BQ giAo dvc vA dAo tao
TRUING DAI HQC LUAT tp.hcm
--000--

HOANG MINH KHdi

BlfiN PHAP XL LY HANH CHINH
DOI VOl NGlTCH CHITA THANH NIEN
VI PHAM PHAP LUAT

Nganh:
Lu$t hQC
Chuyen ng3nh: Lu$t Hien phAp vi Lu$t Hinh chfnh

M3 so:

Huong dan khoa h
62.38.50.02

1. PGS.TS. Nguyen Cfru Vift

2. PGS.TS. Ho3ng VSn TO
TT TT-Thu' vl$n DH Lu|t TP.HCM

TWANG BAI HQC LUAT TP.HCM

TC,THONG TINJH11V1EN

A1 621 0004356

TP.HdCHI MINH-2016


Ldl CAM DOAN

Tdc gia cam doan lu£n an Id cong trinh nghien curu cua rieng tdc gid. Cac

so li?u, tdi li?u dirge thu th£p, siru tam tir cdc co quan thong ke, co quan chuc
ndng nhd nude Id chinh xdc. Nhttng ket qud neu trong lu$n dn chua timg dirge ai

cong bo trong bat cur cong trinh tuong ty ndo khde.
Tp.HCM, Ngay 02 thang 9 n&m 2016

Tdc gid lu$n dn

Hodng Minh Khdi


DANH MVC TIT VltT TAT

1) BPXLHC: Bi?n phdp xii ly hinh chinh

2) NCTN : Ngudi chua thanh nien

3) VPPL : Vi ph^m phap lu$t

4) VPHC : Vi ph^m hanh chinh

5) XLHC : Xu ly h£nh chinh


6) XLVPHC : Xu ly vi pham hanh chinh

7) Ph£p Ifnh 1995 : Phap l?nh xu ly vi ph^im hanh chinh nSml995

8) Phip l$nh 2002 : Phap l$nh xu ly vi ph^m hanh chinh nSm 2002

9) Lu$t XLVPHC : Lu£t xu ly vi ph$m hanh chinh n&n 2012

10) UBND : Uy ban nhan dan


M\JC LVC
Phan mfr dau

1. Tinh cap thiet cua de tAi........................................................................ 1

2. Cor sor ly thuyet vA phuorng phAp nghien ciru..................................... 3
2.1. Co sa ly thuyet.................................................................................... 3
2.1.1. Cau hoi nghien cuu..................................................................... 3
2.1.2. Ly thuyet nghien ciru...................................................................4
2.1.3. Cdc gid thuyet nghien cuu......................................................... 5
2.1.4. Dyr kien ket qua nghien cuu...................................................... 6
2.2. Phuong phap nghien cuu................................................................... 6

3. Myc dich vA nhi^m vy cua luyn An....................................................... 9
3.1. Myc dich nghien cuu........................................................................ 9
3.2. Nhifm vu nghien cuu........................................................................10

4. Doi tiryng, pham vi nghien ciru........................................................... 10
4.1. Doi tuong nghien cuu...................................................................... 10

4.2. Pham vi nghien cuu.......................................................................... 10
5. Nhung dong g6p moi cua luan an....................................................... 11
6. Y nghla khoa hyc vA thyc tien cua luyn an....................................... 12
7. Nyi dung, ket cau cua luan An.............................................................12

Chuang 1: Tong quan tinh hinh nghien ciru lien quan den de t&i...........13
1.1. Tinh hinh nghien cuu dr nude ngodi................................................. 14
1.2. Tinh hinh nghien cuu dr Vift Nam................................................. 26

1.3. Ddnh gid ting quan tinh hinh nghien cuu..................................... 30

Chuorng 2: Cor so* ly luyn cua biyn phap xir ly hAnh chinh doi voi ngirAi
chira thAnh nien vi phym phap luyt........................................ 34
2.1. Cac van de chung ve vi phym phap luyt cua ngwfri chira thAnh
nien bj ap dyng biyn phap xir ly hAnh chinh..................................34
2.1.1. Khai nifm ngudi chua thanh nien va khai nifm vi phym phap
luyt................................................................................................... 34


2.1.1.1. Khdi ni?m ngudi chua thanh nien....................................... 34
2.1.1.2. Khdi ni?m vi phym phdp lu£t................................................37
2.1.2. Khdi ni?m, dac diem vi phqm phdp lugt cua ngudi chua thanh
nien bi dp dung bi$n phdp xu ly hanh chinh....................................... 38
2.1.2.1. Khai ni?m vi phym phdp lu§t cua ngudi chua thdnh nien bj
dp d\ing bi?n phdp xu ly hanh chinh..................................... 38
2.1.2.2. Ddc diem vi pham phdp luyt cua ngudi chua thdnh nien bj
dp dung bi?n phdp xu ly hdnh chinh..................................... 46

2.2. Khdi niym, ddc diem biyn phdp xu ly hdnh chinh doi vdi ngirdi
chua thdnh nien vi ph?m phdp lu$t.................................................51

2.2.1. Khdi ni?m bi?n phdp xu ly hdnh chinh doi vdi ngudi chua
thdnh nien vi ph$m phdp lu$t.............................................................. 51
2.2.2. Dae diem bi$n phdp xu ly hdnh chinh doi vdi ngudi chua thdnh
nien vi pham phdp lu$t.............................................................. 61
2.2.2.1. Ddc diem ve pham vi va doi tugng dp dung....................... 61
2.2.2.2. Ddc diem ve thu tyc, tham quyen quyet djnh dp dung.......63
2.2.2.3. Dae diem ve to chuc thuc hi?n............................................ 64
2.2.2.4. Ddc diem tinh giao due ket hgp cudng che........................ 64
2.2.2.5. D§c diem trung l$p cdc bi^n phdp tu phap cua Bq lu§t Hinh

su.............................................................................................. 65
2.3. NhCrng yeu to dnh hiring den hi$u qua cua viyc dp dyng biyn
phdp xu ly hdnh chinh doi vdi ngudi chua thdnh nien vi phym
phdp luyt............................................................................................... 68
2.3.1. Co che thuc hien........................................................................... 68
2.3.2. Thdnh kien xa hpi.......................................................................... 71
2.3.3. Moi trudng giao due.....................................................................72

Ket luyn chuung 2

76

Chuang 3: Ca sd phdp ly vd thyc trang dp dyng cdc bi$n phdp xu ly
hdnh chinh doi vdi ngudi chua thdnh nien vi phym phdp lu$t

3.1. Co sd phdp ly cua cdc bi$n phdp xu ly hdnh chinh doi vdi ngudi
chua thdnh nien vi pham phdp luat: thyc trang quy djnh vd
nhung bat cap...................................
79
3.1.1. Co sd phdp ly vd dp dung cdc bi$n phdp xu ly hdnh chinh doi

vdi ngudi chua thdnh nien viphamphdp luqt theo luqt hi$n hanh.. 80


3.1.1.1. Bi$n phap gido dye tyi xd, phirdng, thj tran....................... 81
3.1.1.2. Bi?n phdp dira vdo trirang giao dirdng................................ 85
3.1.1.3. Bien phdp ngdn ch$n vd viyc bdo ddm thyc hiyn biyn phdp
xur ly hanh chinh doi vdi ngirdi chira thdnh nien vi phym
phap luyt...................................................................................88
3.7.2. Cdc quy djnh khac lien quan den vi$c dp d\ing biyn phdp xu ly
hanh chinh doi vdi ngudi chua thdnh nien vi phqm phap luat........ 92
3.2. Thyc trang vi phym phdp luyt cua ngirdi chira thdnh nien bj dp
dyng cac bien phap xir ly hdnh chinh............................................. 92
3.2.7. Tang ve so lupng vi phqm phap luat vd tai vi pham phap luqt
hinh sij................................................................................................... 94
3.2.2. Tinh nguy hiem co xu hudng phat trien trong vi pham phap luqt
cua ngudi chua thanh nien.................................................................. 97
X A
3.3. Thyc trang dp dyng cdc biyn phdp xir ly hdnh chinh cy the doi
vol nguoi chira thdnh nien vi pham phdp luyt............................... 99
3.3.1. Mpt so tinh hinh chung ve thuc tien thi hanh LuatXLVPHC... 99

3.3.2. Thtrc trang dp dung bien phdp giao due tai xa, phudng, thj tran
..................................................................................................... 101
3.3.3. Thuc trang dp dung bi$n phdp dua vdo trudng giao dudng ..105
3.4. Dy bdo nhfrng bat cyp phdt sinh trong thdri gian toi cua viyc dp
dyng cdc biyn phdp xir ly hdnh chinh doi vdi ngirdi chira thdnh
nien vi phym phdp luat................................................................... 118
Ket luan chirorng 3............................................................................................ 124
Chirong 4: Van de hodn thiyn phdp luyt vd nang cao hiyu qua dp dyng
phdp luat ve biyn phdp xir ly hdnh chinh doi vdi ngirdi chira

thdnh nien vi phym phdp luyt................................................... 127

4.1. Nhu cau hodn thiyn phdp luyt vd dp dyng phdp luyt ve cdc bi$n
phdp xir ly hdnh chinh doi vdi ngirdi chira thdnh nien vi phym
phdp luat............................................................................................. 127

