TRUNG TAM KHOA HOC XA HOi VA NHAN VAN QUOC GIA

V1EN NGHIEN Cinj NHA NLTOC VA PHAP LUAT

V<5 KHANH VINH

NGUYEN TAC CONG BANG
TRONG LUAT HINH SU VIET NAM
*

■

*

Chuyen nganh

: Luat hinh sit va t(f lung hinh sir

Ma hifcu

:

5.05.14

LU AN AN PHO TlfiN si LUAT HOC

Ngudi hudug dAn :

PGS. TS. DAO TR1 UC

Ila n(h - 1993

TRUNG TAM KHOA HOC XA HOi VA NHAN VAN OUOC GIA
V1EN NGHIEN CUTJ NrlA NLT0C VA PHAP LUAT

VO KHANH VINH

NGUYEN TAO CONG BANG

TRONG LUAT HINH SU VIET NAM
a

■

■

Chuyen nganh

: Luat hinh sir va to tung hinh sir

Ma hi$u

:

5.05.14

LU AN AN PHO Tl£N Si LUAT HOC

Ngudi hudng din:


PGS. TS. DAO TRf UC

Ha nOi - 1993


MUC LUC

Trang

Ldl NOI DAU

CHUONG I :

1

KHAI N1$M NGUYEN TAG CONG BANG
TRONG LUAT HINH SU VI$T NAM

9

I.

Klidi niem cdng b&ng va cac moi lien he cua nd

9

II.

Cdng b&ng - nguyen tAc cua lu$t hinh su Viet nam


24

CHUONG II :

NGUYfiN TAC CONG

BANG VA

VI$C

QUY DINH TOl PHAM VA HINH PHAT

I.

NhGng dOi hdi cua nguydn tdc cong b&ng ddi

vdi

40 ,

viec

quy dinh tdi pham

40

II. Nhitng ddi hoi cua nguyfin tdc cdng b&ng ddi vdi viec quy

djnh hinh phat


65

CHUONG III : NGUYEN TAG CONG BANG VA

VI$C

QUYET DINH HINH PHAT

I.

Dinh tqi danh dung - tien de quan trong cua viec quyet
djnh hinh phat

II.

94

cOng bang

Nhhng ddi hdi cua nguyfin tac cOng bang ddi
quyet dinh hinh phat

94
vdi

viec
103

KET LUAN


130

DANH MUC CAC TAI LIEU THAM KHAO

133


LOl NOI DAU

1. Tinh cap thiet cua d'fc tAi nghien ciiu

COng bAng vua la vAn cfe co bAn, viia 1A vAn dfc thdi sy cua chu nghia xa
hQi. Bdi vi bAn chAt cua chu nghia xa hdi 1A dan chu, nhAn dao va edng bang.
Trong di'du kien xa hQi dlly nhung bien ddi, thay ddi hien nay, cung vdi cac
tu tudng dan chu, nhan dao, phap chd ... edng bang cd mdt y nghia, gia trj eye

ky quan trong ddi vdi su phat trien cua xa hdi- Tdn tai vdi tinh each mdt trong

nhiing gia trj quan trong cua xa hdi tu tudng edng bang dude khAng djnh trong

quan h6 giOa xa hQi va cA nhan, giiia NhA nude va edng dan, giOa cAc td chile
xA hQi vA cAc thAnh vidn cua chung, giUa moi ngudi, trong moi linh vyc cua ddi
sdng xA hQi, trong d6 c6 phAp luAt.

DAng vA Nha nude ta da khAng dinh y nghia, vai trd vA gid trj cua tu tudng
cOng bang vA da the hien sAu sAc tu tudng dd trong chinh sAch kinh te-xA hQi
vA quyet tAm dua tu tudng dd vAo hoat d$ng thuc tidn cua minh. Dai hdi VI vA
VII, cuong linh xay dyng dat nude trong thdi ky qua dd len chu nghia xa hdi,

chidn lupc dn djnh vA phat tridn kinh te-xA hdi den nAm 2000 khAng dinh rd su


c'An thiet phai thiet lap va thuc hien cOng bAng xa hQi phu hpp vdi di&u kien kinh

te-xa hdi cua nude ta. va coi dd la mdt trong nhiing nguyen tAc rudng cdt cua'
chinh sach kinh te-xA hQi vA cua cOng cube ddi mdi. VA thuc tidn cua edng cuQc

ddi mdi d nude ta trong thdi gian qua dang dat ra nhu can cAp thiet cua viec
thyc hien nguyen tAc edng bAng trong moi mat cua ddi song xa hQi (6 ;7 ;36 ;37).
I

COng bAng, dan chu, nhan dao 1A nhiing pham tru cd mdi lidn he mat thiet

vdi nhau, cd ph’An xam nhyp, dan xen vdi nhau, nhung cung cd nhiing ddi hdi

dAc thu cua minh. Nhiing gia trj dd dupe dang tai vA thd hien rAt rd trong phap


luat. Cdng bdng, ddn chu, nhdn dao Id nhiing nQi dung, thuQc tinh, dai luqng ca

bin cua phap lu^t, Id n£n ting cua boat ddng cua nha nude, cua he thdng phdp
ludt. Vi v$y, hien nay hOn bao gid het vdn de ve moi quan he gifla phap ludt
vdi edng being, ddn chu, nhan dao dang,dupe quan tdm rdt ldn trong sach bao

chinh tri, phap ly cua cac nude, ddc bi8t Id vai trd cua edng bdng ddi vdi hoat
ddng ldp phap vd boat dQng ap dung phap ludt, ddi vdi y thuc phap ludt.

COng bdng cd vai trd tac d$ng rdt to ldn ddi vdi todn bQ ddi sdng phdp ly

cua xd hdi. Van de quan trong hien nay Id can lam sang to co che tdc ddng dd
cua edng bdng, 1dm rd hinh thuc, mile dd the hien, bieu hien vd cdc ddi hoi cua

nd ddi vdi phap ludt noi chung va tung nganh phap ludt ndi rieng, trong dd cd

phap ludt hinh su. Viec tim hieu nhiing van de ndi tren cd y nghia rdt quan trong
ddi vdi viec hoan thien he thong phap ludt nude ta ndi chung vd phap ludt hinh
su ndi ridng, nang cao chat lupng cua phap ludt, lam eho phap ludt trd thdnh nhiing
dai lupng khudn tnau edng bang dupe moi ngudi thiia nhdn vd tu giac tuan thu,

tu dd cd thai dd dung dan ddi vdi phap ludt.
Tdt ca nhiing ludn di£m nfiu tren la nhiing ly do ldp ludn eho su lua chon

viec nghien cuu nguyen tac edng bang, cac hinh thuc the hien vd ddi hdi cua nd
trong ludt hinh su Viet Nam lam de tai ludn an pho tien si khoa hoc ludt hoc.

