*

DAI HOC QUOC GIA 11A NOI
TRUONG DAI HOC KHOA HOC XA HOI VA NIIAN VAN

-ti 4-0 6 1
NguyGn Huy Ban

ll( JAN T1IIEN I’HAP IAJA ! BAO IIIKM XA II()l
(J VIET NAM - LV LUAN VA TIIUC TiitN

Chuyen uganh ; LY LUAN NIIA NUOC VA PIIAPQUYEN

MA SO : O5O5OI

LUAN AN PHO TIEN SI KHOA HOC LUAI HOC
!

Ngudi liuong dan khoa hoc :

i

L\/ 4^

I - PGS.PTS Nguyen' NtEiT-----------2- P I'S

Pham Cong Prijr

Ila Noi 1996

>•

MUC LUC
LOI NOI DAll

Trang

I - Tinh cap thiet cua de lai’
2- Muc dich , pham vi va nhiein vu nghien cuu cua de lAi
< 3- Phuong phap nghien cuu
4- Nhung dong g6p chlnh cua loan an
5- y nghia (hire lien cua luan an
6- Kei can cua Juan an

3
4
5
5
6
7

CIIUONG I
MOT SO VAN Dlt LY LUAN VIC Sl/DUhl CIIINII CIJA
PIIAP LUAT i)6l V6l HAO IIIEM XA 1101

1- Khai niem, pham vi, doi lirong ap dung va nhung
nguyen ide co ban cua bao hie'm xa hoi
II Sir dieu chi'nh cua phap luai doi v6i
bao hie'm xa hoi
1H-Phap luai qud'c ie ve bao hie'm xa hoi


8
28
42

CllirONG II
TH VC TRANG PHAP LUAT BAO 1IIEM XA 1101 VA SI/CAN
TIIIET PHAI HOAN TI1IEN PHAP LUAT BAO IlIEM XA HOI 6 VI$T NAM

Dac diem ve sir hinh lhanh va phai irie'n phap luai
bao hie'm xa hoi a Viei Nam
II Thue irang phap luai bao hie'm xa hoi 6 Viei Nam
HI Hoan ihien phap luai bao hie’m xa hoi la you cdu khach
quail cua co che kinh ie m6i va sir phai irie'n cua xa hoi
I

53
61
72

CIIUONG HI
NHUNG GIAI PHAP N1IAM HOAN I HIEN PHAP LUAT VA CO CHE
TIIUC H1EN PHAP LUA I BAO I11EM XA HOI 0 VIET NAM

I- Nhung quan die'm chu yeii v6 bao hie'm xa hoi
II- Nhung giai phap cu the nham hoan ihiOn
phap luai va co che ihuc liicn phap luai bao hiein xa hoi
III Su can Ihiei ban hanh Luai Bao hiein xa hoi
Ktl luan


79

93
123
129


Ldl NOI DAU

1- Tinh cap thiet ciia de tai

Co the’ ndi rftng , sau lien luong hoac lien cOng ihi tro cAp bao hie’m
xA hoi diroc cOng nhAn vien chi'rc nhA nude vA ngudi lao dong rft'l quan lAm,
vi no cd y nglna ihiei than do'i vdi ddi sOng ciia ho khi gap phiii nhttng
inrong hop nii ro phiii nghi vice , khOng co ihu nhAp. 6 nude la chinh sach,
phap luai bao hie’m xa hoi da chinh thurc ihirc hien hon 30 nam nay . Do
hoan canh lich sir ciia dAt nude irudc day , chinh sach, phap luAl bao hie’m
xa hoi diroc ihuc hien irong co che lAp irung , bao cap , ngay nay irudc viec
chuye'n ddi sang nen kinh 10 ihi inrdng co sir quan ly ciia nhA nude da va
dang bOc 10 nhieu nlnroc diein ca iron binh diOn ly luAn , cung nhir ihirc
lien, cii irong van ban phap luAl , cung nhir id cliirc Ihirc hien .
De' co can cir cho viec hoach dinh chinh sach , che do ve bao hie’m

xa hoi ddi voi ngudi lao dOng irong giai doan hien nay phii hop vdi co chC
kinh ie moi va ddng bo vdi cac chinh sach kinh ie - xa hoi khAc, thi viec
nghien cuu co so ly luAn , thirc lien ve bao hie’m xa hoi va nhttng giai phap
nhAm hoan Ihien phap luai bao hie’m xa hoi la rAl cAp ihiei .
Bao hie’m xa hoi la moi linh vuc rai phirc lap lien quan nhieu den
kinh te , xa hoi, chinh tri ciia dai nude . Do do ,bao hie’m xa hoi luOn luOn la


vaii de quan lAm ciia ban hei cac qudc gia Iren lhe gidi. Bao hie’m x3 hoi dA
lOn lai va phal trie’n hem 100 nam nay nhirng vAn co nhttng quan die’m , y

kieii khac nhau ve ddi lirong va pham vi ap dung , ve mO hinh id chuc thuc
hien v.v... Nhttng nOi dung chira ihdng nhai ve bao hie’m xA hoi the' hien
chu yeu d nhttng klidi xudng ciia cac chuyen gia ndi lie'ng nhir Bismac
( Dire ) , Uuouquc ( Phap ) , B.C
( Nga ) v.v.... (j nude la , viec
nghien ciru ve bao hie’m xA hoi mdi diroc dal ra nen chira c6 mot cOng trinh

nghien ciru chuyen sAu ve bao hie’m xa hoi ma chi co mOl sd de lAi khoa
hoc nghien ciru ve thong ke bao hiein xa hoi, ve lAi chinh bao hie’m xA hoi,
hoac moi so che do bao hiein xa hoi cu lhe . Vi lhe , irudc cAc yeu cAu cAp

ihiei ciia cOng lac hoach dinh chinh sach, xAy dung phap luAl bao hie’m xa
3


a

* •

hoi, cOng lac nghien curu khoa hoc , cOng l£c quail
va d£o lao ve b^o
hie'm xa hoi , chung lOi chon de lai " Hoan ihien phap luai bao hie’m x3 hoi
d Viet nam - Ly luan va (hire lien ” de' nghien curu va viei luan an cua minh

vdi mong muon gop phan lain sang id ve ly luan va ihirc lien ve bao hie'm

xa hoi va lim ra c&c giai phdp nhSm hoan ihien phap luai bao hie'm x2 hoi a


Viei Nam .

2- Muc dich , pham vi va nhiem vu nghien curu cua de tai.
De lai nghien curu vdi pham vi sau :
- Danh gia dung Ihirc irang viec ihirc hien phap luai bao hie'm xa hoi

d nude la irong lheri gian qua Vd hien nay .

- I ren co sd dudng 10'i ddi nidi cua Dang , cua Nha nude , linh hinh
ihirc lien cua Viei Nam va lham khao kinh ngliiem ve phap luai bao hie’m
xa hoi cua cac nude Iren the gidi, lien hanh nghien curu gop phan xay dung
he thOng quail diein ly luan , phiri/ng phap luan ve bao hie’m x3 hoi irong

dieu kien ndn kinh ie ihi inrang d nude la .
- Khuye'n nglii nhung phirang liirdng va nhung giai phap lam co sd
de' hoan lliien phap luai ve bao hie'm xa hoi.