4.2. Phuong hiring hodn thiyn phdp luat vd dp dyng phdp luyt ve
cdc biyn phdp xir ly hdnh chinh doi vdi ngirdi chira thdnh nien vi
pham phdp luyt.................................
129
4.2.1. Hodn thi?n phdp luat................................................................ 129


4.2.2. Hoan thi?n ve co che to chuc, co so vgt chat.......................... 132
4.3. Cdc gidi phdp ho&n thiyn phdp luyt vd dp dyng phdp luyt ve biyn
phdp xir ly h&nh chinh d6i vdi ngirdi chira thdnh nien vi phym

phdp luyt.............................................................................................. 133
4.3.1. Cdc giaiphap hoan thi?n ve phap luat.................................... 133
4.3.2. Cdc giaiphap hoan thi$n ve dp dyngphap luat..................... 138
4.3.2.1. Thdnh lyp hy thong Tda dn thanh thieu nien.................... 138
4.3.2.2. Xay d\mg to chuc chuyen trdch cdc biyn phdp tu phdp... 144
4.3.2.3. Bdo tyo, boi dudng d$i ngu Chuyen gia vd Chuyen vien
th\rc hiyn cdc biyn phdp tu phdp.......................................... 147
4.3.2.4. T8ng cudng syr phoi hgp gitta gia dinh, nha trudng vd cdc to
chuc xd hyi............................................................................ 148
4.3.2.5. Tdng cudng co sd vyt chat - phuong tiyn thyc hiyn cdc biyn
phdptu phdp.......................................................................... 152

Ket luyn chirong 4............................................................................................. 154

KET LUAN........................................................................................................ 156
DANH M\JC TAI LI$U THAM KHAO

PHV LVC


Phan mfr tfau
1. Tinh cap thiet cua de tdi

Cdc BPXLHC dirge ban hanh lan dau tyi Phap lynh XLVPHC ndm
19951, sau d6 tiep tyc dugc quy djnh trong Phap lynh XLVPHC ndm 2002

(sua doi, bo sung ndm 2007, 2008) thay the Phdp lynh XLVPHC ndm 1995.

Qua 18 ndm thyc hiyn, cdc BPXLHC dd the hiyn vai trfr Id cong cy phdp ly
quan trgng gfrp phan tfch eye phfrng ngira vi phym, tyi phym doi vai NCTN.

Nha dugc quan ly, gido dye bdng cdc biyn phdp nay, nhieu ngirfri NCTN
VPPL dd hoi gia, hoa nhyp tot vfri cgng dong, trfr thanh ngudi c6 ich cho gia

dinh va xa hpi. Tuy nhien, nhftng ndm gan day cung vfri sy phdt trien tich eye

cua nen kinh te thj trufrng la hy qua cua phan hoa giau, ngheo tac d$ng 1dm
chuyen bien, thay doi mynh mS dfri song y thuc va nhan thuc ve cdc gid trj
chuan myc xd hpi, edeh xu sy xd hgi theo chieu hufrng tieu eye, lan tfra, nhat
Id fr cdc lua tuoi chua thdnh nien. Tinh hinh NCTN khong dugc qudn ly, bao
vy tot, sa nga thdnh nyn nhan cua VPPL hodc trfr thdnh ngufri VPPL da trfr

nen pho bien han.
- Thong ke tir thfri diem ndm 2006 cho thay ca nufre da co han 2,6

triyu tre em can dugc bdo vy d$c biyt. Trong so do, tre em bj lym dyng, bj bfre

lgt vd tre em lang thang ca nhfr; tre em vi phym phdp luyt; tre mo edi, bj
ruong bo, bj anh hufrng bfri HIV/AIDS; vd tre em song trong ednh ngheo dfri.
Chi co mgt so it tre em dugc nudi duang vd chdm sfre fr cdc ca sfr cua nha
nufre, con rat nhieu em khac phai ty buon trai de kiem song, lang thang tren

cdc duang pho - chinh tinh canh do khien cho cdc em efr nguy ca cao bj

nhiem HIV, su dyng ma tuy vd bj loi cuon vao cdc hdnh vi phym tgi...2 0
Tp.Ho Chi Minh, theo khao sat cua Sfr Lao dgng, Thuang binh vd Xd hyi,

hiyn efr han 10.000 tre lang thang kiem song tren cdc dufrng pho, khong efr
nai che chfr hay khong dugc chdm sfre. Nhieu nhat la cdc em den tir mien

’Phdp l$nh d&u tifin Id Phdp l$nh xitphqt hdnh chinh ndm 1989 (chua cd cdc BPXLHC). Ndm 1995, sau khi
b6 sung “cdc BPXLHC khde” mdi ddi tdn thdnh Phdp l£nh xir lyv\ ph$m hdnh chinh.
2 (Trlch) Bdi vidt cua d^i di$n Unicef Vi$t Nam v£ chuang trlnh "Chi^n luge Qu&c gia v£ bdo v$ trd em giai
do^n 2006-2015”.
Ngudn: httD://www.unicef.org/vietnam/vi/Drotcction.html /19/01/2013. 14g04’.


Trung, mien BSc. Trong do, han 5.000 em khong biet chCr ho$c bd hgc. Thye

te, do phai ty than kiem song nen cdc em de rai vdo cdc cong viyc phym phdp,
nhu: di giao ma tuy, cuap giyt, trgm cdp,...3 M$c du cdc BPXLHC doi vdi
NCTN VPPL dd dirge quy djnh tir cdc Phdp lynh XLVPHC4 vd tiep tyc dirge
sua doi, ghi nhyn tyi Luyt XLVPHC (cd hiyu lyc tir ngay 01/07/2013)5, tuy
nhien, tren thyc tien dp dyng van co nhieu bat cyp, virdng mdc. M$t khde,


Hien phdp ndm 2013 ban hdnh sau luyt, dd cd nhieu sua doi co bdn ve quyen
con ngudi vd djnh hudng edi edeh tu phdp, trong dd nhan mynh djnh hudng

bdo vy quyen cua NCTN theo cdc Cong udc quoc te. Vdi cdc van de vira tong

quat, vira cy the 1dm phdt sinh thdeh thuc mdi doi hoi phdi dugc nghien cuu,

hodn thiyn han trong dp dyng cdc BPXLHC vd hiyu qua cua chung doi vdi

NCTN VPPL, nhu: ca sd phdp ly, thu tyc dp dyng biyn phdp; tinh “song
trimg” gitra BPXLHC trong Luyt XLVPHC vd biyn phdp tu phdp trong
BLHS. Tinh kha thi vd anh hudng cua cdc quy djnh ve tym gift, dp gidi doi

vdi NCTN VPPL; cdc djnh che hoa luat ve co che quan ly, giao dye6... Cdc

hinh tu phdp phu hgp cho NCTN d Viyt Nam.
Theo Cong udc Lien Hiyp quoc ve quyen tre em vd cdc van bdn quoc
te lien quan cung nhu hy thong phdp luyt Viyt Nam luon xem NCTN Id nhttng

nhom doi tugng yeu the vd de bj ton thuang can dugc chdm soc vd doi xu d$c
biyt. Bay cung la mgt trong cdc quyen con ngudi, quyen cong dan cua NCTN

3BAo Cdng an Tp.HCM “TP.HCM: VAn edn nhiAu trd em sAng lang thang”, 16/7/201 l-19g00’.
/>- Xem Hi: Trinh thj HiAn, “DAu 1A nguydn nhAn gia tang tri dudng phA tai Tp.HCM” (2011).
Ngudn: 1/Treduongpho.htm /16/7/2011,
19gl5’.
4Theo cac Phap IQnh XLVPHC nam 1995 vA nam 2002 quy djnh c6 03 biQn phap XLHC dAi vdi NCTN: bi$n
phap giao dye tyi xa, phudng, thj trdn; bi$n phap dua vao trudng giao dudng va bi$n phap dua vdo co sd
chtta bQnh dAi vdi NCTN ban dAm dudi 18 tuoi.
sLuflt XLVPHC chi quy djnh hai BPXLHC dAi vdi NCTN: bi$n phAn gidr, Juc lai xfl, phirimg. thj trAn va


bi£n phap dua vao trudng giao dudng. Cd hiQu lye thi hanh tu ngay 01 /01/20 i 4.
6Theo sA liQu thAng kd gan dAy cua BQ Cdng an da nhAn anh tinh hinh tAng quAt vA sA lugng NCTN (chii yAu
IA trd em dudi 16 tuAi) chiAm ty IQ khA cao trong tong sA dAn vA tinh hinh tri em nghiQn ma tiiy, VPPL, trd
em lang thang (sA tiAm An nguy co nghiQn ma tuy vA VPPL), cd xu hudng gia tang: thAp nhAt 1A n3m 2001
(11.376 em), cao nhAt 1A nAm 2008 (21.545 em). Tinh chAt VPPL cQng phuc typ han, xu hudng l$p bang
nhdm, phym tQi dfcc biQt nghidm trhAnh An hofcc hoAn thAnh chuang trlnh giAo dye tyi cAc trudng giAo dudng trd vA cQng dAng cOng g$p nhiAu
rAo cAn trong quA trinh hda nh$p cQng dAng.