2. Tinh hinh nghien cilu
Ddn nay cd kha nhi'eu edng trinh, bai bao nghien cilu van dd edng bdng vd
mdi quan he cua nd vdi phap ludt, phap che. Nhiing edng trinh, bai bao dd nghiAn

cuu nhiing khia canh chung cua edng bang nhu : edng bdng Id mOt pham trii triet

hoc, pham tru xa hdi hoc, pham trii dao due, la nguyen tac cua chinh sach kinh

te-xd hdi, la nguydn tdc chung cua phap ludt... Cac edng trinh dd da lam sang
to nhiing van d'6 co ban ve khai niem, nQi dung, ban chdt cua cong bang, cac moi
quan he cua edng bdng vdi lqi ich, vdi phap ludt. Dieu dd duoc the hien rat rd

trong cac edng trinh nghien cilu cua cac nha luat hoc xd viet vd cac nude khac

2



nhu : S.S. Alekseev. G.Z. Anmashkin, D.A. Kerimov, E.N.Lukasheva, G.V.Mal’cev,
N.S.Samashcheko, A.I. Ekimov, M.A. Jakovlev, R.Gol’nik, G.Khanaj, I.Sabo,

A.Gerlakh...
Trong mOt s6 edng trinh n£u trfin, budc diu di de c£Lp den nguySn tic edng
bing dudi gOc dO cua m0t sd nganh lu^Lt cu thd. Dd la khuynh hudng nghien cuu
cd tridn vong nh&m dua tu tudng edng bing vao thuc tidn lip phap vi thyc tien fl

ap dung phap lu$t, can dupe tiep tuc nghien cuu va lam sau sic hon.
Trong sach bao nude ta ndi chung, sach bao phap ly n6i rieng ca d muc

dd chung lan muc dd d cac nganh phap luyt cu the van de edng bing chua dupe

chu y nghi£n cuu thoa dang. Tu tudng edng being chua dupe coi la mpt nguyen

tic chung cua phap luat, cua cac nghnh phap luat cu the. Bdi viy, viec nghiCn
cdu siu sic, co ban nguydn tic edng bing vi cac hinh thuc, ddi hdi vi su the’
hien cua nd trong phap luat nude ta ndi chung va trong cac nganh luat cu th£,

trong dd cd luit hinh su li viec lim cd y nghia quan trong v'd ly luin vi thuc

tidn.
3. Muc dich, pham vi va nhiem vu cua luan an
Muc dich cua viec nghien cuu de tai nay la tren co sd each tiep cin tdng

the phin rich, lam sang to ban chat, noi dung, cac ddi hoi cua nguyen tic edng

bang vi sy the hien, bidu hidn cua nd trong cac quy djnh cua phap luit hinh su
va thuc tidn ap dung phap luit hinh su, tuc la chung minh, lip luan cong bing


li mOt trong nhUng nguydn tic quan trong cua luit hinh su Viet Nam xuyen sudt
hoat d0ng lap phap hinh su va ap dung phap lupt hinh su.
Tinh phuc tap va nhi'du mat, nhieu muc dd ve noi dung, ve su the hien, bieu

hien cua nguyen tic edng bang trong luit hinh su khdng cho phep trong pham
1 vi cua mdt luin an xem xet het tat ca nhung khia canh, muc do the hien, bieu

hien cua nguyen tic edng bang trong cac quy dinh cua phap luit hinh su va thuc
tidn ap dung chring. Do luin an chi dung lai d pham vi nghien cuu lam sang to
3


nOi dung, cAc ddi hdi, sy th£ hien va biAu hien cua nguyen tAc edng bAng trong

mdt sd chd djnh quan trong nhat cua lu£Lt hinh sy nhu : co sd cua trach nhiem
hinh sy ; t0i pham va phAn loai tOi pham; gidi han tAc d$ng cua luAt hinh sy ;

he thdng hinh phat va he thdng cac che tai luAt hinh sy; djnh t$i danh vA quyAt
i

djnh hinh phat.
Muc dich va pham vi nghien cuu ndi trdn quydt djnh viec dAt ra vA giai quydt
nhiing nhiem vu cu the sau :
KhAi niem nguyen tAc edng bAng, bAn chAt vA cAc muc dd bieu hien cua nd

trong luAt hinh sy;

XAc djnh cAc ddi hdi cua nguyen tAc edng bAng ddi vdi viec quy djnh co

sd cua trAch nhiem hinh sy, ddi vdi viec quy djnh t$i pham, ddi vdi gidi han tAc

ddng cua phAp luAt hinh su;

XAc djnh cAc ddi hdi cua nguyen tAc edng bAng ddi vdi viec quy djnh he
thdng hinh phat, he thdng cAc che tAi luAt hinh sy ; cAc co sd cua viec quydt djnh

hinh phat;
XAc djnh cAc ddi hdi cua nguyen tAc edng bAng ddi vdi viec djnh tQi danh
J

vA viec quyet djnh hinh phat trong thuc tidn.

Tren co sd viec giai quyet nhiing van de ly luAn, phan tich cAc quy pham
phAp luAt hinh su, nghien cuu thuc tien xdt xii cua toa An dua ra nhiing ket luAn

vA kien nghj v'e viec hoAn thien phap luAt hinh sy nhAm khAc phuc vA han che

sy sai sdt trong thuc tien ap dung phap luAt hinh sy d nude ta.
4. Phuong phap luan va phuOng phap nghien ciiu de tAi luan an.
Co sd phuong phAp luAn cua de tAi luAn an 1A triet hoc MAc-Lenin. Trong
quA trinh nghien cuu tAc gia dua tren cAc tAc phAm cua cAc nhA kinh dien cua

chu nghia MAc-Lenin, cAc van kien dai hdi cua Dang edng san Viet Nam d'e cAp

4


vdn d£ edng bdng vd thuc hien edng bing, vdn d’e cung co phap che xa h0i chu
nghia, trit ty phap ludt vd phdng ngiia tQi pham.
Tic gid nghien cuu vd phdn tich c6 phe phan cac quan di£m khac nhau trong


sdch bao phdp ly, cac sdch bao triet hoc, xd hOi hoc, dao due hoc c6 lien quan
ddn dfc tdi.

Phuong phap nghien cuu de tai ludn an Id di tu cai chung d£n edi rieng,
edi cu th£.
I■i
Trong qua trinh nghien cuu de tdi tac gid su dung cac phuong phdp nhdn
thuc cu the’ nhu : lOgic-phap ly, lich sii, he thong, so sanh phdp ludt, xa hoi hoc...

Trong qud trinh viet ludn an tac gia da nghien cuu thyc tien xdt xii hinh

sy cua cac Tod an nude ta trong thdi gian qua, die biet til khi cd BO ludt hinh

sy den nay.
Nhiing ludn diem ly ludn duoc phat trie’n trong ludn an dua tren cac edng

trinh nghien cuu nen tang cua cac nha khoa hoc-luat hoc cua mdt sd nude.
Tu tudng xuyen suot cua edng trinh luan an Id nguyen tac edng bdng duoc
khai thac 0 khia canh lap phap hinh su, dp dung phap luat hinh su.
5. Cdi indi cua luan an

Cai mdi cua luan an the hien d eho day Id edng trinh nghien cuu chuyen
khao ddu tien trong sach bao khoa hoc phap ly Viet Nam ve nhiing vdn d'e co

bdn cua edng bdng trong linh vuc ludt hinh su. Dua tren su phdn tich ly ludn,
phan tich cac quy pham cua Bd luat hinh su, thuc tien xet xu cua nude ta, tu
quan diem cua nguyen tac edng bang tac gia danh gia mot so che dinh co ban

cua ludt hinh su Viet Nam.