Pham vi nghien ciru nham , mOl mal , lam sang id v6 mat ly luan co
che cua viec dieu chinh phap luai doi vdi bao hie'm xa hoi, mat khac , van

dung nhung van de ly luan vao viec xem xdl nli&ng van de cu the' cua bao
hie'm xa hoi d nude la , lien cu sd do de xuai nhung khuye'n nghi v£ viec
hoan ihien phap luai bao hie'm xa hoi
Pham vi nghien cuu cua de lai dime cu the hoa bang viec giai quyei
nhttng nhiem vu co ban sau :
Xem x6i co che chung viec diOu chinh phap luai do'i vdi bao hie’m

xa hoi .
4



- Nghien ciru nhung dac diem cua qua ii inh hinh lhanh va phhl trien

ciia phap luai bao hie'm xa hoi d nunc la va nghien cuu , lham khao kinh
nghiem dieu chinh phap luai bao hie'm xa hoi a mOl sd nude Iren the gicri.
- Uhn rd nhCrng die'm manh cflng nhu die’m yeu cua he ihOng phap
luai biio hie'm x3 hoi hien hAnh .

- DO xuai nhung nOi dung co ban irong vide hoan Ihien phap luai bao
hie'm xa hoi, ma cu the' la irong viec xay dung luai bao hie'm xa hoi d Viei
Nam .
3- Phuong phap nghien cuu

Trong qua Irinh nghien cuu luOn sir dung phuomg phap luan cua chu
nghia duy vat bien chung va duy vai lich sir , ngoai ra con ap dung cic
phuofng phap cu lhe' nhu : phuong phap liep can ho IhOng va phan lich ho
IhOng , so sanh doi chiOu , phan lich IhOng ke .

Trong qua irinh nghien cuu c6 sir dung nhfrng sO' lieu IhOng ke cQa
Bo Iuio dOng -Thuofng binh va xa hoi , BO Tai chinh, Tdng Lien doAn Lao

dOng Viei Nam va lham khao nhieu bai viei , lac pham cua cac tAc gia irong
va ngoai nude, cac dao luai cua nhieu nude Iren lhe gidi .
4- Nhung dong gop chinh ciia luan an

Day la cOng irinh nghien ciru dau lien d Viei Nam chuyen sau ve
phap luai bao hie'm xS hoi. Luan an cd nhOrng dong gop chinh nhu sau :
- lxlm ro them mOl sd van de ly luan ve phap luai bao hie'm xA hoi
nhu khai niem bao hiem xA hoi , y nghia , ban chai phap 1^ , pham vi , dO'i


lirong , cac nguyen I Ac ciia bao hie'm xa hoi cung nhu mOi quan ho giuA mAl
|>li;i|> ly voi cac mal kinh 10 , chinh lii , xa hqi ciia bao hid'm xa hOi .

5


- X£c dinh nhttng dac diem co han cua cac giai doan lich sir hinh

lhanh va phdl irie'n cua phap luai bao hiein xa hoi.

- Lap luan linh iai yeu cua sir lhay ddi co che dieu chinh ph&p lua
z

t

ddi vdi bao hie’m xa hoi phu hop vdi co che kinh ie mdi.

- Chi ra mdi1 quan he httu co giirS chinh sach kinh td vdi chinh sach

xa hoi , giua sir dieu chinh kinh ie vdi sir dieu chinh phap luai ddi vdi bao

hiein xa hoi .

- Kie'n nghi nhttng giai phap hoan ihien phap luai bao hie’m xa ho

nhir ma rOng ddi urong ap dung ddi vdi moi ngudi lao dOng ; quy dinh ha
loai hinh de' ngirdi lao dOng lham gia bao hie'm xa hoi la loai hinh bat buO
va loai hinh nr nguyen ; quy bao hie’m xH hoi phiii hach lodn dOc lap va can
ddi Ihu , chi ; ihirc hien bao hie'm xa hoi loan dien ; phan biei chuc ning

quan ly hanh chinh va hoal dOng hach loan ddi vdi sir nghiep bao hie’m x

hoi ... Trong do cd kie'n giai ve co sd ly luan va y nghia thirc lien cua nhttng
kie'n nghi.

- Luan chung ve su can Ihiei xay dung va ban hanh luai bao hie’m x
hoi cung nhir de xuai mot sd nOi dung chinh cua luai bao hie'm xa hoi nhu
ddi luong ap dung luai bao hie'm xa hoi lheo hinh thuc bat buOc v& hint
thuc tu nguyen , ve he ihdng cac che do irg cap , ve cac ngudn dong gdj

vao quy bao hie’m xa hoi, ve id chuc quiin ly thuc hien luai bao hie'm xa ho
v.v...

5- y nghia thuc tien cua luan an :
V

Luan an co lhe' su dung lain lai liOu lham khao cho nhttng co quan v
ngirdi lam cOng lac hoach dinh chinh sach , xay dung phap luai vd bao hi dr

xa hoi , cho nhttng ngudi lam cOng lac nghien cuu khoa hoc phap ly hoa
khoa hoc xa hoi . DOng Ihdi luan an con cd lhe' su dung de’ bien soan gift

irinh giang day ve mOn luai bao hie'm xa hoi Irong cac Irudng chuyen luf
hoac khOng chuyen luai .
6


6- Ket cau cua luan an .

Luan an dime kei cAu phu hap vdi inuc dich pham vi va nhtem vu


cua vice lighten curu , ngoai 16. noi ddu va kel luan , luan an gOni 3 chumig :
Chuang I : M6( so van de ly luan v6 sir diOu chinh cua phap luai
doi vdi bao hie’m xa hoi . .

Ch iron g II : Thue irang phap luai bao hio'ni xa hoi va sir can ihiei
phai hoan thten phap luai bao hie’m xa hoi d Viei Nam .

Chuong III : Nhilng giai phap nliAm hoan ihien phap luai vA co che'
Ihirc hiOn phap luai bao hie'm xA hoi d Viei Nam .

7


*
V.

CHUONG 1

■ I'
.. • MOT SO VAN Dis LY LUAN Vfi SV DlliU CHINH

CUA l'HAP LUA I DOI VOl BAO HlisM XA HOI .

I - Khai niem , pham vi , ddi tugng ap dung va nhung nguyen Uc

co ban cua bao hiein xa hoi.
Con ngudi muon idn lai va phai iridii, nude hoi phai co diOu kien

bao dam ve an , mac , d v.v... De' ihoii man nhu ciiu (di Ihie'u nay , con


ngudi phai lao dOng lam ra nhung san pham can ihiei . Khi ciia cai xa hoi

cang cd nliidu ihi mure do ihoii man nhu cdu ngay cang lang , nghia la viec
ihoii man nhu cdu cho cuOc sdng phu IhuOc vao kha nang lao dOng ciia con
ngudi. Tuy nhiOn , irong suoi cuOc ddi khOng phai khi nao con ngudi cOng

co lhe’ lao dOng lao ra ihu nhap , irai lai cd nhieu irudng hop rui ro xay ra

khidn cho con ngudi bi giam hoac mai kha nang lao dOng nhu dm dau, lai
nan , gia yeu , that nghiep... DOng ihoi, cuOc sdng cua con ngudi con phu
IhuOc rai nhieu vao dieu kien lir nhien , mOi irudng x2 hoi . Nhfrng didu
kien nay khOng phai hie nao va d dau cling ihuan loi .
Khi gaj phai nhung irudng hop riii ro , Ihidu ngudn ihu nhap de' sinh
sdng , con ngudi da giai quyei bang nhieu each khac nhau. Tu xa xua con
ngudi da cd sir san se , dum hoc lan nhau Iren linh than " nhudng com xe

. ao" ," la lanh dum la rach " . Dac biei d nude la, sir ihirong yeu , dum boc ,
irq giup lan nhau ciia ho hang , lang xdm , cOng ddng da ird lhanh mOl
iruyen IhOng quy bau .

