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Luận án giáo dục pháp luật qua hoạt động tư pháp ở việt nam
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LOI CAM DOAN
Toi xin cam doan day la cdng trinh lighten cuu cua rteng tdi.
Cac so lteu, ket qua neu trong lu&n an la trung thuc va chua
tirng duoc ai cdng bd trong b£t ky cdng trinh nao khac.
Tac gia luan an
Ducmg Thi Thanh Mai
TT.THONGTIN.’ffil/VIEN
1
MUC LUC
Ma dau................................................................................................. Trang 2
CHUONG 1 : Giao due phap luat qua hoat dong tir phap -
- hinh thuc die thii cua giao due phap lu^t
1.1/ Khai nidm va vai trd cua giao due phap luat trong qua trinh
xay dung nha nude phap quydn Viet nam........................................Trang 12
1.2/ Khai niem va cac dac trung cua giao due phap luat qua
hoat ddng tu phap -................................................................................. Trang 36
CHU0NG 2 : Thue tiSn giao due phap luat qua hoat dong
tu phap
2.1/ Thue tien gido due phap luat qua hoat ddng cua Toa an........... Trang 69
2.2/ Thue tien giao due phap luat qua hoat ddng cua luat st!.......... Trang 98
CHUONG 3 : Phuong hudng va cac giai phap nang cao hieu
qua giao due phap luat qua hoat dong tu phap
3.1/ Cai each tu phap va nhung doi hoi khdeh quan nang cao
hidu qua giao due phap luat qua hoat ddng tu phap................. Trang 120
3.2/ Phuong hudng va cac giai phap nang cao hidu qua giao due
phap luat qua hoat dong tu phap............................................. Trang 126
Ket luan................................................................................................ Trang 161
Danh muc tai lieu tham khao
2
Md DAU
"Nghi cho cung, van de tit phap, cung nhtf moi van de khac,
trong luc nay, la van de d dai va lam ngu&i”
-Hd Chi Minh [4, tr.174]
" Con ngtf&i td't ve chinh tri, cd pham hanlfve chink tri la con
ngudi yeu luat phap cua nude mink va hank dong vdi tinh yeu do
- Montesquieu [32,tr.38]
1/ TINH CAP THIET CUA DE TAI :
Mdt trong nhung quan diem co ban cua Dang ta vd tidp tuc xay dung va
hoan thien nha nude CHXHCN Viet nam hien nay la "Tang cudng phap chd'
XHCN, xay dung Nha nude phap quydn Viet nam quan 11 xa hoi bang phap
luat dong thdi coi trong giao due, nang cao dao dure " [53, tr.25]. Muon xay
dung Nha nude phap quydn thanh cdng thi bdn canh dieu kien can la ban hanh
mdt he thdng phap luat td't, d£y du, ddng bo, con phai cd dieu kien du, dd la
dua he thdng phap luat dd vao cudc sdng, lam cho moi thanh vidn cua xa hdi
deu bidt ddn, ddu hidu duqc cac qui dinh, doi hoi cua phap luat dd ho sdng va
lam vide theo phap luat. Mdt thanh qua cua mudi nam d6i mdi la Nha nude ta
da ban hanh hang tram van ban phap luat tir Hien phap 1992, cdc Bd luat ddn
cac van ban phap qui nham tao lap mdi trudng phap li thuan lqi, 8n dinh cho
su ton tai va phat trien cac quan hd xa hoi dang thay d6i sau sac trong didu
kien chuydn d8i ndn kinh td' theo co che" quan If hanh chinh, quan lieu, baq
sang co che thi trudng theo dinh hudng XHCN. Trong luc dd, vide td I
thirc hien phap luat (turc la qua trinh dua he thdng phap luat da duqc doi mdi di
vao cuoc song va trd thanh hien thirc ) lai chira tien kip vdi qua trinh xay dimg,
ban hanh phap luat va trd thanh can trd ldn nhat tren con dirdng tien tdi thuc
thi cac nguydn tac co ban cua Nha nude phap quydn . Su khong ddng bd giua
hai qua trinh do la mot trong nhung nguydn nhan dan den tinh trang ma nhu
Tong Bf thu Dd Mubi tai Hoi nghi lan thu 8 cua BCHTtf Dang Cdng san Viet
nam (khoa VII) da nhan dinh
Bo may Nha nude ngay mdt phinh ra, cong
kdnh, chong cheo vdi nhieu tang na'c, hidu luc, hidu qua quan If, didu hanh
thap, tinh trang coi thubng phep nude, ba't chap phap luat, ki cuong, nan hoi
Id, buon lau didn ra kha nghiem trong ca trong bo may nha nude, ca ngoai xa
hoi. Do la ndi nhuc nhoi nhat thiet khdng the cho phep tdn tai trong chi do
mdi cua chung ta" [53,tr. 10].