Tac gia dua nhiing luan diem sau ddy de vdo ve de tdi nghien cuu :

5


1. COng bfcng 1& mpt khai niem mang tinh ljch su cu thd, tinh giai cdp, do

cac dieu kien kinh te, x£ h0i, dao due, tu tudng, v£n hod... quyet djnh. D6 Id mpt
khdi niem nhi&u mdt, nhteu khia canh. Cdng bdng Id mpt gid trj xd h$i c6 lidn

quan chdt che vdi lpi ich, vdi phap Iu$t va cac gia trj xd h0i khac,
•
u1 if; u
■
•
2. Cdng bdng la mdt nguyfin tdc cua chu nghia xd hpi xuydn sudt moi linh
*

\

vuc cua ddi sdng xd h$i, la nguyen tdc cua chinh sach hinh su va phap lupt hinh
su. Nguyen tdc edng bang duoc thd hien d ba linh vuc cua chinh sach hinh su:

ldp phap hinh su, ap dung phap ludt hinh su va y thuc phap ludt. Trong linh vuc

ludt hinh su edng bdng duoc thd hien thdng (qua cac ddi hoi cua minh.

3. Cdng bang cd nhttng ddi hdi cu the nhat djnh ddi vdi viec quy dinh co

sd cua trdch nhiem hinh su, ddi vdi viec quy dinh tpi pham, gidi han tdc dQng


cua diciu edm hinh su, dupe thd hien ca d viec quy dinh cac chd dinh cua phdn.

chung ldn d phan cac tQi pham cua BO ludt hinh su.
4. Cac ddi hdi cua edng bdng the hien d viec quy dinh hinh phat, he

thong hinh phat va cac che tdi cu thd ddi vdi cac tdi pham. Tuong ung vdi
cac tdi pham khac nhau ve tinh chdt vd muc dd nguy hiem cho xd hdi cd

nhUng hinh phat, che tai khac nhau ve tinh chdt va muc dd nghidm khde.

5. Cdng bdng cd nhung ddi hdi nhat dinh ddi vdi viec djnh tdi danh. Djnh
tdi danh dung la tien de quan trong cua viec quyet dinh hinh phat edng bang.

6. Nhiing ddi hdi cua nguydn tdc edng being doi vdi viec quyet djnh hinh

phat la can nhac tinh chat va muc dd nguy hiem cho xa hdi cua tdi pham
da thuc hien, c&n nhac cac ddc diem nhan than ngudi pham tdi, cac tinh tiet
giam nhe va ting ndng trach nhiem hinh su, edn nhde y thuc phap luat va

du lu£n xa hdi. Hinh phat edng bdng la hinh phat tuong xung vdi cac yeu

td dupe nfiu tr£n.

6


6. Y nghia thyc ti£n cila lu^n An.

Nhtfng kdt lupn vA ki<£n nghj dupe dua ra trong lu^n An cd thd cd y nghia

<

ddi vdi hoat dpng lpp phAp hinh su cua NhA nude ta vA ddi vdi hoat d0ng Ap
dung phAp luAt cua cAc ToA An, c6 thd dupe sii dung dd hoAn thien phAp luAt

hinh sy ho$c trong vide dd ra cac nghj quyet, thOng tu hudng dAn cua ToA an
tdi cao vd nhiing vAn dd cd lidn quan.

NgoAi ra, nhiing vAn dd dupe nghidn cuu trong lupn an cd thd dupe sii dung
trong vide soan thAo giAo trinh vd luAt hinh sy Viet Nam, dAc biet phAn dd c^Lp
ddn nhiing vAn dd chung cua lu0.t hinh su.

7. Cd cAu cua luAn an

LuAn An dupe thyc hidn vdi khPi lupng phii hpp vdi nhGng quy djnh cua
NhA nude. Co cAu cua lupn an dupe quydt djnh bdi muc dich, pham vi, nhidm

vu vA muc dp nghidn cuu vAn dd.

Khi xAy dyng co cAu cua lupn an tac gia dya vAo ldgic cua phuong phap
nghidn cuu 1A di til cai chung ddn cai rieng, cAi cu thd ; di til mile dp, pham vi

bidu hien chung nhAt cua nguydn tAc edng bAng ddn muc dp bidu hien cu thd
cua nd trong luAt hinh su. Trude het tac gia lam sang td ban chAt, ndi dung cua

nguydn tie edng bAng vA trdn co sd dd chung minh edng bAng 1A mpt nguydn tie
trong luAt hinh sy vA cac muc dp thd hien, bidu hien cua nd. Tiep ddn tAc giA

phAn tich, lAm sAng td sy thd hien cua nguydn tAc dd trong mpt sd chd djnh quan
trong cua phAp luAt hinh su. Sau cung tAc gia lAm sang td su thd hien cua nguydn

tAc edng bAng d muc dp Ap dung phAp luAt hinh su. Lupn An g'Om loi ndi dAu,

ba chuong vA kdt lupn.
0 loi ndi dAu lAp luAn su cAn thiet cua viec chon dd tAi nghidn cuu va didn
dat nhiing lupn didm co ban dupe dua ra dd bAo ve.

7


Chuang mOt :"Khii niSm nguyen tic edng bing trong luit hinh sy" lim sang
td khii niem edng bing vi cic mdi lien he cua nd vi lip luin cOng bing li nguyen

tic cua luit hinh sy Viet Nam.

Chuong hai : "Nguyen tic edng bing vi viec quy djnh t0i pham vi hinh phat"

ph£n.tich nhiing ddi hdi cua nguyen tic edng bing ddi vdi viec quy djnh t$i pham
vi hinh phat.
Chuong ba : "Nguyen tic edng bing vi quydt djnh hinh phat" lip luin djnh

tQi danh dung li ti£n d'e quan trong cua viec quyet djnh hinh phat edng bing vi

nhiing ddi hdi cua nguyen tic edng bing ddi vdi viec quydt dinh hinh phat.
O phin kdt luin dua ra mOt sd kidn nghj ddi vdi hoat ddng lip phip hinh

sy vi ip dung phap luit hinh su.

1
* ••'VA


i niivi

l,

vC-t

8


□HUONGI

KHAI NIEM NGUYEN TAC CONG BANG
TRONG LUAT HINH SU VIET NAM

I.

KHAI NIEM CONG BANG VA CAC MOI LIEN HE CUA NO

1.

Cdng bing Id mpt trong nhdng van dd c6 ngu'On gdc ljch sii xa xda

cua xa hpi lodi ngudi.

Nhdng quan niem dhu tifin vd cdng bdng duoc hinh thdnh ngay til trong xa
hpi cOng sdn nguyen thuy. 0 do, cOng bdng dupe quan niem nhu la sq edn thiet
phdi chdp hdnh cac tpp quan va nghi Id dang tdn tai (100 ; tr. 14-15).

Cung vdi sq phdn hoa xd hpi, vdi sq xudt hien giai cdp, che dp tu hdu, vdi


sq phuc tap hod cdc quan he xd hpi, cac quan niem vd cdng bdng trd nfin phong

phu, da dang va ludn phat tridn.
Pham tru cdng bdng, vd co bdn, dupe tridt hoc, dao ddc hoc, xd hpi hoc,

ludt hoc nghien cuu (54 ; 56 ; 57 ; 61 ; 64 ; 86 ; 100). Viec nghien cuu nhdng
sdeh bao ndi ve cdng bdng cho thdy co hai phuong phap co ban mdu thudn nhau

trong viec gidi thich khai niem, npi dung cdng bang : duy tdm va duy v$t.

