15
Hand Tools
When we thin k about hand tool s, we norm ally think of hamm ers, screwdri vers, or
pliers, but a toothbrus h, a spoon, a pen, scis sors are also hand tool s. They are
examples of tools that are used to concent rate force and help to carry out a variety
of tasks .
For most of us, h and tools are nonpow ered tools and incl ude chise ls, handsaws,
wrenches, shovel s, and knives . Many injuries can result when using hand tools
including cuts, lacer ations, eye injuries , overus e (ergon omi c related injuries ), and
at times slips, trips, and falls. In most inst ances these injuries occur due to the
incorrect use, use of the wrong tool, or improper maintenan ce of tools. Appro xi-
mately 8% of all indus trial accide nts a re caused by hand tools. The Mine Health and
Safety Admini stration found that one out of every four accide nts was due to hand
tools. Some examp les of hand tool accide nts are as foll ows:
.
Using a screwdri ver as a chise l may cause the tip of the screw driver to break
off and fly, hitting the user or other empl oyees.
.
If a wood en handle on a tool such as a hammer or ax is loose, spli ntered, or
cracked, the head of the tool may fly off and strike the user or another
worker.
.
A wrench must not be used if its jaws are sprung, because it might slip.
.
Impact tools such as chisels, wedges, or drift pins are unsafe if they have
mushroomed heads that might shatter on impact, sending sharp fragments
flying (Figur e 15.1).
A variety of hand tools are necessary for day-to-day general maintenance.
ß 2008 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.
The employer is responsible for the safe condition of tools and equipment used by
employees, even personal tools if being used in the workplace. The employer should

not issue or permit the use of unsafe hand tools. Damages or broken hand tools
should be removed from service and a tag placed on them saying, ‘‘Do Not Use’’ or
‘‘Removed from Service’’ if the tools are not thrown away. Employers should assure
that employees are trained in the proper use and handling of hand tools and other
equipment.
Employees, when using saw blades, knives, or other tools, should direct tools
away from aisle areas and away from other employees working in close proximity.
Knives and scissors must be sharp; dull tools can cause more hazards than sharp
ones. Cracked saw blades must be removed from service.
Wrenches must not be used when jaws are sprung to the point that slippage
occurs (Figure 15.2). Impact tools such as drift pins, wedges, and ch isels must
be kept free from mushroomed heads. The wooden handle of tools must not be
splintered.
Iron or steel hand tools may produce sparks that can be an ignition source
around flammable substances. Where this hazard exists, spark-resistant tools made
of nonferrous materials should be used where flammable gases, highly volatile
liquids, and other explosive substances are stored or used.
Poor condition
Dressed Spread Mushroomed
FIGURE 15.1 From safe to unsafe chisels. (Courtesy of the Department of Energy.)
Teeth on jaws wom
Tight fitting wrenches
on bolts
FIGURE 15.2 Wrenches from good to worn. (Courtesy of the Department of Energy.)
ß 2008 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.
Appropri ate person al prote ctive equipment (PPE ) such as safety eyew ear and
gloves must be worn to protect against hazards that may be encount ered while using
hand tool s. Workpl ace floors are to be kept clean and as dry as possible to prevent
slips wi th or around da ngerous hand tools.
15.1 PREVENTING HAND TOOL ACCIDENTS

To prevent hand tool accide nts certa in safe work pract ices should be follow ed.
Before using han d tool s selec t the correct tool for the job. Do not use tool s for
jobs they are not inte nded for. Provid e workers with training and informat ion about
safer work practices and the c orrect methods, p osture, and use of tool s. Other work
practices that should be addres sed are as follows:
.
Always use tools in such a way that a slip or mis s does not result in an
injury, e.g., when using sharp tool s for cutt ing alw ays cut away from the
body or hand.
.
Keep the wor k area free of clut ter and waste.
.
Ensure the work area has ad equate ligh ting.
.
Tools, equipment , and mat erials should n ot be throw n or dropped from one
employee to another or from one level to anothe r. Hand them, h andle first,
directly to other wor kers or use a hand line.
.
Ensure wor kers are wearing appropr iate prote ctive clot hing and PPE such
as goggle s, safety shoes, and gloves .
15.1.1 HAND T OOL K EY P OINTS
Wear approve d PPE such as safety shiel ds, respirato rs, safety toed shoes, high-top
shoes, hard hats, bump caps, leat her gloves, leat her aprons , coveral l, and safety
eyewear with side shields of industrial quality that conform to the ANSI Z87.1
standard.
A variety of gloves exist that have different functional use regarding hand tools.
Today there are cut resistant g loves made of Kevl ar as seen in Figure 15.3 , mech-
anics gloves with rubber gripping surfaces, mesh gloves that protect from cuts,
antivibration or shock absorbing gloves, and the common leather glove that is always
a good option if it fits properly since too tight a glove tires the hand and fi ngers and