Giao due phap luat la su tac dong co he thong, co muc tieu cua Nha
nude ndi chung va cua cac co quan nha nude, td chirc kinh td", th chile xa hoi nghe nghiep ndi rieng co vai trd dac bidt quan trong trong vide dua he thdng
phap luat da duqc ddi mdi di vao cuoc sdng tren co so hinh thanh, nang cao y
thuc phap luat va thdi quen sdng theo phap luat cua mdi edng dan va toan xa
hoi. Tuy nhien cho den nay, giao due phap luat chua duqc tien hanh ddng bo
tren tat ca cac llnh vuc cua hoat dong Nha nude ma chu yeu chi mdi duqc dinh
hudng trong hoat ddng cua cac phuong tien thdng tin dai chung hay trong he
thdng giao due d cac nha trudng. Viec dinh hudng giao due phap luat trong
hoat dong lap phap, hanh phap, tu phap chua duqc quan tarn chi dao dung
mure. Trong khi dd, su nghiep ddi mdi chi ra rang, trong qua trinh phat triin
cac quan he kinh th thi trudng va mo rong dan chu hoa doi sdng xa hoi , viec
giao due phap luat khdng the chi dung d muc cung cap, phd bien cac thdng tin
phap luat chung chung cho moi doi tuqng nhu da qua . Giao due phap luat con
phai dap ung cac nhu cdu hieu bid't da dang cua timg ngudi dan ve phdp luat,
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d&c biet la khi ho phai giai quyd't nhung van de phap If cu the. Xet ttiphia cdng
dam nhu cdu hieu bid't phap luat mot each cu the, chinh xac va thiet thuc de
bao ve lqi ich hqp phap cua minh, de to chuc cong viec lam an, de mb rong
quan he giao dich xa hdi dang la doi hoi ca'p thiet cua timg ca nhan, tung gia
dinh va timg Up the. Giao due phap luat qua hoat dong tu phap chinh la mot
trong nhung hinh thuc cd the dap ung huu hieu nhu cdu do. Cd the noi, bang
su dinh hudng giao due phap luat trong cac phien toa cdng khai, trong cac
hoat ddng giup do phap If cua cac td chuc nhu luat su, cdng chung, thi hanh
an, hoa giai... ma phap luat di vao nhan thuc, tinh cam cua timg ngudi, timg
gia dinh, timg nhom ca nhan mot each sau sac, cd sue thuyet phuc hon theo
phuong cham ” Tram nghe khong bang mdt thay". Y nghTa cua ban than viec
ap dung dung dan phap luat de xir If mot su viec cu the se duqc tang len gap
boi nhd vao su tac dong dinh hudng cua cac co quan, td chuc tu phap trong
viec giai thfch, cung cap thdng tin, boi dudng tinh cam, long tin doi vdi phap
luat. Viec bao ve quydn con ngudi, quyen cdng dan qua cac hoat ddng tu phap
tren co sb cua su hieu biet va hanh dong tu giac cua chinh ngudi lao ddng
cung dang la doi hoi buc thiet xet tie ph la Nha nude vd chinh cac ca quan tu
phap. Viec tang cudng su giao tiep giua cac co quan tu phap vdi cdng ddng
thdng qua cac hoat dong thdng tin, giao due se gop phdn lam cho quan he giua
cdng dan vdi he thdng tu phap trb nen gan bo, hieu biet, tin cay hon, tao nen
mdi trudng tarn If thuan lqi cho viec cdng dan tiep nhan va thi hanh cac quyet
dinh cua cac co quan tu phap, mat khac, tao dieu kien de cdng dan thuc thi
quydn kiem tra, giam sat hoat ddng tu phap, qua dd gop phdn nang cao hieu
qua cua chinh cac co quan, td chuc tu phap. Giao due phap luat qua hoat ddng
tu phap, do vay , la mot bien phap quan trong de thuc hien muc tidu cua cdng
cudc cai each tu phap nham xay dung mot nen tu phap trong sach, vung manh,
hidu qua, vua thuc su trb thanh bidu tuqng tdn nghiem cua cdng If va cdng
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bing vira gin gui dan, la noi giup cho mdi ngudi dan cd thd hoc each sir dung
dune din quyen va nghla vu cua minh dd a doi va lam ngtfcri, de biet yen
phap luat va hanh dong veri tinh yeu do.
Mac du giao due phap luat qua hoat ddng tir phap co y nghTa quan trong
va dang la doi hoi khach quan, cap thiet nhu vay nhimg ca vd mat If luan lin
thuc tien deu chua duqc quan tarn nghidn cuu mdt each sau sic, co he thdng
va toan didn. Chinh vi If do dd ma "Giao due phap luat qua hoat ddng tu phap
d Viet nam" duqc lua chon lam dd tai cua luan an nay.
2/ TINH HINH NGHIEN CUU DE TAI
V/ec nghien cuu ve giao due phap luat dudi goc do khoa hoc phap It a
nude ta duqc tien hanh cd phan cham so vdi yeu cdu " Nha nude quan If xa hoi
bang phap luat va khdng ngung tang cubng phap che XHCN " da duqc ghi
nhan tir Hien phap 1980. Trude nhung nam 90, chi cd mdt sd van dd If luan va
thuc tidn ve giao due phap luat duqc mdt vai nha nghien cuu Vidt nam dat ra
kha sdm trong cac cdng trinh tien hanh tai nude ngoai nhu
Y thuc phap luat
XHCN va giao due phap luat cho nhan dan lao dong (d Viet nam )" (Nghien
cuu If luan), Luan an Phd tien si Luat hoc cua Nguydn Dinh Loe, " Giao due
phap luat cho ngudi lao dong trong didu kien doi mdi cua Viet nam", Luan an
phd tien si Luat hoc cua Tran Ngoc Dudng. Mdt sd noi dung va hinh thuc
rieng le cua giao due phap luat nhu day va hoc phap luat trong cac trudng phd
thdng, day nghd duqc cac co quan chi dao giao due va tu phap tien hanh
nghidn cuu dudi goc do khoa hoc giao due tir cuoi nhung nam 80 dd hinh
thanh nen mon hoc " Giao due cdng dan" trong trudng phd thdng va mot
chuong "Phap luat " trong mon hoc Chinh tri tai cac trudng day nghd. Chi den
nhung nam 1991-1992, giao due phap luat mdi duqc nghien cuu vdi su tham
gia cua cac Vidn nghidn cuu khoa hoc phap li nhu: Dd tai khoa hoc cdp nha
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nude " Ca sd khoa hoc cua viec xay dung y thuc va ldi sdng theo phap luat"
ma sd KX-07-17 do Vien Nha nude va phap luat thuoc Trung tarn khoa hoc xa
hoi- nhan van chu tri, dd tai khoa hoc cap Bo "Mot sd van dd If luan va thuc
tien vd giao due phap luat trong cdng cuoc doi mdi" ma sd 92-98-223-DT cua
