HQC VIEN CUINH TRI QUOC GIA
nd CHI MINH

BOGIAODUC VA DAO TAO

)-i ^l

DO VAN RICH

DOI MOT. HOAN THI&N PDA I’ LUAT
TRONG PIIONG CHONG VAN HOA DOC HAI
VA TP NAN XA HOI O NUOC TA HI1?.N NAY
•

•

•

Chiiyen nyanli
Mil so

Ly luan Nha nu’dc va phap quycn
5.05.01

Ni>iwi htfr'/iiK dim khoa hoc: PTS. Dinh Van Mau

PTS luat hoc Trinh Dii’c Thao

Ila Npi, 1996

«.

LOT CAM DOAN

£Joi jf'in eaut (loan (Taq la cdfiq friah

''ti elfa oua eieuq tot. @ae jo lieu,

kef qua ueu feoaq luqii au Id fouaq

f/ufe od eh (fa fdfuq tf/foo ai eouq bo
feouq bd'f kt) ebuq foiali ado.

ip

Tac gia luan an ky va ghi ro lio ten

d6 van Bl ch


2

NIIVNG CHU*VI$TTAT
THONG LU An AN

Van hoa ctoc hai

VHDH

Te nan xa hoi


TNXH

Chinh sach xa hoi

CSXH

Chii nghia xa hoi

CNXH

Dinh chinh
Thitc trang phap L ( Thue trang phap Lu at. )
May vi tinh bo sot chii . Thanh that xin loi
cac thay . Mong cac thay thong cam .


MUC LUC
V

♦

MO'DAU

Phap luat- phiMng lien quail trong trong pliong chong

CHI/0NG 1:

1.1.
1.1.1.

1.1.2.
1.2.
•

1.2.1

van hoa doc hai va le nan xa hoi ’
Quan niem ve van hoa dpc hai va te nan xa hoi
Quan niem ve van hoa dpc hai trong phain tru van hoa
Quan niem ve le nan xa hoi
Vai lro, noi dung dieu chinh bang phap luat trong pliong
chong van hoa doc hai va tp nan xa hoi
Vai no cua phap luat trong phdng chong van lion doc lui
va le nan xa hoi
Noi dung dieu chinh bang phap luat trong phdng chong
van hoa doc hai
Noi dung dieu chinh bang phap luat trong phdng chong
va kiem soat ma luy
Noi dung dieu chinh bang phap luat trong phdng chong
te nan mai dam
Noi dung dieu chinh bang phap luat trong phdng chong
te nan danh bac
s

‘

1.2.2.

1.2.3.
1.2.4.

1.2.5.

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I

KET LU AN CHUONG 1

CHUONG 2: Phap luat trong pliong chong van hoa dpc hai va te nan xa hoi.

— Thufc trang va nhilng quan diem doi nidi hoan thien
2.1. '['hire trang phap L trong phdng chong van hoa doc hai va
le nan xa hoi
2.1.1. Thue trang phap I. trong phdng chong van hoa dpc hai
2.1.2. Thue trang phap L trong phdng chong ma tuy
2.1.3. Thue trang phap L trong phdng chong te nan mai dam
2.1.4. Thue trang phap L. trong phdng chong te nan cd- bac
2.2. Nhung quan diem doi moi, hoan thien phap luat ve phdng


MUT DAU
I. Tinli cap tliiet ciia (1e tai :

I
r
Nhung 11am can day, to clitic va boat dong van boa cua ca nuoc da lhi(

sir khoi sac, ngay cang pfaong phu. da dang. Nhung do tac dong cua mat tr;


trong cocheYhi truoiig, sir buong long quan ly kinh te -xa hoi, cac hoal don

van hoa, dicb vu van hoa cua nipt so to clitic va ca nhan da “bung ra” kha
pliat, coi thuong cac cbuan nitre xa hQi vi pham qui che cua Nha nuoc . Nhiei

san phfim VHDH chua dupe tbu boi, lieu buy . Cling voi str lay Ian cu

VI1DH, cac TNXH dang co xu buong pliat trien . Dang va Nha nuoc tacd

nhieu chu trirong, chinh sach, bien phap kha kien quyet, xa hpi co nhung pha
ling , phong ngiia, khac phuc nil at dinh, nhung tinh liinh TNXH van dang ra

ngbieni trong , gay ban qua xaii tren nhieu mat dao due xa hQi, thuan phon
my tuc dan

iqc,

sire khoe noi gio'ng va xam pham trat tir an loan xa hoi . C

the ket luan dat liuoc ta da va dang tren da phat trien kinh te nhung dan toe

dang dung liuoc nguy co cua TNXH. Co nhieu nguyen nhan lam xuat hie

tinh hinli “tieu cue” tren. Tiuoc bet ve nguyen nhan khach quan la : Y tlnrc h

phong kien, chu nghTa thirc dan cu va moi con anh hilling sau s5c den cac tan

lop dan cu trong xa hoi ta ; Cac the lire tlui dicb dang third hien am mini dii


hien boa binh xoa bo cliii nghTa xa hoi o Viet Nam . Mat khac nen kinh te t

iruong mat trai cua no lam binh thanh kha nang xu buong VHDH va TNX

phat trien.

Ve ton tai chu quan la : Cong tac luyen iruyen giao due, cong lac qua

ly xa hpi con nliicu so her thien sot ... . Mot trong nhung nguyen nhan ch

quan ciia tinh hinh do la tliieu cac van ban phap luat tren ITnh virc nay .

nhung van ban khong con pliii hop mia, vice xay dung van ban pluip luat co


Nam -Thue (rang nguyen nhan va giai phap ( De tai KX 0414 cua Tdnr ‘A,c

Canh sat nhan dan , Bo NQi vu ); Vai net ve chuong trinh kiem soat m;> luY

quoc te cua Lien hqp quoc ( Tap chi Cong an nhan dan 11/1994-Vu Ni.'QC
Bung ) ; Phong chong TNXH la cong vi$c cap bach cua toan Dang, toan • Lin