2


dugc ghi nhan t^ii Hien phdp ndm 20137, d$c bi£t Id nhttng van de lien quan

den han che vd tuac bo tg do cua NCTN. Vi the, tinh hinh NCTN VPPL, tdi
VPPL ngay edng gia tdng cho thay “d^o due, loi song xuong cap, l?ch chuAn
cua mgt bg phan tre em dang trcr thdnh noi lo cua gia dinh vd xd hgi”8, dong

thai cung phan anh thgc tien nhttng van de ve ITnh vgc tu phdp cho NCTN noi
chung vd BPXLHC doi vai NCTN VPPL noi rieng van con nhttng vuong
mdc, bat c|p doi hoi phdi dugc gidi quyet kjp thfri. Trong khi d6, thgc te den

thai diem hi?n nay chua c6 cong trinh ndo nghien cuu toan di?n, h? thong,
chuyen sau cdc van de lien quan den BPXLHC doi vai NCTN VPPL. DJc bi?t
la nhung cong trinh nghien cuu tiep can theo huong hi$n d^i, phu hgp vai xu

the phdt trien chung cua the giai, nhdm tdng ca hgi chia se kinh nghi?m, cung

vai yeu cau ngi dja h6a vd hi$n thgc h6a nhung cam ket quoc te ve quyen tre

em trong linh vgc nay. Do d6, vi§c nghien cuu de tdi Bi$n phdp xir ly hdnh

chinh doi vdi ngudi chua thdnh nien vi pham phdp luat nhdm hodn thi$n ca sa
phdp ly vd gidi phdp bdo v$ quyen con nguai, quyen cong dan theo Hien phdp

ndm 2013 doi vai NCTN VPPL la yeu cau can thiet vd cap thiet.

2. Co* sa ly thuyet vd phirang phap nghien ciru
2.1. Co so ly thuyet

2.1.1. Cau hoi nghien cuu
Ket qua nghien cuu cua lu£n dn Id 1dm r6 cdc van de sau day:

Thu nhat, vi sao phdi nghien cuu BPXLHC doi vai NCTN VPPL?
Kinh nghi^m tiep c|n ca sa ly thuyet cung nhu ca sa thgc tien ve van

a cdc Quoc gia khde vd a Vi$t Nam the ndo?
Thu hai, ddc diem VPPL cua NCTN la doi tugng bj dp dgng BPXLHC

vd d$c diem cua cdc BPXLHC n6i chung the ndo? Doi vdi NCTN thi cdc

BPXLHC nay la gi, ban chat phdp ly? Khdc so vdi cdc BPXLHC doi vdi
nguai thdnh nien nhu the ndo? Ca sa dp dyng cho vi ph^m gi? Vi sao can dp

dgng cdc bi$n phdp do ma khong xu phat hinh sg ho£c xu ph^t VPHC?
7Di£u 36, 37 vd 38 Hi£n phdp ndm 2013.
8Chi thj s6 20/CT-TW, ngdy 5/11/2012 cua BQ Chinh trj v& vi$c “Tdng cudng sy ldnh d?o ciia Ddng d6i vdi

edng tdc chdm s6c, gido dye vd bdo v$ tre em trong tinh hinh mdi”.


3


Ap dyng cdc biyn phdp nay thi dyt dugc myc dich gi? Doi vdi xd hyi?
Doi vdi ngudi vi phym? Can quy djnh, bdi bd hay sua d6i theo cdch khdc? Ly
do ve ly luyn vd ly do thyc te cua Viyt Nam?

Thu ba, hiyu qud dp dyng BPXLHC doi vdi NCTN VPPL trudc nay

the ndo? Tac dyng tot hay khdng tot? Nhan to ndo dnh hudng quyet djnh den
hiyu qud, neu khong tot thi nen nhu the ndo?
Thu tu, trong dieu kiyn khdch quan hiyn nay, can tiep tyc sua doi,

hoan thiyn doi vdi cdc biyn phdp ndy, hay nghien cuu xay dyng mo hinh, gidi
phdp khdc cho NCTN VPPL d Viyt Nam vd mo hinh dd can the ndo de ddp

ung yeu cau trudc mdt vd lau ddi.
2.1.2. Ly thuyet nghien cuu

Ly thuyet nen tdng cua luyn dn la nhan thuc luan Mdc-Lenin, tu tudng
Ho Chi Minh, dudng loi, chu truong cua Dang Cgng san Viyt Nam vd chinh

sach phdp luat hinh sy, hdnh chinh cua nha nude CHXHCN Viyt Nam ve xu

ly, quan ly vd giao dye NCTN VPPL. Nhdm dam bdo tinh khoa hgc vd tinh
thyc tien cua de tdi, luan dn van dyng the gidi quan Mac-xit duy vyt biyn

chung, duy vat ljch su de tiep cyn van de nghien cuu tir goc dg ljch su den
goc dg thyc tyi khdch quan; ket hyp quan diem hoan thiyn Nhd nude phdp


quyen Viyt Nam vd djnh hudng cai cdch tu phdp theo yeu cau h$i nhyp quoc
te da dugc khdng djnh tyi cdc nghj quyet cua Bg Chinh trj, nhu: Nghj quyet so
08-NQ/TW ngay 01/02/2002 “Ve mgt so nhiym vy trgng tarn cua cong tac tu

phdp trong thdi gian tdi” vd Nghj quyet so 49-NQ/TW ngay 02/6/2005 “Ve

chien luge cai cdch tu phdp den ndm 2020”, tren co sd nhung chuan myc cua
Cong udc Quoc te ve quyen tre em vd cdc vdn ban quoc te lien quan.

Cy the, de tdi dugc xay dyng dya tren nghien cuu ly thuyet vd nghien

cuu quan sdt thyc nghiym tir gdc dg md rgng co sd ly luyn ve cau thdnh VPPL
cua NCTN bj dp dyng BPXLHC; phan tich ddnh gid mgt sd quan di£m, quan

niym nghien cuu cua cdc nhd khoa hgc trong vd ngoai nude ve xir ly NCTN
VPPL, tim ra nhung van de tuong dong, khdc biyt vd gid trj ke thira. Lam rd
tinh chat, ddc diem VPPL cua NCTN cung nhu ban chat, d$c diem cua cdc
4


BPXLHC vd co sd phdp ly cua viyc dp dyng. Theo do, chi ra vai trd cua

BPXLHC vd nhCrng VPPL thuyc doi tuyng dp dyng Id nhttng phym tru phdp
ly vdi m$t tich eye vd tieu eye md chung dd the hiyn d nhttng quy phym thyc

djnh cung nhu bye ly tren thyc tien ddi song. Myc tieu chu yeu cua de tdi Id

hudng den hodn thiyn hy thong ly lu$n phdp ly vd mo hinh tir phdp phb
hyp cho NCTN VPPL thuyc doi tuyng dp dyng cdc BPXLHC.
2.1.3. Cdc gid thuyet nghien cuu


(i) VPPL cua NCTN ngay cdng tdng vd nguy hiem hon la do hy thong

phdp luat ndi chung chua dong by, chu toan; Co che dp dyng BPXLHC it

“quan lieu, duy y chi”; dong thdi, edn cd tac dyng bdi cdc yeu to moi trudng
tieu eye. Trong do, bao gom cdc yeu to bat cyp ve khung phdp ly cy the, Id:

+ Cdc che djnh luyt lien quan trong xu ly NCTN VPPL con chong
cheo, trimg ldp giua BPXLHC vd biyn phdp tu phdp cua Luat Hinh sy;

+ VPPL cua NCTN bj dp dyng BPXLHC hau het la nhung hdnh vi
pham tyi hinh su, myt so it la vi pham hdnh chinh nhieu lan nhung khong the
xu ly hinh sy cung khong the xu phyt hdnh chinh. Chung Id phym tru phdp ly
XX

X

X

co tinh chat vd d£c diem rieng biyt da xuat hiyn tren thyc te tir trade nay
nhung chua duyc luyt hda.

(ii) BPXLHC la che djnh luyt “d$c biyt” co ban chat trimg phyt mang
tinh hinh sy nhdm xu ly cdc doi tuyng VPPL “ddc biyt neu tren. Tuy nhien,

vi chung vyn hdnh dya tren co che vd tieu chuan khong phu hyp vdi doi tuyng

md chung duyc “chdn” vdo luyt XLVPHC vd vi the khong the phdt huy tot
hiyu qua, vi phym quyen cua NCTN. Thyc te dp dyng nhttng ndm qua dd bye

ly nhieu bat cyp vd se edn phdt sinh thdeh thuc mdi trong thdi gian tdi.
(iii) Giai phdp luyt hda BPXLHC vd xay dyng md hinh tu phdp phii

hyp cho NCTN VPPL mdi cd the la giai phdp kha thi, cd kha ndng gidi quyet
cdc bat cap vd phu hyp xu the phdt trien chung.