Cimg vdi sir phai irieii cua xa hoi , y ihirc cOng ddng luong tre lan
nhau dan dan duqc mo rOng . Tu lhe ky ihu XVI, nhung ngudi nOng dan d
vung ihung lung Anpo da sdm nhan lhay kha nang ddng gop cua cOng ddng
de’ iro cap cho nhung ngirdi bi dm dau , lai nan . Ho dQ lhanh lap nhung hoi

luong ie vdi each ihuc mdi ngudi deu irich ra mOl phan ihu nhap ddng vao

mOl quy chung phong khi ai dm dau , lai nan (hi dung quy dd de9 giup do .
8



Nhung y6u id doan kei , hirong ihien do da lac dOng lich cue deh y thfrc va
cOng viec xa hoi cua cac Nha mroc dudi cac che do xa hoi khac nhau . Sau
cuOc each mang cOng nghiep Ian ihu nhai, doi ngfl nhOrng ngudi Um cOng ,

an 1 irong lang iCn , cuOc sdng cua ho chu you dua vao (hu nhap do lam thue
dem lai . Khi bi dm dau; lai nan , lhai nghiep hoac do ludi gia sire yeu ...

khOng Um viec diroc , cuOc song cua ho bi de doa vi khOng con nguOn (hu
nhap de' sinh sdng . Do buOc phai ddi mat vdi nhirng rui ro irong cuOc sdng,
da khieii nhirng ngudi lao dOng lim each khac phuc bang viec Up quy luimg
ie de' iro giiip Un nhau .
Nhung hinh (hire no giiip ur nguyen ciia ca nlUn , cua cOng dOng ddi
vdi nhung ngudi gap phai hoan canh kho khan , liing quan dS gdp phan cho
ho viral qua cam go , ihicii ihdn , nhirng linh chai ciia nhung hinh ihurc iro

giiip iu nguyen nay la cue bd , khOng On dinh . Trong xa hoi xuai hien yeu
cau ciia su iro giiip cd lb chirc , co quan he rang buOc .Vd van dd nily
CacMac da chi ra sir can ihioi phai id chirc bao hie'm x3 hoi " Vi nhidu rui

ro khac nhau nen phai danh mOl sd lhang du nhai dinh cho quy bao hie'm xa
hoi de' bao dam md rOng lheo kie'u luy lien qua irinh tai san xuai d muc do
can thiei , phu hop vdi sir phai irie'n cua nhu cau vA linh hinh tang dan sd "

Nhieu khi nhttng cuOc da'u iranh nAy ird nen gay gdl , dnh hudng ldn do'n
san xuai kinh doanh , trai iu an loan xa hoi nOn gidi chu va mOl sO Chinh
phu da phai ihire hien iro cap ddi vdi nhung ngudi lam cOng An luong .

Nam 1850 , d Due da lhanh lap quy dm dau va bdi buOc cOng nhAn

phai dong gdp de' iro cap cho nhung ngudi N benh iai . Ddn nhtfng nAm
1880 cac hinh Ihuc luong iro xa hoi duoc mo rOng cho cac irudng hop tai
nan , ludi gia cd sir lham gia dong gop vao quy xa hoi cua gidi chu va NhA
nunc . Tu do , nhieu Nha nude da kin liroi ban lianh cac dao luai lam co sd
diOu chinh cac nidi quan he v6 iro cap cho nhirng ngudi gAp nii ro , bai
lianh .
9


I
*•

chua durgc de cap den . Trong khi d6 , chinh nhttng loai ngudi nay lai cdn
phai chu y den irudc nhai vi ho khOng co phirimg lien de' sinh sdng .
Bao dam xa hoi irong Hien chuong Dai lay dirong lai co nghia la

"Su bao dam Ihuc hien qtfyen con ngudi sdng irong hod binh , lu do lam an,
cu iru , dirge bao ve va binh dang irudc phap luai , dirge hoc tap , dirge lam
' viec va nghi ngoi , dirge pham soc y td va bao dam ihu nhAp"[53j Vdi quan
niem nay thi pham vi eiia bao dam xa hoi lai qua rOng , bao gdm nhieu linh
vuc , viroi khdi pham vi ve bao dam irg giup nhAm On dinh cuOe sdng eiia
cac thAnh vien irong xA hoi va cd linh chai cua moi luyen ngOn .

- O nude la , khai niem bao dam xa hoi eilng dirge nhieu nha khoa
hoc de cap den . Theo pho giAo sir, pho lien sy Pham Minh Cirong Ihi " Bao

dam xa hoi la sir bao ve eiia xa hoi doi vdi nhung lhAnh vien cua minh ,
irudc hei la irong cac irirdng hgp lung ihieii ve kinh id vd xa hoi , bi mAI

hoAc giam thu nhap dang kd do gap nhung rui ro nhu dm dau , lai nan lao

dong , benh nghe nghiep , lan tai , mat viec lam , mai ngudi nuOi dudng, do
nghi lhai san , ve giA , irong cac trudng hgp bi ihiei hai ve thien lai , hoa
hoan , dich hoa . Ddng lhai xA hoi cOng uu dAi nhttng thanh vien cua minh
da xa than vi nude , vi dan , co nhttng edng hien dac biei cho su nghiep
CAch mang , xay dung va bao ve Id qudc . Mai khac cung cuu vdi nhttng
thanh vien lam lac mAc vao ie nan xa hoi , nhAm phdi hgp chAl che vdi cac
, chinh sAch xA hoi khAc , dal tdi muc lieu dan giAu , nude manh , xA hoi vAn
minh [3]
Nhu vAy , d khai niem nay cd Ihd hidu bao dam xA hoi cd pham vi
bao gdm cd bao hie’m xA hoi , curu irg xA hoi vA uu dAi xA hoi . NgoAi viec
dd cap den khia canh Irg giiip , edn nha'n manh ddn viec bdo dam vd ddi
sdng van hoA , linh lhAn eiia bao dam xA hoi .
Pho giao su Tuong Lai quan niem " Bao dam xa hoi lA moi linh vuc
rong Idn khOng chi bao ham sir bao ve eiia xa hoi ddi vdi moi ngirdi khi gAp
phai ihiCu ihon ve kinh 10 , ma con bao dam ve mOi irudng thuAn lgi de’

11


giup moi ngudi phai irie'n ve giao due , van hoa nhdm nang cao irinh do dan
tri , hoc van v.v...18]

Nhu vay , cd the iha'y ring bao dam xa hoi la mOl linh vuc rOng ldn,
phuc lap , kho cd lhe' dua ra mOl dinh nghia " chuin " dap ung duoc iai ca
cac khia canh ciia van de .

Tuy nhieu , can cu vao chu lhe' no giup , cac irudng hop iro giup ,

each ihuc no giup , muc dich iro giup ciia nhieu loai giup do Iren pham vi
rOng ciia cac qudc gia nen lhe gidi ihi bao dam xa hoi , nhin chung , cd


nhung dac irung sau :

1- La sir bao dam hoac su giup do ciia xa hoi bao gdm Nha nude,
cOng ddng va ca nhau .
2- Sir giup do phai sinh irong moi irudng hop rui ro (do nOi lai co the'
con ngudi nhu dm dau , gia yeu hoac do cac nguyen nhan khac)
3- Sir giup do la nhung dieu kien sinh sdng co lhe' bang lien , hien
vai v.v...
4- Vdi muc dich gop phan bao dam cuOc sdng cho con ngudi va bao
dam irai lu an loan xa hoi .

Vi lhe , co lhe' hie'u bao dam xa hoi nhu TO chuc lao dOng qudc ie
(ILO) da ndu la Ihich hop . Theo Td chuc Lao dOng qudc te " Bao dam xS
hoi la sir bao ve ciia xa hoi ddi vdi cac lhanh vien cua minh IhOng qua cac
bien phap cOng cOng nhSm chdng lai nhung kho khan ve kinh te va xa hoi

do bi ngimg hoac bi giam ihu nhap gay ra hoi dm dau , lhai san , lai nan ,
lhai nghiep , ihirong iai , ludi gia , chei . Ddng ihdi biio dam chain soc y ie
va iro cap cho cac gia dinh dOng con " [53]

Do cd mOl nOi luim rOng , phong phu nen bao dam xa hoi bao quai
nhieu bO phan nhu biio hiein xa hoi , cuu iro xa hoi , uu dai xa hoi v.v...

deu cd cung muc dich la giup do ve vai chai va linh lhan cho cac lhanh vien
irong xa hoi, lao lhanh mOl mang ludi an loan xa hOi .