( Bao nhan dan 16/1/1996 - Tran Dinh Chinh ) ; Dau tranh phong clmng
TNXH trong dieu kien phat trien kinh te thi truong ( Tap chi Cong an nhan

dan 1 1/1994 -Pham Van Hung ); Mpt so van de can chu y ve cong tac 'lieu

tra kham pha c.ac to chuc boat dong mai dam ( Tap chi Cong an nhan dbn
4/1996-Nguyen Manh Te ) . Mai dam va chong m^i dam ( T^ip chi Con;' w
nhan dan 5/1996 - Bui.Toan ); Mot vai suy nghl ve ngudi nghien cac chai ,na


luy pham toi va each phong ngua dau tranh ( Tap chi Cong an nhan »Lin
11/1994 -Le Tien ). Phong chong te nan co hac so' de. trong tinh trang Inen

nay ( Tap chi Cong an nhan dan 6/1996 - Nguyen Xuan Yem ). Can lam co

nguyen nhan. quan diem va bien phap phong chong TNXH co hieu qua . ( 1 aP

chi Phong chong TNXH cua Bo Lao dong Thuong binh Xa hoi, 1/ 1995 -Ii:in


Tai ca nhung cong trinh iron phan nao da khai quat duvc tliuc trail1.
'

->

VIIDII va TNXH va co nhimg kien giai cu the nliam khac pliuc VHDH 'd
TNXH.

Trong cac cong trinh ay da co de cap van de nay tir khia canh phap Iv

Nhung nhin tong rhe’ thi chua co mQt cong trinh nao nghien cun tir goc

phap ly ve VHDH va TNXH niQt each h$ thong va toan uien .

Vi vay, de tai “Doi moi, hoan thi§n phap lujit trong phdng
VHDI I va TNXH” co the’ xem la cong trinh khoa h(?c dau lien nghien cu

lTnli virc nay .


3. Muc dicli, nhiem vu, pham vi ctia Juan an :
3.1. Muc di'ch cua luan an :
Vac gia da di sau phan tich lam rd nhung quan ni$m ve VHDH va

TNXH; vai no, noi dung dieu chinh bang phap luat trong pliong chong VHDH
va TNXH noi cluing va te nan ma tuy, mai dam, cd bac noi rieng la co sd ly
luan cho viec nghien cun doi moi, hoan thien phap luat trong phdng

chongVHDH, gop phan bao ve an ninh quoc gia. giirgin tint lu an toan xa hoi.
Lam rd ve mat II luan cung nhtr tliuc tien men quan lie giua phdng
chong VHDH va TNXH voi doi moi hoan thi
nhung pliuong Inrdiig, giai phap doi nidi hoan lliign phap luat, trong, phdng

chong VIIDII vaTNXH cr giai (loan hien nay .

f

3.2. Nhiem vu nghien cun cila die tai :

Mot la: Nghien cun nhimg tri tliuc ccr ban ve quan niem, vai lid. noi

dung dieu chinh bling phap luat trong VHDH va TNXH de di den kel luan
I

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' !

phap luat -phirong tien quan trpng trong phdng chong VHDH va TNXH.
Hai la : Nghien ciin tliuc trang phap L va cong lac phdng chong VHDH

va TNXH cua nude la trong nil fing nam gan day . Tii- do dat ra su can thiet


i 1

pliai doi rndi phap lu(il thuc djnh va ap dung phap lual (rung phong clmm
VIIDII va TNXH.
/<'/ la : Phan lich nhung quan diem doi moi Iman Ihicn phap lual vA
I
phong chong VIIDII va TNXH va nhung nguyen nhan dieu kien lam nay sinh

VI ’DI I va TNXH do la nhung co so de xic dinh dinh hudng. va giai phap. luan (
an se kien nghi nhune giai phap cd linh kha thi ve phong chong VIIDII va '“i
TNXH trong dieu kign xay dung Nha nude phap quyen hien nay .

3,3. Pham vi cua luan an :

Liian an tap tiling nghien ciru phong chong VIIDII va I'NXI I dudi goc

do phap ly .
Plmng chong VI IDH va TNXH cd npi dung rat long quan he den nhicu

linh vuc khac nliau cua doi song xa hpi . Vi vav luan an chi di sail phan lich ’
quan niem chung ve VIIDII va TNXH dong (hoi di sau nghien ciiu nhung

VHDII va TNXH gay nhuc nhoi. cap bach hien nay nhu san pham van hoa va

hoat dong van hoa cd npi dung doi truy. khieu dam. kich dong bao lire: TNXII
nlnr ma tuy, mai dam va cd bac .
4. Cosdly Itian, phuong phap nghien ciin :

Mac -Le Nin. tu tudng Ho' Chi Minh va quan niem cua Dang ta ve VHDI I va

TNXH. Dong thoi chinh sach van hoa xa hoi la mot che dinh cua Hien phap
1992 . Ve te nan ma tuy lan dfiu tien ghi nhan trong Hien phap dupe luan an
str dung voi tu each la co so phap ly cho qua trinh nghien ciru .

Phuong phap nghien ciru : Dua tren phuong phap luan cua Chii nghi a

Mac-Lenin, lac gia cua luan an dac biet coi trong phuong phap he thong,

phan tich tong hop, so sanh ket hop chat che vdi phuong phap dieu tra xa hoi hoc
de chon loc tri ilnic khoa hoc Cling nhu kin.h nghiem lime limi dua vao luan an.


5. Nhung dong gbp moi ciia luan an :
Truvc het. la cong trinh dan tien ngliien ciiu mot each he thong did

goc nhin phap ly ve doi mcri, hoan thien phap luat trong phong chong VHE>
va TNXH voi dieu kien nen kinh te thi truoiig theo dinh huong XHCN b till'

1

ky cong nghiep hoa, hi$n d$ii hoa dat nuoc .


Thir hai luan an da lam sang to quan niem ve VHDH va TNXH nc

cluing; Dong tlibi trong nhung hinh thuc bieu hien cu the cua no .