Nhdng trdo luu tridt hoc, dao due hoc, xd hpi hoc vd lupt hoc trudc chu nghia

Mac-Lenin vd nhung ly luan khdng Mac-xit tiep theo xem xet cdng bdng trong

sq tach rdi vdi co cdu kinh td, xd hdi, giai cdp cua xa hpi. NhQng trdo luu va ly
lupn dd coi cdng bdng nhu mpt cai gi dd rat truu tupng, hinh dung nd nhu mpt

cai gi dd dd dupe xac lap bang sue manh cd tu trudc, bang sue manh tidn nghiem,
pham tru trPng rdng ma cd the chat ddy bat ky npi dung nao tuy theo y mudn
chu quan cd lpi cho lpi ich giai cap ma cac trdo luu va hoc thuydt dd bao ve.

NhUng trdo luu vd hoc thuydt ndi tren dd dua ra nhung quan didm, ly lupn, edeh

9


ly giAi khic nhau vd edng bang. Tuy cd sy khac nhau d nhOng didm nhd nhit,
nhung chung ddu gidng nhau d didm co bin li che diy ngu'dn gdc hien thyc cua

cic quan nidm vd edng bing. Theo mdt sd ly lu^n, quan nidm thi ngubn gdc cua


edng bing bj dua ra khdi pham vi cua xi .hdi, gin vdi cac thin linh, thuqng dd,
vdi nhiing sue manh vd hinh nio dd, vi theo mdt sd khic thi quan niem vd edng
bing cua mdt giai cdp duoc coi nhu li quan nidm vd edng bing cua toin xi hdi.

Nhung, vd khich quan ma n6i, cd m0t sd nhi tu tudng cua cac thdi dai trudc
di ndi ldn khdng it nhiing y kidn, quan niem cd gia trj vd nhiing khia canh, nhiing
linh vuc bidu hidn ridng cua edng bing (ching han, vd co cdu ld-gic hinh thuc

cua edng bing, vd mdi tuong quan cua nd vdi cac pham trii khac : dao due, phap

luit v.v...). Song ho vin khdng lim sang td dupe co sd khach quan cua viec hinh
thinh quan niem vd edng bing, khdng thd chi ra dupe tinh bien chung cua edng

bing trong cic quan he xi hdi, trong dd cd cic quan he phip luit. Didu dd, trudc
hdt, dude ly giai ring khi giii thich khii niem edng bing cac trio luu va hoc thuydt

dd khdng xuit phat til quan didm ljch sii cu thd, til quan didm giai cip, til quan
didm loi ich.

Kinh nghiem ljch sii ci vd mit ly lu$n lin ve mit thuc tien di chung minh

mdt cich thuydt phuc ring moi y dd soan thio m0t kidu quan niem vd edng bing
khdng gin vdi su phin tich ljch sii cu thd va su phin tich giai cip vd cac hien
trang xi hdi, tit yeu, se bj sup do, khdng duoc xi hdi chip nhin. Chu nghia

Mic-LSnin di khic phuc dupe nhiing thieu s6t d$c trung cd tinh nguyen tic ciia

cic ly luin trudc Mac vi tu san ve edng bing va dua ra dupe mdt phuong phap
khoa hoc chin chinh ddi vdi viec nghien ciiu van de xi hdi rong ldn dd. Theo


chii nghia Mac-Lenin, edng bing khdng phai la mdt khai niem truu tuqng, tach
rdi cudc sdng hien thuc, ma la mdt pham trie Uch sii cu the. Kinh nghi(m ljch sii
ciia xd liQi lodi ngildi dd khdng dinh rdng trong cite xd hpi khde nhau v'd ngay cd

trong mdt xd h$i dd khdng cd vd khdng the cd sii nlian thilc vd quan ni$m thdng
nhdt ve edi thi^n vd edi etc, ve cong bdng vd bat edng ti tat cd mQi ngildi. Tilting


ling vdi mdt hinh thdi kinh te-xd hdi nhdt dinh, c6 mQt kieu quan ni?m thdng tri

nhdt dinh ve c6ng bdng ddc tnlng cho hinh thdi kinh te xd hdi d6. Bdi v$y, trong
ljch su c6 kieu quan niem thong tri vd edng bang cua xa hOi chiem him nd le ;
ki£u quan niem thdng trj ve edng being cua xa hQi phong kien ; kieu quan niem

thdng trj ve edng bing cua xa hQi tu san ; kieu quan niem thdng trj ve edng bing

cua xi hQi xi hQi chu nghia. Noi dung cua cac kieu quan niem thdng trj dd ve
edng bing do cac dieu kien ljch su cu thdve kinh te, chinh trj, vin hoa, dao diic
... cua cac xi hQi tuong ung quyet dinh. Vi ngay ci trong mQt hinh thai kinh td

xi hdi nhdt djnh, quan niem vd edng bing cung thay ddi, phat tridn tuy thuQc
vio cic dieu kien ljch sil cu the tuong ung.
»

Khic phuc thai dQ trim tuong, tudng tuQng vd vdn de edng bing va bdt edng,
nhiing ngudi sing ldp chu nghia Mac-Ldnin dit khai niem edng bing, mQt mit,
vio sy phu thuQc vdi tinh tat yeu ljch sil, khdng djnh ring viec thuc hien nhdng
; ■'


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ddi hdi cua edng bing khdng phai bdt d‘iu tu khi nhiing ddi hoi dd di duQc nhdn

thuc, mi khi hien cd cac dieu kien thuc te vd kinh te, chinh tri, xi hdi ... dd thuc
hien chung, va mat khac, vao su phu thuoc vdi thuc tien, vao hanh ddng cua giai

cap thdng tri trong xa hoi. Dieu nay cd nghia to ldn ddi vdi viec thuc hien cac
ddi hdi cua edng bing trong thuc te. Nhu vay, edng bing li mdt pham trii ljch

sil cu thd, ndi dung, cac ddi hdi cua nd duoc thay ddi, phat trien tuy thuoc vao
nhiing thay ddi xiy ra trong co sd kinh te, trong co cdu xi hQi, vao mdi tuong

quan giUa cac luc luong, giai cip khac nhau trong mQt xi hdi nhdt dinh, vd pham
tru dd dupe thay ddi mQt each co bin khi cd su chuydn til mdt hinh thai kinh


td-xi hQi nay sang mQt hinh thai kinh te-xi hdi khac.
Cdng bing khdng 'chi la mdt pham trii ljch sil cu the, ma edn li mQt pham

tru mang tinh giai cdp sau sic. Quan diem giai cdp la mdt ddi hdi quan trong
cd tinh nguyen tac ciia viec phan tich khoa hoc khai niem edng bing, vi ring chi
cd each tiep can dd mdi dap ung dupe nhiing dieu kien ljch sil hien tai, mdi cd

khi ning tach ra nhiing mat co ban cua khai niem d6, chi rd su doi lap rat ldn

11


cua cdc ki£u quan niem v6 cdng bdng vd cac quan di£m ve cdng bdng trfin the
gidi hien nay, th<£y dupe sy khac biet cd tinh nguyCn tdc giiia nhdn thuc tien bp

v$ cdng bdng vd sy cdng bdng gid tao. Mdi giai cdp c6 mpt kieu quan niem cua
minh ve cdng bdng dya trdn cdc nhu cdu vd lpi ich phdt triPn cua giai cdp d6.

NOi dung giai cdp cua quan niem v'S cdng bdng xudt phat tu dja vj cua cac giai

cdp trong sdn xudt xd hdi, vai trb cua chung trong phdn phdi, trong td chuc lao
dpng, (18 ; 437) cung nhu tu dja vi chinh trj - phap ly cua giai cdp d6.

