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Chttyen ngdnlt: Lu&t Nlitl mtdc

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PH6 TI11N SY LUAT IIQC

Ngitii lilting elfin: vu DUC KHI^N
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HA Ndl 1993


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9

vipc nghien cuu de tai vi tii, vai tzo cua Vign kiem set Nhan

dan trong b§ may’IT ha nuo’c za hgi chu ng hi a o* Viet liam.
6 Lion zd
CUU

(tiu’O’c day) nci co nhiau cong tzlnh ughien

ve Vipn kiem sat, van de v}. tri cua Vipn kiem set tron<

b§ may Hha ouo’c qua ho’n 70 nam zay clyng, co may net dang c
y sau day :
Mu’c’i

sau de ngkJ. cua

nguyen tic
ds aoi van d*?

to CiX’C

kidir sat, Lenin

quan Yign kiem sat o* trung uo’ng

the neo, giao cho m§t ca nhan php. track, hey giao cho tf.p the

la T.ot van de co tinh chat chion thugt. Do do da co nhung
-

-

.

*

’

tranh lugn n-n to chuc cc’ quan Vign kilm

, <

%

nhu tn- nao»

*Ti
1.
XkCt

qua la:den nnm 1933, Vi in kibt sat Is n-Jt
10 Tong ki?m sat truc’ng lenh dgio va dao 1
»
/%
A
ki ?m sat da duo’c co ng bo.
d Q
^11 ia

dSi

- Hc’n JO nan tiep thoo : tu 1955 den k
’'i^m set Lion zc (1979) va sou do is

Yi *r?

sung nam 1966, co hai van de du?9
*c
nhat la • van

tfnh ch
t
*

**

*

9
\
,
.
%
cun co ng tec ki^ci art
vr v°i t’r*o

%
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ri nu
*

tranh luf.n va ban cai nhiSu

» ■

*

"•

»

w

’

an, da co mgt so trank luiln va de co nhung quae diem oug’c


w
n.
*
vao to chcc thwc hi

c$r-3 va tu chic bo may dy than
ho a vs to chu’c co ng
kinh
Lieu dang tiec la

i

*

o’ cac nue’e za hoi chu nghi^ titro’o

day, chtfa ’-ip co cong trlnh nghien cuu v-' de an cai each Viten
* thi
. * thb
* che chfnh trj. cue ho da spp do, nen chua co
1:1^ sat
cac co ng trlnh ngiiien cuu giai quyc-t Lihu’ng van de cap thiJt

nay

n

*
do tbx’i cu$c d£t ra. Vi vj.y, zct o’ phu’G’ng di

tlib noi

CO

f

niiu’ng van

vi«n

n *

*
la mo*t db tai con

ki “a sat c’ nue’e tn hi^-n no,

Tinh hi ch
*
quae tr?ng va vai tro

tren day
ng hi a quy«t d}.nil

tai.

3. 2

a) Co’ so’ ly lu£n de giai auy
t
*

X

z

»

crc van de cua lu£n an :

„

nu’O’c o’ nuo’c ta trong giai ao
n
*

1

±|ch su
*

1

f
*

hien nay de xac dinh

v| tri cue Vijn kiem sat. Ly thuyft do -Thing dj.nh :

nwo’c

ta to chic theo nguyen tac t£p trung qvyen l?c nhung co sf
nhan co ng phdn nhi;
s
*

gitra cac hp thong co
*

quan ■'I ho mro’c.

- Lu|n an can cu vao ly lu£n ve phap chu trong tbo’i ky
V'J

* l*
n
kinh t*

la
4
c-i

—y.-1,

*
va

Phu nghia z*

p?c hi
t
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b§i v*

v£n henh tiieo co’ che th| truo’ng, dup’c zem set
'.v ?.

ucvig

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vu
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la t-on ã diV: *n._i

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crOiig.