Trong bao dam xa hoi , bao hie'm xa hoi la mOl bo phan quan irong
nhai . Ngay lu ddu the ky nay , V.I

Nin da chi' ra xa hoi "Cai phan do ngudi lao dong an luong lam ra ma ho dirge hudng

dirdi hinh ihirc lurong lhai ra chdng co y nghia gi hoi vi no khd long ma thoa
man dirge nhung nhu cdu-sdng ihiei ydu nhai , do vay giai cap vO san mai
moi kha nang ddnh dum lir ddng hrong de' chi dung khi ho mat kha nftng lao

* dOng vi dm dau , ludi gia , lan phd hoac lam vao canh lhai nghiep thudng
gan lien khOng lhe' iriei lieu dirge vdi kie'u san xuai lu ban chu nghia . Nhu

vay , irong moi irudng hgp bao hie'm cua nhung ngudi cOng nhan phai
chang la sir doi hoi cai each khan ihiei , bdl buOc irong lodn bo qud Irinh
phai irio'n lu ban chu nglna" 11 K|

hoi. Muc dich cua phap luai bao hie’m xa hoi d cac nude deu gidng nhau la
su bao ve cho ngudi lao dOng khi gap phai rui ro , bai hanh do bi ngung
hoac bi giam ihu nhdp ihi dirge nhan tig cap de sinh sdng . Tuy nhien giura
cac dao luai bao hie'm xa hoi cua cac nude cung cd nhung nOi dung khde
nhau ve cac dang lao dOng dp duqg , ve sd luong cac dang irg cap , v6 co
che id chuc ihirc hien phap luai bao hie'm xa hoi v.v...
Cung nhu bao dam xa hoi, bao hie'm xa hoi la ddi lugng nghien curu
cua nhieu mOn khoa hoc nhu kinh id, xa hoi , phap ly... do d6 , hien co mOi
sd khai niem , chug nhu each hie'u khac nhau , luy ihuOc vdo gidc do nghien
cuu cua mdi nha khoa hoc .

Theo Vien si ihOng tail luai hoc M. I. Ypa7\aeb thi " Bao hie'm xa
hoi la nhung quy djnh cua nha nude ve cac dang irg cap xa hoi ddi vdi cOng
nhan vien chuc , nOng irang vien va quan nhan nhdm bao dam cho ho cd
muc thu nhap can ihiei khi ho bi mai kha ndng lao dOng hoac ludi gia ” [38]


Khai niem ndy chi gidi han irong pham vi phap luai 6 Lien xO cO ,
nen chua bao ham bdl ban chai chung eiia bao hiein xa hoi la hien tugng l6n
lai va phai Irie'n d nhieu nude , Irong cac thdi ky khac nhau.

13


Pho lien si kinh id Mac Van Tien quan niem " Bao hiein xa hoi thuc
hien viec den bu cac " rui ro xa hoi " IhOng qua qua irinh id churc v£ sir
dung quy lien ie lap Hung , diroc idn lich dan do sir dong g6p cua ngudi sir
dung lao ddng va ngudi lao dOng nhlm ihoa man nhdng nhu cau sinh sdng

ihiei ydu cho ngudi lao dOng vA gia dinh ho . Nhu vay vd mat ihuc chai ,
bao hie’m xa hoi chinh la qua irinh id chirc phan phdi va phan phdi lai Ihu

nhap "[29]
Quan niem nay vd bao hiein xa hoi chii ydu ihd hien phuong phhp id

chirc va ihuc hien bao hidin xa hoi , lhe' hien linh kinh id ciia bio hidm xa
hoi , ma chua bao ham hei muc lieu , ban chai cua biio hie’m xS hoi . Mai

khac, ve phuong phap id chirc phan phdi va phan phdi lai 6 mdi nude , mdi
ihdi ky cd khac nhau , khOng phai hie nao va 6 dau ihi bio hiein x3 hoi ddu
c6 sir dong gdp ciia ngudi sir dung lao ddng va cua ngudi lao dOng . Ching
han nhu d cac nude xa hoi chii nghia d DOng Au (irudc day) va mOl sd

nude khac hien nay , bao hiein xa hoi khOng nhai ihiei quy dinh su ddng
gdp ciia ngudi lao dOng hoac ngudi sir dung lao dOng .

Trong "Luan cu khoa hoc cho viec ddi mdi va hoan Ihien chinh s&ch

bao dam xa hoi trong dieu kien nen kinh id ihi irudng d Viei Nam " Phd
Vien irudng Vien Khoa hoc lao ddng va cac vail de xS hdi Tran Quang
Hung cho ring " Bao hiein xa hdi la he ihdng bao dam kholn ihu nhap lhay
lhe lien luong cho ngudi lao ddng irong cac irudng herp bi gilm hoac mat
khi nang lao ddng hay viec Um , do do bi mai hoac giam Ihu nhap do lao

ddng lao ra , nhSm bao dam ihol man nhung nhu cau sinh sdng ihiei ydu
cho ngudi lao ddng" |4]
Cach hie’u nay the' hien rd linh chai cua cac loai iro cap bao hie’m x3
hoi nhlm thay the tidn luong hoac lien edng (Ihu nhap) cua ngudi lao ddng,
ma chua phan anh hei nOi dung ciia bao hiein xa hdi , vi bao hie’m xa hdi
bao gdm mdi idng hop cac hoal ddng nhu viec id chirc cac ngudn ddng gdp

vao quy bao hiein xa hoi , viec quan ly quy , viec lhanh lap cac id chuc thuc
hien iro cap v.v...

14


Th

Tuy co cac khai niem , quan niem khac nhau vd biio hie'm xa hoi nhu
nen da phAn lich , nhirng luu (rung lai , vd inal kinh 10 xa hoi co ihd hiOu
bao hie'm xa hoi la : Su' bao ve cua xd hoi ddi vdi ngudi lao ddng (hong qua
viec huy dong ode ngudn ddng gop de lip' cap cho ho , nhdm khde phuc

nhung kho khan ve kinh leva xd hoi do bi ngung hoac bi gidm ihu nhap gay
ra bbi oni dau , lhai san , lai nan , lhai nghiep , nidi kha nang lao ddng ,
ludi gid , chei. Ddng (hoi bao dam chdm sdc y ie vd no cap cho cdc than
nhan irong gia dinh ngudi lao dong , de gop phan on dinh aide sdng cua

ban than ngudi lao dong vd gia dinh, gop phan bao dam an loan xd hdi.