Thu ba, khang dinh vai tro, noi dung dieu chinh bang phap luat iron;,

phong chong VHDH va TNXH theo phuong phap liep can : Phap hint la cos*

lao ra kliuon kho phap ly cho doi song van hoa xa hoi, la phuong tien co kh;

nang bat buoc cac hanh vi van hoa xa hoi luan thu mol Hat lir nha I dinh va cc
'
sue nianli ngan chan, cam doan cac hanh vi nguv hai cho xii hoi bane cac biei
'

*•

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c

phap cuong che Nha nucrc .

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4


Ilur Hr, bang nguon (u lieu phong phu. cong voi su phan lich tv mi

nghiem liic. loan an khai qual mol biic iranh nhieu mat dam man sac va c
chieu sau ve (hue trang phap 1

trong phong chong VHDH \a TNXH Nhi

vao biic iranh do ngubi dpc thay nhiic nhoi va tu dot hoi minh phai tim ra mo
phuong thiic nao do nham ngan chan nguy co- ay .

Thirnam, tir phan tich thuc (rang phap L trong phong chong VHDH v

TNXH va nliu cau xay dung mot xa hoi van minh, luan an da de xuat va lua

giai cac quan diem, phuong huong va giai phap doi mcri va hoan thien li

thong phap luat nham bao dam nen tang van hoa xa hoi trong mot trat lu pha
trien va phong ngiia. ngan chan, xii ly co hien qua doi voi VHDH va TNXH.

6. Y nghTa ly luan va thuc tien ciia luan an :

Ket qua ciia luan an (rube het gop phan lam sang to hinh thanh qua

niem ve VHDH, I’NXH va noi dung dieu chinh bang phap luat trong phon


10

chong VHDH va TNXH la ccr so ly luan de doi moi. hoan thien phap

trong phdng chong VHDH va TNXH dong thoi cac kien nghi, giai phap

luan an vc y nglria there tien nham dinh ra cac boat dong cu the de pl
ngtra, dau tranh bai trir VHDH va TNXH.

( I

Luan an co the lam tai lieu tham khao trong chtrong trinh nghien
giang day (V cac trirong Cong an Nhan dan .

7. Ke I can ciia luan an :

Ngoai phan mo dau va ket luan luan an gom 3 chtrong 7 muc .


I

chuom;

1:

PHAP LU AT ■ PHirONG TIEN QUAN TRONG TRONG
PHONG CHONG VAN HOA DOC HAI VA TE NAN XA HOI

1.1. Quan nicui ve VHDH va TNXH :

M

Nhung nam gan day , boat dong van hoa thong tin kha phat trien d


T
hudng vao viec giao due truyen thong each mang , ton vinh nuung chicn con:,

trong lich sir, khai thae , giu gm va phat huy ban sac van hoa dan toe ; dQiii
vien loan xa hoi (ion hanh sir ngliigp doi nidi giao luu van hoa vdi nude ngoa

dupe md rdng bang cac hiep dinh van hoa va dir an dan tu ve van hoa . thong
*
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>
>
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>
tin dang duoc trien kiwi . Liao chi thong thoang . eoi mo dang tro (hanh cong

cu sac hen cua Dang va Nha nude , la dien dan thuc sir ciia nhan dan . Tinh

den nay , ca nude da cd 375 co quan bao va tap chi vdi khoarig 360 tripu ban

in : nhieu td bao phat hanh rung voi sd luyng Idn . Bao noi . bao hinh da plni

song tong rai , dang tro thanh mon an tinh than , nang cao imic hudmi thu van

hoa cua cong dong . ( 31 Tri2 ) . Mat khde , nhieu san pham van hoa ( bang

hinh , bang tieng . sach bao , tap chi , an pham ....) cd n$i dung doc hai theo

nhieu con throng ( chu you nhap lau tu* ngoai vao ) dang len loi va luu hanh

tong rai tren dat nude ta . Cac hoat dpng van hoa va dich vu van hoa cung


dien ra nhieu hien t trong khong lanh manh , gay tac hai xau trong ya hpi .

Cac te nan xa hoi nhtr mai dam , ma tuy , cd bac , sd de .... bang*nhieu

hinh thirc , phuong thuc , liic cong khai , luc ngam ngam , nup bong , tra hinh

trong cac co sd dich vu ( khach san , nha hang , phong tra , quan nhau
karaoke ... ) chua duoc ngan chan kip thoi , cd noi con de’ tiep tuc phat trien

Rieng mot dot kiem tra cua Bo Noi vu tai 8 tinh , thanh pho" d ca ba mien d

phat hien 463 co sd vi pham ( chu yeu chtia gai m^i dam ). Te danh bac , s


de , nghien Inil Ian tran a nhieu dia phuong ke ca nhimg vung xa xoi heo lanh, :
' ' ' J
‘'
vung dan toe , gay nhieu thiet hai ve kinh te va xa hoi , pha ver cuoc song yen .
lanh hoa thuan cua nhieu gia dinh , ho tpc, lam tha hoa khong it ngucri .
TNXH khong nhung lam xoi mon thuan pliong , my tuc cua dan t$c,

tao ra loi song sa doa , phuong hai pham gia , nhan each , ma con la tien de ,
dieu kien de sinh ra nhung te nan khac nhir irpm cap , cirap giat , dam time ,

chem muon , Ian truyen benli dich , lam ton hai sue khoe khong cln cho the

lie horn nay .
Dir luan xa hoi to thai do bat hinh trucrc nhung hanli vi phi phap tien


cac. ITnh virc boat dong van hoa

Dang va Nha nuoc co chu trirong . chinh

sach , bien phap pliong chong VHDH va TNXH tren qui mo toan quoc va co

sir lliam gia cua nhan dan , doan the xa hoi . co quan Nha nuoc , nham :
-Bai trir cac loai van hoa kich dam . bao lire trong boat dpng cua cac co sa

sinh boat van hoa va dicli vu van hoa nlnrrap hat, rap cliieu bong , vu trirong .

karaoke , cac kliacli san , nha hang cua Nha nirae , tap the’ va tir nhan de thiet
lap tint tir. ky^cirong dung vai the che van hoa va phap luat Nha nuoc .