too loose a glove decreases dexterity.
Wearing proper clothing varies depending on the type of hand tools that are
being used. Work clothing should not be loose, baggy, or highly flammable. To
protect against burns, wear clothing such as coveralls, high-top shoes, leather aprons,
and leather gloves. Remove all paper from pockets and wear cuff less pant. When
working with heavy metals or items wear hard toed shoes with nonskid soles. Avoid
synthetic clothing because they have low flash points which can result in severe
burns. Do not wear jewelry especially rings when using hand tools since it may
result in rings getting caught or contacting electricity. Jewelry can get caught on
moving parts.
ß 2008 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.
Protect the hair, scalp, and head by pulling back long hair in a band or a cap to
keep it from getting caught in tools. Be extremely careful with long hair when using
a rotating tool. When handling carpentry materials wear a hard hat or bump cap to
protect the head.
Protect the fingers, hands, and arms by wearing leather gloves or cut resistant
gloves and forearm shields. When workers are hammering, care must be taken to
strike the object not the hand or fingers.
Avoid horseplay and loud talking so the min d is not distracted from the task at
hand. Pushing, running, and scuffling whi le working with hand tools can result in
serious accidents. Be alert and work defensively.
As has been said earlier, the greatest accident potential results from misuse and
improper maintenance of hand tools. By adhering to the following procedures we
can mitigate this problem:
.
Hold supervisors responsible for the safe condition of tools and equipment
used by workers, but workers must also use and maintain tools properly.
.
Saw blades, knives, or other tools should be directed away from aisle areas
and other workers working in close proximity.

.
Knives and scissors must be kept sharp. Dull tools can result in the use of
more force and slippage and are more dangerous than sharp tools.
.
When working with hand knives, boning knives, drawknives, and scissors,
workers should use appropriate PPE such as mesh gloves, wrist guards, arm
guards, and aprons or belly guards.
FIGURE 15.3 Cut resistant Kevlar gloves.
ß 2008 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.
.
Avoid flammable substances since sparks produced by iron or steel hand
tools can be a dangerous ignition source. Where these types of hazards
exists use spark-resistant tools made of brass, plastic, aluminum, or wood.
.
Do not overwork a tool’s capabilities. Probably the most common error is to
use a ‘‘cheater’’ to increase leverage of a wrench.
.
Avoid striking one tool with another. Certain tools are made to strike
other specific tools or materials. Use only the proper striking tools for
these jobs. Do not use a wrench to drive a nail or use one hammer to strike
another.
.
Use the right tools and use them correctly. Even the best made tool will
botch a job when used incorrectly. Striking a nail with a hammer cheek
instead of its face can cause a nailing problem or accident. Handling a chisel
incorrectly such as pushing a chisel with one hand while the other holds the
work in front of the cutting edge can cause severe injury. The solution is to
clamp in a vise so both hands are free to handle the tool.
.
Improper maintenance. A worn tip on a screwdriver can result in a gashed

hand. Similarly, a loose or damaged handle can turn a hammer into a deadly
flying object.
15.1.2 STORING HAND TOOLS
All tools not in use should be stored where they are not a hazard. Sharp edges or
pointed tools should have the edge or point guarded at all times when not in use.
Shovels and rakes should have the sharp or pointed edges toward the ground.
15.1.3 OLD HAND TOOLS
Old tools may be unsafe if they lack up-to-date safety features. Instead of buy-
ing new good quality hand tool s, many workers fill their toolboxes with hand-me-
down or cheap (poorly made) tools from discount stores. Although second-hand
tools may be cheaper, they can be quite unsafe. Any tool with makeshift repairs
should be removed from service and discarded so no one is tempted to use it and
be injured.
Any damaged or outdated tool should be removed from service and affixed with
a tag that says, ‘‘Remove from Service. Do Not Use’’ or discarded as waste so it
cannot be used again.
15.1.4 ERGONOMICS AND HAND TOOLS
The use of hand tools places a great deal of stress on bones, tendon, ligaments,
nerves, and soft tissue. Oft en the use of hand tools can lead to what are called
overuse or repetitive injuries. Some of the ways to prevent these injuries are by
.
Alternating repetitive and nonrepetitive activities
.
Varying or rotating job task
.
Taking frequent, short breaks
ß 2008 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.
.
Doing gentle exercises during rest breaks
.