Vien nghien curu khoa hoc phap If thuoc Bo tu phap ( Xem cac sach " Ban vd
giao due phap luat" cua PTS Trdn Ngoc Dudng va Duong Thanh Mai, NXB
Chinh tri quoc gia, H., 1995 va " Xay dung y thuc va ldi sdng theo phap luat",
chu bien TS. Dao Tri Uc,H., 1995). Cac dd tai nay da gop phan quan trong
trong viec dua ra buc tranh hien thuc vd y thuc va ldi sdng theo phap luat cua
con ngudi Viet nam, lam sang to cac yeu td tu tudng, dao due, van hoa, chinh
tri, truyen thdng dan toe anh hudng den y thuc va ldi sdng theo phap luat cua
cac tang Idp dan cu Viet nam hien nay. Ddng thdi cac dd tai tren cung da khai
quat nhung muc tieu, yeu cdu, noi dung cung nhu cac hinh thuc, phuong tien
va phuong phap td chuc giao due phap luat phu hop trong dieu kien ddi mdi d
nude ta nham nang cao y thuc phap luat va hinh thanh ldi sdng theo phap luat
trong hai, ba nam gin day nhu dd tai " Giao due nang cao hidu biet phap luat
d Thu do - Thuc trang va giai phap" (1993) va "Nghien cuu tac dong cua gia
dinh ddi vdi giao due y thuc phap luat cho tre em d Ha noi" (1994) cua Sd Tu
phap Ha noi, dd tai cap Bo "Tim kiem mo hinh phd bien, giao due phap luat cd
hieu qua trong mot sd dan toe it ngudi" cua Vien nghien cuu khoa hoc phap If
(1994). Tuy the viec nghien cuu ve giao due phap luat qua cac hoat dong tu
phap mdi chi dung d mot vai bai viet don le chu yeu lien quan tdi tung khfa
canh cua hoat dong tu phap nhu:" Dinh hudng giao due phap luat trong qua
trinh xet xu tai phien toa" cua PTS Tran Ngoc Dudng (Tap chi Toa an nhan
dan sd 11/1990) ; "Xay dung tu sach thdng tin- tu lieu cua Toa an nhan dan
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vdi viec phd bien, giao due phap luat " cua Duong Thanh Mai (Tap chi Dan
chu va Phap luat s6 12/1993); "Hoat ddng xet xir cua Toa an vdi vide phd
bien, giao due phap luat" cua PTS Dang Quang Phuong (Tap chi Nha nude va
Phap luat, so'2/1994); "Mdt sd suy nghl va kidn nghi nham doi mdi, nang cao
mot budc cdng tac xet xu cua Toa an nhan dan" cua Luat su Dang Van Doan,
(Tap chi Toa an nhan dan so 3/1996)... Do do, cd thd ndi rang, cho ddn nay d
Viet nam chua cd cdng trinh nao dat van dd nghidn cuu mdt each co ban, toan
dien ca vd If luan va thirc tidn giao due phap luat qua cac hoat ddng tu phap
trong qua trinh cai each tu phap, xay dung Nha nude phap quydn Vidt nam.
3/ MUC DICH, NHIEM VU VA PHAM VI CUA LUAN AN
3.1/ Muc dich cua luan an
Lam ro vd phuong dien If luan va thuc tidn van dd giao due phap luat
qua hoat ddng tu phap - mdt dang dac thu cua gido due phap luat. Tur dd tim
kiem phueng hudng va dd xua't cac giai phap nham nang cao hieu qua cua
giao due phap luat qua cac hoat dong tu phap o nude ta trong qua trinh xay
dung nha nude phap quyen Viet nam.
3.2/ Nhiem vu cua luan an:
- Phan tfch vi tri, vai trd, noi dung cua giao due phap luat trong qua
trinh xay dung Nha nude phap quydn d nude ta hien nay.
- Lam rd cdc dac trung chu yeu cua giao due phap luat qua cdc hoat
dong tu phap vdi tinh each la mdt hinh thur giao due phdp luat dac thu.
- Tim kiem, danh gia cac kinh nghiem thuc tien giao due phap luat qua
cac hoat ddng tu phap o Viet nam va tham khao co chon loc kinh nghidm cua
mdt sd nude khac.
- Tren ca sd nghien cuu If luan va thirc tien dd dd xua't cac phuong
hudng va giai phap tang cudng giao due phap luat qua cac hoat dong tu phap
phu hop vdi yeu cdu, noi dung cai each tu phap trong qua trinh xay dung Nha
nude phap quyen d nude ta.
3.3/ Pham vi cua luan an:
Hoat dong tu phap co noi dung phong phu, da dang, do dd, giao due
phap luat qua cac hoat dong tu phap cung co pham vi nghien cuu ra't rdng.
Luan an nay chi gidi han pham vi nghien cuu giao due phap luat qua hai hoat
ddng tu phap co ban, phd bien, didn hinh xua't phat tu nhu cdu va doi hoi cua
viec bao ve quydn con ngudi, quyen cdng dan trong qua trinh xay dung Nha
nude phap quyen d Viet nam. Mat khac, cac hoat dong duqc lua chon cd lien
quan true tiep den chuc nang quan If cua nganh tu phap tai dd tac gia dang
cdng tac va cd dieu kien di sau nghien cun. Hai linh vuc ma luan an se tap
trung nghien cuu la:
- Nhung van dd If luan va thuc tidn giao due phap luat qua hoat dong
cua Toa dn.
- Nhung va'n dd li luan va thuc tien giao due phap luat qua hoat dong
cua luat su (luat su duqc xem xet vdi y nghia la to chuc nghd nghiep, td chuc
hanh nghd cua luat su va cac ca nhan luat su).
4/ PHUONG PHAP NGHIEN CUU :
Ludn an duqc thuc hien tren co sd cua If luan Mac-Le nin va tu tudng
H6 Chi Minh vd Nha nude va phap luat, dudng ldi ddi mdi cua Dang va cac
quan didm chi dao viec tang cudng phap che XHCN, xay dung Nha nude phap
quydn Viet nam. Cac luan diem vd cai each bo may nha nude va cai each tu
phap trong cac van kien cua Dang va Nha nude la tu tudng chi dao viec
nghien cuu lich sir cung nhu phuong hudng ddi mdi giao due phap luat.
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Co sd phuong phap luan cua luan an la phep duy vat bidn chi'mg v& duy
vAt lich sir cua triet hoc Mac- Ld nin. Phuong phap tid'p can van de la di tir doi
tuong chung (giao due phap luat) den ddi tuong dac thu (giao due phap luat
qua hoat dong tu phap) va ddi tuong nghien cuu cu thd (giao due phap luat qua
hoat ddng cua toa an va luat su). Luan an su dung cdc phuong phap nghidn
curu cu the nhu xa hdi hoc phap luat, khao sdt thuc tien va phan tfch so sanh,
tdng hop dd ke thira va chon loc cac kinh nghiem lich su trong va ngoai nude
tren lTnh vuc dang nghien cuu.