Tir khai niem iron day , co the rut ra nhirng dac (rung co bdn ciia bdo
hie'm xa hoi la :
Thur nhai, ddi lirong ciia bao hiein xa hoi la ngirdi lao dOng noi
chung . Nhirng nen ihirc id, do dieu kien kinh id , chinh iri , xa hoi ciia mdi
nirbe nen pham vi , ddi luong ap dung cac chd do bao hidm xa hoi cd khac
nhau . Cd nude chi ihuc hien biio hidm xa hoi ddi voi cOng nhan, viOn chuc
Nha mrdc , vi du nhir Lao ; co mrdc ap dung vdi ca ngirdi lao dOng lam
cOng an luong , vi du nhir Philippin , l hai lan ; co mrdc hau nhur ap dung
cho moi ngirdi lao dOng , vi du nhir d Lien xO cu , Australia . Ngay nay xu
lhe chung ciia nhieu nude la md rOng ddi lirong ap dung bao hie'm xa hoi
den moi ngudi lao dOng . Hay noi mOl each khac la ihuc hien xa hoi hoa
biio hidm xa hoi .
Theo danh gia ciia Td chuc lao dOng qudc ie ihi bao hidm xS hoi 13mot bo phan quan irong nhai ciia bao dam x3 hoi . Hdi vi , bao hidm xa hoi
c6 ddi luong ap dung chidm ly le cao vA su " che chdn " ciia bao hidm xH
hoi la 611 dinh , virng elute . () cac nude , luc luong lao dong ihirong chidm
tu 55% den 70% dan sO . () nude la , lheo sd lieu ciia cuoc idng dieu Ira dan
sd nam 1989 ihi sd luong ngirdi irong do ludi lao dOng chidm 62% . |9]
Ngoai ddi luong lure liep la ngudi lao dong diroc ap dung cac chd do
bao Idem xa hoi , ihi khi ngudi lao dong chei cac than nhan ciia ngudi lao
dOng nhu vo (hoac cbong) , bo , me da hot ludi lao dOng hoac con chua ddn
15


ih

iu6i lao dong cung diroc hudng no cap . Che do iro cAp nAy d cAc nude ddu

goi la che do lien luAl .


Thu hai, bao hiem xa hoi ve co ban ihuc hien lien nguyen lie "lay
sO dOng bu sd it" , co nghia la nhieu ngudi dong gdp de’ mOl sO it ngudi
duoc hudng . Dieu nay lhe' hien rd ban chA'l cua bao hie'm xa hoi 1A sir luong
iro cOng ddng . Ngudi khoe giiip ngudi ydu , ngudi ire giup ngudi giA ,

ngudi lanh Ian giiip ngudi lan IAI ... va chi' co nhu vAy bao hie'm xa hoi mdi

cd kha nang dap ling duoc muc dich bao ve ngudi lao dOng khi gap phai rui
ro , bai hanh . Bao hiein xa hoi khOng phai la mOl hinh Ihuc liei kiem ,

khOng Ihirc hien lheo nguyen I Ac ai ddng bao nhieu hudng bay nhieu. Tuy
rihien , de dam bao linh cOng bAng xa hoi vA gAn lien giuA nghia vu vdi
quydn loi, ihi cac che do iro cap bao hiein xa hoi khOng lhe' hoAn loAn ihoAl
ly nguyen lac "phAn phdi lheo lao dOng" , la nguyen lAc dAc ihu ciia lien
luong. Vide quy dinh quy dinh muc Iro cap idi da va muc iro cAp idi ihie'u
irong cac che do bao hiein xa hoi cu lhe' cung la de' nhAm ket hop va dung

boa hai nguyen lAc nay .
*4

Muc no cap lOi da la muc iro cap cao nhai , nghia la khOng ai co lhe'
hudng iro cap cao hon mac du ho du dieu kien diroc hudng . Phan cao hon
do se gdp vao cOng ddng nhAm "bu iro" cho nhung ngudi qua ihie'u ihdn .
Muc iro cap idi ihie’u la muc iro cap lhap nhai, ai mA khOng du di6u kien de’
hudng bao hiein xa hoi lheo muc do ihi eftng duoc bu lhem de' cho bAng .
I hi du , lheo bao cao cua Bo Lao dOng - Thuong hinh vA xA hoi nAm 1994

ve viec dieu chinh luong huu , hien nay d nude la quy dinh muc luong huu
idi ihie'u bAng muc luong idi thiOu . Vi lhe da bu lhem cho 6% sd ngudi

dang hudng luong huu cd muc luong huu lhap hon muc lien luong idi
ihie'u, duoc bao dam bAng mire lien luong loi ihie'u .
%

Bao hie'm xa hoi chii ydu llnrc hien lheo nguyen lAc bAl buOc . Bdi vi
muon ihuc hien duoc muc dich cua bao hiein xa hoi ihi khau quan irong

nhai la plnii quy dinh liach nhidin ddng gdp vao quy bao hie'm xa hoi cua
cac chu lhe cd lien quan , de' bao dam lai chinh cho iro cap . Van de nay dA
duoc churng minh irong lich su phai irie'n ciia bao hiein xA hoi , 1A ndu chi
16


ihirc hien bao hie'm xa hoi nr nguyOn ihi khOng cd kha nang dap irng dime
nhu cdu ve bao hie'm xa hoi va khOng lhe' duy tri (hire hien Uu dai dime .
Ngoai nguyOn (Ac bill buOc , ciing can ihirc hien bao hie'm xa hoi lir
nguyen de' bao dam them clio nhttng ai co nhu cAu ve bao hie'm xa hoi ngoAi

phan quy dinh chung , hoac nhttng dang lao dOng lir do khOng co quan he
lam cOng an luong can co sir bao ve cua xa hoi .

Thu ba , viec bao dam cho cac che do iro cap bao hie'm xa hoi diroc
buy dOng lir cac ngudn ddng gop khac nhau , tap trung vAo quy bao hie'm xa
hoi. Hfiu het cac mrdc Iren lhe gidi quy dinh ba ngudn dong gop vao quy

bao hie'm xa hoi la ngudi si'r dung lao dong , ngudi lao dOng va Nha mrdc .
Moi so mroc xa hoi chu nghia (Irudc day) Ihi quy dinh hai nguOn dong gdp

la co quan , don vi va Nha mrdc , con ngudi lao dong khOng phai ddng gdp.
Ca biCI cd mrdc dung lien ihu I hue de' iro cap bao hie'm xA hoi .


Ngoai phan ddng gdp cua cac chii lhe' vao quy bao hie'm xa hoi , Ihi
4
quy bao hiein xa hoi con co khoan ihu khac nhu lai suai do dung lien bao

hiein xa hoi de' dAu lir.
Viec lhanh lap quy bao hie'm xa hoi cung da dang . Nhieu nirdc
lhanh lap quy bao hie'm xa hoi tap trung , ihdng nhai irong cd nude , nhung
cung co nhttng mrdc lhanh lap quy bao hiein xa hoi lheo nganh , theo cac
dia phuong hoac lheo cac dang no cap (quy huu iri , quy lai nan lao ddng,
quy chain sdc y ie) .

Thu lir, bao hiein xa hoi co he ihdng iro cap da dang , loan dien .
Muc dich cua bao hid'm xa hoi la liq cap cho ngudi lao ddng irong thdi gian
ho khOng lam viec diroc , nen khOng cd lien luong hoac lien cOng . Do vay,
Irong nhieu van ban cua cac mrdc va eiia mrdc (a da dung lir " Iro cAp lhay
luong " de' chi rd linh chai cua iro cap bao hidm xa hoi .
Cac dang no ca'p cua bao hiein xa hoi diroc ihirc hien Irong cAc
IWHw eiia ngudi lao dOng nOn khOng cd lidn luong hoAc

I HIT VIEN
l li . 1^,.