Arranging work materials or equipment to avoid overreaching or twisting
.
Ensuring that hand tools are well-balanced with a comfortable grip and
need no more than reasonable force to operate
.
Reviewing workloads to ensure they are realistic and within physical and
psychological capabilities
.
Performing jobs that need precise movements slightly above elbow level
.
Performing jobs that need a lot of muscle strength slightly below elbow
level
15.1.5 ERGONOMICALLY DESIGNED HAND TOOLS
Hand tools become a problem when workers have to use forceful muscular exertions
due to having to hold or g uide a tool using a very firm grip, having the wrist bent
while using the tool, having a tool that is too heavy, or wearing gloves that are too
large. Tools that cause heavy loading of the shoulder while holding the tool,
especially when the arm is out from the body, are a problem. Wherever there is a
possibility of repetitive movement, there is the potential for stress. At times contact
stress occurs due to tools pressing into the palm at the base of the thumb where blood
vessels and nerves pass through the hand. If the grip is too wide this can cause a
tendon injury known as ‘‘trigger finger.’’ Tools that transfer shock to the hands and
wrist can also be culprits. Efforts should be made to mitigate these types of problems
with hand tools.
There are some specific areas that need to be addressed in designing hand tools.
The first is weight and size:
.
Tool weight should be kept to less than 4 lb when used in one hand.
.
For heavier tools sufficient space should be provided to grasp the tool with

two hands.
.
Grasping surfaces should be slip-resistant.
.
Whenever possible, the edges and corners of tools should be rounded.
The handles on tools should fit the human hand as best as possible. Some of the
general guidelines are as follows:
.
For a power grip, larger handle s are better.
.
The thickness of a handle should be between 1 and 2.5 in.
.
Hand strength is reduced by up to 30% when wearing gloves.
.
If the diameter of a handle is too large, the fingers do not overlap, there is no
‘‘locking,’’ and strain is sharply increased. If the diameter is too small, there
is an insufficient friction area and the hand cuts into the hand.
.
T-handles should be about 1 in. thick.
The length of handles is important since poor handle design can be detrimental to the
hands. Some recommendations are as follows:
ß 2008 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.
.
The handle shoul d be long enough so that they do not end in the palm of the
hand especi ally plie rs (Figur e 15.4).
.
Without gloves, handle s shoul d be 4 in. long at a min imum.
.
With gloves, handle s should be a minimum of 5 in. in lengt h.
The surfa ces and material that compo se hand les need careful considerat ion. All

handles shoul d be made from noncondu ctive mat erials. Thu s, they shoul d not
conduct heat or electrici ty. Wood handle is often best for two reason s. Wood releases
heat to the hand more slowly than p lastic or metal and so it can be of help for a longer
period of time before causing an inju ry. Wood ga ins h eat more slowly than plastic,
so it is less likely to reach high tem peratures.
Handle shoul d be compressi ble. Just as a compr essible floor is easie r on the feet
and legs than noncom press ible concrete, a compressi ble handle is easier on the hand.
Wood is the best material. Compre ssib le rubber or plast ic is ac ceptable. Rubber-
dipped coatings help make the handle more compressible, less conductive, and cover
sharp edges that could damag e the hand. Tex tured surfaces add grip as seen in Figure
15.5. Hand serra tion ( finger grips) cut into the fingers since they were only desig ned
to fit the hand that they were modeled from.
Hand tool posture is an important consideration when ergonomically designing
tools. Bending the tool is superi or to bending the wrist. Tendon movement while the
wrist is not bent is less injurious. The most comfortable position is the ‘‘handshake ’’
position.
Another alternative to changing the tool angle is to change the orientation of
the work itself. Using the appropriate muscle group is less strain and stress.
FIGURE 15.4 The end of the screwdriver’s handle does not end in the palm.
ß 2008 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.
Hand-closing muscles are stronger than hand-opening muscles. Use a spring to open
hand tools.
15.2 HAND TOOL SPECIFIC SAFETY
15.2.1 A
DJUSTABLE WRENCHES
Adjustable wrenches are torsion tools and are used for many purposes. They are not
intended, however, to take the place of the standard open-ended, box, or socket
wrenches. They are used mainly for nuts and bolts that do not fit a standard wrench.
Pressure is applied to the fixed jaw.
15.2.2 AXES

