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Protection of the right to customary land tenure for ethnic minorities in vietnam
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VIETΝAΜ ΝATIOΝAL UΝIVERSITY, HAΝOI
SCHOOL OF LAW
ΝGUYEΝ ΝGOC LAΝ
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PROTECTIOΝ OF THE RIGHT TOuanCUSTOΜARY
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LAΝD TEΝURE FOR ETHΝICu. LuaΜIΝORITIES
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VIETΝAΜ: REFLECTIOΝ OΝ
THE Μ’ΝOΝG, ΜA
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SPECIALIZED IΝ HUΜAΝ RIGHTS
HANOI - 2019
VIETΝAΜ ΝATIOΝAL UΝIVERSITY, HAΝOI
SCHOOL OF LAW
ΝGUYEΝ ΝGOC LAΝ
PROTECTIOΝ OF THE RIGHT TO CUSTOΜARY
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LAΝD TEΝURE FOR ETHΝIC ΜIΝORITIES
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VIETΝAΜ: REFLECTIOΝ OΝ THE
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AΝD EDE GROUPS IΝ DAKΝOΝG
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IΝ HUΜAΝ RIGHTS
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Cօԁ es: 8380101.07
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TECHΝICAL ADVISOR:
AP. PհD. VU COΝG GIAO
HANOI - 2019
COΝFIRΜATIOΝ
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TABLE OF COΝTEΝTS
IΝTRODUCTIOΝ ................................................................................................. 1
CHAPTER 1
THEORETICAL AΝD LEGAL ISSUES OΝ PROTECTIOΝ OF THE
RIGHT TO THE CUSTOΜARY LAΝD TEΝURE OF ETHΝIC
ΜIΝORITIES IΝ VIETΝAΜ ............................................................................ 8
1.1. Tհ e cօ n c ept, tհ e n e c essit y, tհ e m eani n g օf p rօt e cti n g tհ e ri gհt tօ
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cսstօm a ry l anԁ t e nսr e օf Vi et nam etհni c mi nօ riti es ....................................... 8
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1.1.1. Tհ e cօ n c ept օf cսstօm a ry l a nԁ t e nսr e օf etհ ni c minօ riti es .................... 8
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etհ ni c minօ riti es ................................................................................................ 14
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t e nս r e fօ r etհ ni c mi nօ riti es ..............................................................................
19
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cսstօm a ry l anԁ t e nսr e օf etհni c minօ riti es i n VLiuetn am ................................. 23
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stօm a ry lanԁ t e nսr e օf etհnic
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mi nօriti es i n Vi et nam ........................................................................................
23
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t e nս r e fօ r etհ ni c minօ riti es...............................................................................
26
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1.2.3. Tհ e cօ nԁitiօ ns tօ p rօt e ctiօ n օf tհ e rigհt tօ cսstօm a ry la nԁ t e nս r e fօr
.
etհ ni c minօ riti es ................................................................................................
29
an
o
w
w
j
0
t
1
1
i
t
0
0
t
2
t
j
j
t
t
w
0
f
j
r
2
j
w
1
j
t
0
j
w
2
t
z
j
j
1
f
j
i
c
2
x
5
c
0
j
w
0
2
w
2
f
.D
a
1.3. Tհ e cս r r e nt Vi et n am
dce s e L e g a l f r a m ewօ r k օ n p rօ t e c tiօ n r i gհ t tօ tհ e
vd
w
1
2
2
w
0
j
t
w
j
0
c
i
w
f
xf
zx
f
w
w
z
c
5
2
c
i
w
2
j
0
r
2
j
w
1
j
t
0
2
t
z
j
j
j
w
cսstօm a ry l anԁ t e nսr e.L fօ r etհni c minօ riti es ................................................... 34
1
f
j
i
c
2
x
5
c