.......................... *

,

17



lien cOng . Vi lhe, nhirng lhai gian nghi' viec ma vAn hudng lien lirong hoAc
lien cOng ihi khOng dirge irg cap . Tuy nhien , nhirng irudng hop nghi' viec
dirge irg cap phai xay ra ngoai y mudn ciia ngirdi lao dOng ma irong chuyen
mOn Ihirong dung la nhung "rui ro" . Con nhung irudng hop nghi' viec do y
mudn cua ngirdi lao dOng ihi khOng IhuOc pham vi irg cap cua bao hie'm xa
hoi.
Do do , he ihdng irg cap bao hie'm xa hoi cd nhieu dang trg cap nhu

irg cap irong ihdi gian ngirdi lao dOng bi dm dau , irg cap irong ihdi gian bi
lai nan , irg cap irong ihdi gian bi ma'l kha nang lao dOng , irg cap irong
Ihdi gian bi lhai nghiOp , Irg cap Irong Ihdi gian sinh de, Irg cap khi gia yeu
khOng lhe' lam viec dugc v.v... Nhu vAy bao hie'm xa hoi la he Ihdng irg cAp

"che chfin" tai ca nhung irudng hgp ngudi lao dOng gap phai kho khan vi

khOng co Ihu nhap . Theo ihuAl ngu ciia Td chuc Dio dOng qudc te thudng

dung ihi bao hie'm xa hoi la mOl ludi an loan xa hoi . Mang ludi nay bao ve

ngudi lao dOng cho'ng iai nhung kho khan lung quAn de' ho co kha nang On
dinh ddi sdng gia dinh, giu gin an loan xa hoi.
i A

He ihdng irg cap bao hie'm xa hoi cd linh chai thudng xuyen , dn
dinh . Day cung la mOl dac diein quan Irong cua cac dang Irg cAp xa hOi. 0

Iren da phan lich Irg cap biio hidm xa hoi la su bu dAp lhay lhe lien luong
hoac lien cOng irong Ihdi gian ngudi lao dOng phiii nghi' viec . Vi the', phAp
luAl bio hie'm xa hoi thudng quy dinh ngudi lao dOng dugc nhan Irg cAp


irong sudl Ihdi gian phai nghi' viec va irg cAp dugc Ira dinh ky , hang thang
nhu trg cAp dm dau , lhai san , lai nan , huu Iri, mAl sue lao dOng...

Thdi han Irg cAp biio hiein xa hoi phu IhuOc vao Ihdi gian phai nghi
vide ciia ngudi lao dong . Vi the , irong chuyen mOn thudng ph An ra hai loai
irg cAp la irg cAp ngAn han va irg cAp dai han . Irg cAp ngAn han , la cac
dang irg cAp cho ngudi lao dOng phiii nghi viec irong mOt thdi gian ngAn

nhu dm dau , sinh de , lai nan , lhai nghiep . Nhung dang irg cAp nay
ihudng co ihdi han iu vai ngay den vai lhang . Trg cAp dai han la cac dang

ug cap cho ngudi lao dOng irong mOl ihdi gian dai nhu trg cAp lai nan lao
dOng bi lan phe , trg cAp mAl sue lao dOng , irg cAp huu iri . NhCrng dang trg


cap nAy thudng kdo dAi hang nam , lham chi hang chuc nam . Theo thong
ke cua BO Lao dong - Th irong hinh va xa hoi nam 1992 , ihi ihdi gian iro
cap irung hinh cho ngudi nghi’ mai sire lao dOng la 35 nam , cho ngudi nghi
huu la 19 nam , vi do ludi khi nghi’ viec hudng iro cap mat sue lao dOng va
huu tri rai ire .

X6i dudi goc do lich sir ihi ciru no xa hoi co man mdng lir khi xuai
hien xa hoi loai ngircri va da phai irie'n diroi nhieu hinh ihuc rai phong phu
irong xa hoi can dai va hien dai .

Cum hr ciru no xa hoi gdm hai iiliom lir cuu ie xa hoi va Iro giup xa
hoi ghep lai . Theo Han lir chu "id" co nglna la giup . Ciru id xa hoi la ciru
giup cac lhanh vien ciia xa hoi khi ho gijp phai rui ro hoac bai hanh nao do,
ma nOu khOng co su ciru ie ihi ho c6 lhe bi nguy hai den cuOc sdng . Cuu ie
xa hoi , vi vliy rnang linh "cap ciru" , linh lire ihdi nham giup cho ddi luong


lam ihdi ihoal khdi linh irang hie'm ngheo . Cuu ie xa hoi chii yeu ciru giup

cho nhung ddi luong khOng lhe' lir lo duoc cuOc song cho ban than minh
nhu ngudi gia co don , ire md cOi , ngirdi lan iai nang khOng cd bai ky
ngudn Ihu nhap nao de sinh sdng hoac nhirng ngudi bi ihien lai , dich hoa
bai ngd mai hei hoa mau , tai san va phuong lien sinh sdng .

19


*»•

Nhir vay , ciru irg xa hoi cd the' hie'u la sir giup dd chu yOu bang
lien, hien vat hoac cac phuong lien sinh song khac cua xa hoi (eiia Nha
nude, cua cOng ddng hoac cua ca nhan) cho nhung ngudi gap phai kho

khan , bai hanh irong cuOc song , giup ho dn dinh cuOc sdng, sdm hoa nhap

vao cOng ddng xa hoi .
Nhin lai lich sir hinh lhanh va phai trie'n cua ciru iro xa hoi co the'

lha'y , khi san xuai xa hoi con sir khai, sir phan phdi cua cai xa hoi con b
dang binh quan , nhung cOng viec co linh chat ciru inr xa hOi luc dau mang
linh tu phai nhieu han . Nhung cOng viec nay duoc ihirc hien Irong pham vi
cOng ddng (bo lOc , ddng ho , lang xoin v.v...) vdi cac hinh thurc da dang
nhung don gian . Khi mOi thanh vien nao do eiia cOng ddng gap phai rui ro
irong cuOc sdng nhu bi thirong tat bdi thu du , hoi san ban ... hoac do bao
lut khOng co luong an v.v... ho duirc cac lhanh vien khac irong cOng ddng
cuu mang , giup do .


Dan dan khi lao dOng da cd sir phan .cOng , cd id chuc , cua cai xa
hoi co nhieu hon , cac hinh thuc phan phdi da dang him Ihi cac cOng viec cd

linh chai cuu irg xa hoi ciing phai irie'n phong phii him . Su giup dor cua
cOng ddng cho cac lhanh vien khi ho gap phai rui ro , bai hanh , dS cd y
thuc lum . Dac biei , khi lOn giao xuai hien va phai irie'n ihi nhCmg cOng
viec cd linh chai lir ihien ngay cang duoc xa hoi quan lain chu y . Cac cOng
viec cuu irg , lir ihien con do cac td chuc lOn giao dam nhiem va trd nen

nhu cau khOng the' thie'u duirc irong cac xa hoi ton gifto . Bdi vi, lOn giao cd
y niem loai ngudi sdng phai cuu mang , ciru do lan nhau . Cd the' ndi , day
cung la y niem idi dep neii khOng linh deh nhung anh hudng vi me lin ,
than bi hoac bi Nha nude hoc lot kri dung .

Trong thdi ky can dai , san xuai cOng nghiep da dan dan chie'm linh
vi tri irong xa hoi , cua cai xa hoi da ddi dao ihi sir phan hoa giau , ngheo

ngay cang sau sdc . Nhung ngudi ngheo luOn bi de doa rui vao canh lung
quan . Vi lhe , irong thdi ky nay cac hoal dOng ciru irg xa hoi Ird nen phong
phu va cd id chuc . Nhieu loai phuong , hoi dung ra id chuc cOng viec cuu
irg. Cac nha ihd , nhft chua vd cac id chuc xH hoi lam cOng viec lir ihien khd
20


- Neu nhu ddi liroiig cua bao hie'm xa hoi la ngirdi lao dOng , ihi ddi
luong cua cuu iro xa hoi la con ngudi khOng cd phuong lien de' lao dOng
hoac khOng co kha nang lao dOng . Tuy nhien , irong hoal dOng ihuc lien

ihudng cd sir irung lap ddi luong ap dung d mOl sd nhdm ngudi nhai dinh .

- Neu nhu iro cap bao hiem xa hoi nham bu dap nhung ihieu hul khi
ddi luong gap phai cac irudng hop lam ihdi hoac vinh vien mai kha nang

lao dOng Ihi cuu iro xa hoi nham iro giup khi ddi lirong lam vao canh khd
khan , lung quan Ihuc sir .