5


2.1.4. Die kien ket qua nghien cuu

- Lam r6 nh§n thurc va yeu cau sua doi dong bQ nhttng van de edn bat
cap ve co sd ly lu£n, co che, phuomg thuc va thu tyc phdp ly trong dp dyng

cdc BPXLHC doi vdi NCTN VPPL. Qua d6, de xuat mo hinh, giai phdp hodn
thien h$ thong tu phap cho NCTN a Viet Nam, phu hgp vdi dieu kien xay

d^ng Nha nude Phdp quyen vd tdng cudng hQi nhap Quoc te trong tinh hinh

mdi.
2.2. Phuong phdp nghien cuu

Tren co sd nen tdng cua the gidi quan Duy vat bien chung vd Duy v§t

ljch su, luan dn dugc thyrc hien theo phuomg phdp nghien cuu djnh tinh

(Quatitative Research) vd ket hgp djnh tinh, djnh luqmg (Qualitative
Research) de tiep can cdc khdeh the nghien cuu. Cy the:
- Nghien cuu ly luyn: tren co sd phuomg phdp djnh tinh thgc hien thu


thap vd tong hgp horn hai trdm tdi lieu so cap vd phan thdnh cdc nhdm: (i) Cdc
vdn kien Chu truomg, Nghj quyet cua Ddng ve chinh sach doi vdi NCTN; (ii)

Tdi lieu giao trinh ly luan ve Nha nude vd phdp luat, Luat Hinh su, Luat Hdnh
chinh cua cdc Truong Dyi hQC Luyt Ha N$i, Dyi hqc Luyt Tp.HCM, Khoa
Luyt Dyi h(?c Quoc gia Hd N$i, Vien Nha nude Phdp luyt vd Hqc vien Hdnh

chinh Quoc gia. Sdch chuyen khao ly luyn ve t$i phym h(?c, t$i phym vj thdnh

nien vd phuomg phdp nghien cuu khoa hnude9; cdc vdn ban luyt thyrc dinh lien quan ve xu ly, quan ly NCTN VPPL;
(iii) Tdi lieu cong trinh, bdi viet nghien cuu, tham luyn hpi thao cua cdc nhd
khoa hQC trong vd ngodi nude, cdc to chuc quoc te (WHO, UNICEF...) ve linh
9Principles of Criminology (11 ed. Lanham, Md

Altamira Press, 1992. ISBN 0-930390-69-5). Tym djeh:

“Nguydn tdc cua t$i phym” do Edwin H. Sutherlandvd Donald R. Cressey d6ng tdc gid. Cdng trinh ndy dupe
ca ngyi nhu Id nghifin cuu khoa hQC ddng tin c$y nhdt trong ITnh vyc $i phym hQC. XuAt bdn dAu tidn vdo

ndm 1934 - n$i dung nghifin cuu chu yAu vA nguvdn nhfln t$i de Id do xung d0t eda cdc hdnh vi c6 nguAn g6c
tu cdc nAn vdn hda khde nhau.
- Bai ca su phqm (IleAarorHHecKa»no3Ma) Id tdc phAm vA phuomg phdp gido dye cua Anton Makarenko vidt

vdo ndm 1933-1935. Nh&ng chuyen xdy ra trong m$t tryi gido dudng ddnh cho tri em hu hdng, phym phdp

do chinh Makarenko phy trdch td ndm 1920. Nhdrng cdu chuyen dugc ngudi trong cu^c thuflt lyi vua thdm
dugm tinh thuomg y€u con ngudi, vda nhuAm chAt hdi hudc hdm hinh.

- Phuomgphdp nghien cuu khoa hqc do GS.TSKH L6 Huy Bd (chii bidn), Nxb. Gido dyc-2007;


- Phuomg phdp lutfn nghien cuu khoa h
6


vyc NCTN VPPL; (iv) Tai li?u bdo cao chuyen mon, chuyen de cua cdc co
quan chuc ndng qudn ly nhd nirac doi vai NCTN nhu: Bq Tu phdp, Bq Cong

an, H$i Lu£t gia ViQt Nam, UBND thanh pho Ho Chi Minh, Cong an
Tp.HCM va mQt so tinh, thdnh pho, quan huy?n.

Cdc thong tin tdi li§u dugc xu ly theo phuang thuc quy n$p, tao ra ly
thuyet, ket hop su dyng quan diem dien gidi va dung thuyet kien t^io trong
nghien cuu de dua ra nhung phdn dodn ly tinh ve d£c diem cua NCTN VPPL,
ve bdn chat, d$c diem cua cdc BPXLHC. Qua do, so sdnh phdn dnh diem
tuang dong vd khdc bi$t giua cdc che djnh xu ly NCTN VPPL a nude ta vdi

mQt so quoc gia khdc, chi ra nhttng han che, bat cap cua cdc BPXLHC doi vdi
NCTN VPPL, yeu cau hodn thi$n phdp lu£t hi?n hdnh vd thyc hi$n Cong udc
quoc te ve quyen tre em.

khdch the nghien cuu, tu ket qua nghien cuu djnh tinh ho trg vi^c xdc djnh

cdc chu de phu hop vdi phuang phdp dieu tra, luan dn su dung phuang phdp

dinh lugng ma chu yeu la kiem djeh ly thuyet, su dung mo hinh thyc chung
lu|n10 ket hop vdi cdc thu phdp thong ke, phan tich va phong van sau 1dm

sang to co sd khoa hQC cua gid thuyet nghien cuu, rut ra ket lu|in, chi ra nhttng

van de edn ton t^i.
loPhuong phdp luQn thyc churng: dpi diQn tidu bidu Id Comte, Durbheim-,
- Auguste Comte (1798 - 1857) nhd tridt hpc Phdp, sdng l$p hQ nguydn tdc cuaxd hQi hpcvd cdc hpc
thuyet cua thyc chung. Comte Id mQt dnh huang Idn d£n cdc nhd tu tubng xd hQi nhu Karl Marx, John Stuart

Mill vd George Eliot d th£ ky 19. (Nzudn-. Comte, A . MQt cai nhln tdng quit vt? thyc chung [Discours sur
1'Esprit positif 1844] London, 1856, Internet Archive).
- Emile Durkhem (1858 - 1917) nhd xd hQi hpc nQi tidng ngudi Phdp, dQt n£n mdng xdy dyng chil nghTa chuc
ndng vd chu nghTa co c£u; dd g6p edng Idn trong sy hinh thdnh bQ mdn xd hQi hoc vd nhdn chung hpc. Theo
Durkheim, viQc gidi thich d&y du mQt sy kiQn xd hQi dupe ti&n hdnh theo trinh ty: trudc Id di tim “nguydn
nhdn tdc dQng gdy ra hiQn tupng £y”, sau khi tim dupe nguydn nhdn r6i sd tim “chfrc ndng md hi£n tupng dy

thyc hiQn” trong xd hQi (Nzudrr. Emile Durkhem, Cdc quy tdc cua phuang phdp xd hQi hpc. Nxb.Trl thuc
2012).
- Theo Phuang phdp lu$n thyc chung, mQt nghidn cuu xd hQi hpc thyc nghiQm dlch thyc phdi xuAt phdt tir
viQc xdy dyng gid thuyet vd ki£m chung gia thuyet dd xdc djnh. Xd hQi hpc thyc nghiQm khdng nhAt thi^t Id
cu phdi di&u tra, khdo sdt thyc t6 r6i trinh bdy bdng bi^u, s6 liQu theo ki£u md td thyc trpng vd k£t thiic bdng
cdch ndu cdc "ki6n nghj, gidi phdp”. C6 thd ndng cao trinh dQ, ch£t lupng tri thirc xd hQi hpc thdng qua ca chi

t6ng - tich hpp cdc y£u t6 ly thuyet vd y£u t6 quan sdt, qua viQc khai thde m6i quan hQ hOu co gitta ty thuyet
vdi phuang phdp.VI dp, theo Durkheim, quy tdc ca bdn vd quan trpng nh£t cua phuang phdp xd hQi hpc Id
"coi cdc sy kiQn xd hQi nhu Id cdc sy v$t." (Nzu6n\ Ld Ngpc Hiing, “Xd hQi hpc: V&n d£ ndng cAp vd nguydn
ty phdt tri£n tri thirc’’, Tap chi Xd hpi hpc, thdng 12/2005).

7


Cy the, sdng Iqc nguon tir tu li?u, bdo cdo cua cdc co quan quan ly nhd
nude, lu£n dn dd l$p bang, bieu thong ke tinh hinh NCTN VPPL theo ndm,


lo^i VPPL,

tuoi, moi truong xuat than...; Thai diem thyrc hi?n Phdp l?nh

XLVPHC 2002, chung toi dd khdo sdt bdng 132 bdng hoi doi vdi Chu tjch
IJBND, Can bp Thuang binh - xd hQi, Chuyen vien Tu phdp cap xd va Canh

sdt khu vyc ve nhan thuc vd danh gid doi vdi cdc BPXLHC (53 phieu cua bipn
phdp DVTGD vd 79 phieu cua bipn phdp GDTXPTT). Nghien cuu vdn bdn,
tai Hqu ve quy trinh l§p ho so va bdn ty thuat cua cdc em theo edeh thuc lya

ch(?n ngau nhien 120 ho so NCTN VPPL t^i quan 2 Tp.HCM thuQC di$n dp
dyng BPXLHC tu ndm 2005 den 2011J1 0 thdi didm cdc BPXLHC theo Lu§t

XLVPHC ndm 2012 cd hi$u lyc (01/7/2014), thyc hanh phuong phdp chuyen
gia (phong van) vdi khdeh the nghien cuu, gom: 48 NCTN dang h
trudng Gido dudng Xuan Lqc, Bong Nai; 50 Can bQ, Chuyen vien thuQC Tda
Hanh chinh; Phong Tu phdp d hai cap tinh va cap huypn tyi thanh pho Ho Chi