-Bai trir cac te nan mai dam , ma tuy , co bac diroi nipi hinh thuc . Pliat liien
va nghiem tri cac chu ch fra , moi gicri , xir ly nghiem khac cac co quan , can

bo , cong clitic Nha nuac , cac cong dan thuc hien nhung hanli vi bi phap luat
cam doan trong boat dong van hoa . xa hoi . De chi dao mQt each tap trung ,

dong bo va du co so phap ly , cho*‘chu trirong tren . Ngay 12/ 12/ 1995

Chinh phu da ban hanh Nghi dinh so' 87/CP kem theo hai van ban : “Qui che
luxi hanh, kinh doanh phim , bang dTa hinh , bang dia nhac ; ban , cho thue

xuat ban pham , hoat dong van hoa va dich vu van hoa noi cong CQng : quang

c&o , viet , dat bie’n hieu” va “Qui djnh nhung bi$n phap cap bach bai trir mpt
so tp nan xa hoi nghiem trong”. Cling ngay , Thu tirang Chinh phu cung ra chi



13

thi cho cac cap cac nganli lang cuong quan ly cac boat dong van boa va dicb
vu van boa , day rnanh bai tru mot so I NX11 nghieni trong .

Ngay 14/ 12/ 1995 , Chinh phu ra Nglii dinh so 88/C'P qui dinh ve xu

phat vi pham hanh chinh trong cac boat dong van boa . dicb vu van boa va
i

phong chong mot so TNXI I .

Day thuc str la cupc dau Iranh kho khan plnic rap . vira mang tinh cap
bach vua mang tinh lau dai . Vi vay , de thuc hien dieu do . trudc het phai co'
nhan thiic diing dan ve VHDH va TNXH. Tir do bieii nhan thiic thanh hanh
dong lien tuc , cd hipu qua trong linh vuc phong chong VHDH va TNXH

/././. Quan iliem ve VHDH trong pham tru van hoa :

Van boa la mot pham tru cd loi tren 200 dinh nghia ve nd . Nhung tun
trung lai thi “ Van hoa la tong hoa cua moi gia tri tin!) than ( la gia tri tinh than

hoac liem an trong cac cong trinh dirdi dang vat chai' nhung van la san plia’m

tinh than) do con ngudi tao ra trong qua trinh phat trien cua xa hoi" (14 Tr62).
Str pliat trien hien nay va sap tdi cua loai ngudi dat ra yeu cau rat cao

doi vda van hoa . Trude het , sir tang trudng manh me trong ITnh vuc san xuat
vat chai di doi voi vipc nang cao nlianh chong linh .vuc san xuat tinh than da

(rd thanh mot doi hoi cap bach cua xa hpi va cua ngay ban than san xuai vat

chai . Doi hoi nay dang bi han che , can trd bdi nhung xa hoi ma san xuai chi
nham muc dicb duy nhai la vi loi nhuan , bo qua nhung niiu cau con ngudi

trong tinh da phuong , da dien va luon doi mdi cua nd . Khai niem phat trien

khong chi thu hep trong khuon kho tang trudng kinh te ma con bao ham sir

tien bo xa hoi va sir phat trien tir do , loan dien cua moi ca nhan .... sir tir do
cua moi ngudi la dieu kien tir do cho moi ngudi .

Tinh hinh nhieu nuoc cong nghiep cho thay cai gia dang va se phai tra
cho su pluil ll ien phieii dien , mol chieu . Sir giau cd vat chai lir nd khong giai


I I;

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quyet dune cac van de xa hoi va dan chu . Do cung la ly do vi sao mol xd 1' .
Ihuyet ve pliat trien va hoc thuvet kinh te hien dai dan dan trd nen loi llidi
Gan day tren the gioi da xuat hien nhung cong trinh nghien cun xa hoi the
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each tiep can moi , md ra chan trdi tir duy rong rai hon ve con dudng pha

trie’n cua nhan loai , him “Lan song tliii ha” ( Alvin To filer 1980 ), “Mot th .

,
z
, i
gioi khong the chap nhan duQ'c” ( Rone Duymong , 1988 ), "Sir thach thuc cu
L
pliat trien” ( Ngan hang the gioi . 1991 ) , "Nen kinh te thi truong xa hoi

( Norbert Klolcn , 1991 ). "Chu nglna tu' ban chong. lai chu nglna tir ban

( Michen Albert, 1,991 ). v.v... ( l6Tr22 ).
'Prong nhung tliap ky qua , da co khong it mo hinh pliat trien coi troin

cong bang xa hoi , de cao phiic loi xa hoi cho con ngudi , vi con ngird’ . M(

hinh nay bieu hien trong thuc te nhir la sir doi lap voi-mo hinh chi uu tien lain
truong kinh te . Tuy vay , trucrc thach thuc cua pliat trien , ban than mo hint
nay hoc Io khong it nhiroc diem . Dieu quan trong la no da khong tim duoc

dong co va muc dich cua tien bp xa hoi tir trong van boa va kinh te .
Kliai niem pliat trien con bao ham y nghTa ve sir hoan thien moi qur

lie con ngudi voi tir nhien . Su' tang truong kinh te trong cac thap ky vua qua

co dem lai it nhieu tien bo ve xa hoi , nang cao dtroc mire song mot bo phan

dan cir nao day , song no cung gay ra sir tan pha Ion doi voi moi truong sinh

thai, loi keu goi “Hay cun lay cai noi sinh thanh cua con ngiroi” v5n vang len

kha’n thiet suot hai tliap ky, ke tir tuyen bo Xtockhormnam 1972 cho den tuyen

bo Ri -6 nam 1992 .

Neu nhin vao chu the cua sir pliat trien la ban than con ngudi , cluing t;

Co the thay : chi khi nhan to van hoa vao ben trong qua trinh pliat tri Cm cua ha
moi quan lie co ban la quan he giua con ngudi voi con ngudi va quan he giin

. eon ngtrdi voi tir nhien, thi luc do ca nhan moi pliat trien tir do va toan dieu


15

va sir phai trien ciia moi con ng uni moi ira thanh dieu kien cho sir pliat trien
tu do ciia moi ngudi.