- X6l ve mai lai chinh de' dam bao iro cap ciia bao hie’m xa hoi , ihi
phan ldn la do ddng gop ciia ngirdi sir dung lao dOng vd ciia ngudi lao

dOng. Con ciia cuu iro xa hoi ihi ngudi diroc iro cap hoan loan khOng phai
ddng gdp.

- Xdl ve mai linh chai Iro cap ihi iro cap ciia bao hiein xa hoi la chac

chan , 6n dinh , vi moi che' do iro cap deu do quy bao hie'm xa hoi Ira . Quy
‘ A

bao hie'm xa hoi diroc lhanh lap bang lien ie , cd ke hoach can ddi Ihu chi
lau dai . Cdn linh chat iro giup cua cuu iro xa hoi la luc Ihdi , khOng 6n
dinh , vi phu ihuOc vao ngan sach nha nude , vao kha nang ciia cOng ddng
hoac long lir lam ciia nhung ca nhan irong xa hoi.

0 nude la , phap luai ve ciru iro xa hoi chua xay dung cd he IhOng .

Ngay 26/11/1966 Chinh phu ban hanh ThOng lir sd 202 quy dinh ve ddi
Ufong , pham vi va mOl sd che do iro giup xa hoi . Tu do den nay , cuu iro
xa hoi duoc ihuc hien lheo nhirng quy dinh ciia ThOng iu sO 202 va nhidu
chi ihi ciia Dang va Thu lirong Chinh phii . Nhung nam g£n day , cOng tac

cuu iro xa hoi duoc phai irieii dudi nhieu hinh ihuc co su lham gia tich cue

va hieu qua cua cac td chirc xa hoi , ca nhan irong va ngoai nude . Tinh den
cudi nam 1993,6 lhanh pho HO Chi Minh cd 16 id chuc tvr ihien . 6 lhanh
phd Ila Noi cd 12 id chuc lir Ihien . MOl sO id chuc cd pham vi hoal dOng

r9ng ldn nhu Hoi Chu lhap do , Hoi Bao ve ngudi lan iai va ire mO eOi, Hoi
Tam long vang , id chuc SOS (nuOi duong ire md cOi) v.v...


ih

manh . Them vao do , mOl bo phan nhung ngudi giau cd (ihuong gia , chinh
khach ...) vi muc dich nay hay muc dich khac cung lam cac cOng viec cuu
no , lu ihien nhAm cuu giup nhung ngudi gap canh ngO do le nhu nhung
ngudi xin an , lan iai , cO don v.v...

Den thdi ky hien dai , ben canh viec phai huy cac loai hinh cuu irg

iruyen ihdng , cac hinh ihuc cuu iro xa hdi da duoc md rOng vd co sir lham
gia hoac dieu lie! cua Nha mrdc .

Trong vd sau chidn lianh lhe gidi ihu hai , ngoai van de ngheo ddi ,
benh dich ihi lai hoa do chidn iranh gdy ra da de' lai hdu qua nang nd cho xa
hoi . 0 nhieu nude xudl hien nhirng nan nhan ciia chidn iranh . (") nude la,
do chidn iranh kco dai 30 nam nOn doi lirong can no giup la nan nhan ciia
chidn iranh cung kha dOng dao . Dac biei , hien nay sir phan idng va phan

cue xa hoi giira ngudi giau va ngirdi ngheo khOng chi irong pham vi mOl
qudc gia ma md ra pham vi qudc id . Thd gidi cung diroc phan ra lam hai
nhom nude : nhom nhung nude giau va nhom nhung mrdc ngheo . Chinh su


phan cue giau ngheo nay , lam cho hoal dOng ciru iro xa hoi ird nen buc

ihiei va ird lhanh moi linh virc khOng ihd ihidu diroc ciia xa hoi hien dai.

MOl dac die’m cua cuu iro xa hoi irong xa hoi hien dai la co sir tham
gia ciia Nha nude . Chinh phu cua nhieu mrdc dS ihira nhan quydn tdi ihie'u
cua con ngudi la diroc sdng yen On , an loan ve kinh id va sinh mang . Do
do, cuu uq xa hqi da ird lhanh mOl irong nhttng chinh sach xa hoi ciia nhidu
nude va duoc ban hanh cac van ban phap luai de' ihirc hien .

Ndu xdi ve muc dich , bao hidm xa hoi va ciru iro xa hoi cd ciing
muc dich chung la sir iro giup ciia xa hoi ddi vdi nhttng ngudi gap phai
hoan canh bi ma'l ihu nhap hoac khOng co phuong lien de' lao dOng sinh
sdng , nham lao cho ho cd dieu kien viral qua kho khan , bai hanh , dn dinh

cuOc sdng . Tuy nhiOn , giira biio hidm xa hoi va ciru iro xa hoi cd nhttng
dac didm khac nhau nhu ;

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Thuc id hoal dOng cua cuu irg xa hoi nen lhe gidi cho iha'y , cuu irg
xa hoi khOng chi lOn lai irong hoan canh nen kinh id xa hoi k£m phai irie’n,

ma irong dieu kien nen kinh id phai iridn cuu irg xa hoi cQng khOng lhe
ihidu dugc , mac du ddi lugng va pham vi ap dung co lhe’ thu hep him .
Nhu irOn da phan lich , irong bao dam xa hoi ben canh bao hie’m xa
hoi, cuu irg xa hoi con co uu dai xa hoi. (j nude la , uu dai xa hoi da xuai

hien lir lhai ky phong kidn . Ndu dudi ihdi ky phong kidn chinh sach uu dai

xa hoi cd ddi lugng la vua , quan , lirdng , si , nhung ngudi ndm quydn va

bao ve chd do phong kidn , ihi chinh sach uu dai xa hoi cua Nha nude ta

hien nay cd ddi lugng la nhtrng ngudi lham gia giai phong va bao ve dai
nude . Hie'u lheo mOl nghia chung nhai ihi uu dai xa hoi la su dai ngO dac

biei, uu lien him binh ihudng , ddi vdi mOl sd ngudi hay mOl tang ldp nhai
dinh nao do irong xa hoi duimg ihdi , vi ho da cd cOng lao him ddi vdi xa
hoi.

Nhin chung , uu dai xa hoi cd dac linh co ban nhu :
- lJi mOl bien phap gia an hoac uu dai cu the’ vO vai chai va linh than
ddi vdi nhung ngudi cd cOng vdi xa hoi.
- La y dinh hoac quydl tarn cua mOl irieu dai , mOl Nha nude nhai
dinh nhSm id lhai do den dap cOng lao cua nhung ngudi cd cOng vdi xa hoi.
Ddng ihdi , ciing cd va dinh huoiig ihiei che Nha mrdc dd Irong hien lai va
tuimg lai .

Nhu vay , ro rang muc dich cua chinh sach uu dSi x3 hoi chu ydu la
muc dich chinh hi - xa hoi . Chinh vi lhe , ddi lugng ap dung uu dai xa hoi
cung nhu muc do uu dai dugc lhay doi luy lheo lung Ihdi dai , lung Nha
nude , lung giai doan lich su .