When using an ax, make sure there is a clear circle in which to swing the ax before
starting to chop. Remove all vines, brush, and shrubbery, especially overhead vines
that may catch or deflect the ax.
Ax blades must be protected with a sheath or metal guard whenever possible.
When the blade cannot be guarded, it is safer to carry the ax at one’s side. The blade
of a single-edged ax must be pointed down. The cutting edges are designed for
cutting wood and equally soft metal. Never strike against metals, stone, or concrete.
Some other important precautions to take with axes are as follows:
.
Never use an ax as a wedge or maul, never strike with the sides, and never
use it if the handle is loose or damaged.
.
Proper ax grip for a right-hand ed person is to have the left hand about 3 in.
from the end of the handle and the right hand about three-fourth of the way
up. Reverse hands for left-handed individuals.
FIGURE 15.5 The pliers’ handles are textured and nonconductive.
ß 2008 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.
.
Sharp, well-honed axes and hatchets are much safer to use because glancing
is minimized.
.
Safety glasses with side shields and safety shoes must be worn.
15.2.3 BOX AND SOCKET WRENCHES
Box and socket wrenches are used where a heavy pull is necessary and safety is a
consideration. Box and socket wrenches completely encircle the nut, bolt, or fitting
and grip all corners as opposed to two corners gripped by an open-ended wrench.
They will not slip off laterally, and they eliminate the dangers of sprung jaws.
These types of torsion tools are very versatile. This is especially true of socket
wrenches having great flexibility in hard-to-reach places. The use of special types
must be encouraged where there is danger of injury.

Avoid overloading the capacity of a wrench by using a pipe extension (cheater)
on the handle or striking the handle of a wrench with a hammer. Hammering on
wrenches weakens the metal of a wrench and causes the tool to break. Special heavy-
duty wrenches are available with handles as long as needed. Where possible, use
penetrating oil to first loosen tight nuts.
15.2.4 CARPENTER’SORCLAW HAMMER
This is a shock tool commonly in use and subject to a great deal of wear. The face of
the hammer must be kept well dressed at all times to reduce the hazard of flying nails
while they are being started into a p iece of wood. A checkered face head is
sometimes used to reduce this hazard. Eye protection must be worn when nailing
and using a hammer to do work that could cause flying debris or material. Never use
a common claw=nail hammer to strike other metal objects.
15.2.5 CHISELS
Choose a chisel only large enough for the job so that the blade is used, rather than the
point or corner. Never use chisels with dull blades. Also, a hammer heavy enough to
do the job should be used. The sharper the tool the better it will perform. Chisels that
are bent, cracked, or chipped shall be discarded, Re-dress cutting edges or structure
to original contour as needed. When chipping or shearing with a cold chisel, the tool
is to be at an angle that permits one level of the cutting edge to be flat against the
shearing plane.
Cold chisels should be selected based upon the materials to be cut, the size and
shape of the tool, and the depth of the cut to be made. The chisel should be made
heavy enough so that it will not buckle or spring when struck. Always wear safety
goggles or a face shield when using a chisel. Do not use chisels for prying.
15.2.6 CROWBARS
Crowbars are types of prying tools and come in different sizes. Use the proper size
for the job. Never use a makeshift device such as a piece of pipe, since they may slip
and cause injury. Crowbars must have a point or toe capable of gripping the object
ß 2008 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.
to be moved and a heel to act as a pivot or fulcrum point. A block of wood under the