1

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u«a«/


11
*
tu

t
*
thuc tien. to chuc, topt dp ng kibm sat, chi ru va gioi quy

nhung van de v^ met ly lufn roi Igi tro’ vb vol thajc tien dang
v£n dp ng hi^n nay db db zruat nhung gi’.i phap thuc day ttoc
tien kibm sat di dung hiring va phat tribn.
S\r v-ln dung phuo’ng phap tiep c£n va giei quyet van de
nay & quy dinh ket cau cua lujn an.

- Lugn an da si dpng cac phuc’ng phap Itch si va so sanh
de trlnh bey theo tuyen phat tribn cua tung Van de, thong qua

. do Im sang to nhung khia epah ly lu£n va thyrc tien cjn phan

to an ii^n
nhat
thong qua

:ic hi£n

_ *

n hoqt dong

* A
:o ae cfp true

v

vIn o* den not
*
.*
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to emre CC’ quari Vi$n

*
1

kihn sat nhu th
*

I

as

nuc’c.
■»

H hung cai mod. cue lup.n an the M on o’ cec diem seu day :

Xa hpi chu ng hi a

b) Lupn an. gi’.i quy it nhung van lb ly lu$:
7>
’
P
r
H
chic nt ng ki2m set vi^c tuan theo phap lu£t, v« quyen co ng to
vi,

v* A nguyen tre
4’;'* to chuc x
-t*
*
p
—a. iixii
* >ig

:em do

x------- thong «hr.t cue ~~an
tiring

cU onuan,

*
7

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cun ci klioa

dish vj. tri, vai tii cua VI
J

JU'C'C

,—

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w

e) TjHr.n nn de pn.-m rich nrarng v
n
*

ci oriap die txoug


(ELcu kipn doi mcl b nuvc ta hign nay, nhat la trong nen kinh
tl vju hanh thee co’ chi t?4 tnro’ng co sv diou tilt cua 3 ha
nirc’c, de nCu lc-n uhung co’ sc’ khoa hpc can tang cizc/ng ho pt

dons kiba sat va de zult nhu’ng giai phap co t£nh kha thi ve
z

thipn lupt va to chic thfc hipn lu^T Vipn kiem sat tzong

thuc tian.

Vc’i nhu’ng di Gm mo’i nhiz tren, lu$n an gop phuii giai auyet
nbirng van de ly lu£n mod. nay sinh ve vi ti£ Vi pa kibn sat

C’

nuic ta the’i gian gun day ; gop phan neu 13 n nhing hweng til
tuc nghi
n
*

ciu ve van de nay.
z

B

!CT QAH CUA LUAh All

nhu’ng ti? tuo’ng

’i
Wfci.i
CC’ ‘bcv

f?»Cn
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VE

;hat tri on cua Vi£ii
oo may J..a

Chircyn£ II :u’hu
*ng

0120’0

Vila de co’ ban ve ciiuc nt ng va nguyen

tac to chic dec thu cua Vipn ki&n sat II han
dan.

Chuo’ng III:2hiro,ng huo’ng cung co vj. tri va tang cuo’ng


■

I

’
!- 1! VKHI

’

’

I'&AT

- U

’

Phuong I
/

.

'U

a’

QUA TRUTH, IITiIH THA1TH VA PHAT TPJEN CUA

visii Km:
nha

sat nhait dan thong bo may

inidc

xhcii viet nah

Dieu 4 Hien phap nira'c ta ncra I960 quy quyen luc trong nuo’c Vi|t Ham dan chu Cong ho a deu thupc

ve nhan dan. IT han dan sw dung quyen lure cue minh thong qua
Quoc h§i va Hoi dong nhan dan cac cap do nhan dan bau ra va
chiu trach nhi£n truo’c nhan dan. Quoc b$i, Hoi dong nhan dan
cac cap va cac co’ auan IT ha nuo’c khac deu thuc hanh nguyen