Cdc giai cdp thong trj bao gid cung cho Id cdng bdng cai cd lpi ddi vdi lpi

ich kinh te, chinh trj, xa hpi... cua ho vd khdng cong bdng cai mau thuan vdi cac
lpi ich d6. Bdi vpy, m$t kieu quan niem ve cdng bdng c6 lien quan reft chdt che

vdi m$t kieu quan niem ve lyi ich.
Kinh nghiem ljch sii da chi rd rdng ki£u quan niem v£ cdng bdng cua nhClhg


ngudi chidm hUu nd le mang tinh giai cdp cua giai cdp chidm hiiu nd 16. KiPu
quan niem ve cdng bdng cua giai cdp phong kien dupe xdy dung trdn quan di£m
giai cdp cua giai cdp dd. KiPu quan niem ve cdng bdng cua giai cdp tu sdn, tdt

yPu cung dupe lay ra tu quan diem giai cdp cua nd. Cac kieu quan niem ve cdng

bdng ndi tren dupe xdy dung tren quan di£m cua giai cdp thieu sd thPng trj da

sd.
Trong chu nghia xd hdi khai niem cdng bdng vdn gift nguyen tinh giai cdp

cua minh. 0 dd nhUng vdn de cua cdng bdng dupe giai quyet tu quan di£m cua
giai cdp ti6n tidn nhdt trong lich su xa hdi, tu quan diem lpi ich cua phdn ldn

nhdn ddn lao ddng. Ndi mot each cu the hon Id trong chu nghia xd hpi dupe coi
I

la cdng bdng tdt cd nhung gi dap ung dupe cac lpi ich cua nhdn ddn lao dpng,

lpi ich cua chu nghia xd hdi.
Nhdn manh tinh giai cdp cua quan niem ve cdng bdng chung ta cung phdi
thdy rdng trong qud trinh phdt triPn cua xd hdi lodi ngudi qu'dn chung nhdn ddn

cung xac ldp ndn nhimg quy pham phd bien cua nhdn loai ve dao due va cdng

12


bAng, dUQc lap di lap lai va duoc chuyen tu the he niy sang the he khac. Cung


vdi vi£c chuyen tu mdt hinh thai kinh te-xa hdi nay sang mdt hinh thai kinh td-xa

hdi khac, nhiing ddi hdi chung cua nhan loai ve edng bang cung duQc thay ddi,
phat tridn. Do v$y, trong quan niem cua giai cap nay hay giai cap khac, cua nhdm

xi hQi nay hay nhdm xa hQi khac, cua tung con ngudi cu thd, ngoai nhiing quan

niem mang tinh giai cdp co ca nhiing quan ni?m chung ciia nhan loai ve dao diic
vd cong bdng duQc lap di, lap lai va chuyen tu the he nay sang the he khac.

Trong quan niem vd cong bang cd t'dn tai cai giai cdp va cai chung cua nhan

loai, nhung cai chung cua nhan loai duoc the hien thdng qua cai giai cdp, trong
dd khdng chi ve hinh thuc ma ca ve noi dung. Tuy thudc vao thai dd cua giai
cdp nay hay giai cdp khac, cua nhdm xa hQi nay hay nhdm xa hQi khac ddi vdi

su tien bd xa hoi cai chung cua nhan loai trong quan niem ve edng bAng cd thd

hoAc la duoc thd hien rd rang nhat hoAc la duoc the hien mdt each cAt xdn, xuyen
tac. Ndi chung, tinh giai cdp cua edng bang quyet dinh sy thd hien cA vd ndi dung

lAn hinh thuc cua tinh nhAn loai trong khai niem ve edng bang.
Trong chu nghia xa hdi cai chung cua nhan loai duoc thd hien mdt each d'Ay
du nhdt trong quan niem vd edng bAng va cd su tuong hop vdi cai giai cdp trong

quan niem dd. Nhung dieu dd khdng cd nghia la trong khai niem vd cong bang
d chu nghia xa hdi cai giai cAp va cai chung cua nhan loai hoa nhap thanh mdt,
dbng nhat vdi nhau, ma cai giai cap, cai tu y thuc giai cAp bao gid cung la nhan


td chinh, quyet dinh ndi dung cua edng bang.
Viec hien cd trong khai niem cong bAng xA hdi chu nghia cung mdt luc ca
cai giai cap lAn cai chung cua nhan loai dd la su the hien bien chung cua cai rieng

va cai chung, the hien su tiep thu, ke thua nhiing gia tri tinh hoa cua nhan loai

da duqc thiia nhyn chung. Theo muc dd bien ddi each mang tren the gidi, cua
tidn trinh phat trien cua xa hdi loai ngudi, nhiing ddi hdi, nhung yeu td chung

13


cua nhdn loai trong ndi dung cua khai niem edng bdng xa h0i chu nghia dupe
X/Ut/l

‘

uC Xh

hC*

•

*

tang 16n.

Nhu vdy, tuy rdng khai niem edng bdng mang n$i dung giai cdp sdu sdc, nhung
ddng thdi trong nQi*dung cua khai niSm d6 cung c6 cd nhiing quan ni6m don gidn,
thdng thudng, so ddng, truydn thdng cua xa hdi loai ngudi vd cai thidn va cai de


ldy ra tu "cac quy tdc so thidu cua ddi sdng chung trong xd hdi, • cai quy tie ndy

vdn c6 til bao the ky, vdn dupe nhde di nhde lai sudt mdy nghin ndm trong tdt
cd moi chdm ngdn, cung nhu nhiing quan niem mdi ve hoa binh trdn trai dat,

vd viec bdo ve mdi trudng xung quanh va v.v. ...
Tdm lai, nhu dd phdn tich d tren, trudc hdt edng bang la mdt khai niem

ljch sir cu thd, mang tinh giai cdp va tinh nhdn loai.
✓

2. Dudi chu nghia xa hpi, edng bdng Id ddi tuqng duyc nhiOu nganh khoa

hQC nhan vdn nghien cilu : tridt hoc, xd hdi hoc, dao due hoc, kinh td hoc, ludt

hoc... Nhdng nganh khoa hoc dd nghidn cuu edng bdng d nhiing khia canh khde
nhau vd dua ra nhiing djnh nghia khac nhau ve edng bdng.

Mdt sd tac gia eho rdng edng bang la mdt pham tru triet hoc, xa hdi hoc,
dao due hoc, ludt hoc th£ hien d dang khai quat nhiing nguydn tdc cua mdi quan

he ldn nhau giOa Nha nude va ca nhan, giGa cac giai cdp va cac nhdm xa hdi,
Id sy the hien vi$c binh ddng chan chinh cua moi ngudi (64 ; tr.47-49).