heel may prevent slippage and help reduce injuries (Figure 15.6).
15.2.7 CUTTERS
Cutters used on wire, reinforcing rods, or bolts should be sharp enough to cut the
material. If this is not the case, the jaws may be sprung or spread. Cutters require
frequent lubrication. To keep cutting edges from becoming nicked or chipped, a
cutter should not be used as a nail puller or pry bars. Cutter jaws have the hardness
specified by the manufacturer for the particular kind of material to be cut. Cutting
edges are spaced 0.003 in. apart when closed.
15.2.8 FILES
Selection of the right kind of file for the job will prevent injuries and lengthen the life
of the file. Files are to be cleaned only with file-cleaning card or brush; never by
striking. Never use a file as a pry bar or hammer, as chipping and breaking could
result in user injury. For safe use, grip the file firmly in one hand and use the thumb
and forefinger of the other to guide the point. A file should not be made into a center
punch, chisel, or any other types of tools because the hardened steel may break.
A file should never be used without a smooth, crack-free handle: were the file to
bind, the tang may puncture the palm of the hand, the wrist, or other body parts.
Under some conditions, a clamp-on raised offset handle may be useful to give extra
clearance for the hands.
Files are not to be used on lathe stock turning at high speeds (faster than three
turns per file stroke) because the end of the file may strike the chuck, dog, or
faceplate and throw the file (or metal chip) back at the operator hard enough to
inflict serious injury.
FIGURE 15.6 A typical crowbar.
ß 2008 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.
15.2.9 HACKSAWS
Hacksaw s should be adjus ted in the fram e to prevent buckling a nd breaking, but
should not be tigh t enough to break off the pins that suppor t the blades. Inst all blades
with teeth pointing forw ard. Pressu re shoul d be app lied on the forward stro ke, not
the back stro ke. Lift the saw slig htly, pulling back lightly to prote ct the teet h. If the

blades twist or too much press ure is applied, the blades may break a nd cause injury
to the h ands or arm of the user. Never continue an old cu t with a dull b lade.
15.2.10 HAMMERS
A hamm er is a shock tool . The head is to be secure ly af fixed wedg ed handle for the
particula r type of head. The h andle should be smoo th, without cracks or spli nters,
free from oil, shaped to fi t the hand, and of the speci fic size and length. The h andles
should be stra ight. Once split, the handle s must be repla ced. Some other common
rules are as follow s:
.
Do not use a steel hammer on hardene d steel surfa ces. Instead use a soft-
head ha mmer or one with a plast ic, wood , or raw hide head.
.
Safety goggle s or safet y glasses with side shields must be worn to protect
against flying chips , nails, or other materials.
.
Never strike a hamm er with anothe r hammer.
.
Discard any hammer that show s chips , dents, etc. Redress ing is not recom-
mended.
15.2.11 HATCHETS
Hatchets must not be used for strikin g hard metal surfa ces, since the temp ered head
may injure the user or others by rebounding or by creating flying chips. When using
a hatchet in a crowed area, workers must take special care to prevent injury to
themselv es and o thers. Usin g a hatche t to d rive nails is prohi bited. Refer to Se ction
15.2.2 since the hatche t rules are quit e similar.
15.2.12 KNIVES
Knives cause more disabling injuries than any other hand tool. The hazards are that
the hand may slip from the handle on the blade or that the knife may strike the body
or the free hand. Use knives with handle guards if possible. Knives are to be kept
sharp and in their holders, cabinets, or sheaths when not in use. Knife strokes should