5/ DONG GOP M(5l VE MAT KHOA HOC CUA LUAN AN :
Day la cdng trinh chuyen khao dau tien trong khoa hoc phap li Vidt
nam nghien cuu tuong ddi toan dien va co he thdng van de giao due phap luat
qua hoat ddng tu phap ca tren binh dien If luan cung nhu thuc tidn. Dieu do
the hien d cac didm co ban sau:
- Gop phan lam rd khdi niem va muc tieu giao due phap luat, cdc can cur
dd xac dinh, phan loai chu the, ddi tuong, noi dung, hinh thuc, hidu qua cua
giao due phap luat.
- Lan dau tien dua ra: khai niem va cac dac trung cua giao due phap
luat qua hoat ddng tu phap vdi y nghla la mdt hinh thuc dac thu cua giao due
phap luat; cac dac trung cua hai loai hinh giao due phap luat cu thd la giao due
phap luat qua hoat ddng xet xu va giao due phap luat qua hoat dong bao chua,
bao vd va tu van phap luat cua luat su; hd thdng cac tidu chi\ddnh gid hidu qua
va cdc yeu td anh hudng den hieu qua cua giao due phap luat qua hoat ddng tu
phap; quan niem vd van hoa tu phap, ve dao due tu phap.
- Lam rd yeu cdu khach quan cua viec nang cao hieu qua giao due phap
luat qua hoat ddng tu phap trong qua trinh cai edeh tu phap hidn nay, ddng
thdi qua do gop phan dinh hinh rd va cu thd hon vd nhidm vu giao due phap
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luat cua cac co quan va td chuc tu phap trong qua trinh xay dimg nha nude
phap quyen Viet nam.
- Lan ddu tien khai quit kinh nghiem thuc tien td chuc giao due phap
luat qua hoat dong tu phap dong thoi de xuat phuong hudng tdng quat va cac
giai phap toan dien, co can cu khoa hoc va kha thi nham nang cao hieu qua
giao due phap luat qua hoat dong tu phap.
6/ Y NGHIA THUC TIEN CUA LUAN AN :
- Gop phdn nang cao nhan thuc vd trach nhiem chi dao, t6 churc hoat
dong thuc tidn cua cac co quan. to chuc tu phap cung nhu cua. doi ngu thaim
phan, hoi tham nhan dan, luat su va cac chuc danh tu phap khac trong viec
giao due phap luat thong qua cac hoat dong chuyen mon, nghiep vu hang
ngay.
- Gop phan lam rd noi dung, phuong thuc dac thu cua giao due phap
luat qua hoat dong tu phap va each thuc su dung phoi hop cac hinJh thuc giao
due phap luat khac nhau trong hoat dong cua cac co quan, to chirc tu phap. Tu
dd dd xuat viec hinh thanh cac quan he phoi hop mang tmh nguyen tac,
thudng xuyen giua cac co quan tu phap va cac co quan giao due, van hoa - tu
tudng.
- Luan an co thd dung lam tai lieu tham khao cho viec nghien curu va
giang day ve Li luan Nha nude va phap luat hoac de lam tai lieu dao tao, boi
dudng nghiep vu cho tham phan, hoi tham nhan dan, luat su, cong chung vien,
trong tai vien... tai cac trubng, lop, trung tarn dao tao, boi dudng cac chuc
danh tu phap.
7/KETCAUCUA LUAN AN :
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Ket cd'u cua lu&n an duqc quySt dinh bed muc dich, nhiem vu va pham
vi nghien cun cua luan an. VI vAy, luan an cd ba churcmg gom sau tiet, phdn
md d£u va ket luan, danh muc tai lieu tharn khao, phu luc
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12
CHITONG 1
GIAO DUC PHAP LUAT QUA HOAT DONG TH PHAP - HINH
THUC DAC THU CUA GIAO DUC PHAP LUAT
" Moi vat dd xet ki thi sau tri thuc mcri xdc ddng; tri thuc
da xdc ddng thi sau cdi y nidi chan thanh; cdi y dd chan thanh thi sau cdi tarn
mdi chinh; cdi tarn dd chinh thi sau cdi than nidi duqc sUa; cdi than dd sUa thi
sau nha mdi te; nha dd te thi sau nude mdi tri; nude dd tri thi sau thien ha
mdi binh. Td thien tu cho tdi thu nhan deu phai lay su sua minh lam goc, goc
loan ma ngon tri Id dieu chua he cd..." - Sach Khong Tir [25, tr. 145]
" Tuphap la mot ca quan trong yeu cua Chinh quyen...Cdc
ban la nhung ngudi phu trach thi hanh phap luat. Le td't nhien cdc ban can
phdi neu cao cdi guemg "Phung cdng, thu phap, chi cdng vd tu1 cho nhan ddn
noi theo" - Hd Chi Minh [4, tr. 162]
1.1/ KHAI NIEM VA VAI TRO CUA GIAO DUC PHAP LUAT TRONG QUA
TRINH XAY DUNG NHA NUtfC PHAP QUYfiN VIET NAM.
1.1.1/ Khai niem giao due phap luat la mot trong nhung v£n de If luan co
ban cd y nghTa quyet dinh doi vdi noi dung cua mot loat khai niem khac trong
If luan giao due phap luat va doi vdi viec dinh hudng cac hoat dong thuc tien
trong linh vuc gido due phap luat. Tuy vay, cho ddn nay khai niem giao due
phap luat v&n chua duqc hieu rd rang, nhat quan. Van con ton tai ca trong sach
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bao khoa hoc ldn trong thirc tidn nhung quan nidm khac nhau vd giao due
phap luat.
Van de ddu tien can lam rd Id co hay khdng khai niem giao due phap
luat?
Quan niem thu nhat cho rang vi phap luat la cac qui tac xu su co tinh
b£t buoc chung va moi ngudi deu co nghia vu phai tuan thu phap luat, do do,
khdng c£n dat van dd giao due phap luat. Phap luat khong thd la cai gi do co
thuoc tinh tuyen truyen, van dong ma nguqc lai, ban than phap luat se tu thuc
hien chuc nang giao due cua minh bang cac qui dinh ve quydn va nghia vu, vd
cac che tai (xu If hay khen thudng) ddi vdi nhung ngudi tham gia vao cac
quan he do phap luat didu chinh. Didu can lam chi la cdng bo va pho bien van
ban phap luat dd moi ngudi dan biet va thuc hien.