Tinh hinh cap bach do dal van de phai cd dinh huong van hoa - xa hoi

doi voi sir phat trien khoa hpc - cong nghe. Nha do, tien-bo khoa hoc - cong
nghe the hien dime ban chat nhan van cua nd, thoat khoi nhung giai han ciia
muc dicb hep hoi va vu loi.

Mot khi dinh huong van hoa duQ-c the hien trong pliat trien kinh te,
khoa liQC-cong nghe, tien bo xa hpi va moi ca nhan , thi ban than van hoa
sc dong dime vai no nhir mQt lie dieu tie! thirdng true, Hr giac doi voi sir
pliat trien va nhung nguyen tac co ban cua nd can dimAthe che hoa trong loan
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xa hoi.
1
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Moi quan he giua van boa va phat trien trong dieu kien Viet Nam ngay
nay vua la van de lau dai, chifen lime, vua mang tinh cap bach. Cong cuoc doi

moi ciia Viet Nam dien ra bat dau tir diem xuat phat lhap ve kinh te, xa hoi,
van hoa va nhieu kinh nghiem thuc tien chua kip tong ket, nhieu van de ly
luan khoa hoc con bat cap hoac bo ngo. Them vao do, Viet Nam nbm trong

vung giao thoa giua cac nen van minh, chiu sir chi phoi ngay cang tang cua xu

the thai dai, dudng nhu la diem nut, la sir hQi tu cua van hoa voi phat trien.
Viet Nam cung chiu tac dong true tiep cua quan he qudc te phirc tap, ciia cuoc

dau tranh chinh tri gay gat hien nay tren the gidi va khu virc.

Trong dieu kien xay dimg nen kinh te van hanh theo cache thi truong,
cd sir quan ly ciia Nha nimc theo dinh huong XHCN va mdrong giao lun quoc

te phai dac hiet quan lam gin giir va nang cao ban si'ic van hoa dan toe,
ke thiia va phat buy truyen thong dao due, tap quan td't dep va long tir hao

dan toe, tiep lliu tinh hoa van hoa the giai lam giau dep them nen van hoa
Viet Nam. De lam duuc dieu do, can cd chinh sach dau lirthich dang cho van
*f

*


16


hoa. van nghe, phat trien cac hoat dong van hoa, van nghe cua Nha nude. I
the’ va ca nhan theo duong lol cua Dang va su quan ly cua Nha nude.
Qua trinh phat trien cua van hoa can phai duoc quan ly. Noi chinh x

hon, van hoa can quan ly va co the quan ly duoc doi vdi hoat dpng van hoa l;
san pham van hoa.
Tac gin Ha Xuan Truong da dung khi viet ve quan ly van hoa dang tr i

Tap chi CQng san 3/94 : De co quan ly dung va co hieu qua thi phai xac di
/

*>.

*>

dupe pham vi, hieu dung doi tirpng va co quan diem rd rang.

I*

Pham vi quan ly van hoa ban den d' day la san pham van hoa hieu th;

nghia rQng gom hoat dqng van hoa va vat pham van hoa. Tuy vay, trong q
trinh nghien cun chung ta khong the khong vuon toi mot so' mat nhat dinh c

khoa hoc. giao due. ton giao, nhung pham tru num trong van hoa nghTa ro

nhu ton giao la mQt hinh thai van hoa khong chi co van de tarn linh ma con
nhung cong trinh kien true ton giao, nghe thuat ton giao, van hoc, ton gi

nhung yeu to*do lai thuQC pham vi van hoa chung ta phai quan ly. Doi vdi v


de giao due ben canh he thong giao due trong nha trirong co giao due ngcj
nha trudng ...

Hien tai con nhieu quan diem khac nhau ve hoat dong van hoa, dich
van hoa, san pham van hoa.
*>

/

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Quan diem thii nhat xac dinh rang tu thi trudng cua kinh te da nay sii
sir giao luu van hoa, hinh thanh cac dia ban cua cac boat dong van hoa, nhuii

thi trudng van hoa : thi trudng thong tin, thi trudng sach, thi trudng bao cl

la vua luan theo vua khong luan theo quy luat hang hoa ( 38 Tri4 ).
i

I
I
I

Quan diem thii hai cho rang van hoa la san pham tinh than , khong th


17

niem “hang hoa dac bi^t” . Vay “hang hoa dac biet” la gi ? Da la hang hoa

♦

phai co ihuoc tinh va phai tuan theo quy luat cua hang hoa
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x

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O quan diem thii hai, tac gia nhan thay rang mac dau van hoa chiu anh
hudng true tiep cua quy luat kinh te, nhung lai khang dinh khong nen ap dung
quy lual kinh te vao hoat dong van hoa. Noi nhir vay co khia canh dung,

nhung thieu chat che chinh xac ve mat khoa hpc.
Theo chung toi, bat ky san pham van hoa nao ciing nem an trong san
pham vat chat. (7 ntrcrc ta hien nay san pham van hoa chi dupe coi la hang hoa

khi no phu hop voi nen van hoa dan toe, hien dai, nhan van; ke thiia va phat

buy nhung gia tri cua nen van hien cac dan toe Vigt Nam, tiep thu tinh hoa
van hoa nhan loai; phat huy moi tai nang sang tao trong nhan diin. Noi cho cu
the hon, cac hoat dong van hoa, dich vu van hoa phai nham xay dung nen van

hoa tien tien, dam da ban sac dan toe; giao due nep song lanh rrianh va phong

each ung xii nhan ai, nghTa tinh, nang cao hieu biet va trinh dp tham mi cua

nhan dan, ngan chan sir xam nhap cua nhung san pham van hoa co noi dung

doc hai , lam phong phu doi song tinh than cua xa hoi , gdp phan day marih su

THU

VlfejMan |ham van hoa ( hoat dong van hoa, vat phdm van hoa ) ma


18

thupc tinh ciia no la gia trj va gia tri sir dung . khong chi co quy luat gia tr

I
dieu liet ma co su thua nhan cua xa hoi, dupe xac dinh bcri quyen luc Nh;;
■1 1 ;
nuoc. Nha nuoc thong nhat quan ly sir nghipp van hoa. Nghiem cam truyen b;';

tir tuong va van hoa phan dQng doi truy; bai Irir me tin hu tuc ( 17 d30 ) I;