Vdi tu edeh la mdt khdi niem tri6t hoc, xa hdi hoc edng bang the hien d
dang khai qudt nhat nhiing nguyen tdc cua mdi quan he ldn nhau cua Nha nude

va ca nhan, cua cac giai cdp va cac nhdm xa hdi. Cdng bang la mdt ly tuong edng


san rdt quan trong, la viec the hien cua su binh dang chan chinh cua moi ngudi,

trong d6 su binh dang khdng phdi hi£u mdt each hinh thuc ma la su binh ddng
c6 nghia la viec tao ra nhiing kha nang dd bao dam su phdn vinh ddy du va sy

phat tri£n tu do toan dien cua tat ca cac thanh vidn cua xa hdi (57 ; tr. 67-83
vd, 64 ; tr. 47-49).
14


Dudi giac dp xd hQi hoc - phap ly, cdng bang dupe hieu mpt hien tupng
x& hpi, mpt he thPng va 6 nghia chung nhat cdng bang c6 nghia Id pham vi dude

x3 hpi hodc giai cdp thong trj tiep nh(m vdi tinh each la cai dupe ldp lu$n vd mat
dao ddc va dung ddn dung de so sanh cac hanh dpng cua chu the vi lpi ich (hodc
cd hai) cho xd hpi vd nhOng ngudi khac vdi nhung hanh dpng dap lai cua xd hpi

va nhimg ngudi khac. Cdng bdng ddi hoi su tuong xung cua chien cdng vd tdng

thudng, cua cac nd luc lao dpng va su uu tien trong linh vuc tieu dung, cua tdi
pham vd hinh phat. Cdng bang the hien cac quy luat khach quan cua su tdc dpng

xd hpi ldn nhau, trong dd cd su tdc dong giua xd hdi va cd nhdn, gida Nha nude
vd cdng dan (86 ; tr. 54-64).
Vdi tu edeh la mpt pham tru dao due cdng bdng dung dP danh gid quan
he giOa con ngudi vdi nhau, cua cd nhan ddi vdi xd hdi, va cua xa hpi, Nha nude
ddi vdi cd nhdn (95 ; tr.12). Tu quan diem dao due, cdng bdng dupe hieu la tidu

chudn cua sy danh gid ve mdt dao due, edm giac, quy pham, dpng co cua hanh
vi, la ly tudng dao due tod rpng tren tat ca cdc he thong quy pham, va do dd


cd quan he vdi chinh trj, phap luat va cdc quy pham xd hpi khac cung nhu vdi
hien thuc ma d d6 viec dieu chinh ve dao due, chinh trj , phap luat vd cdc dieu

chinh khac dem lai cdc ket qua chung khong tach rdi nhau. Trong khi dd, tinh

ddc thu cua cdng bang la d chd nd the hien thai dp cua xa hpi va cua cd nhdn.
Cdng bdng Id mot pham tru danh gid quan he con ngudi vdi nhau, cua cd nhdn
dpi vdi xd hpi vd xd hpi, Nha nude doi vdi cd nhdn. 0 day, cdng bdng co ban

dupe hiPu Id mOt pham tru danh gid cua dao due, the hien vdi tinh edeh Id edi

dieu chinh dao due cac moi quan he lfin nhau cua con ngudi, quan he cua con

ngudi vdi cdng dong xa hoi, vdi xa hpi ndi chung. Khach the cua su danh gid tu
quan niem ve cdng bang xa hdi cd the la : 1/ thai dd cua xd hoi ddi vdi cd nhdn,

0 ddy ndi ve hanh dpng cua giai cdp, Nha nude, xa hpi dpi vdi ca nhdn; 2/ thai
I

dp cua cd nhdn doi vdi xa hpi, giai cap, ddn tdc, Nha nude, gia dinh, cung nhu

dPi vdi chinh minh ; 3/ hanh dpng cua ca nhdn nay doi vdi cd nhdn khac. Ndi

15


mOt cdch khac, pham tru edng bang duqc ap dung de danh gia cac hien tuqng
xi hdi va sy viec khac nhau : kinh te, chinh trj , phhp luyt..., dd danh gia thai
dO cua ca nhan ddi vdi xa h£>i, cung nhu cac linh vuc quan he xa h0i giCta cdc


ca nh&n (95 ; tr.12).
Trong linh vuc phap lu(Lt, edng b£ng dupe coi la pham tru cua y thuc phap

ly-dao ddc, cua y thuc chinh tri -xa hdi, dac trung cho hien thyc xa h0i tu quan
didm cua viec c'an va phai cd su phu hop giOa vai trd thuc td cua cac ca nhan
trong ddi sdng xa hdi va dia vj xa hdi, quydn va lqi ich cua ho, giOa hanh vi va

su dap lai, gida t$i pham va hinh phat va v.v... (53 ; tr. 59).
Theo sy thd hien cua Anghen thi "edng bang bao gid cung chi la su thd hien

vd mat tu tudng cua cac quan he kinh te dang t'dn tai hoac la tu mat tidu eye
hoac la tu mat each mang cua chung" (88 ; tr.273). Va cong bang la "sy bidu hien
het site triiu tuqng cua ban than phap quydn" (£9 ; tr. 328).

Tu tat ca nhiing each tidp c$n, nhiing quan diem ndu trdn vd edng bang cho
thdy rang edng bang la vdn dd rdt phuc tap, la hien tuqng xa hdi, pham tru khoa

hoc cd nhidu mat la ddi tuqng nghien cuu cua nhieu nganh khoa hoc, bdi vay

c6 nhidu each tidp can khac nhau khi nghien cuu van de rdng ldn dd. Didu quan

trong la d chd lam sao dd mdi nganh khoa hoc nghien cuu vdn dd dd, trong dd
cd luOt hoc xay dung dupe mdt pham tru vdi mdt he thdng cac ddi hdi ciia nd

dac trung cho vide didu chinh loai dd.
Nhu vay, theo chung tdi, d dang khai quat nhdt cd thd hidu edng b&ng la

mqt pham tru ljch sii cu the, mang tinh giai cdp duoc thd hien d cac ly lu$n vd
triet hoc, xa hdi hoc, dao due, chinh tri , kinh td, phap ly ghi nh^n nhiing quan


he xa hqi nhat djnh va nhiing quy luAt, quy tac xil sy, hanh vi va hanh dqng ciia

con ngudi phii hqp vdi nhiing quan he dd. Pham tru edng bang duoc ap dung
dd danh gia, do ludng nhiing hien tuqng kinh te, chinh trj, xa hqi, dao due, phap
ly khac nhau, thai dd ciia xa hqi ddi vdi ca nhan, cua Nha nude ddi vdi edng dan

16


vi thdi dO cua ca nhdn, edng dan ddi vdi xd hQi, Nha nude ; thdi dO cua ngudi

ndy ddi vdi ngudi khac. COng bdng li su danh gia tuong xung giiia gia tri thuc
td cua nhiing cd nhdn khac nhau (cac nh6m xa h0i, cdc giai cdp) vi dja vj xd

hOi cua ho, giiia lao d0ng vi trd edng, giiia hanh vi vi sy d&n dap, gitia cOng lao
vi viOc thua nhdn n6, giiia phdm gia cua con ngudi vi sy thua nhdn cua xd hQi

ddi vdi nhiing phdm gia dd, giiia quyOn vi nghia vu, giiia vi pham phap ludt vi
trdch nhiem... Do vdy, cd/ig bdng Id mQt trong nhiing gid tri xd liQi c6 y nghia quan
trQng trong vi?c dieu chinh cdc quan h£ xd hQi.