Mot quan niem cue doan cua mot vai hoc gia phuong Tay trong thdi ki
chien tranh lanh da phu nhan khdng chi khai niem giao due phap luat ma con
phu nhan ca y nghia giao due cua phap luat XHCN [69, tr. 523-527]. Quan
didm cua ho la phap luat chi cd chuc nang dieu chinh, xac dinh gidi han cua
cac lqi ich con mot khi da dat cho minh muc dfch giao due thi phap luat se
chi con la "cdng cu dd cai tao y thuc con ngudi" d trong tay Nha nude - ong
thay dd bien cac cdng dan - hoc tro trong ngoi trudng - xa hoi XHCN thanh
nhung ngudi chi biet tuan theo menh lenh. Cung theo quan diem cua ho thi
giao due phap luat se la su xam pham cua nha nude vao linh vuc tu do tu duy
cua ca nhan theo triet If "Laisser - faire" (la thuyet kinh te - chinh tri cua cac
nha nude cho phep thi trudng hoat dong tuong ddi tu do khdi cac han che va
can thiep cua Nha nude).
Quan niem thu ba cho rang giao due phap luat chi la mot bd phan cua
giao due chinh tri, tu tudng, dao due. Didu do co nghia la chi c£n tien hanh
giao due chinh tri, tu tudng hay dao due thi tu khac, trdn thuc te,
se co duqc
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“san pham phu” la mot cong dan vdi y thuc phap luat cao. Quan niem nay
cung da tung tdn tai trong chi dao cong tac tu tudng va cong tac giao due d
Viet nam trong nhieu nam dan den su cham tre tai hai la hon ba thap ki sau
ngay lap nude (1979) chung ta mdi "bat dau tir con so khong" viec dao tao tai
Viet nam cac luat gia d trinh do dai hoc [15, tr.20-28] va phai ma't thdm gdn
• mot thap ki nua (1987-1988) mon hoc "Giao due cong dan" mdi dupe dua vao
chuong trinh hoc tap cua nha trudng pho thong vdi ba phan mon la dao due,
chinh tri va phap luat.
M6t quan niem khac lai don gian hoa, ddng nha't giao due phap luat vdi
viec tuyen truyen, gidi thieu, phd bien cac van ban phap luat. Theo quan
niem nay thl viec giao due phap luat thuc chat chi con la cac dot tuyen truydn.
cd dong theo "xung" khi cd van ban phap luat quan trong mdi dupe ban hanh
hoac theo "thoi vu" nhu mdi lan cd dpt bau cu cac co quan dai dien nhan dan.
Cach quan niem va each lam nhu vay hoan toan thieu tfnh dinh hudng, tfnh he
thong, do vay ket qua khong bdn vung.
Tat ca cac quan niem noi tren, nhu chung toi da cd dip phan tfch [18,
tr.6-7], [33, tr.3-4] ddu la phien dien, gian don. chua thay het dac thu cua su
tac dong cua phap luat nen da vd tinh hoac co y ha thap vai tro, gia tri xa hoi
cua phap luat. Cd thd thong nha't vdi quan niem thu nha't d chd la phap luat ro
rang co ca hai chuc nang: chuc nang didu chinh quan he xa hoi va chuc nang
giao due. Tuy nhien neu phap luat mdi chi la cac van ban qui pham phap luat
thl nd van con dang d trang thai " tinh" vdi y nghia la mot mo hinh cd tfnh
logic va cac chuc nang tren van chi d dang "tiem nang". Phap luat chi thuc
thi dupe hai chuc nang nay khi di vao cuoc song thong qua mot co che dieu
chinh phap luat bao gom cac giai doan: ban hanh qui pham phap luat, thuc
hien phap luat va kiem tra, giam sat tuan theo phap luat trong dd "yeu to con
ngicoi la yeu to co ban vd Id I inh hon cua cd co che." [38, tr.220-221]. Khi
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sir the: hien qua hanh vi hcrp phap hay hanh vi vi pham phap luat. Day la mot
qua trinh tarn If phurc tap phu thuoc vao nhieu nhan to chu quan vd nhan to
khach quan. 0 giai doan nay, qui pham phap luat co kha nang tac dong len y
th lie cua ca nhan nhu khuyen khich cac hanh vi hop phap hoac kidm chd', ran
de cac ddng co din den hanh vi vi pham phap luat. Do do, vide pho bien van
nhan hanh ddng phu hop vdi yeu cau cua phap luat. 6 day ro rang edn cd mot
nen tang bdn vung hon lam chd dua cho su lua chon va quyet dinh hanh vi
hop phap cua cdng dan. Nen tang dd chinh la y thuc phdp luat dung din cua
ca nhan (bao gom ca yeu td tri thuc, nhan thuc, tarn If, tinh earn phap luat)
duqc hinh thanh dudi tac dong lien tuc, thudng xuyen cua cac dieu kidn khach
quan (thuc tien phap luat) va cac nhan to chu quan (hoat dong giao due phap
luat).
Tu suy luan logic ta cd thd xac dinh su tdn tai mot mdi lidn he nhan
qua khach quan: thuc tien phap luat (bao gdm ca thuc tidn xay dung, thuc
hidn va bao ve phdp luat) va giao due phap luat ( cac nhan td khach quan va
chu quan cua qua trinh hinh thanh y thuc phap luat)—> y thuc phap luat (la
nhan td chu quan quyet dinh hanh vi hop phap )-—> hanh vi hop phap (la
bidu hien khach quan cua hieu qua phap luat). Hieu qua phap luat la su danh
gia cudi cung vd mire dd hoan thanh cac chuc nang cua phap luat.. Vi vay
nhung quan nidm phu nhan giao due phap luat vd thuc cha't la da phu nhan
mot nhan td quan trong dam bao va nang cao hieu qua cua phap luat.
Vein de thu hai id noi ham vd pham vi cua khai niem giao due phap
luat:
Ban than giao due thudng duqc hieu theo hai cap do rong va hep.
Theo nghia rong, giao due la qua trinh anh hudng cua nhung dieu kien khdeh
quan (che dd xa hoi, trinh dd phat trien kinh te. mdi trudng sdng...) va
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cua nhttng nhan td chu quan (tdc dong tir giac, co chu dfch va dinh hudng cua
nhan to con ngudi) ldn vide hinh thanh nhung pham cha't, kl nang nha't dinh
cua ddi tuqng duqc giao due.