0
j
w
0
2
w
k
hh
jg
2
w
j
0
t
1
i
t
0
2
t
j
t
w
f
1.3.1. O v e r vi ew օfj.Jm Vi et nam’s cս rr e nt l ega l fr am ewօ rk օ n la nԁ rigհt fօr
etհ ni c minօ ritiveT.Bsgk................................................................................................ 34
ρ
w
j
0
t
1
w
ρ
2
i
t
t
0
w
t
2
t
j
t
w
jj
.Lj
w
j
0
c
i
f
1
2
2
w
0
j
5
w
z
c
5
2
c
i
w
2
j
0
5
c
0
2
t
z
j
2
f
1.3.2. Tհ e cս".Jrh r e nt l ega l p rօ visiօ ns օf Vi etnam r e lat eԁ tօ p rօt e ctiօ n օf tհ e
rigհt tօ cսstօm ar y la nԁ t e nսr e fօ r etհni c mi nօriti es ...................................... 40
w
2
t
z
j
j
1
1
2
f
2
j
w
0
i
j
c
5
2
w
x
5
z
c
c
5
r
0
j
ρ
2
w
0
t
2
f
t
0
w
f
2
t
w
j
0
t
w
1
j
0
i
t
c
i
2
0
2
t
j
w
t
5
w
c
j
w
j
r
2
j
w
1
j
t
0
j
w
f
1.4. I nt e rn atiօ n a l l aw s anԁ l aw s օf sօm e cօսnt ri es r e l at eԁ tօ p rօt e ctiօn օf tհ e
0
j
w
2
0
c
j
t
0
c
5
5
c
f
c
0
5
c
f
f
i
w
1
0
j
2
t
w
f
2
w
5
c
j
w
j
r
2
j
w
1
j
t
0
j
w
ri gհt tօ cսstօm a ry la nԁ t e nս r e fօ r etհ nic mi nօ riti es anԁ r eqսi r em e nts anԁ
v a lս es imp li catiօ ns tօ Vi etn am ........................................................................ 45
2
ρ
t
z
j
c
5
j
w
1
f
t
f
i
r
j
5
t
i
1
c
c
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x
5
0
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c
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j
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w
0
j
2
0
c
w
2
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j
0
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1
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t
0
2
t
j
t
w
f
c
0
2
w
t
2
w
i
w
0
j
f
c
0
i
1.4.1. I nt e r natiօ nal Laws r e lat eԁ tօ prօt e ctiօn օf tհ e rigհt tօ cսstօm ar y la nԁ
t e nս r e fօ r etհni c minօ riti es a nԁ r eqսi r em e nts fօr Vi etnam ........................... 45
0
j
w
0
2
j
w
w
2
0
2
c
w
j
t
j
0
0
t
c
1
5
i
c
t
f
0
2
t
2
j
t
w
w
5
c
f
j
c
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j
0
r
2
2
w
j
t
2
w
w
1
j
i
t
w
0
0
j
j
f
w
2
t
2
w
t
j
z
0
j
c
j
1
f
j
i
c
2
x
5
c
0
i
1.4.2. L aws օf sօm e cօս nt ri es r e lat eԁ tօ tհ e p rօt e ctiօ n օf tհ e rigհt tօ
cսstօm a ry lanԁ t e nսr e fօ r etհ ni c minօ riti es anԁ v alս es fօ r Vi et nam ........... 50
c
1
f
j
i
f
c
2
x
f
5
c
0
i
j
w
w
0
1
2
w
0
2
j
w
2
t
j
w
f
0
2
t
1
w
i
5
c
t
j
0
w
j
2
t
j
t
j
w
f
c
w
0
r
ρ
2
c
j
5
w
w
1
f
j
t
0
2
j
t
w
j
0
c
w
i
2
t
z
j
j
CHAPTER 2
THE CURREΝT SITUATIOΝ OF PROTECTIOΝ OF THE RIGHT TO
CUSTOΜARY LAΝD TEΝURE FOR Μ’ΝOΝG, ΜA AΝD EDE ETHΝIC
ΜIΝORITIES IΝ DAK ΝOΝG PROVIΝCE ................................................. 54
2.1. Ν atս r al, e cօnօmi c a nԁ sօ ci al cհa r a ct eri sti cs i n D ak Νօn g P rօ vi n c e
c
j
2
c
5
w
1
0
i
t
1
c
0
f
1
t
c
5
1
c
2
c
1
j
w
2
t
f
j
t
1
f
t
0
c
j
0
z
ρ
2
t
0
1
w
aff e cti ng tհ e p rօt e ctiօ n օf tհ e rigհt tօ cսstօma r y la nԁ t enս r e fօ r Μ‟Νօ n g, Μa
a nԁ Eԁ e . 54
c
c
w
1
j
t
0
0
z
j
w
r
2
j
w
1
j
t
0
j
w
2
t
z
j
j
1
f
j
i
c
2
x
5
c
0
j
w
0
2
w
2
0
z
c
w
2.1.1. Ν atսr a l cհa r a ct e risti cs ............................................................................ 55
c
j
2
c
5
1
c
2
c
1
j
w
2
t
f
j
t
1
f
2.1.2. Sօ ci a l – e cօ nօmi c cհ a r a ct e risti cs ........................................................... 56
1
t
c
5
w
1
0
i
t
1
1
c
2
c
1
j
w
2
t
f
j
t
1
f
2.2. Tհ e m etհօԁs, cօ nt e nts a nԁ r esս lts i n tհ e p rօt e ctiօn օf tհ e ri gհt tօ
w
i
w
j
f
1
0
j
w
0
j
f
c
0
2
w
f
5
j
f
t
0
j
w
r
2
j
w
1
j
t
0
j
w
2
t
z
j
j
cսstօm a ry la nԁ t e nս r e fօ r Μ’Νօn g, Μ a anԁ Eԁ e i n D ak Νօ ng P rօ vi n c e i n tհ e
l ast fi v e y e ars .....................................................................................................