3, COng bdng c6 mdi quan he chit che vdi lyi ich
Trong xd hQi cd giai cdp moi giai cdp cd lQi ich ridng cua minh, dua vio
chung giai cdp dd hinh thanh nen quan niem ve cOng bdng vi bdt cOng. Cdc quan

niem vO edng bdng phdn anh cdc lQi ich cua cdc chu th£ tuong ung. Difcu dd dupe
thd hiOn d hai di£m : thu nhdt, lQi ich li di£m xudt phdt, li ti&n d'O cua viOc dinh
gid sy edng bdng, d ddu khOng cd loi ich thi d dd khdng cd su ddnh gid xudt phdt


til quan di£m edng bdng ; thu hai, d£ cac hinh ddng, hinh vi duoc ddnh gid li
edng bdng hodc bdt edng, chung phdi di qua "ling kinh”, "xdm nhdp" vio pham vi
cua lQi ich. d ddy, cung can phai khdng dinh ring, lQi ich cd thd li tryc tidp hodc

gidn tidp, hing d'du hodc thu yeu, quan trong hodc it quan trong hon v.v... Su khde
nhau v'O lQi ich quyet djnh sy khac nhau trong quan niem ve edng bdng. Su da dang
i

v'O lqi ich li ngu'On gOc cua sy da dang cua nhiing quan niem v'e edng bdng.

Khdng djnh mdi quan he chit chO giiia edng bdng vi lqi ich giai cdp, V.L
Lenin vidt : "Cdng bdng phai phuc tung lqi ich” (16 ; 437). Nhu vdy, chu nghia

Mdc-LOnin gdn rdt chit quan niem ve edng bang vdi cdc loi ich.
M6i quan he giiia edng bdng va lQi ich mang tinh ljch sil cu the. Trong nhiing

hinh thdi kinh td-xd hQi khac nhau mdi quan he dO khac nhau, bdi vi cac co sd
kinh td, chinh trj, xd hQi, vdn hoa, dao due, tu tudng, phap ludt... cua mdi quan
he dd rdt khac nhau. Vd trong cung mOt hinh thai kinh te-xa hQi cu the mOi quan

EW[HOC LUAT TP.HOM

I
I \J

17


he cf6 cung dupe the hien khac nhau d cac giai (loan phat trien khac nhau cua
hinh thai kinh te-xa hpi dd. Moi lien he ljch su cua hai pham tru dd the hien


rd nht nhat khi cd su chuyen bien til mpt hinh thai kinh te-xd hpi nay sang mpt
hinh thai kinh te-xa hpi khac.
Moi quan he chat chd giiia cdng bang va lpi ich dupe the hien d nhieu linh
vuc khac nhau cua ddi sdng xa hoi, nhung rd ndt nhat, ban chat nhat la d linh

vuc phap lu&t. Phap ludt, vdi tinh each la cai dieu chinh cac quan he xa hoi, viia
la linh vuc the hien lpi ich cua giai cdp thong trj, viia Id linh vuc th^ hien, ghi
nhdn cac quan ni£m va ddi hdi ve cdng bang cua giai cap dd. Bdi vay, moi quan
he gida pham tru cdng bdng va lpi ich dupe the hien trong phap ludt la moi quan
i

he bdn chdt, mang tinh ljch su cu the va giai cdp sau sdc nhat.

Trong phdp ludt, moi quan he giiia cdng bdng va lpi ich dupe th£ hien rd

nht. hon ca d linh vuc phap luat hinh su. Ljch su phat trien cua phdp ludt hinh
sy cho thdy rdng cac dao ludt hinh su bao gid cung dupe coi Id cdng bdng tu quan
niem cua giai cdp thdng tri ban hanh nd, vi rdng nhung dao luat dd bao ve nhimg
lpi ich cd gia tri nhat, thiet thdn nhat cua giai cdp dd. Dd la nhimg lpi ich co

bdn, quan trong nhat ve kinh te, chinh tri, xd hpi, van hod, dao due, tu tudng.
Cac dao ludt hinh su dupe cac giai cdp thong tri ban hanh bao gid cung nhdm

trung trj nhung hanh vi xam hai den nhung lpi ich cao nhat cua ho : che dd xa
hpi, che dp chinh trj, che dp kinh te' va nhimg lpi ich quan trong khac.

Nhu trdn dd n6i, lpi ich quyet djnh ca su xudt hien cua cac quan niem va
su danh gia ve su cdng bang lan npi dung cua chung, nhung mdt khac, den lupt
minh nhimg quan diem, quan niem ve su cdng bang pho bien va lan truyen trong

xa hpi cung tdc ddng rdt Idn den su hinh thanh cac lpi ich cu the, xac dinh gia

tri xd hpi cua cac lpi ich d6.

Nhu vdy, cdng bdng va lpi ich co lien quan rdt chat che vdi nhau, tac ddng
ldn nhau vd th£ hien rd rang nhdt d trong phap ludt. Moi quan he dd mang tinh

18


ljch sii cu the va giai cAp sAu sic, d dAu khdng cd sy thong nhAt ve lqi ich thi

d dd khdng th£ c6 quan niem, quan di£m thdng nhAt vd edng bing.

4. Tu trudc den nay, vAn d'e v'fc mdi tuong quan giua edng bdng vi phdp

luyt duqc nhi'Su nhA triet hQC, dao due hQc, luat hqc quan tAm nghidn cdu. Die
biet trong cac sach bAo phAp ly trong nhiing thdp ky gin dAy vAn d'S dd dupe
tridn khai nghidn cuu dudi nhiing mite dd khAc nhau, tu mdi tudng quan ciia edng
bAng vdi phAp lu$t ndi chung ddn mdi tuong quan ciia edng bing vdi cAc nganh

phAp luit cu the vi muc dd thd hien khac nhau ciia su tuong quan dd. Theo chung

tdi dd Id mdt trong nhiing hudng nghien cuu cd tridn vong.
Nhu trdn dA ndi, trong sAch bAo triet hoc, xA hdi hoc, dao due hoc, lu£Lt hoc,

til trudc ddn nay, cd hai phuong phAp co bAn mAu thudn nhau trong vi£c gidi thich
khAi niem, ndi dung ciia edng bing : duy tAm va duy vAt. Trong viec gidi thich

mdi tuong quan giUa edng bing va phap lu$trhai phuong phap dd edng dupe thd

hien rd ndt.

Nhiing trio luu tridt hoc trudc chu nghia Mac-Lfcnin vd nhimg trudng phAi

tridt hoc phAp luat tu sdn khac nhau xem xdt mdi quan he ciia edng bing vd phap

ludt trong su tach biet vdi co cAu kinh te, xd hdi, vdi lqi ich, vd do dd, coi thudng
co sd vAt chAt, kinh td-xA hdi va ndi dung tuong ung ciia cac hien tuqng dd va

cic mdi quan he ciia chung. Vi the, khdng phdi ngdu nhien md cAc trudng phAi

dd d&u cd cAch tidp c$n gidng nhau - each tiep c$n chu quan den cAc hien tuqng
xA hqi. Cdng bing duqc giai thich xuAt phat tu phAp ludt, vd ngudi ta xem xdt

phap luAt dudi Anh sAng ciia cac ddi hdi ciia edng bing vinh ciiu-mdi lidn h6 bj
khdp kin lai d mile dq truu tuqng ciia nhUng hien tuqng chii quan, tu tudng, tao

thanh mdt nhdm sai 1‘Am t'dn tai doc lap vdi ddi song xA hqi (86 ; tr.218).

ChAng han, Grocij, coi edng bang la nguyen tie cao nhdt ciia xd hqi, cho

ring phap lu$t xudt phat tu edng bing, phap luAt chi xac djnh nhimg gi khdng
mAu thudn vdi edng bing (100 ; tr.20).