always be away from the body. Use cut resistant gloves when using knives.
Never carry a sheath knife on the front part of a belt. Always carry it over the
right or left hip, toward the back. This will prevent severing a leg artery or vein in
case of a fall.
Knives must never be left lying on benches or in other places, where they may
cause hand injuries. Safe placing and storing of knives are important in knife safety.
Supervisors must provide ample room to those who work with knives so they are not
in danger of being bumped by other workers. Supervisors should be particularly
ß 2008 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.
careful about the hazard of workers leaving knives hidden under a product, under
scrap paper, or wiping rags, or among other tools in toolboxes or drawers. Knives are
to be kept separate from other tools to protect the cutting edge of the knife as well as
to protect the wor ker. Supervisors must assure that nothing that requires excessive
pressure on the knife is undertaken by workers. Knives must not be used as a
substitute for can openers, screwdrivers, or ice picks.
Do not wipe dirty or oily knives on clothing. Clean the blade by wiping it with a
towel or clot h with the sharp edge away from the wiping hand. Horseplay of any
kind (throwing, fencing, etc.) should be prohibited.
15.2.13 PIPE TONGS
Workers should neither stand nor jump on the tongs nor place extensions on the
handles to obtain more lever age. They should use larger tongs.
15.2.14 PIPE WRENCHES
The pipe wrench is another example of a torsion tool. Pipe wrenches, both straight
and chain tong, must have sharp jaws and be kept clean to prevent slipping. The
adjusting nut of the wrench should be inspected frequently. If it is cracked, the
wrench must be taken out of service. A cracked nut may break under strain, causing
complete failure of the wrench and possible injury to the user (Figure 15.7).
A piece of pipe ‘‘cheater’’ slipped over the handle must not be used to give added
leverage because this can strain a pipe wrench to the breaking point. The handle of
every wrench is designed to be long enough for the maximum allowable safe

pressure. Get a larger pipe wrench to do the job since they come in all sizes.
FIGURE 15.7 Select the proper size pipe wrench for the job.
ß 2008 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.
15.2.15 PLIERS
There are many types and sizes of plie rs. Pliers should not be used as a substitute for
wrenches. Pliers that are cracked, broken, or sprung should be removed from service.
Pliers should not be used as a hammer nor should they be hammered upon.
Pliers’ grips should be kept free of grease or oil, which could cause them to slip.
Side-cut pliers sometimes cause injuries when short ends of wire are cut. A guard
over the cutting edge and the use of safety glasses with side shields will help prevent
eye injuries.
The handles of electricians’ pliers must be insulated. In addition, employees must
wear the proper electrical rated gloves if they are working on energized lines or
circuits.
15.2.16 PUNCHES
Punches are never to be used if the face is mushroomed or with a dull, chipped, or
deformed point. Punches that are bent, cracked, or chipped shall be discarded. Safety
glasses with side shields should be used when using a punch.
15.2.17 RIVETING HAMMERS
A riveting hammer is another example of a shock tool, often used by sheet metal
workers, and must have the same kind of use and care as a ball peen hammer and
should be watched closely for cracked or chipped faces.
15.2.18 SHOVELS
The shovel is a useful tool. The edges should be kept trimmed and handles checked
for splinters and cracks. Use safety shoes with stur dy soles and gloves when
shoveling. Proper shoveling posture requires that the feet be well separated to get
good balance and spring in the knees. The leg muscles will take much of the load. To
reduce the chance of injury, use the ball of the foot (not the arch) to press the shovel
into the ground or other material. Never twist the torso when shoveling, move the
feet instead.

Dipping a shovel in water, greasing it, or waxing it will prevent some materials
from sticking to it. When not in use, keep them hanging against the wall, or keep
them in racks or boxes.
15.2.19 SCREWDRIVERS
A screwdriver is the most commonly used and abused tool. The practice of using
screwdrivers as punches, wedges, pinch bars, or pry bars should be discouraged as
this practice dulls the blade and causes worker injuries. Screwdrivers should be
selected to fit the screw. Sharp-edged bits will not slip as easily as ones that are dull.
Re-dress tips to original shape and keep them clean. Always hold work in a vise or
lay it on a flat surface to lessen the chance of injury were the screwdriver to slip.
Other guidelines to keep in mind are as follows:
ß 2008 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.
.
Do not hold work piece against your body while using the screwdri ver.
.
Do not put your finger near the blade of screwdriver when tightening
a screw.
.
Do not force a screwdriver by using a hammer or pliers on it.
.
Do not use a screwdriver as a hammer or as a chisel.
.
Do not use a screwdriver if your hands are wet or oily.
.
Discard and replace any screwdriver if it has a broken handle, bent
blade, etc.
.
Use an insulated screwdriver both handle and blade when performing any
electrical work.
.