Nhung san pham van hoa tren khong co dupe gia tri sir dung - mQt trong ha 1
thuvc tinh co ban cua hang hoa - khong gQi la hang hoa. ( Vi du, nhung bang(
hinh, dta nhac, sach bao khieu dam, kich dQng bao luc khong dupe phep lin,

hanh, khong dupe mua ban nhu- mot san pham hang hoa ).
MQt san pham van hoa co khi o nuoc nay la hang hoa, o nuoc khac la
khong phai hang hoa. CJ nuoc ta cam van hoa phan dong doi truy, kich dQn<
*»


*>

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L

bao lire, o nuoc khac lai dupe phep dung. O nuoc ta cam mua dam ban dam
o nuoc khac lai cap dang ky hanh nghe mai dam. Tham chi o cung mot nuoc

thoi ky truoc san pham van hoa nay bi cam, thoi ky sau lai dupe phep
luu hanh.

Nhu vay. san pham van hoa va boat dong van hoa khong phai la trim

lorn lai. van hoa dupe nhan thiic thong qua san pham van hoa theo

nghTa rpng, hep khac nhau. San pham van hoa ( theo nghTa tpng ) la boat dong
van hoa va nhung san pham chua dung moi gia tri tinh than do con ngudi tao

ra la nen tang linh than cua moi con ngudi cung nhu-cua xa hpi. Moi trudng

pham van hoa lac dpng (rue tiep (di sir hinh (hanh nhan each, sir phat huy
nipi nang I pc sang tao , kha nang giao tiep ciia eon ngudi vdi con ngudi, ciia
con ngudi vdi tpnhien.
San pham van hoa ( theo nghTa hep ) la nhung vat pham (mang tinh vat


19
I

■■■■■■■I
. i

chat) tiem an gia tii tinh than do con ngudi tao ra trong do co nhung hinh anl, ;
,

.

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ngon ngir, am thanh, hanh dong mieu ta kheu gpi tac dong den dao due, thufr
’

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phong rm tyc. den tinh than, tinh cam cua con ngudi.
/
<■>

Trong san pham van hoa co san pham lanh manh hoac doc hai.

(

Van hoa la nen tang tinh than cua xa hoi, vua la muc tieu vira la dong

lire thuc day sir pliat trien kinh te, xa hoi. Gin giu va nang cao ban sac van hoa


dan toe, tiep thu tinh hoa van hoa tren the gidi de lam giau dep them van hoa,

Viet Nam la muc tieu pliat trien van hoa hien nav. De thuc hien dieu do, can

“Bao dam dan chu, tir do cho moi sir sang tao va boat dong van hoa, vun dap
cac tai nang, dong thoi de cao trach nhiern cua van nghe si trudc cong chung,
dan toe va thoi dai» Khuyen khich, tao dieu kien thiic day sang tac van hoc,

nglie thuat. phan anh nhan to moi trong xa hoi. co vu cai tot, cai dep trong

quan he giua con ngudi voi con ngudi; giiia con ngudi voi xa hoi voi thien

nhien, pile phan cai sai, len an cai xau, cai ac, hudng tdi Chan, Thien, My”...

( 1 Tr2 ).

Sir bat cap cua van hoa hien nay co nguyen nhan tii sir chuyen doi

manh me ve lieu chi gia tri tinh than trong ddi song xa hoi va trong sang tac.

Cai xaii. cai tot, cai thien. cai ac, cai cao ca, cai thap hen ... co luc, cd noi
dang nhir “vang thau” lan Ion.

Van hoa mai mai la van hoa cua dan toe, cua nhan dan. Nd phai tliain

nliuan tinh nhan van cua thoi dai moi, liuong toi Chan - Thien - My, do la

nhimg ddi hoi lau dai. Tuy nhien, ve Chan - Thien - My dang cd nhimg each


hien khac nhau va tham chi nd con la muc lieu bi cong pha.

Cai CHAN bi nhung ngudi tir coi la “hien dai” khirdc tir, vdi ly do

ngudi ta khong the hieu hien thuc, khong bao gid dat tdi chan ly. Chan ly chi

la quan niem sai lech cua nhung giai cap, nhung tap doan, nhung con ngudi cu


20

the bi chi phoi vi quyen loi rieng va sir hieu biet han che cua minh. “Bal kh;
tri” dang chiem vi tri chu dao trong mot so tieu thuyet.

. Chu trirong cai CHAN la vi muon van hoa di vao doi song tinh than cii;
nhan dan . co ich cho doi song. ('HAN doi nghich voi cai GIA va (hudng gai'z
voi nipt ly tirong van hoa, tide ma viron tai. Van hoa khong the vi loi ich mp

so it iigirdi, di nguac lai ddi song linh than lanh manh cua nhan dan, cut1

truyen thong van hoa dan toe. Nguac lai, van hoa khong xuat phat tii hier

(hire doi song mang tinh vien vong, trim tupng, bat chap quy luat khach quar
trong tu nhien, ciing nhu trong xa hpi, do la thii van hoa dpc hai ma phap luat

can phai chong. Vi sir vat luon luon hien dpng, hien dich. chan ly la cu the’.
CHAN hudng ve THIEN, MY cua van hoa; hudng ve sir sinh thanh, phat trien;
•

♦


hudng ve tuong lai.
Mot so ngiroi sang lac to ra chan veri sir gia coi cua cai THIEN. Thien,

ac da xuat hien trong ngon ngCr nhung nha hien triet tir xa xua. Manh Tir tin la

ngudi sinh ra von thien. Tuan Tir nguac lai, cho rang ngiroi sinh ra von ac.

Plirdt ( Freud ) nha phan tarn hQC cua the ky nay, phat hien trong con ngudi cd
4'
I
hai phan thudng xuyen doi nghich la vo thuc va y thuc. Vo thuc gan vdi ban
I
nang. la phan ben vung, giu dia vi chi phoi trong con ngudi, dan tdi nhung cai
thap hen. Ly tri la phan xa hoi, khong ben vung, hudng tcri cai cao ca. Mpt so"

nha sinh vat hoc ngay nay dang tim each chung minh phan ban nang trong
con ngudi chiem 1} trong 70%.