tac t£p trung dan chu". Tran co’ sc
*

t£ah chat co’ ban nay cua

IT ha nuo’c, Hien phap quy dinh Quoc hoi la cc
*

auan' quyen luc

IT ha nuo’c Cao nhat. Thuc hien nguyen tac t£p trung dan chu,
Quoc hoi to chuc ra ba hp thong co’ auan , trong do co hp

thong co
*

quan Vipn kiem sat. Tran co
*

*
so

nhung quy d^nh ve

Vi«n ki^rn sat trong Hi in phap nem 1960 tu dieu 10 5 din dieu

26-7-1960, he thong co’ quan Vi£n kiem sat duyc thanh l^p.Co’

mpng dan toe dan chu ma nhung kinh nghipm cue no da dup’c


1, Ba giai do an phat triencua co
*

guan co ng to - ties

than cua Vifn kihn sat nhan dan tu nam 1945 den
1959.

Qua tri nh zay du
*ng

va ho an thifn cac co
*

quan tu phap

o’ nuo’c to tv nsm 1945 den nay co mot noi dung rat qugn trpng
la vipc phat trien Vifn cong to lam co
*

*
so

cho vipc zay dpng

Vifn kith sat nhan dan gun lien vol esc giei dopn phat trien,
hoan tldLpn va cai each bp may Nha nuo;c phu hj’p vol yeu cuu

phat trien cua each mpng nuo’c ta.
Cach mpng Thang Tam da d$p tan che dp thuc dan pho ng

ki'ln, t;'
hanh lpp nen II ha nuo’c Vi ft 21 âm dan chu co ng ho ađ TuyÊn

ng on doc lf.p ng ay 2-9-1945 la mot van kipn phap ly khang d$.nh
vife thank l$p m$t 21 ha nuo’c mol - IT ha nuo’c dan chu nhan dan,
mo’ ra m§t trang su mol cua vife thiet Ipp va phat trien ng ay
T

mot ho an thipn bo may -”ha nuo’c f,cua dan, do dan vg vl dan”.

Trong qua trinh do, Nha nuoc ta luon chu trpng den vi£c zAy
dung bo may tu phap, trong do co co’ quan cong too

Tinh

hinh ----------chfnh ___,
tri kinh te, za hpi cue nuo’c ta trong
---------------nhung ngay sau each m^ng Thang Ten vo cung phuc tpp« Thu

trong, giac ngoai, gi$c doi, giQC dot, dftt dit nuo’c trong tinh
the ”ngsn
ngan can treo sgl
sp’i too".
too”. Boi canh do, doi hoi Hha nuo’c
ta phei kip thod. to chic hp thong cac co1 quan bao ve phap
TnS-t

** <-• <

UUU

tranh cho ng tgi phpa, bao vf tr|t tu kl

bao vte c lie dy mei. Tren cai nen chi ah tri za h
w

” T ' J

4-^

1

ã * -y

vu h A o ~

--'ôô □ i1 ’• 2 v
V r*3
1 r

A

or qvxn khsc o

b, 'our.g ve’i e
c
*

*"iC Li H

"h

>

r?S,**»/■»»<

la co’ quan dsi difn cho lql ich cua IT ha nuo’c each mjjng va


- 15 Xa hoi d’e duu tranh co higu qua chong lei cac hanh vi t§i phpm

bang vipc nhanh chong, kip thod. va chfnh xac quyet dinh du’a ke

phpm t§i ra met su, dam bao cung co chfnh quyen each mpng,chon.
lpi.nhung hsnh vi di ngup’c lpi lo
i

*

fall cua chfnh quyen nhan da

Gung chfnh vi the ma co’ quan cong to la mot trong nhwng hp

thong cc’ quan IT ha nuo’c sem dUQ’c xay dt;ng trong b§ may N ha nue’e
ta. L|ch si may dung va hoan thipn Vipn cong to o’ niro’c ta tron

each mg ng dan toe dan chu va nhung nam dau cai tgo ma hpi chu

ng Ilia (tu 1945 den 1960) trai qua ba giai dopa chu ylu :
a) Giai dopa thijc hign Hi In phap nam 19 46 va cac Sac

lpnh so13 ngay 24-1-1946, Sac lpnh so 51 ngay

17-4-1946 va Sac lsnh so 1 Ji ngay 20-7-1946.