Cross-slot (Phillips-head) screwdrivers are safer than the square bit types,
because they slip less. The tip must be kept clean and sharp to permit a good
grip on the head of the screw.
15.2.20 SPECIAL CUTTERS
Special cutters include those for cutting banding wire and strap. Claw hammers and
pry bars must not be used to snap metal banding material.
15.2.21 TAP AND DIE WORK
Tap and die work requires certain precautions. The work should be firmly mounted
in a vise. Only a T-handle wrench or adjustable tap wrench should be used.
When threads are being cut with a hard die, hands and arms should be k ept clear
of the sharp threads coming through the die, and metal cutting should be removed
with a brush.
15.2.22 TIN SNIPS
Tin snips should be he avy duty enough to cut the materials such that the worker
needs only one hand on the snips and can use the other to hold the material. The
material should be well supported before the last cut is made so that cut edges do not
press against the hands. The proper snip is to be used for right and left hand cuts and
straight cuts. Jaws of snips are to be kept tight and well lubricated.
Workers must wear protective safety eyewear with side shields or goggles when
trimming corners or slivers or metal because small particles often fly with consider-
able force. They must also wear cut resistant gloves or leather gloves.
15.2.23 WOOD CHISELS
Wood chisels are wood cutting tools. Inexperienced workers must be instructed in
the proper method of holding and using wood chisels. Handles are to be free of
splinters. The wood handle of a chisel struck by a mallet is to be protected by a
metal or leather cap to prevent splitting. The object must be free of nails to avoid
damage to the blade or cause a chip to fly into the user’s face or eye. Drive a wood
chisel outward and away from your body. Users should wear safety eyewear with
side shields.
ß 2008 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.

15.2.24 WRENCHES
Open-end or box wrenches must be inspected to make sure that they fit properly and
are never to be used if the jaws are sprung or cracked. When defective they must be
taken out of service and repaired or replaced. Further information regarding
wrenches is as follows:
.
Select the correct size wrench for the job. Wrenches come in metric and
SAE (Society of Automotive Engineers)—the American standard size.
.
Never use a pipe as a wrench handle extension (cheater).
.
Stand in a balanced position to avoid sudden slips when using a wrench.
.
Do not use a wrench if your hands are oily or greasy.
15.3 USE OF HAND TOOLS BY THE SERVICE INDUSTRY
Many industry sectors may require hand tools to accomplish work tasks. This is
especially true for those who do repairs, servicing, assembling, and maintenance
activities. The sectors that most require hand tools are the utilities, warehousing,
wholesale, retail, telecommunications (information), other services, and maintenance
personnel in the leisure, hospi tality, education, health care, and administration
sectors. Each industry sector may use a variety of hand tools or ones specificto
their particular industry.
15.4 SUMMARY OF OSHA REGULATION FOR HAND TOOLS
(29 CFR 1910.242)
Hand and power tools are a common part of our everyday lives and are present in
nearly every industry. These tools help us to easily perfor m tasks that otherwise
would be difficult or impossible. However, these simple tools can be hazardous, and
have the potential for causing severe injuries when used or maintained improperly.
Special attention toward hand and power tool safety is necessary to reduce or
eliminate these hazards.

Hand tools are nonpowered. They include anything from axes to wrenches. The
greatest hazards posed by hand tools result from misuse and improper maintenance.
The following are some examples. Using a screwdriver as a chisel may cause the tip
of the screwdriver to break and fly, hitting the user or other employees; if a wooden
handle on a tool such as a hammer or an ax is loose, splintered, or cracked, the head
of the tool may fly off and strike the user or another worker; a wrench must not be
used if its jaws are sprung, because it might slip; or impact tools such as chisels,
wedges, or drift pins are unsafe if they have mushroomed heads. The heads might
shatter on impact, sending sharp fragments flying.
The employer is responsible for the safe condition of tools and equipment used
by employees but the employees are responsible for properly using and maintaining
tools. Employers should caution employees that saw blades, knives, or other tools be
directed away from aisle areas and other empl oyees working in close proximity.
Knives and scissors must be sharp. Dull tools can be more hazardous than
ß 2008 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.
sharp ones. Appropriate PPE, e.g., safety goggles, gloves, etc., should be worn due to
hazards that may be encountered while using portable power tools and han d tools.
Safety requires that floors be kept as clean and as dry as possible to prevent
accidental slips with or around dangerous hand tools. Around flammable substances,
sparks produced by iron and steel hand tools can be a dangerous ignition source.
Where this hazard exists, spark-resistant tools made of brass, plastic, aluminum, or
wood will provide safety.
Employees who use hand and power tools and who are exposed to the hazards of
falling, flying, abrasive, and splashing objects, or exposed to harmful dusts, fumes,
mists, vapors, or gases must be provided with the particular personal equipment
necessary to protect them from the hazard.
15.5 HAND TOOL CHECKLIST
A checklist ensure s that hand tools are in proper working order and being used as
intended. It also guides compliance with Occupational Safety and Health Adminis-
tration (OSHA) regulations and company rules and policies. Figure 15.8 provides a