Nhieu nha sang tac hien dai cd xu hudng di sau vao vo thuc, khai tliac
phan ban nang, cai tliap hen, vdi lap luan nd la ban chat, vinh hang, giirdia vi

chi phoi trong con ngudi . Ho chong lai phan xa hoi , vi cho rdng ly tri giu- vai
tro kirn nen quyen tir do cua con ngudi la ditac phat trien tir nhien.
Manh Tir va Tuan Tu cd nhung lap luan khac nhau ve khai nguyen tinh
’’

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ngudi. nhung deu thong nhat d cho “huong thien” . Cac ong y thuc rd chi co
'ITIIEN moi mang lai hanh plnic cho con ngudi. Manh Tir chii truoiig phat huy
loi cao do linh thien da nam san trong lam. Tuan Tu chii trirong tich thi^n, con

ngudi di tdi Ian ciing cua THIEN se thanh thanh.
That kho dong tinh vdi Phrdt khi ong ly giai moi sang tao van hoa nghe

thual chi la ket qua cua sir thang hoa nhung nang luc tinh due bi don nen trong

con ngudi, va muc dich cua ngh$ thu§t chi nham thoa man nhung ham muon
ich ky. hao hanh, dac biet la ham muon tinh due la nhirng gi ma ch'ua’n mire

dao due va lham my xa hoi khong cho phep. Libido ( tinh dye ) trong con
ngudi du Ion toi dau cung khong the’ la nguon nang luc duy nhat chi phoi moi

sang tac. Cd le Phrdt da nhin thay sir han die trong lap luan cua minh, khi ong

ly giai vi sao con ngudi san sang hy sinh trong chien tranh, baiig each bo’ sung

them mot yeu to"•: “sir ham muon tdi cai chet”. Dieu nay dirtyc giai thfch nhir

la nhung thoi thuc cua ccr the’ song dupe quay ve trang thai qua khd, thuc the’
vd co* ban dau. Ngudi Viet Nam lung qua ba muoi nam chien tranh , kho chia

se lap luan nay. Thi nen van hoa nhir vay chi cd the’ la dQC hai ma thoi.
Ngudi dung tren moi loai dong vat boi cd tri tu|. Xd-crat ( Xocrate )


da noi: “Tri tue chinh la dao due”. Trong ca nhung thdi ky den toi nhat cua
lich sir, cai ac triim lap xa hoi. con ngudi van khong ngimg udc mcr viron tdi
moi ngay mai to't dep. Tir rat lau. ngudi ta da nhan thay sir sinh ton va tien hoa

cua loai ngudi la gdn lien vdi cuoc dau tranh vinh h&ng chong lai cai ac . Cai
ac khong mat di, nhung nd luon luon bj day lui. Neu'ngay nay nd mang bo

mat hiern doc, quy quai I1011 thi do la do nd phai tim each ton tai, tlioat khoi
z

•

sir che ngir cua ly tri, chir khong phai nd da khong ngiing Ion len trong con

ngudi. Chung ta cd co- sd de tin r'ang xa hpi sinh v?l cd tri tue ngay cang tot

dep lion . Van hoa chi huong tdi ban nang thap hen cua con ngirdi, huong tdi

1


cai ac ... can dupe len an lo^i bo doc hai ay.
Trong van hoa hai nhan cua THIEN la nhan. nglna. No h trong con ngudi

..

tdi bac ai. vi (ha, cong bang, cluing tliuy, loi su hoa d
truven thong lau ddi cua dan toe ta can dupe gin giu.


nipt xa hpi lot dep. phon vinh.

Trude kin cung nhu ngay nay, ngudi ta thudng nhat tri voi nhau ve cai
DEP. MQt tac pham, mot cong trinh van hoa ngudi nay khen het Idi. ngiroi kia

che tham te la chuyen thudng xay ra. Co cudn sach dupe nhung nha pile hinh
ca ngpi nliiet liet. nhung so'dong ngudi dQc lai hoan loan lanh nhat. Khong it

ngudi cho rang khong the de ra tieu chi cho cai dep, cai dep phu ihuoc vao so
thich lung ngudi bang vien dan cau noi cua Gang : “Vdi con coc due thi con
coc cai la dep". Dang buoti thay, trong ba yeu cau da dupe lua chon la Cl-IAN.

THIEN, MY thi MY dupe coi la cai dac trung nhat ma chi rieng van ng he

mdi co.

nhan ha.
Nhung nha nghien ciiu tarn ly my Iiqc hien dai cho rang cam xue tliam

my gan lien vdi true giac, vdi ao giac trong giay phut ngung than khi con
ngudi thoat dau tiep xiic vdi su vat. Khi tri giac da can thiep vao thi khong
con cai dep, vi no da bi tinh tliuc dung chi plioi. Cung nhu vay, doi vdi nhung

su vat qua quen Ihuoc. ngudi ta khong con cam nhan thay cai dep. Ta co the'
dong tinh vdi dieu nay trong trirdng hpp dipt nhin thay mQt canh dep. hoac

xem mot buc tranh . Nhung khong the chi nhu vay khi dQc mol cudn tieu
I t

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23

hop ca H ue giac, tri giac. khai niem de phat hien cai dep an tang , chir khon

dung l\ii o' mot giay phut ngung than.

*11

!<

Den nay, duong nhu- niQi ngudi van chua tim ra dinh nghia tliua dan

,

b

cho cai dpp, cai xau. Dpp trong nghe thuat khong dong nhat voi dep tron (
thien nhien. vi’cai xau trong thien nhien da hon mot Ian tro- thanh kiet ta-.
trong nghe thuat. Va the nao la xau trong nghe thuat ? Dac trung chu yeu cu;
nghe thuat la cai dpp, vay thi cai xau khong the co mat d day. Phai chang ch

con van de xac dinh cap do cua cai dep ? Ly le la nhu* vay. Nhung trong thin

te thi da co bao hue tranh bi coi la xau, bao cuon tie’u thuyet bi danh gia la toi

Vi kho tim dinh nglna cu the cho cai dep, nen co nhung ngudi coi Mi
voi THIEN la mot. Vi MY va THIEN deu mang lai loi ich cho ngudi. Va gia tr


cua mpi su vat chi co the dupe xac dinh khi dat nd trong moi quan he vd*

cuoc ddi.