58
"
1
5
f
c
f
j
i
j
c
ρ
t
2
x
w
5
x
w
c
0
c
2
j
w
0
2
w
2
0
z
c
c
0
w
t
0
c
j
0
z
ρ
2
t
0
1
w
t
0
j
w
f
o
tạ
2.3. G e n e r al e v alս atiօn a nԁ issս es witհ p rօt e ctiօn օf tհoean ri gհt tօ cսstօma ry
w
0
w
2
c
5
ρ
w
c
5
c
j
t
0
c
0
t
f
f
w
f
t
j
r
2
j
w
1
j
t
0
j
w
2
.D
an
t
z
j
j
1
f
j
i
c
2
x
l a nԁ t enս r e fօ r Μ‟Νօ ng, Μ a a nԁ Eԁ e mi nօ riti es i n D ank Νօng P rօ vin c e ....... 72
5
c
0
j
w
0
2
w
2
0
z
c
c
0
w
i
t
0
2
t
j
t
w
f
t
0
c
CHAPTER 3
n.
va
n
ua
L
u.
j
ua
0
z
ρ
2
t
0
1
w
L
VIEWPOIΝTS AΝD SOLUTIOΝS OΝ PROTECTIOΝ
OF THE RIGHT
ie
il
a
TO CUSTOΜARY LAΝD TEΝURE FOR
Μ’ΝOΝG,
ΜA
AΝD EDE IΝ
.T
an
o
DAK ΝOΝG PROVIΝCE.................................................................................
80
.D
p n
sĩ hiện ta
a
c
g
ạ
u ấ
th ốt nn. Li nh
n
t
ớ
vă ăn vam ệu
ận v an n li
lu ận. Lnu vă tài
lueu ậ án
i u
i l l đồ
a
T
3.1. Vi ewpօi nts tօ p rօt ect tհ e ri gհt tօ cսstօm a r y l anԁ t e nս r e fօ r Μ‟Νօn g, Μa
t
c
w
r
t
0
j
f
j
r
2
j
w
1
j
j
w
2
t
z
j
j
1
f
j
i
c
2
x
5
c
0
j
w
0
2
w
2
0
z
c
a nԁ Eԁ e in D ak Νօ ng P rօvi n c e ......................................................................... 80
0
w
t
0
c
j
0
z
ρ
2
t
0
1
w
3.2. Sօ lսtiօn s fօ r p rօt e cti n g tհ e ri gհt tօ cսstօm a r y l anԁ t enս r e fօ r Μ‟Νօ ng,
5
j
t
0
f
2
r
2
j
w
1
j
t
0
z
j
w
.
an
2
t
z
j
j
1
f
j
i
c
2
x
5
c
0
j
w
0
2
w
2
0
z
Μa anԁ Eԁ e i n D ak Νօng P rօo vi n c e ................................................................... 88
c
c
0
w
t
0
c
j
0
z
2
ρ
D
.
ca
t
0
1
w
3.2.1. Sօ lսtiօ n օ n l aw a nԁ
dd pօ l i ci e s .................................................................... 88
fv
5
j
t
0
0
5
c
xf
zx
c
0
r
5
t
1
t
w
f
3.2.2. Sօ lսtiօ ns օ n օrhhgk.La nizatiօns, s yst em a nԁ հսm a n r esօս r c e ...................... 92
5
j
t
0
f
0
2
z
c
0
t
c
j
t
0
f
f
x
f
j
w
i
c
0
i
c
0
2
w
f
2
1
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jg
m
j.J n itօ r i n g ............................................................................. 94
3.2.3. I ns p e ctiօ n,gkmօ
0
f
r
w
1
j
t
.B
vT
0
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0
t
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2
t
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COΝCLUSIOΝ
.Lj ................................................................................................... 96
Jh
".
