
.
Contacted-by
.
Caught-in
.
Caught-on
.
Caught-between
.
Fall-to-same-level
.
Fall-to-below
.
Overexertion
.
Exposure
Hazards should be looked with these common accident types in mind to identify
procedures, processes, occupations, and tasks, which present a hazard that could
cause one of the accident types in the following section.
A.1 ACCIDENT TYPES
A.1.1 S

TRUCK-AGAINST TYPES OF ACCIDENTS
Look at these first four basic accident types—struck-against, struck-by, contact-with,
and contacted-by—in more detail, with the job step walk-round inspection in mind.
Can the worker strike against anything while doing the job step? Think of the worker
moving and contacting something forcefully and unexpectedly—an object capable of
causing injury. Can he=she forcefully contact anything that will cause injury? This
forceful contact may be with machinery, timber or bolts, protruding objects or sharp,
jagged edges. Identify not only what the worker can strike against, but also how the
contact can come about. This does not mean that every object around the worker
must be listed.
A.1.2 STRUCK-BY TYPES OF ACCIDENTS
Can the worker be struck by anything while doing the job step? The phrase ‘‘struck
by’’ means that something moves and strikes the worker abruptly with force. Study
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the work environment for what is moving in the vicinity of the worker, what is about
to move, or what will move as a result of what the worker does. Is unexpected
movement possible from normally stationary objects? Examples are ladders, tools,
containers, supplies, and so on.
A.1.3 CONTACT-BY AND CONTACT-WITH TYPES OF ACCIDENTS
The subtle difference between contact with and contact-by injuries is that in the first,
the agent moves to the victim, while in the second, the victim moves to the agent.
Can the worker be contacted by anything while doing the job step? The contacted
by accident is one in which the worker could be contacted by some object or agent.
This object or agent is capable of injuring by nonforceful contact. Examples of items
capable of causing injury are chemicals, hot solutions, fire, electrical flashes,
and steam.
Can the worker come in contact with some agent that will injure without forceful
contact? Any type of work that involves materials or equipment, which may be
harmful without forceful contact, is a source of contact with accidents. There are two
kinds of work situations, which account for most of the contact with accidents. One

situation is working on or near electrically charged equipment, and the other is
working with chemicals or handling chemical containers.
A.1.4 CAUGHT-IN AND CAUGHT-ON TYPES OF ACCIDENTS
The next three accident types involve ‘‘caught’’ accidents. Can the person be caught
in, caught on, or caught between objects? A caught in-accident is one in which the
person, or some part of his=her body, is caught-in an enclosure or opening of some
kind. Can the worker be caught on anything while doing the job step? Most caught-
on accidents involve worker’s clothing being caught on some projection of a moving
object. This moving object pulls the worker into an injury contact. Or, the worker
may be caught on a stationary protruding object, causing a fall.
A.1.5 CAUGHT-BETWEEN TYPES OF ACCIDENTS
Can the worker be caught between any objects while doing the job step? Caught-
between accidents involve having a part of the body caught between something
moving and something stationary, or between two moving objects. Always look for
pinch points.
A.1.6 FALL-TO-SAME-LEVEL AND FALL-TO-BELOW TYPES OF ACCIDENTS
Slip, trip, and fall accident types are one of the most common accidents occurring in
the workplace. Can the worker fall while doing a job step? Falls are such frequent
accidents that we need to look thoro ughly for slip, trip, and fall hazards. Consider
whether the worker can fall from something above ground level, or whether the
worker can fall to the same level. Two hazards account for most fall-to-same-level
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accidents: slipping hazards and tripping hazards. The fall-to-below accidents occur
in situations where employees work above ground or above floor level, and the
results are usually more severe.
A.1.7 OVEREXERTION AND EXPOSURE TYPES OF ACCIDENTS
The next two accident types are overexertion and exposure. Can the worker be
injured by overexertion; that is, can he=she be injured while lifting, pulling, or
pushing? Can awkward body positioning while doing a job step cause a sprain or
strain? Can the repetitive nature of a task cause injury to the body? An example of

this is excessive flexing of the wrist, which can cause carpal tunnel syndrome (which
is abnormal pressure on the tendons and nerves in the wrist).
Finally, can exposure to the work environment cause injury to the wor ker?
Environmental conditions such as noise, extreme temperatures, poor air, toxic
gases and chemicals, or harmful fumes from work operations should also be listed
as hazards.
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Appendix B Sample
and Blank Material Safety
Data Sheets
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Appendix C Personal
Protective Equipment
Hazard Assessment
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Appendix D Assault Incident
Report Form
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ß 2008 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.