Minh; mpt so Chu tjch, Pho Chu tjch, Can bQ Tu phdp phudng, xd thuQC tinh
Ba ria - Vung Tau. Thyc hiyn 190 bang hoi “dong” (100 bang hoi ve biyn
phdp DVTGD; 90 bang hoi ve biyn phdp GDTXPTT), khdeh the nghien cuu
la cdc Can bQ, Chuyen vien d Tp.HCM, tinh Ba Rja-Vung Tau va Binh Phudc

Id nhung ngudi tryc tiep cdng tac lien quan den dp dyng BPXLHC doi vdi

NCTN.
Ket qua dieu tra duyc xu ly: chia thanh hai nhom. Nhom NCTN VPPL


bj dp dyng BPXLHC va nhom nhung ngudi co thdm quyen, trach nhiym tham
gia trong qua trinh phdt hiyn, ngdn chdn VPPL cua NCTN, lap ho so va quyet
djnh dp dyng BPXLHC doi vdi hQ. Doi vdi nhom NCTN VPPL, chung tdi
quan tarn hai van de: (i) Nguon goc xuat than va nguyen nhan VPPL; (ii) Thdi

dQ doi vdi mdi trudng dang thi hanh quyet djnh. Dya tren sy md phdng
phuong phdp cua Eysenck11
12 de phan tich 132 ho sa dieu tra vd bdn ty thuyt ve
11 Trong thdi gian tir nSm 2006 - 2013, tic gii lim Trudng phdng Tu pltip vi li Thudng tryc H$i dAng tu
vk ip dyng die BPXLHC t?i qu$n 2, Tp.HCM. S6 hd so n£u trfin li tii li$u nghifin curu de xdt duy$t vi dugc

ghi chdp trong qui trinh cdng tic.
^Eysenck (Eysenck Peronality Inventory - EPI). GS tim ly hcic tii li£u nghien curu d 700 ngudi linh yk thk kinh. 6ng da phdt hi$n cd 2 nhftn t6 chinh (trong 39 bik
s6 dugc phfin tich): tinh thk kinh (dA bj klch thlch hay 6n djnh) vi tinh hudng ngo?i (hay hudng n$i), ky
hik N vi I. Tir dd, 6ng vi cic cQng sy da v^ch ra ring: dd li 2 thdng s6 co bin ciia ck triic nitin cich

8


VPPL cua cdc em, qua do xdc djnh ty 1? va sy tuong quan gitta nguyen nhan
VPPL do hodn cdnh moi trudng xuat than vd do yeu to tarn ly. Tuong ty, doi

vdi yeu cau tim hieu ve thdi dy trong moi trudng chap hdnh biyn phdp va qua

dd nhdm danh gid hiyu qud tdc dyng cua cdc biyn phdp doi vdi cdc em, chung
tdi phan chia cdc bdn ty thuyt VPPL cua cdc em thdnh ba dyng “Dong y”,

“Khong dong y” vd “Khong noi duyc”.
Doi vdi nhdm nhung ngudi cd tham quyen, trach nhiym tham gia dp


dyng BPXLHC, myc tieu dieu tra nhdm djnh luymg nhyn thuc vd quan diem
cua nhung “ngudi trong cuyc” ve hiyu qud cua BPXLHC doi vdi NCTN theo

Luyt XLVPHC....the hi£n d muc dp tdc dyng cua BPXLHC (bien so phy
thuyc) doi vdi hdnh vi VPPL, dp tuoi VPPL vd tinh chat VPPL cua NCTN
tren thyc te (cdc bien so dye lyp). Gid trj djnh luymg ndy la bo sung cho tinh
chinh xdc cua nghien cuu djnh tinh.
Cung vdi cdc phuomg phdp ky thuat neu tren, luan dn nghien cuu van

de ve NCTN VPPL dya tren cdc ky ndng, tri thuc pho thong ket qud nghien
cuu thyc nghiym cua cdc nganh khoa hyc xa hyi lien quan nhu tarn ly hyc tyi

pham, tarn ly hyc tre em, gido dye hyc vd xa hyi hyc.13

Luyn dn edn tiep thu, su dyng cdc thong tin qua nghien cuu, khdo sdt

cdc tdi liyu khoa hyc, cdc ket qud bdo cdo dd cong bo, cdc trang website vd y
kien hyi thao khoa hyc; qua tiep xue, trao doi vdi cdc chuyen gia phdp luyt ve
linh vyc lien quan lam cor sd hoan thiyn viyc nghien cuu de tdi.
3. Myc dich vd nhiym vy cua luan an
3.1. Muc dich nghien cuu

Lam rd nhung van de edn bat cyp ve co sd ly luyn vd thyc tien dp

dyng cdc BPXLHC doi vdi NCTN VPPL. Qua do, de xuat phuomg hudng vd
gidi phdp hoan thiyn he thong tu phdp vd biyn phdp tu phdp NCTN d Viyt
Nam.
13 D$ng Thanh Nga, Dtfc diem fam ly cua ngieai chua thanh nien cd hanh vi pham tpi, lityn An tidn sT ndm
2007 tyi V$n Tdm ty hQc - Vtyn Khoa hQC xd h$i Vi§t Nam ;

- Ky y£u h$i thdo khoa hh$i dyi bi£u todn qu6c lAn thur IV H$i khoa hQC Tdm ty - Gido dye Vi£t Nam, thdng 12/2006, Hd N$i.

9


3.2. Nhi?m vu nghien cuu
De dyt dugc myc dich nghien cuu, luyn dn co nhiym vy gidi quyet

nhung van de cy the sau:

- Nghien curu cdc van de ly luyn phdp ly cy the ve ddc diem cua NCTN

VPPL thupc doi tuyng dp dyng cdc BPXLHC, cung nhu d$c diem cua cdc
BPXLHC theo quy djnh cua Luyt XLVPHC.

- Nghien cuu thyc tien dp dyng cdc BPXLHC doi vdi NCTN VPPL.
So sanh, phan tich, doi chieu giura ly luyn va thyc tien khdo sdt d cdc dja
phuang, chi ra nhung bat cap trong viyc dp dyng cdc biyn phdp neu tren. Dua
ra cdc dy bdo phdt sinh nhung ton tyi, bat cyp mdi, lam rd yeu cau can thiet vd
cap thiet phdi cd sua doi che djnh luyt hodn thiyn han.

- Nghien cuu de xuat xay dyng md hinh tu phdp cho NCTN phu hyp
yeu cau cai cdch tu phdp vd Cong udc quoc te ve quyen tre em.
4. Doi tiryng, phym vi nghien ciru
4.1. Ddi tucxng nghien cuu

- Van de ban chat, d$c diem cua VPPL cua NCTN thupc doi tugng dp
dyng BPXLHC; moi lien hy va nhflrng yeu to anh hudng den qud trinh phdt
sinh, phdt trien VPPL cua NCTN;


- Van de ban chat, ddc diem cua cdc BPXLHC. Hiyu qud tdc dQng cua
tren thyc te doi vdi NCTN VPPL thuQc doi tugng cua chung va tinh tuang

quan giura BPXLHC vdi cdc biyn phdp che tai khdc (che tai hinh sy, che tai
hanh chinh, che tai dyo due xd hQi). Vj tri phdp ly cua chung trong hy thong

phdp luyt;
- Van de can thiet duy tri, sua doi hay thay the BPXLHC theo yeu cau
edi cdch tu phdp va hQi nhyp quoc te d Viyt Nam.

4.2. Pham vi nghien cuu

- Pham vi linh vuc nghien cuu\ Luan dn nghien cuu cdc quy djnh cy
the cua phdp luyt XLVPHC lien quan tryc tiep den cdc BPXLHC doi vdi

NCTN VPPL d Viyt Nam.
10


- Pham vi khong gian nghien cuu: Lu£n dn nghien cuu, tong qudt myt

so tai li$u, cdng trinh nghien cuu vd cdc djnh che phdp ly d nhftng quoc gia
phdt trien nhdm so sdnh diem tuomg dong vd khdc biyt vdi djnh che phdp ly d

Viet Nam ve xu ly NCTN VPPL, nhung khong di sau nghien cuu co so nh£n
thuc va thyc tien xu ly NCTN VPPL d cdc quoc gia dd.

- Phym vi thdi gian nghien cuu: Luyn dn khao sdt chu yeu qud trinh vd
thyc tien dp dyng cdc BPXLHC doi vdi NCTN VPPL tu sau khi cd Phdp lynh

XLVPHC ndm 2002 den ndm 2012 va tinh hinh dp dyng biyn phdp ndyd

Tp.HCM vd myt so tinh, thdnh pho sau ngay co hiyu lyc theo Luyt XLVPHC
(tu 01/7/2014).

5. Nhung dong gdp mdi cua lu?n an
- Xay dyng co sd ly luyn ve bdn chat, ddc diem cua NCTN VPPL
thuyc doi tuyng dp dyng cdc BPXLHC vd bdn chat, ddc diem cua cdc biyn
phdp do. Lam rd cdc yeu to ddc thu vd tinh ton tai khdeh quan cua chung vdi

tu each la pham tru phdp ly can duyc Phdp dien hda.

- Nghien cuu thyc trang nhdm chi ra nguyen nhan bat cap vd dy bdo

nhung thach thuc mdi tiep tyc phdt sinh trong co che dp dyng cdc BPXLHC
doi vdi NCTN VPPL.