Dudi ihdi phong kidn Ly , Tran , l^e va Nguyen (giai doan lir lhe ky
ihu X den nua dau lhe ky ihu XIX) cac vuimg hau quy 10c va hoang 10c deu
la nhung ngudi ho hang than ihich cua vua , cd cOng lao lo Idn nhai ddi vdi
viec sinh lhanh va che chd bao hoc giup vua , do dd dugc uu dai ve linh

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than va vai chai rai kin . Ve vai chai , Ihi co ruOng dai va bring 10c . VC linh
(han , ihi cd cac loai pham lirdc , Ao mu , bAng sAc v.v... Dirdi Ihdi Nguyen,
dau I he ky ihi'r XIX hinh linh diroc cap khaii phan cOng diCn lir 7 phan dCn 9

phan (cam binli) hoac cao him nua . Ngoai ra , iriCu dinh con buOc cac lang,
xa chia lhem mOl so ruOng nira goi la lirong diOn cho binh linh vdi dinh
muc ro rang , lhap nhai la 8 sao , cao nhai la mOl inau .
Ke' tu khi ra doi , Nha niroc (a luOn luOn dal muc lieu bao dam de'
nhttng ngirdi co qua irinh cong hieii cho sir nghiep giai phring va bao vC Tri

quric c6 cuOc sdng vai chai va linh than rin dinh . Dieu nay khOng chi grip
phan bao dam an loan xa hoi , mA con nhAm lai lao nhung gia iri linh lhan

cao dep cua dan 10c "uOng niroc nhd ngurin" , "an qua nhd ke irring cay".
Nhu vAy , uu dai xa hoi khOng chi la mOl van de phap ly ma con la mOl vAn
de dao ly .

- Neii doi luong ciia bao hie'm xa hoi la ngudi lao dOng ihi ddi luong
cua uu dai xa hoi lai la nhung ngudi co cOng vdi che do , vdi nhan dan nhu
liei si , thuong binh , brinh binh, anh hung, nhung ngudi lham gia cAch
mang bi tu day , lhan nhAn cua liei si , nhung ngudi co qua Irinh lham gia
khang chie'n .
- Neu no cap cua bao hie’m xa hoi nham bao dam de’ ngudi lao dOng
rin dinh cuOc sdng khi gap khri khan , hie'm ngheo , ihi iro cap cua uu dai xA

hoi ngoAi muc dich bao dam On dinh cuOc sdng con nhdm suy ion cOng
irang cua ddi luong , cd vii phai huy iruyen ihdng hy sinh edng hien cho

cOng ddng khi dai nude bi lam nguy hoac linh mang , cua cai cua NhA
nude, ciia nhan dan bi de doa . Chinh nhirng dac die'm nAy cua uu dai xA
hoi, nen hien nay co nhieu y kien cho rang can md rOng ddi luong vA pham

vi Ihuc hien che do uu dai xa hoi . Cu lhe' la , khOng chi ap dung uu dai ddi
voi nhung ngirdi lham gia khang chieii , ma con ddi vdi ca nhttng ngudi co
nhieu edng hien cho sir nghiep xAy dung Td qudc nhu nghe nhan , nghe si,
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ih

nhung ngudi lam cOng lac khoa hoc , giang day , quan 1}' v.v... Tuy nhiCn,

hien nay nhung y kien nay chi' co linh chai de xuai do' lham kluio .
Dd ihuc hien chinh sach uu dai do'i vdi nhung quan nhan bi ihuimg
irong chidn iranh chong Phap , ngay 26/2/1947 Clui lich nude Viei Nam
dan chii cOng boa da ra Site lenh sd 20 /SL quy dinh ddi Iircnig vi chd do ddi

vdi ihuong hinh . Tidp lheo , ngay 12/10/1948 Chii lich nude ra Sac lenh sd
242/SL bd sung mOl sd chd do ddi vdi ihuong binh . Nhftm md rOng ddi
luong ap dung va pham vi dieu chinh cua iro cdp Ihuong iai, ngay

27/7/1956 Thu lirdng Chinh phu ra Nghi dinhsd 980/lTg ban hanh kern
lheo Dieu 16 uu dai ihuong binh , bOnh binh , dan quan du kich , lhanh nien

xung phong bi ihirong .

Cung vdi nhirng chinh sach de' phai irio'n kinh id. xa hoi , chinh sach
uu dai xa hoi cung luOn luOn duoc Nha nude quan iam . Vi lhe , ngay


30/10/1964 Chinh phu ban hanh Nghi dinh sd 161/CP kem lheo Dieu 16 lam
ihdi v6 cac chd do dai ngO quan nhan . Pham vi va ddi luong ap dung cua

DiOu le diroc mo rOng hon so vdi cac van ban phap quy v6 uu dai xa hoi
irudc do . Si quan , ha si quan , binh si chuyen nghiep ndu du dieu kien lheo
quy dinh ihi duoc hudng cac chd do dm dau , bi ihuong , sinh de , mdl sue
lao dOng , huu Iri , lir luai . Quan nhan dir bi , dan quan nr ve Irong khi lam
nhiOm vu quan sir ndu dm dau , bi Ihuong hoac chei I In cung duoc hudng
chd do .
Nhung nam gan day , Nha nude co chii inroiig giai quydl van de uu
dai xa hoi nhu la mOl qude sach . Do vay , ngay 10/9/1994 Chii lich nude
ban hanh lenh sO 361/CTN cOng bd Phap lCrih uu dai ngudi hoal dOng Cach

mang , liei sy va gia dinh liei sy , ihuong binh , benh binh , ngudi hoal
dOng khang chidn , ngudi co cOng giup do each mang va Phap lenh suy lOn
ba me Viet Nam anh hung .
Hai phap lenh nay danh dau mOl budc quan irong irong he ihdng cac
chinh sach uu dai xa hoi . Theo ihdng ke cua Bo Lao dOng - I huong binh
va xa hoi nam 1994 , ihi ca nude co 75 van than nhan liei si, 38 van ihuong
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binh , 19 van benh binh, 840 anh hung, 27.700 ba me Viet Nam anh hung ,
850 can bo boat dOng each mang irudc nam 1945 .

Tom lai, ciing vdi hC Ihdng bao hie'm xa hoi, ciru no xa hoi , uu d2i
xa hoi da lao lhanh mOl mang ludi an loan gop phan lung budc xay dung xa

hoi la cOng bang , van minh , nhan dao lheo dinh hudng xa hoi chu nghia .
Ben canh bao hie'm xa hoi co bao hie'm Ihuong mai , con goi la bao

hie'm Nha nude . Neil nhir bao hie'm xa hoi duoc phai sinh tur thung lQng eiia
viing nui Anpo , bdl dau bang nhttng hoi luong ie nham giup dd nhau irong

hoan canh khd khan cua nhung ngudi nOng dan, ihi bao hie’m ihuong mai

duoc phoi lhai lir nhung khoan cho vay lay lai phieu luu nen nhung chuye'n
hang cua cac con iau Vonido hoac Giennoa ben Tay Au vao the ky ihu
XVI. [231
Bao hie'm ihuong mai ve Ihirc chai la mdi quan he kinh ie , phai sinh
irong qua irinh huy dOng su ddng gop eiia nhung ca nhan va c£c t6 chuc
irong xa hoi vao mOl quy lien ie . Quy nay, sir dung vao viec bdi ihuong

hoac bu dap cho nhung l6n lhai do ihien lai , lai nan bai ngd xay ra nhim

gdp phan bao dam cho qua irinh lai san xuai dien ra binh ihuong va dn dinh
ddi sdng cua cac lhanh vien trong xa hoi.

Nhu vay , bao hie'm ihuong mai efing gdp phan vao viec bao dam an
loan xa hoi. Nhung giua bao hiein xa hoi va bao hiein Ihuong mai cd nhieu
diein khac nhau the' hien d ddi luong , linh chai , nguyen I de hoal dOng :
- Neu nhu ddi luong ap dung eiia bao hiein xa hoi la ngudi lao dOng
ihi ngoai viec bao hiein linh mang cua con ngudi , bao hie'm Ihuong, mai
con bao hie'm cd lai san hoac nhttng hien luong doi bie'n khac .
- Vd nguyen ide , quy bao hie'm Ihuong mai duoc hinh lhanh do sir
dong gdp nr nguyen , con quy bao hid'rn xa hoi chii ydu do bai buOc ddng
gdp . Quan ho bao hiein Ihuong mai chi idn tai irong khoang ihdi gian xdc


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