b) Giai dopa cai each bo may tu phap num 1950 vc’i vipc

thuc hipn Sac Ipnh so C5 ngay 25-5-1950 ; Thong tu

21-TTG cua -hu tuo’ng Chfnh phu ngay 7-6-1950 , Thong
ta lian bo so 13 BKT-TT ngay 3-5-1950^.

c) Giai dopn th^rc hipn Ng hi quyet cua Quoc hpi nuo’c

—

Vi^t Nam dan chu Cong ho a khoa I ky hpp tfau VIII

ngay 29-4-195<% Nghi dj.nh so 256 ngay 1-7-1959,
Ughj. dj.nh 321 n/ay 27-8-1959(7 5.

ITghisn cuu giai dopn thyc bi go Hila phap 1946 va cac

Sac Ipnh 1 3, 51 , 1 31 cho thay, ngay tu khi moi thanh lpp, Nha
nuc’c ca u.a quail tern Uwi su
ig
*

tac cuiig to va vi£c x&y

cc

quan cong to. Ngay 13-9-1945, Nha niro’c ta da ra Sac l^nh thie
Igp cac toe sn quan gu each mpng, quy dj.nh vipc dung bupc tpi
tpi cac to© an nay la cac uy vien quan si; hay uy vien cua °an

trixih se’-.. ;ii
u
*
(

)

V

..1

•

J ha 9 1946 trong chuo’ng 71 tu Gl'pu 6 3
A

JO

5y tu ;hap,

ihuug nguySri ttc vr.


15

ban cua co’ quan set si. Cac Sac lpnh so 1 3, 51/131 da quy
dj.nh chi tiet Ve he thong cac vien chic cong-to nlm trong hp
thong cc’ quan to a an. 0 to a an co’ cap (cap qu£n, huypn) them

phan lan ca vi£c set si va cong to. d toa an dp nh| cap (cap

tlnh va thanh pho) than phan dup’c cilia lam hai lopi : thorn
phan si an va thum phan buoc t§i cua cong to vien, o’ toa an
Thup’ng them (toa an to chic o’ ba khu v^c Bae - Trung - Ham)
co cong to vipn do chtro’ng ly ding daU va etc can bq lam cOng

tac cong to chuyen trach nhu bipn ly, pho bifn ly ... ch^u
sv lanh dpo cua Bo truing Bq Tu phap.

(Bhung Bq truing Bq

Tu phap khong co quyen thay met chtro’ng ly de hanh
cliic danh nay). Cac bipn ly, pho bi/n ly ...
cac nhifm vp tu phap each sat (dieu tra hinh

hi/n

S';.’ buoc tpi cua Bha nuo’c, thuc bi^n vi/c giam

tie

di^u tre cua tu phap each sat va "co quyen you cau tea an
thi hanh mpi phuo’ng sach can thiet de lam sang to su th£t".

Hhu vjy, ngay’trong nhung nam dnu each rn^ng da som binh
thanh be may co ng to nam trong h$? thong cac co
*

quan toe an

hanh nhipm vp. mQt each dee IJp, ke ca than

n
*
nhung dL’9’0 ti

quyen y.eu cau to a an ap dung mpi bifn phap de vi£c set si
dup'c c bl nil zac, via there hipn. quyen co ng to

II ha nuic, via

lam mot so cong vi«c giam sat.
Den giai dopn cai each bp may tu phap nam 1950, vol vipc

thuc hi;
* ” ^c lpnh -5, cac thong tu 21 , va 18, vi
c
*

*
cc

quan, c o ng’ to co hai di cm quau tr

Thu nhut xa, ve m/t

to chic, $y ben hash chfnh esc cap
-

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cai each

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- 17
sgfggn theo m£nh lpoh cua %'J tan ve dwerag loi c6ng to cung nhu
* ■
X
la nhung menh lenh ve cac vu vipc cu the. Thu hai la,. Nha nuo’c
jjg
* *.-'
J
w
V
r
w
M
__ ___ _________
*_
' mo
*
i§ng them quyen cho cong to vi£n duyc quyen khang caO cac
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lpnh 35 da khang dinh