Theo nghia hep va la nghia thudng duqc sir dung trong khoa hoc su
pham, giao due la qua trinh tac ddng dinh hudng cua nhan to chu quan len
khach the? gido due nham dat duqc cdc muc tidu nha't dinh. Tir didn Tieng Vidt
1992 su dung nghia hep dd giai thfch: " Giao due la hoat ddng nham tac ddng
mdt each co hd thd'ng dd'n su phat tridn tinh than, thd chat cua mdt dd'i tuqng
nao do, lam cho dd'i tuqng a'y dan dan cd duqc nhung pham cha't va nang lire
nhu ydu cdu dd ra" [49, tr.395].
Vay giao due phap luat can duqc hidu theo nghia rdng hay nghia hep ?
Theo chung tdi, nen hinh thanh khai niem giao due phap luat theo nghia hep
cua giao due vi nhung If do sau :
+ Thu nha't, mac ddu thua nhan su hinh thanh y thuc cua con ngudi la
qud trinh chiu anh hudng, tdc ddng cua ca cdc didu kien khach quan lan cac
nhan td' chu quan nhu C. Mac da vidt : " Con ngudi vd'n la san pham cua hoan
canh va giao due. Va do dd con ngudi da bien ddi la san pham cua nhung
hoan canh khac va cua mot nen giao due da thay ddi" [2] nhung cac nha If
luan giao due van phan bidt cac didu kidn khach quan la nhung nhan td' anh
hudng con cac nhan td' chu quan la nhan td' tac ddng. Nhan td' anh hudng cd
thd la tu phat theo chieu nay hoac chieu khac, con nhan to tac ddng bao gid
cung la ftr gidc, cd y thurc, cd chu dinh theo mdt hudng nha't dinh. Khi nhan td
anh hudng cung chidu vdi nhan td' tdc ddng nghia la khi anh hudng cua khach
quan phu hqp vdi muc tidu, ndi dung va hinh thuc giao due thi cudng do va
hieu qua giao due se tang. Nd'u nhan td anh hudng khac chieu vdi nhan to tac
ddng thi hidu qua giao due se bi giam sut doi hoi phai co nhung tac dong didu
chinh tfch cue ldn cdc anh hudng khach quan bat lqi ddng thdi didu chinh
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cua thuc tien khach quan. Nhu vay, cd phan biet giao due phap luat theo nghTa
hep. tire la coi giao due nhu mot nhan to tac dong thl mdi xac dinh duqc rd
nhung vide can va cd the lam dd giu vung dinh hudng va nang cao hieu qua
giao due phap luat khi v£p phai nhung tro ngai tir phfa khach quan.
+ Thur hai la, khai niem giao due theo nghTa hep se cd y nghTa phan biet
pham tru giao due phap luat vdi pham tru hinh thanh y thuc phap luat von la
hai pham tru cd quan he mat thiet nhung khdng phai la mot. Hoat dong giao
due phdp luat la su tdc ddng cua nhan td chu quan mang tfnh dinh hudng, cd
to churc, cd muc tieu xdc dinh la hinh thanh va nang cao y thurc phap luat cua
ddi tuqng duqc giao due phu hqp vdi ydu cau cua ndn phap che. Trong khi dd
su hinh thanh y thurc phap luat la san pham cua ca didu kien khach quan - thuc
tien phap luat - lan su tac dong dinh hudng cua nhan td chu quan - giao due
phap luat. Theo phan tich d tren thl giao due phap luat la nhan td tac dong
ddi vdi su hinh thanh y thurc phap luat con thuc tien phap luat la nhan td anh
hudng. Su phan biet hai pham tru nay cd y nghTa quan trong la tao ra cac kha
nang giai quydt nhung van dd thuc tidn cua hoat dong giao due phap luat.
Thuc tidn da chi ra rang neu buong troi, tha long giao due phap luat thi cac
nhan td tieu cue khach quan (nhu hien tuqng mdt sd hanh vi pham phap, pham
tdi chua duqc xu If nghiem minh, hien tuqng tham nhung, nhan hdi lo ngay
trong ddi ngu cac can bd bao ve phap luat...) se cd didu kien tac ddng phan
giao due rat manh Jen nhan thuc, tinh cam, long tin vao phap luat cua nhan
dan, tur dd cd the lam hinh thanh loai y thurc phap luat nguqc vdi muc tieu cua
ndn phap chd va la co sd cho cac hanh vi vi pham phap luat tang Idn. Nguqc
lai, ndu xdc dinh dung dan cac yeu td cua giao due phap luat (noi dung hinh
thuc, phuong phap, phuong tien, hieu qua...) va dinh hudng chung ngay trong
cac hoat ddng cua thuc tidn phap luat phu hqp vdi ydu cau tirng giajdoan. turng
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thcri kl thi se giam bdt dirge tac dong cua cac tieu cue khach quan, giup cho
nsubi dupe giao due co y thuc phap luat vung vang, cd kha nang phan tich,
phe phan mot each hieu biet, dung dan vd hien thuc Up phap, hanh phap, tu
phap trong qua trinh van dong cua nd, tir dd xac dinh thai do va hanh dong
phu hop vdi phap luat.
+ Thu ba la, khai niem giao due phap luat theo nghTa hep la phu hop
vdi khai niem giao due trong khoa hoc su .pham, tir dd cho thay ro hon mdi
quan he giua cai rieng, cai dac thu cua giao due phap luat vdi cai chung, cai
pho bien cua giao due. Giao due phap luat vira mang nhung dac didm chung
cua giao due, su dung cac hinh thuc va phuong phap cua giao due ndi chung,
vua thd hien nhung ndt dac thu rieng cd cua minh trong mdi lidn he chat che
vdi cac loai hinh giao due khac nhu giao due chinh tri, dao dire...Tinh dac thu
cua giao due phap luat the hien d ca muc dich, noi dung va chu thd, hinh thuc,
phuong phap, phuong tien giao due (se phan tich kT b muc sau).
Tom lai, tir su phan tich ndi tren, cd the xac dinh khai niem giao due
phap luM nhu sau: Giao due phap luat Id hoat dong co dinh hudng, co to
chuc, co chu dinh cua chu the giao due de cung cap tri thuc phap luat, boi
dudng tinh earn vd hanh vi hop phap cho doi tuemg giao due nham muc dich
hinh thanh d ho y thuc phap luat dung dan vd thdi quen hanh dong phu hop
vdi cac qui dinh cua phap luat vd doi hoi cua nen phap che hien hanh.