- Ldm ro sy trung ldp giua cdc BPXLHC d Luyt XLVPHC vd cdc biyn
phdp tu phdp d BLHS ndm 1999 vd BLHS ndm 2015, de xuat hyp nhat, cau

true lai thdnh Luat ve cdc Bien phdp tuphdp.

- Kien nghj xay dyng tieu chi phdp ly rieng ve cau thdnh VPPL cua
NCTN.

- De xuat xay dyng md hinh Uy ban quoc gia Thanh thiiu nien.
- De xuat md hinh bo try tu phdp vdi co che “md” ve Tham phan hpp

dong trong hy thong Toa dn Thanh thieu nien chuyen trach, cd chuc nang xu
ly trach nhiym hinh sy, hdnh chinh vd dp dyng biyn phdp tu phdp doi vdi


NCTN VPPL.

11


6. Y nghia khoa Hqc vd thyc tien cua luyn an
Luyn dn la mQt cong trinh khoa h(?c nghien ciru ly thuyet va nghien

cuu ung dyng hoan chinh ve che djnh BPXLHC doi vdi NCTN VPPL.
Cdc ket qud nghien cuu Bi$n phdp xir ly hdnh chinh doi v&i nguvi

chira thdnh nien vi phym phdp lu$t cua luyn dn cd the Id ddng gop cd y

nghia doi vdi hoan thiyn hy thong tu phdp NCTN d Viyt Nam.

Ket qud nghien cuu md luyn dn dat duyc cd the duyc su dyng lam tdi
liyu tham khdo cho co quan xay dyng phdp luyt ho£c cho cong tdc nghien cuu,

giang day, dao tyo ve phdp luyt xu ly doi vdi NCTN VPPL.
7. N$i dung, ket csiu cua luan an
Cau true luyn dn bao gom cdc thdnh phan: Md dau, Ket luyn, Danh

myc tdi liyu tham khdo vd Phy lyc. Phan nQi dung luan dn cd ket cau 4
chuong.
Chuang 1: Tong quan ve tinh hinh nghien cuu khoa hyc lien quan den

de tdi
Chuang 2: Ca sd ly luyn cua biyn phdp xu ly hdnh chinh doi vdi


ngudi chua thdnh nien vi phym phdp luyt

Chuang 3: Co sd phdp ly vd thyc tien dp dyng cdc biyn phdp xu ly
hdnh chinh doi vdi ngudi chua thdnh nien vi pham phdp luyt.

Chuang 4: Van de hodn thiyn phdp luat ve biyn phdp xu ly hdnh
chinh doi vdi ngudi chua thdnh nien vi phym phdp luat.

12


Ch irong 1
Tong quan tinh hinh nghien cdu lien quan den de tdi

Chdm lo, gido dye va bao vp NCTN, nhat Id doi vdi Bq phan NCTN
VPPL luon la npi dung quan trpng trong cdc hoach djnh chien luge quoc gia.

Day cung la linh vgc dugc cdc chuyen gia, cdc nhd khoa hpc xd hpi vd khoa
hgc phdp ly trong vd ngodi nude quan tam nghien cuu, khai thde theo cdc gdc
dp hgc thu£t khdc nhau. Tuy nhien, d Vipt Nam, vipc nghien cuu eg the ve co

sd ly luan vd thgc tien dp dgng cdc BPXLHC doi vdi NCTN VPPL chua
nhieu. Ngodi mpt so gido trinh Lu$t Hdnh chinh giang d^y dai hQC vd bdo cdo

thgc hipn phdp luat XLVPHC cua co quan chuc ndng, hau het cdc cdng trinh
nghien cuu la dang bdi viet tham lu|n, binh luan tai hpi thao khoa hpc nhttng

ndm gan day. Cd the ndi, cdc nghien curu chuyen sau ve NCTN VPPL chu yeu
dugc tiep can tir gdc dp tpi pham hinh sg vd to tgng hinh sg.


Tinh hinh nghien cuu d nude ngodi tuy nhieu vd phong phu ve cdc van

de tu phdp NCTN, nhung co sd tham khao tdi lipu cd npi dung lien quan trgc
tiep de tdi cung con han che, do nhung nguyen nhan sau: Thu nhat, hp thong

phdp luat d cdc quoc gia khdc vdi hp thong phdp luat cua Vipt Nam, nhat la so
vdi cdc Quoc gia theo hp thong thong lu£t (Common law). Thu hai, ten gpi cdc

bipn phdp xu ly doi vdi NCTN VPPL vd edeh thuc tiep c£n van de nay cung

khdc nhau. Thu bai, co sd ly lupn vd kinh nghipm khoa hpc doi vdi cdc khia c$nh

chua hodn thipn cua hp thong phdp luat d moi quoc gia cd khoang edeh, giai
doan phdt trien khdc nhau.
Do do, de nghien cuu de tdi Bi$n phdp xu ly hdnh chinh doi vdi ngudi

chua thdnh nien vi pham phdp luat doi hoi tac gia phdi khai thde, su dgng nguon

tdi lipu trpng tam la hp thong luat Vipt Nam, khai luge vd so sdnh vdi cdc che
djnh phdp ly d mpt so Quoc gia; tham khao cdng trinh nghien cuu trong vd ngodi

nude lien quan den khia canh nhat djnh cua npi dung de tdi. Tren co sd dd, tdi
lipu dugc tong quan theo thu tg nhu sau: (i) Tinh hinh nghien cuu d nude

ngodi. (ii) Tinh hinh nghien cuu d Vipt Nam. (iii) Danh gid tong quan tinh

hinh nghien cuu.
13



1.1. Tinh hinh nghien cuu d nude ngodi

Hau het cdc hdoi vdi NCTN tren goc 4q tpi phym hQC, xd hQi hQC, co scr lyp phdp, cong ly vd
ky ndng quan ly, gido dye NCTN. Trong do, nQi dung nghien cuu, binh luyn

dugc quan tam nhieu la cdc van de lien quan den Quyen tre em/Quyen cua

NCTN™. D\ra tren hinh thuc vd cdch thuc tiep can co the phan chia cdc nghien
cuu thdnh hai nhdm co bdn, gom: Nhdm thu nhat, nghien cuu, thdo luyn ve
chinh sdeh, chuan myc gido dye - xa hQi vd dieu kiyn phdt trien doi vdi NCTN,

tam gQi la nhdm Quyen an sinh xd hpi cua ngudi chua thdnh nien. Nhdm thu
hai, nghien cuu, binh luyn ve h? thong tu phdp vd co che dp dyng phdp luyt doi

vdi NCTN VPPL, tym gQi la nhdm Quyen tu phdp cua ngudi chua thdnh nien.

Co the noi, chi rieng d linh vgc tu phdp lien quan den NCTN da co mQt khoi
luyng day d£c cdc cong trinh, bai viet tir cdc viyn khoa hQC, cdc hQC gid, cdc

nhd hoach djnh chinh sach vd cdc nhd nghien cuu, vdi nhieu quan diem khdc
nhau dua tren y nghia cua Cong udc Lien Hiyp Quoc ve Quyen tre em, cong

ly cho tre em. Hang loyt cdc chu de dugc de cap bdi nhung ngudi dong gop
den tir cdc quoc gia khdc nhau bao gom: Hoa Ky, Anh - xu Wales, Nga,

Trung Quoc, Scotland, Singapore, Nhyt Ban..v.v.., vd do do van de quyen

NCTN luon dugc d$t trong boi canh Quoc te. Cong ly cho NCTN, nhu cau


cua NCTN trong cQng dong vd nhu cau cua NCTN bj tdeh khdi cha my dugc
xem xet trong moi quan hy vdi cdc md hinh khdc nhau tren co sd nhung cam
ket, yeu cau phdi nQi luyt hoa. Tinh pho quat cua cdc van de lien quan den

viyc tim kiem cong ly cho NCTN dugc minh hQa kha ro rang trong b6i ednh
xd hQi, vdn hoa vd chinh trj rat khdc nhau. Trong dd, lien quan vd cd gid trj
,4Ngay tir cu6i th£ ky XVIII, Cu6n The Rights of Infants (Quy&n Tri em) xuAt bin ndm 1796 ciia Thomas
Spence li mQt trong nhttng cu6n sdeh d&u tidn bdng ti^ng Anh xdc nhQn cdc quy&n ciia tri em. Trong su6t
thdp nidn ddu tidn cua th£ ky 20 cdc nhd ho?t dQng vi quyen trd em dd dupe t6 chdc d£ ddi hdi quyQn cho trd
em vd gia cu vi gido dye edng cQng. Cu6n The Child's Right to Respect (Quy£n dupe idn trong ala tid em)
xuAt bin nim 1927 cua Janusz Korczak di gia ting sy chu y ciia vdn hpc v£ lTnh vyc niy, vi hiQn nay hang
chyc tQ chuc quoc t£ dang ho?t dQng trfin khdp th£ gidi d£ c6 dQng cho quyQn tri em.