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Gobbs coi cdng bang nhu la su phuc tung cac dao ludt, la su thuc hien

phu hpp vdi phdp lu

ta cho ring trudc khi xac Idp quy£n luc khdng cd cdng bang vd bdt cdng, bdi
vi ban chdt cua cdi ndy hay cai khac tuy thudc vdo su ra lenh, cdn moi hdnh
ddng theo bdn chdt cua minh Id trung hod, tuc Id khdng cdng bdng, cung khdng

bdt cdng, cdng bdng chi cd trong linh vuc phap ludt (100 ; tr. 22).
Monteske quan niem rdng cac quan he cdng bdng t'dn tai trudc cdc dao ludt
thuc te quy djnh nd (100 ; 24).

Didrd gdn vdn de cdng bdng vdi su the? hien y chi chung trong phap ludt.
Theo tdc gia, y chi cua nhimg ngudi rieng biet cd the Id "tdt dep", cd th£

Id "ngu xudn", cdn y chi chung bao gid cung la tot dep. Y chi chung duoc' ,

th£ hien trong cac ludt thanh vdn, trong cac cdng viec xa hdi, trong cdc hop
ddng vay muon im ldng, va ngay cd trong su cdng phdn vd ddc de md thien

nhi&n gidnh cho tdt ca cac thuc the sdng. De cdp ddn mdi quan he cua cdng
bdng vdi hoat d$ng xet xii Didrd cho rang hoat ddng xdt xu khdng phai la
cai gi khac la sy the hien cua cdng bang (100 ; tr.23-24).

Golbakh cho rang cac dao ludt trd thanh cdng bdng chi trong trudng hpp

neu viec ban thudng vd trung phat 0 mile thien vd ac md con ngudi da gdy ra
cho xd hdi (100 ; tr.24-25).
Russo quan niem mdi dao ludt phdi dua tren hai tieu chudn : binh ddng

va cdng bdng (100 ; 25-26).

Lam sang to moi tuong quan cua cdng bang va phap ludt, Kant khdng djnh

rdng ngudi thdm phdn, neu anh ta khdng muon lam trai vdi chan ly, khdng nhimg
can phai 1dm theo phap ludt, ma cdn phai lang nghe giong ndi cua cdng bdng

(100 ; tr.26-27).

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Cung nhu Kant, Gegel khdng ciinh mdi quan he chat che giiia edng bang vd
phap lu£Lt vd cho rang edng bdng chi dupe the hien trong phap ludt (100 ; tr. 28-29).

Nhdng ngudi theo trudng phai "chu nghia thuc chung phap ly" cho rang noi
ndo khdng cd phdp ludt thi cung khdng thd ndi ve edng bdng duqc. Nhung bdi

vi he thdng phap lu£lt d cdc nude khac nhau, tu dd cd thd rut ra ket ludn rdng
nhudng nhu edng bdng la quy pham chu quan (100 ; tr.29).

N6i chung nhdng ngudi khdng Mac-xit quan tarn den mdi quan he gida edng
bdng vd phap ludt chi xudt phdt hodc tu phdp ludt dd ndi v'e edng bdng hodc nguqc

lai, chu khdng nghien cdu edng bdng vd phdp luat trong mdi lien he vdi cdc quan

he xd hdi hien thuc, do dd ho khdng gidi thich duqc bdn chat cua edng bdng, cua

phdp ludt va mdi quan he cua chung. Nhu vdy, rd rdng rdng trong pham vi cua
chu nghia duy tdm vd bdng phuong phdp duy tdm khdng the’ gidi thich duqc mdi
quan he giiia edng bdng va phdp ludt. Chi co chu nghia Mac-Lenin mdi cd khd

ndng trang bj cho chung ta chiec chia khoa de’ khdm pha mdi quan he giiia edng
bdng va phap ludt.

Theo chu nghia Mac-Lenin edng bdng va phdp ludt la nhiing khai niem mang
tinh chdt ljch sil cu thd vd giai cdp sdu sdc, bdi vdy mdi quan he cua chung cung

mang tinh chdt ljch sil cu th£ va giai cap. Dieu dd cd nghia rdng giiia edng bdng

va phap ludt, gida khai niem cong bdng va khai niem phdp ludt, giiia cac ddi hdi

cua edng bdng vd cdc ddi hdi cua phap luat cua mdt xd hdi nhat djnh khdng cd
sy ddi ldp vdi nhau ma cd "su thong nhat ve mdt ljch sil va bdn chat" (86 ; tr.180).
Mdi quan he cua cong bdng va phdp ludt the hien d nhiing pham vi va muc
do khde nhau.
V’e nguyen tdc, d edng bdng cung nhu d phdp ludt, chinh tri, dao due va

cac hinh thdi khac cua y thuc xa hdi cd mdi tuong quan cua vyt chat va tu tuong,
cua khach quan vd chu quan.

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Trudc het, d pham vi chung nhit d edng bing va d phap lu$t cd mdt cd

sd kinh te-xi hdi thdng nhat - cac quan he xi hdi v£t chit nhat djnh. Tuc la ci
edng bing lin phap lu$t va nhimg linh vyc khac cua thuong tang kien true xi

hdi cd ndi dung v£t chat do phuong thuc san xuat tuong img quy djnh. Dd li muc
dd thu nhit, d pham vi chung nhat cua viec the hien mdi quan he bien chung

cua edng bing va phap lu^t.
Tiep den, t'dn tai trong mot xi hoi nhat dinh ca edng bang lan phap luat gin

rat chit vdi lQi ich cua giai cip thdng tri vd kinh te va chinh trj trong xi hoi dd.
Ndi each khac, ca edng bing lan phap luat trong mdt xi hdi nhat dinh deu hudng

ddn viec bio ve loi ich vd moi mat cua giai cap thdng tri vd kinh td va chinh tri
trong xi hdi dd. Dd la muc dd thu hai cua viec thd hien mdi quan he giiia edng

bing vi phap lu$t va the hien rd ndt nhit mdi quan he ban chit cua chung.
Cdng bing va phap lu$t cua mdt xi hdi nlult dinh bao gid cung liy he tu
*

;

. ,

•

.t 1 *

tudng thdng trj trong xi hdi dd lim co sd tu tudng cua minh vi cung nhim bio
ve nd, diu tranh vdi cac h6 tu tudng ddi lip. Do viy, su thdng nhit vd he tu
tudng cua cac quan niem vd edng bing vi phap luat cung li su the hien mdi lidn
he chit che cua hai khai niem dd. Dd li mdi quan he vd mit tu tudng.

0 nhimg mile dd vi pham vi khac nhau edng bing vi phap luat deu ddng

vai trd li cai didu chinh cac quan he xi hoi. Trong xi hdi cd giai cap chung t'dn
tai, hoat ddng trong su phoi hop chat che vdi nhau, bo sung cho nhau vi nhim

cung cd trit tu xi hdi vi trit tu phap luat hien hanh. Dd cung li mdt trong nhimg
mdi quan he giiia edng bing vi phap luat.

0 bit ky mdt xi hdi cd giai cap nio phap luat bao gid cung lay nhimg quan
niem vd edng bing thdng trj trong xi hqi dd lam co sd ngu'dn gdc ciia minh.

Sy tic dong vi mdi quan he lan nhau cua edng bang vi phap luat edn duoc
quyet djnh bdi sy tac ddng nguoc lai cua phap luyt ddi vdi cac quan niem vd edng

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