1.1.2/ Muc dich cua giao due phap luat la dac trung dau tien va quan trong
nhat dd phan biet nd vdi cac dang giao due khac. Muc dich cua giao due phap
luat phai dap ung duqc cac nhu cdu cu the cua xa hoi ddi vdi giao due phap
luat d timg giai doan trong cac dieu kien lich sir cu thd.VI vay. theo chung toi,
can xac dinh :
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+ Giao due phap luat co muc dich tong quat, chieu luqc Id gop phan ■
hinh thanh vd nang cao van hod phap li cua titng cd nhan vd todn xa hoi. Van
hoa phap If cua mot da't nude tai mot thdi ki phat trien nhat dinh, theo nhidu
nha nghidn cuu, duqc phan anh qua ba ydu td co ban : 1/ Mute dd phat tridn va
hoan thidn cua hd thdng phap luat ; 2/ Trang thai y thuc phap luat cua cdng
dan va xa hdi; 3/ KI nang va trinh dd thuc td cua Nha nude va nhan dan trong
viec su dung phap luat thd hidn qua tinh trang trat tu phip luat trong xa hoi
[17] Cac ydu td nay cd quan hd mat thidt vdi nhau va ddu chiu su tac ddng cua
nhieu nhan td trong dd cd vai trd quan trong nhung khdng phai la duy nha't cua
giao due phap luat.
+ Giao due phdp luat ddng then co cac muc dich cu the va chung toi
cung gidi han viec nghien cuu d muc nay vao cac muc dfch dd.
Muc dfch dau tien : Hinh thanh, lam sau sac vd titng btfcrc met rong he
thuc phap luat con giup cho con ngudi to chdc mdt each co y thuc hanh vi cua
minh va tu danh gia, kiem tra, ddi chieu hanh vi vdi cac chuan muc phap luat.
Muc dfch nay dac biet quan trong trong didu kidn Vidt nam khi ma hieu bidt
vd phap luat trong sd ddng nhan dan con tha'p. Ngay tir nam 1924, trong bai "
H—
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z
A
,
X
.
s
Thong chd Li- O- Tay va Ban Tuyen ngdn nhan.quyen" Bae Ho da bdc tran
chfnh sdeh ngu dan dd tri cua thuc dan Phap ddi vdi dan ban xu trong dd cd
vide chi coi trong "day cho ho bidt bdn phan cua minh" nhung lai coi rang viec
niem yet nhung nguyen tac vd phap luat va vd quydn lqi cua dan d cac chd
cdng cdng la ra't nguy hidm [4. tr.35-37]. Vi vay, ngay tu nhung ngay dau cua
chfnh quydn nhan dan, Bae Hd da dat nhidm vu "xoa mu phap luat" cung vdi
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xoa mu chu. Trong " Lai keu goi chong nan that hoc" (10/1945), Ngudi da chi
ro veu cdu cua diet giac dot luc do la :" Moi ngudi Viet nam phai hieu biet
quyen leh cua minh, bon phan cua minh, phai cd kien thuc mdi co thd tham gia
vao cong cuoc xay dung nude nha, trudc het phai biet doc, biet viet chu quoc
ngu" va nha'n manh " phai lam cho ca lang biet chu, biet dao due va trach
nhiem cong dan" [5, tr.328]. Sau nhidu nam chien tranh, Dang ta da nhan ra
thieu sot ldn la " trong khi can bo va nhan dan ta con chiu anh hudng tu tudng
va nep song cua ngudi san .xuat nhd. trinh do hidu biet ve phap luat, nhan thuc
ve nghia vu, vd quyen cong dan chua day du thi edng tac tuyen truyen, giao
due Hien phap va phap luat chua dupe coi trong, cong tac giam sat va kiem tra
thi hanh Hien phap va phap luat chua dupe chat che....dan den tinh trang phap
che XHCN bi buong long, lam giam hieu qua phap luat cua nha nude, giam
long tin va tinh than phan khdi cua nhan dan" [50], do do, tu Dai hoi Dang
toan quoc lan thu IV den nay. Dang va Nha nude ta da luon coi trong vifcc tao
dieu kien de "Quyen lam chu cua dan phai dupe hoan thien va khong ngung
nang cao gan lien vdi qua trinh phat trien kinh te - xa hoi, rnd mang dan tri.
hieu biet phap luat" [53, tr.12].
Muc dfch thu hai : Hinh thanh tinh cam va long tin ddi vdi phap luat
(muc dich cam xuc). Muc dfch nay rat quan trong vi neu cd tri thuc phap luat
ma khong cd tinh cam tdn trong va long tin vao phap luat cung nhu vao cac co
quan bao ve phap luat thi con ngudi van rat de dang hanh dong trech khdi cac
chuan muc phap luat vi lpi fch rieng tu. Vi le dd ma khi ban luan vd " Tinh
than phap luat", Montesquieu luon noi den tinh yeu phap luat va theo Ong thi
Cd thd dinh nghia dao due chinh tri la tinh yeu luat phap va tinh y6u To
quoc. Tinh yeu ay ddi hoi luon luon dat lpi fch chung len tren lpi fch ca nhan.
Trong chinh the* cong hoa, van menh cua chinh the dupe giao cho mdi cong
21
dAn, mudn bao vd nd thi phai yeu lay nd, ta't ca phu thuoc a tinh ydu trong
sang ndi tren. do dd ma phai quan tam giao due" [32, tr.64]. Vay noi ham cua
giao due cam xue phap luat la gi ? Theo chung tdi va nhidu nha nghidn cuu
khac thi muc dich cam xue dat duqc qua viec : 1/ Giao due tinh cam cdng
bang (Bi6t xac dinh cac tieu chudn danh gia tinh cdng bang cua phap luat, biet
ddi xu vdi ngudi khac va vdi chinh minh bang cdc tieu chudn cdng bang thd
hidn qua cac qui pham phap luat); 2/ Giao due tinh cam trach nhiem ( y thuc
vd nghia vu phap If cua minh va tan tam hoan thanh nhung nghla vu dd trong
cac mdi quan he phdp luat vdi cac chu thd khac); 3/ Giao due tinh cam phap
che(y thuc tuan thu phap luat d moi noi, moi luc; phe phan, len an nhung bidu
hien coi thudng phap luat, cac hanh vi pham phap; ddng tinh, ung ho va tich
cue tham gia bao ve su nghiem minh cua phap luat). Cd hieu biet phap luat, cd
nhung tinh cam trdn, con ngudi se cd duqc long tin vung chac vao su can thiet
tuan theo nhung qui pham phap luat. Chinh long tin vao tinh cdng bang cua
phap luat se hudng dan hanh vi hqp phap cua con ngudi.