- Tuyen bd Toan cdu ve Nhdn Quyen (1848) dugc xem li edn bin cho mqi tidu chu^nphip ty qu6c ti v£
quyQn tri em hiQn nay. Cd nhi^u hiQp udc vi luQt phdp
cQp tdi quy&n tri em trdn khdp th£ gidi. MQt s6
lugng tii liQu hiQn t^i vi ljch su inh hudng tdi nhttng quy£n niy, gQm Tuyen bti ve' Quy&n Tri em ndm 1923,
dugc Eglantyne Jebb vi chj/em ciia bi Ii Dorothy Buxton phic thio t$i London (Anh) ndm 1919, dugc HQi
QuQc li€n tin thinh vi dugc Lidn HiQp qu6c thdng qua ndm 1946. Sau niy nd trd thinh n£n ting cho HiQp
udc vb Quy£n Trd em ndm 1989. (Ngudn: tir di£n Wikipedia. 22/6/2013,13g27’).

14


tham khao, ke thua doi vdi de Ui d nhung khia canh nhat djnh ve co che xir ly
khong phdi bdng bi?n phdp hinh sy doi vdi NCTN VPPL; ve tham quyen,

trinh ty, md hinh to chuc dp dyng quyet djnh xu ly vd nhung nghien ciru lien

quan den h? thong tu phdp NCTN. Theo do, cd the tong quan mQt so cong


trinh tieu bieu, nhu sau:
- Sach chuyen khdo Juvenile Crime - Juvenile Justice'5 (2001) cua

Vi?n nghien cuu khoa h16 cd the duyc xem Id sy

xuat hiyn khd sdm cho

cuqc

van dyng vi cong ly tre em. Day Id cong trinh

nghien cuu bao qudt nhttng van de co bdn cua h$ thong phdp luat quoc gia doi

vdi NCTN VPPL. Trong dd, Toa an vj thanh nien (VTN) la h? thong chinh xu

ly NCTN VPPL hinh sy, bao gom cd hdnh vi pham t$i hinh sy nghiem trQng
hoac pham tQi hinh sy it nghiem trQng (tuong ty khai ni£m hinh sy “nhd”

hoac VPHC nhieu lan d Vi$t Nam). Thu tyc to tyng tai Toa dn VTN cd nhftng
dac diem, la17: xet xu khong cong khai; ho so vy an duyc bdo mat de khong
can trd kha ndng tdi hoa nhdp xa hpi cua NCTN. NCTN VPPL khong bi xu la
tQi pham (Crime), ma la Tpi pham vj thanh nien (Delinquency)18; dac biet la
NCTN se khong bi tuyen bo la cd tQi (Guilty) md duyc tuyen bo da phym tQi

danh cho NCTN (Are Adjudicated Delinquent). Hau qud cua vi$c duyc tuyen

bo phym tQi cua NCTN thi it nghiem trQng hon rat nhieu so vdi bj tuyen bo cd
tQi19. Sau khi cd quyet djnh, NCTN khong bj dua vao tu giam, md den Trudng

Huan luy^n (training school) hoSc trai cai tao (Reformatory). Cd the tuong ty

trinh tu quyet dinh va thu tyc ap dyng bi?n phap tu phap dua vdo Trudng
Giao dudng d Vi$t Nam theo BLHS ndm 2015 (chua hi?u lyc). Tuy nhien,
NCTN d tuoi 14 co hanh vi phym tQi rat nghiem trQng va d$c bi?t nghiem

trQng, nhu: giet ngudi hay muu toan giet ngudi; dot nha dang cd ngudi d ben
trong; cudp co vu khi; hiep dam; bdt cdc hay cudp xe; phym tQi bdng sung;

15T?in djch: TQi ph?m vj thdnh nidn - Tu phdp vj thdnh nidn
,6National Researchcouncil - Institute of Medicine, Juvenile Crime - Juvenile Justice (2001), National
Academy Press.
’’National Research Council - Institute of Medicine, tr.l54.Tldd.
,8MQt s6 hdnh vi dirge xem Id VPPL n£u ngudi thgc hiQn Id trd em, nhung khdng phdi Id VPPL d6i vdi ngudi
thdnh ni£n, nhu: u6ng rugu, hut thuQc Id...
”UNC - Center for Civil Rights, Juvenile Delinquency Adjudication, Collateral Consequences, and

Expungement of Juvenile Records, tr. Iii.

15


ma tuy va vugt ngyc tu tryi cai huan thieu nhi... sS phai xet xu d Tda an cho

ngudi thAnh nien.202
22
Neu NCTN bj xu dn tu ddi hyn, se dugc dua vdo tr^i cdi

huan den 16 tuoi vd phai chuyen sang nhd tu cua ngudi thdnh nien.


Tuy nhien, cdng trinh nay cung phan dnh nhttng thu tyc con bat cyp

cua Toa dn vj thdnh nien, do la: a/ Vi?c xet xu bdi mpt Tham phdn md khong
co Ban Hgi tham co the dnh hudng den ket qua xet xu (tuong ty thu tyc mgt
Tham phdn xet quyet djnh DVTGD theo Luyt XLVPHC Viyt Nam), b/ Van
de dai diyn theo phdp luyt cua NCTN. Neu bj xu t^ii Toa dn danh cho ngudi

thdnh nien, NCTN cd quyen dugc d^i diyn bdi ngudi bdo chtfa. Nhung phan
ldn cdc tieu bang l^i cho phep NCTN dugc “quyen ty minh tir bd quyen cd
ngudi bdo chua” md khong co tu van phdp ly trudc khi dua ra quyet djnh.

Thgc te do khong phu hgp vdi quan diem cho rdng NCTN Id khdc biyt, do vyy
phai dugc doi xu khdc biyt vdi ngudi thdnh nien. Cdc nghien cuu cho thay

NCTN khong cd khd ndng nhu ngudi thdnh nien de co the tir bo quyen cua
minh mQt each “co hieu biet vd thong minh” (Knowledgeable and intelligent),

c/ Ben canh che tdi hinh sg, hy thong tu phdp NCTN con dp dgng cdc biyn
phdp xu ly khdc, bao gom: quan che, phyc vy CQng dong hoac vdo trudng Cdi
huan (Alternative School).

Cdc nhd nghien cuu chi ra rdng thyc chat dd la

cdc che tdi trimg phyt, khong phdi vi muc dg VPPL nghiem trQng cua NCTN
md myc dich nh&n ngdn chjn NCTN tiep tyc tham gia vdo cdc hdnh vi phym

tgi nhu ngudi ldn. Nhung van de d cho, du noi quan che cua Nhd nude cd
biyn phdp phu hgp the nao thi khi trd vd cgng dong NCTN cung sd khd khdn
de hoa nhyp. Do do, thay vi phdi each ly thi nen su dyng cdc biyn phdp xu ly
phyc hoi cho NCTN VPPL, bao gom: Thu nhat, liyu phdp trj liyu Da h? thong

(Multisystemic Therapy).23 Thu hai, chuong trinh chdm she nudi dudng Da

20Trong 44 tidu bang cua Hoa Ky, NCTN cd hanh vi phym 0i nghifim trQng nhu gidt ngudi va cdc hinh vi
lien quan d£n bang ding dugc xu ly nhu d6i vdi ngudi thanh nifin pham tdi.
(Ngudn: />2lG^n vdi hinh thuc Trudng Gido dudng d Vi$t Nam.
22Bi§n phdp “quan ch£” d dfiy cd th£ tuong ty bi$n phap giao dye tyi xS, phudng, thj tr£n d nude ta, tuy nhifin

each thuc, co ch£ ap dyng khac nhau. Bi$n phap “phyc vy c$ng dAng” c6 th& tuong ty bi$n phap “bu$c lao
d$ng cdng ich”da de xuAt khi dy thao Lu$t XLVPHC, nhung khdng dugc thdng qua.
23DSy la m$t qua trinh diAu trj lAy gia dinh va CQng dAng Um nAn tang, dyra trfin cac gia thuyAt va nghien cuu
VA hanh vi each ly xfi h$i d6i vdi t|p thA bao gAm ca nh&n, gia dinh, trudng hQC, byn bi va cdc yeu tA khac
lien quan dAn cdng dAng, va sg tuong tac gitta cac chO thA trong t$p thA dd. Ngoai ra, m$t d$c diAm dang luu
16


chieu (Multidimensional Treatment Foster care).24 Thu ba, Hoa gidi gitta

ngudi ph^m tQi va nan nhan (Victim-offender Mediation).25 Ket lu?n cua
nghien cuu U de NCTN VPPL c6 the hda nh£p tot vdi c$ng dong, elm d$t

trQng tarn len vi$c tiep tyc dieu trj (Continued treatment) thay vi chi don
thuan giam sdt va quan ly (Surveillance and monitoring).26
Goldson va Muncie27, duQC xem la nhumg chuyen gia hang dau nghien

cuu ve linh v\rc tu phdp vd cong ly cho NCTN VPPL d nude Anh.28 Hai ong

y ntta Id d$ tin c$y cua li$u phdp dirge dam bao thdng qua sy gidm sdt vd hA try dAi vdi cdc cdc cd nhdn/tA
churc thyrc hiAn li$u phdp. National Research Council - Institute of Medicine, tr.174. Tldd.
Ndm 1993, Henggeler vd c$ng sy dd tidn hdnh m$t nghidn cuu khdo sdt tinh hiAu qud gitta liAu phdp trj
li^u da hA thAng mQt edeh ngSu nhidn trtn nhftng NCTN cd xu hudng byo lyc, kAt qud cho thAy so vdi NCTN