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la m§t su thay doi quan nipn rua cho rang nhu ng vipc h$ (dan
au») chi la vi£c cua tu

nhan, za hoikhong can thipp, nay cong

to vi£n thuc hi|n quyen cong to IIha nuo’c la thpc hipn su can
thij?p do. d giai dopa nay, co’ quan co ng to van chu a thanh mpt

hp thong d$c lpp va ve

mat to chuc,cung vol cac co’ quen

phap khec, Ipi chiu ar

chi dpo ti^cti
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tu’

cua co’ qucn hanh

chinh Nha nuo’c ogang cap ... Xu huc’ng tang them quyen chi dpo
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cua co’ quan hanh chi ah doi vol cac co
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quan tu phap la n$i dung

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chu yeu trong cai each tu phap nam 1950.
Giai dopa thuc hijn Ughi quyet cua Quoc h§i hpp ng ay

29-4-1958 va cac nghi dinh 256, 321

(1959) la 3iai dopa '00

may Vipn cong to duq’c hinh thanh thanh m§t hf thong co’ quan
Nha nuo’c doc lap, duo’c to chuc tu Timing uo’ng d
n
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dia’phuo’ng :

quan ceo nhat la Vipn cong to Trang uo’ng tri/c thuoc Thu

ng
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chlnh phu; Cap tirp theo la Vi£n cong to phuc thorn dup
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to chuc o’ mot so khu vijc nhu Ha Hoi, Hai Phong, Viet
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tu tinh den cac huy£n thi

Co the noi, giai dopa nay la giai

d-opn qua dj, chuhn bj nhung dibu
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lien quan den lo’i fch cua Hha nud’c va xe hpi. M|c du chu’e cd
quy dj.nh giem sat ,vif?c tuan theo phap lupt trong hopt dong

quan ly, henh chfnh nha nuo’c, nhu’ng zo Teng den Ugh| dinh 256 ,
quan ni$m ve chuc nt ng cua Vipn cong to da cd nhung chuyen bien
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va they dSi ro rpt. Llhu’ng van ban phap lupt ke tren da quy djnh

cho Vipn co ng to nhung chuc nd ng va ahi pm vu mo’i, tpo co’ so’

quail trong cho vipc xay dvng Vi£n kiem set sau nay. Tren co’ so’

nhung bo sung mo’i ve tradh ahi pm va thorn quyen, Vipn cong to

"rung uo’ng cung to chirc bo may due tren nhung noi dung rnd’i do.
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chuyen ve nhpn thu’e de co co’ so’ r y di^ng nganh Kiem sat trong
he thong b§ may IT ha nuc’c :za hoi c .u ng Ilia o’ nud’c ta cm -apt

num sau do, theo Hi In phap num 19
(tu 1945 den 1959), ho pt dp ng c 0 ng

Trong qua tri ah 15 rum

cho chi do cac can b$ chink tri, quan siy khong chuyen
thyc hipn den luc liinh thanh mot ht' thong cc
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quyen quyet d}nh due vu ‘an hi uh su re to a, den than quyen
glam sat v±pc tuan theo phap lu£t trong cac hogt dqng to tpng

hiiih sy
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chuc bp may tu phap nhln o’ khia ca.nh co’ quan co ng to trong

Hha nu’oc dun chu nhan dun la mot qua tiinh tim toi thi nghi^m,

khong phai la mot lan da zong zuoi han va qua trlnh do, ng ay

cang tpo ra nhung dieu ki£n can thiet de zay dyrng Vipn kiem
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ho an toan khong phei chi la ap dung mot each may moc nhung

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