0 Viet nam, theo cac nha nghien cuu lich su va phap luat [19, tr. 116-
131], trong dieu kien san xuat nong nghiep lac hau, khep km va do hoan canh
phai thudng xuyen da'u tranh vdi ngoai xam de bao ton doc lap va ban sac dan
tdc kd ca trong hang tram nam bi dd hd, da hinh thanh trong nhan dan nhung
tinh cam, thai dd ddi khang vdi phap luat nha nude, ho tuan theo phap luat chi
vi sq bi trung phat tan khoc con trong tham tam, ho chi coi trong va tu nguyen
lam theo "luat cua lang, xa" tire la cac hueng udc do chinh ho lam ra, thd hidn
y nguyen cua ho vd su cdng bang. Chinh dieu dd da tao nen thdi quen coi
"phep vua thua Id lang" sau nay trd thanh mot vat can tam li trong khi xay
dung ndn phap che thdng nhat cua nha nude dan chu nhan dan. Mat khac, do
truyen thdng gan kdt cdng ddng manh me va do chua cd cac dieu kien kinh td'
- xa hoi can thiet (nhu chua hoan thanh qua trinh tu huu hoa ruong da't d nong
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thon va chua hinh thanh cac yeu to ban ddu cua kinh te thi trudng ) nen cho
den trudc khi Cach mang Thang Tant thanh cdng, co the ndi, nhan each ca the
va cung vdi no la y thirc trach nhiem ca nlian chira phat tridn - mot kho khan
ldn trong vide xay dung xa hoi cua nhung cdng dan tu do, y thuc ddy du ve
quyen va trach nhiem cua minh. Chfnh vi vay ma muc dfch giao due cac tinh
cam cdng bdng, trach nhiem ca nlian, y thuc phap che va cung cd long tin
vao phap lu3t cang trd ndn quan trong.
Muc dfch thu ba ; Hinh thanh dong ca, hanh vi vd thdi quen xii su hop
phap, tich cue (Muc dich hanh vi / Dong co va hanh vi hop phap la kdt qua
cuoi cung cua ca qua trinh nhan thuc phap luat, dau tranh noi tarn dudi tac
dong cua nhung yeu to tarn If, tinh cam, long tin. Bac Hd ndi rat gian di " Day
cho ddng bao dao due cua cdng dan dd lam ngudi cdng dan dung dan" cung
nhu Macarenco da xac dinh:" Giao due y thuc va hanh vi xu su dung dan
hoan toan khdng phai de ngudi khac khen ngqi ma la dd hinh thanh thdi quen
xu sir" [62, tr.445] ddng thdi Ong khang dinh"Giao due thdi quen la cdng viec
kho khan hon giao due y thuc". Thdi quen xu sir hop phap duqc hidu la thdi
quen tuan thu cac qui pham hudng dan cua phap luat, thdi quen thuc hien
dung dan, tan tarn cac quyen va nghia vu phap If, thdi quen su dung va ap
dung cac tri thuc phap luat va cac qui pham phap luat cu the dd bao ve cac
quyen va nglna vu hop phap cua minh, cua ngudi khac, cua nha nude va xa
hoi.
Tom lai, giao due phap luat cd ba muc dich cu the: muc dich tn thuc,
muc dich cam xue va muc dich hanh vi. Giua cdc muc dfch cd mdi quan he
qua lai thdng nhat tir nhan thuc den tu giac, tu tu giac den tich cue va tu tich
cue den thdi quen xu sir hop phap. Ca ba muc dfch nay phai duqc dat ra vdi
mdi loai hoat dong giao due phap luAt boi vi thuc td cuoc sdng cho thdy, mdi
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sir kidn phap If ma cong dan tham gia hay chung kien ddu cd tac dong ddng
thdi tdi tri thufc. tinh cam va dinh hirong hanh dong cua ho trong cac tinh
hudng tuong tu.
1.1.3/ Chii the giao due phap luat cung la mdt van de If luan giao due chua
hoan toan sang to va chua duqc hieu thong nha't.
Theo If luan giao due hoc thi chu thd giao due la thdy, co giao va tat ca
nhung ngudi lam edng tac giao due khac. Van dung vao giao due phap luat cd
thd hidu chu the giao due phap luat la tat cd ahull g ngudi ma theo chftc nang -
nhiem vu hay trach nhiem xa hoi phai tham gia vao viec thuc hien cac muc
dich giao due phap luat. Cac nghien cuu If luan va thuc tidn da xac dinh va
thira nhan co hai loai chu the giao due phap luat - chuyen nghiep va khong
chuyen nghiep- vdi vi trf, nhiem vu, yeu cau trinh do va ki nang giao due phap
luat khac nhau, tu dd cd cac hinh there, phuong phap va phuong thuc tidn hanh
hoat ddng gido due khde nhau. Chu the' chuydn nghiep la nhung ngudi ma
chuc nang, nhiem vu chu ydu, true tiep cua ho la thuc hien cdc muc dfch, noi
dung giao due phap luat (thf du nhu giao vien giang day phap luat trong cac
nha trudng, can bo chi dao, thuc hien cong tac giao due phap luat o cac co
quan tu phap....). Chu thd khong chuydn nghiep la nhung ngudi ma tuy chuc
nang chfnh khong phai la giao due phap luat nhung mot trong cac nhiem vu
cua ho la bang hoac thdng qua cac hoat dong chuydn mon, nghiep vu dd thuc
hidn cac muc dfch giao due phap luat cu the gan lien vdi muc dfch cua hoat
dong chuydn mdn chfnh (thf du nhu cac dai bidu Quoc hoi, dai bidu HDND,
can bo d cdc co quan hanh phap, tu phap. cac luat su, edng chung vien...). 0
ca cac nude XHCN (cu) lan o cac nude phat trien hoac dang phat tridn khac
hien nay, quan nidm can cd hai loai chu the' nay ddu xuat phat td nhu cdu thuc
tidn la phai huy dong hop If cac nguon luc xa hdi dd cung vdi Nha nude tao