dirge dp dgng theo quy trinh edi huAn cua hA thong phdp luQt thi sA NCTN dugc dieu trj vdi liAu phdp trj liAu
da hA thAng cd thdi gian tdi phqm gidm td 2.4 ndm tir liic tuyfin dn xuAng edn 1.2 ndm. Ndm 1995, Borduin
vd edng s\r qua nghien cuu dd phdt hiAn rdng d NCTN phym tQi, khi dugc trj liAu ngAu nhidn bdng liAu phdp
trj li£u da hA thAng thi sau 4 ndm diAu trj cd sy edi thiAn trong mAi quan hA dAi vdi gia dlnh, it xuAt hiAn cdc
triAu chung tdm thAn hon vd khd ndng tdi phym tQi cflng hy thAp ddng kA so vdi nhftng trd dugc diAu trj bdng
cdc phuomg phdp khde. Ndm 1997, Stanton vd Sadish dd tiAn hdnh m$t phdn tich tAng hgp vA cdc phuomg
phdp diAu trj tinh tryng lym dyng thuAc lAy nAn tdng Id gia dinh, vd phdt hiAn ring liQu phdp trj liQu da hA
thdng mang tinh hiAu qua cao horn so vdi cdc phuomg phdp diAu trj khde.
24GAn vdi hinh there “Co sd bdo trg xd hQi ty nguyAn” d ViQt Nam. Mpt hudng tiAp c$n triAn vqng cho nhdrng
NCTN thAt byi (tAn thuomg) vdi cdc chuomg trinh diAu trj tyi nhd dd Id chuomg trinh cham sdc nudi dudng da
chiAu. Chuomg trinh ndy tuyAn chgn, ddo tyo vd hA trg cdc gia dlnh nudi dudng nhdm cung cAp m$t chuomg
trinh cd cAu true vd thiAt kA phii hyp cho mAi NCTN cy thA. Hg sd sinh hoyt chung vdi m^t gia dinh nudi
dudng tir 6 - 9 thdng trong diAu kiQn duyc gidm sdt chjt che vd cdc mAi quan hA byn bd sd duyc kiAm sodt,
khi dd cdc hdnh vi cua hy sS duyc cung cA. Cdc gia dinh nudi dudng gid lien lye mAi ngdy vdi cdc nhdn vifin
cua chuomg trinh nudi dudng dA gidi quyAt khd khan vd trao dAi kA hoych. Timg NCTN cflng duyc cung cAp
cdc liQu phdp hA try vA ky ndng. Chuomg trinh s8 cd tA chuc g$p gd thudng xuy6n vdi phy huynh (ho$c gidm
h$), tA chuc t$p huAn mAi tuAn dA cung cAp cho hy sy chuAn bj sdn sdng trong sy kAt nAi vdi nhd trudng, cdc
h§ thAng djeh vy khde cflng nhu phuomg thurc chdm sdc sau ndy cho NCTN sau khi trd vA hod nh$p lyi vdi
gia dinh vd edng ddng.
Ndm 1998, Chamberlain vd Reid thyc hiAn nghien cuu tinh hiAu qud gitta 2 phuomg phdp “gia dinh nudi
dudng trj liQu” vd “nhdm gia dinh” trin dAi tuyng Id nhflng NCTN nam gidi cd hdnh vi tdi phqm duyc chyn
lya tham gia diAu trj m(>t edeh ng§u nhidn, thay cho mire phyt tti. KAt qud nghien eflu cho thAy NCTN tham
gia di Au trj bAng phuomg phdp gia dinh nudi dudng trj liAu cd xu hudng hodn tAt tryn vyn tiAn trinh diAu trj
nhiAu horn, it cd khd ndng bj bat horn ho$c bj phyt tii horn khi so sdnh vdi NCTN tham gia diAu trj bAng

phuomg phdp nhdm gia dlnh.
"DSy Id hoyt d$ng thudng diAn ra trudc khi xdt xd. Cdc nghiAn cuu dAu thAng nhAt chi ra ring nyn nhftn cd
xu hudng hdi ldng vdi qud trinh hda gidi horn id vdi tA tyng d Tda dn; vd, cdc nyn nhdn chi tham gia vdo qud
trinh hda gidi khi hy ty nguyAn. Cdc nghien cuu ndy gAm: Coates and Gehm, 1989; Marshall and Merry,


1990; Umbreit, 1990; Umbreit and Coates, 1992, 1993. Neudn: National Research Council - Institute of
Medicine, tr.175. Tldd.
26 National Research Council - Institute of Medicine, tr.194. Tldd.
27 - Barry Golson Id gidng vifin cao cAp khoa xd h$i hyc Dyi hyc Livepoon-Anh (School of Sociology and
Social Policy, The University of Liverpool)
- Jhon Muncie Id gido su tQi phym hyc - Gidm dAc Trung tdm QuAc tA NghiAn ciru hinh sy so sdnh tyi Dyi
hyc Md cua Anh (Faculty of Social Science, The Open University and International Centre for Comparative
Criminological Research).
28Trong khodng thdi gian 15 ndm (1999 - 2015), cdc edng trinh, bdi viAt nghien ciru vA edng ly cho NCTN

VPPL cua chung hai dng vd cua ridng tirng ngudi udc tinh cd horn 70 An phAm. Tifiu biAu nhu-

17


la dong tdc gia cua binh lu$n chuyen de Rethinking Youth Justice: a

comparative analysis, human rights and international research evidence
(2006),29 cho thay r6 hon buc tranh tuong phdn gitta hai h? thong phdp luyt
doi vdi NCTN: mQt ben la d cdc quoc gia cd hy thong tu phdp cho NCTN ung

hQ mQt “nen vdn hda kiem soat” (Culture of control) va trimg ph^t. Ngugc lyi,
d cdc quoc gia cd hy thong phdp luat trong do nhan mynh quyen con ngudi,

“khoan dung hinh sy” va d£t trQng tam cho cdc giai phdp tiep cyn NCTN. Ddy
la binh luyn xuat phdt tu mQt dy dn nghien cuu chuyen sau cd tinh Quoc te ve
cong ly cho NCTN, bai viet nay nhdm myc dich phe binh, chat van khuynh

hudng lay cdc uu tien chinh trj la nen tang trong chinh sdch cong ly cho


NCTN d Anh va xu Wales. Trong lai gidi thiyu, cdc tdc gid khdng djnh “tren
co sd phan tich so sdnh, nhan quyen quoc te va bdng chung nghien cuu, chung

tdi thach thuc cdc quy dyo chinh sdch hiyn hanh va cung cap mQt cong thuc
thay the: mQt nen cong ly cho ngudi chua thanh nien vdi tinh toan vyn”.30

Theo phdp luat cua Anh quoc va xu Wales31 quy dinh mQi trudng hop
NCTN VPPL d muc nghiem trQng deu phai xu ly theo thu tyc to tung hinh sy.

NCTN pham tpi bi bdt vd giam giur rieng. Viec bdt giu NCTN duyc thdng bdo

1.

Goldson, B. and Muncie, J. (2015) 'Children's Human Rights and Youth Justice with Integrity'. In:
Goldson., B. and Muncie, J., eds Youth Crime and Justice, 2nd edition. Sage, London, p. 30. (In
Press)
2. Goldson, B and Muncie, J (2015) Juvenile Justice: International Law and Children's Rights. In:
Wright, James D., ed The International Encyclopedia of Social and Behavioral Sciences (Second
edition).Elsevier, Oxford, p. 20. (In Press)
3. Goldson, B. and Muncie, J. (2012) Towards a Global 'Child Friendly' Juvenile Justice? International
Journal of Law, Crime and Justice, 40 (1). pp. 47-64. ISSN 1756-1606
4. Goldson, B. and Muncie, J. (2009) Youth Crime and Juvenile Justice Volume 2: Juvenile
Corrections.Sage, London, p. 350. ISBN 978-1-84787-064-3
5. Goldson, B. and Muncie, J. (2007) 'Youth Justice with Integrity: Beyond Allen's ''New
Approach'". In: Davies, Z. and McMahon, W., eds Debating Youth Justice: From punishment to
problem solving. Centre for Crime and Justice Studies, London, pp. 57-64. ISBN 978-1-906003-029
6. Muncie, J. and Goldson, B. (2006) 'England and Wales: The new correctionalism'. In: Muncie, J.
and Goldson, B., eds Comparative Youth Justice: Critical Issues. Sage, London, pp. 34-47. ISBN 14129-1136-2
7. Goldson, B. (1999) Youth Justice: Contemporary Policy and Practice. Ashgate, Aidershot, p. 219.
29Goldson, B. and Muncie, J. (2006), Rethinking Youth Justice: Comparative Analysis, International Human


Rights and Research Evidence. Youth Justice, 6 (2). pp. 91-106. ISSN 1747-6283.
Ngu6n: pdf/ 03/4/2014.14g00’
30 Nguyfin van: “By rethinking youth justice on the basis of comparative analysis, international humanrights
and research evidence, we challenge the current policy trajectory and offer an alternative formulation: a
youth justice with integrity”. Goldson, B. and Muncie, J. (2006). Tldd, tr. 16.
SlhttD://www,loc.gov/law/helD/child-rights/uk.php/18/02/2014.19g55’.

18