hand tool safety checklist.
15.6 SUMMARY
Employers should provide workers with a variety of hand tools to help them work
quickly, reliably, and safely. Some general guidelines need to be followed by those
using hand tools:
Hand tools and equipment checklist
Ye s & No& A re al ltools an d equ ipment (both companyand emp lo y ee owned) used by
employees at their workplacein good condition?
Ye s & No& Arehand toolssuch as chiselsandpunches, which develop mushroomed heads
during use, reconditionedorreplacedasnecessary?
Ye s & No& A re brok en or fr actured handl es onhammers , axes, and sim i l arequ i pment
r epl aced pr om ptly?
Ye s & No& A re w orn or bent wrenches rep l aced regu lar ly?
Ye s & No& Areappropriatehandlesused on filesand similar tools?
Ye s & No& A re em pl o yees made aware of the hazar ds caus ed b y fau ltyor im properly used
hand tools?
Ye s & No& A re appropri ate safety glasses, face sh i el ds, etc. used wh il e us i ng hand tools or
equi pmen t which mig ht pr oduce flyi ng materi a l s o r be subj ect to br eakage?
Ye s & No& Arejackscheckedperiodically to ensuretheyarein good operatingcondition?
Ye s & No& Aretoolhandleswedged tightlyin the head ofalltools?
Ye s & No& Aretools’ cutting edgeskept sharp so the toolwillmove smoothly without binding
or sk i pp ing?
Ye s & No& Aretools storedin dry, securelocationswherethey would not be tamperedwith?
Ye s & No& Iseyeand faceprotectionused whendriv i nghar dened or tempered s pudsor nai ls ?
FIGURE 15.8 Hand tools and equipment checklist.
ß 2008 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.
.
Use the right tool for the right job.
.
Keep all tools in good condition with regular maintenance.

.
Know the application, limitations, and potential hazards of the tool in use.
.
Use all tools according to the manufacturer’s instructions.
.
Use eye protection and appropr iate PPE.
.
Keep guards in place, in working order, and properly adjusted.
.
Maintain clutter free work areas.
.
Remain alert to the potential hazards in the working environment such as
slippery floors or the presence of highly combustible materials.
Hand tools are so common that it is dif ficult to always be on the alert for the potential
hazards and of the preventive measures required to avert them. Therefore, in an effort
to minimize accidents resulting from the use of hand tools, certain precautions need
to be taken, such as the following:
.
Do not use broken, defective, burned, or mushroomed tools. Report
defective tools to your supervisor and turn tools in for replacement.
.
Always use the proper tool and equipment for any task you may be assigned
to do. For example, do not use a wrench as a hammer, or a screwdriver as a
chisel.
.
Do not leave tools on scaffolds, ladders, or any overhead working surfaces.
Racks, bins, hooks, or other suitable storage space must be provided to
permit convenient arrangement of tools.
.
Do not strike two hardened steel surfaces together (i.e., two hammers, or a

hammer and hardened steel shafts, bearings, etc.).
.
Do not throw tools from one location to another, from one worker to
another, or drop them to lower levels; this is prohibited. When this type
of passing is required, suitable containers and=or ropes must be used.
.
Wooden tool handles must be sound, smooth, in good condition, and
securely fastened to the tool.
.
Sharp-edged or pointed tools should never be carried in an employee’s
pockets.
.
Only nonsparking tools shall be used in locations where sources of ignition
may cause a fire or explosion.
.
Tools requiring heat treating should be tempered, formed, dressed, and
sharpened by workmen experienced in these operations.
.
Wrenches, incl uding adjustable, pipe, end, and socket wrenches are not to
be used when jaws are sprung to the point that slippage occurs.
.
Any defective tool should be removed from service and tagged indicating it
is not to be used.
ß 2008 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.
ß 2008 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.