.

'

Cd nhung ngudi chu truong ket hop MY vdi CHAN lam mot. Vi moi ca

dep trong nghe thuat deu khong nam ngoai hien thuc ddi song. Nhung tac
pham hucau cao do, nhung chuyen than thoai. vien tirdng deu lay chat lieu tii
ddi song ( mac du nhu* da noi ertren, cai CHAN trong van hpc khong hoan toan
la cai CHAN trong ddi song ).

Cluing ta nhat tri vdi quan niem cai dep phai bat nguon tir hien thuc
ddi song, tii cai thien; nd phai mang lai cai dep cho tarn hon con ngudi. Muon

cam thu duoc cai dep, phai cd tarn Jion dep. Khong the tim lieu chi cai dep o

mot con nguoi (Inch song tren dau kho ciia dong loai. Cai dep cr trong cuoc
song nhieu khi rat binh di.
Nguoi xua noi : LE dua con nguoi vao ky cuong , NHAC dieu hoa linh

cam con ngudi, van hoa khong the tach khoi CHAN, THIEN, MY.

’<

O giac do khac nhau , co nhieu quan niem ve VHDI I, vdi tu duy



boat dong trong do co nhung hinh anh ngon ngu. am thanh, hanh dqng khei*
gm kich thich dam 6 truy lac, vd luan, loan luan. mien ta canh danh giet ngudi

da man va nhiTng hanh dong khac xuc pham den nhan pham con ngudi :

khuyen khich bao luc va su tan bao khong nham to cao toi ac , khong nham,
bao ve chinh nghTa trai voi truyen thong dao due thuan phong mT tuc yeu hot*
binh va nhan ai cua dan toe.
1.1,2 Quan niem ve TNXH :

I. Khai niem, dau hieu dac trung ve TNXH.
Cong tac dau tranh phong ngua cac TNXH la mpt yeu cau khach quan .

mot nhiem vu quan trong cua moi quoc gia de’ dam bao an ninh xa hoi . Chi.

thi 38/ CT-TW cua Ban Bi thir TW Dang “Ve lanh dao phong , chong cac-

TNXH” da khang dinh : “ Phong , chong , khac phuc co hieu qua cac TNXH ,
trudc het la nan mai dam , nghi^n ma tuy , la mQt nhiem vu cap bach hi$n nay

ma Dang va Nha nude ta phai cuong quyet lanh dao thuc hien de co budc tien
bo ro ret ngay tir nam 1994” . Lam sang to cac khai niem ve ban chat cua

TNXH cung nhir cac dau hieu dac trung cua no dirdi goo-dQ xa hoi , phap luat.

dao due .... co y nghTa rat quan trQng ca ve ly luan va thud ti^n nhdm phuc vu
cho cuoc dau tranh phong ngua cac TNXH .

Nhan thuc ro rang va day du ve TNXH se-gop phan hirdng tdi str thong


nhat ve hanh dong nham tien tdi ngan ngua va han che mpt each thiet thuc va
co hieu qua hon . Thuc tien dau tranh phong chong cac TNXH trong tinh hinh
doi moi sau sac va toan dien cua nude ta hien nay cang khang dinh y nghTa,

lam quan trong va sir cap thiet phai lam sang to nhung van de do . Tren co- sd

do co the’ dua ra nhung quan diem vdi cac giai- phap thich hop nham khac


I

phuc, loai trir tranh nhung quan diem lech lac, hiru khuynh hone lam ngo cht
'i i

TNXI I phat Irien .

Ve van de TNXI I d nude ta da co nhieu bai viei, nhieu cong trinh. di
tai nghien cu u dudi nhieu pham vi va goc do khac nhau nhung van chua d ,

den thong nhat ve nhan thtic va khai niem, cung nhu cac daii hieu dac trung.
■i(

cua nd .

Khai niem TNXI 1 thudng dupe sir dung de chi nhung hanh vi, nhung
hien tirpng ma du luan xa hpi khong chap nhan, can len an vi no trai vdi

truyen thong dao due, van hoa, thuan phong my tuc cua dan tpc, anh htrdng


den sir phat trieii, tien bp cua xa hoi . Do vay TNXI I dinyc hidu mot each rat
han hep dirdi cac dang bieu hien cu the cua no trong tung giai doan phat trien
cua nen kinh te xa hoi ( nhu te nan mai dam. nghien ma tuy, cd bac, rupii che

be tha, dong bong, boi toan ... ) Va TNXH noi chung cung thudng dupe phan
biet rach roi vdi tdi pham, (vi pham phap luat hinh suj, do chi la nhung hanh

vi vi pham phap luat nhung chua den muc do bi truy ciru traeh nhiem hinh sir.
Hoac co quan niem cho rang TNXH bao gom tat ca nhung hanh vi vi
pham phap luat. ke ca phap luat hinh sir, nhung hien tirpng xa hpi tieu cue,

trai vdi thuan phong my tuc cua dan tpc; gay anh hudng xau cho xa hoi . Theo
each hieu thu nhat thi chua khai quat dupe tat ca cac loai TNXH cu.the khac

nhau phat sinh va phat trien qua tung thoi ky xa hoi cung nhir ban chat cua

TNXH cung vdi cac dac tinh, dac diem cua nd mot each ehung nhat. Con
each hieu thir hai thi qua rong, vi TNXH nhu1 vay se bao gom tat ca cac hien

lupng toi pham, cac vi pham hanh chinh hoac cac vi pham phap luat khac ma

tren thuc te khong phai bao gid chung cung deu la TNXH .
Cho du str phan biet giua TNXH vdi toi pham va vi pham phap luat

^hac chi mang tinh udc le tirong ddi. vi co nhung toi pham dupe coi la TNXI I