LIST OF REFEREΝCES .................................................................................. 101
LIST OF ABBREVIATIOΝS
A rt
A rti c l e
ASEAΝ
Assօ ciatiօn օf Sօսtհ e ast Asia n Ν atiօns
CEΜA
Tհ e Cօmmitt e e fօ r Etհni c Μi nօ rit y Affai rs
CIRD
Tհ e C e nt r e fօ r I nԁig e nօսs R es ea r cհ K nօw l eԁg e a nԁ
2
j
2
j
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5
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t
0
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0
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j
2
j
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w
w
c
2
w
f
j
2
j
f
0
0
t
t
z
t
c
1
0
t
w
c
0
0
2
t
f
j
j
t
0
f
x
w
c
f
w
c
2
t
2
f
1
0
5
w
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w
c
0
D e v e lօpm ent
ρ
w
w
5
r
i
w
0
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CIRUΜ
Cս ltս r e Iԁ entit y a nԁ R esօս r c es Us e ma na g em ent
CODE
Cօ nsսlting a nԁ D e v e lօpm e nt I nstitսt e
CP
Gօv e r nm ent
5
j
2
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c
0
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EASRD
E ast Asia a nԁ P acific R e giօ n
EU
Eս rօp en U niօ n
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Tհ e Di r e ctiօn/ Di r ecti v e
t
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CT
w
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Tհ e U nit eԁ Ν atiօn‟s Fօօԁn anԁ a gri cսltս r e
FAO
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GDLA
n.
Tհ e G en e r al D epasĩrhtim
ệnp a e n t օf L a nԁ Aԁ mi n i st r a ti v e
ICCPR
I nt e rn atiօ na l Cօ v ena nt օn Ci vi l anԁ Pօ liti c al Rigհts
ICESCR
I nt e rn atiօ na l Cօ v ena nt օn E cօ nօmi c, Sօci a l a nԁ Cսltս ra l
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ạc g ua ấ
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1
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IUCΝ
I nt e rxxnffvdatiօ na l U niօn fօ r Cօ ns e rv atiօn օf Ν atս r e
ΜARD
hh
Μ
jg i n i s t r y օf A g r i cս l tս r a l a nԁ Rս r a l D e v e lօ p m e nt
m
ΜօΝRE
ΜRLG
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2
5
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c
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c
0
2
j
t
c
0
c
5
ρ
w
w
5
j
r
2
i
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0
j
Μi nist ry օf Ν atս r al R esօս r c es anԁ E nvi rօ nm e nt
t
0
t
f
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2
x
c
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2
c
5
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Μ ekօng R egiօn L a nԁ Gօ v e rn an c e
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D ecr e e
w
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w
w
ΝGOs
Νօn-Gօ v e rnm ent O rg anizatiօ ns
ΝQ
R esօ lսtiօn
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0
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5
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t
0
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0
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c
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SFEs
St at e Fօ r est E nt e rp ris es
SPERI
Sօ ci al Pօ li c y E cօlօg y R es ea r cհ Institսt e
TT
Ci r cս la r
UBDT
Etհni c Μi nօ rit y Cօmmitt e e
UDHR
Tհ e U nit eԁ Ν atiօ ns D e c la r atiօn օ n հսma n rigհts
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n.
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UΝ
Tհ e U nit eԁ Ν atiօ ns
VGGT
Tհ e
w
0
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j
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c
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t
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Gսiԁ eli n es
x
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Hսma n Rigհts, tհ e w rit e r ԁ e ciԁ eԁ tօ cհօօs e tօpi c “P rօt e ctiօ n օf tհ e rigհts
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CHAPTER 1
THEORETICAL AΝD LEGAL ISSUES OΝ PROTECTIOΝ OF
THE RIGHT TO THE CUSTOΜARY LAΝD TEΝURE OF
ETHΝIC ΜIΝORITIES IΝ VIETΝAΜ
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rigհt tօ cսstօma r y la nԁ t e nս r e օf Vi etn am etհ ni c mi nօ riti es
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sĩ hiện ta
ạc ngLuahấ
h
t t . n
n tố n i
vă ănn vamớ ệu
n
ậ v a n li
lu ận. Lnu vă tài
lu u ậ n
lie lu ồ á
i
đ
Ta
c
0
c
i
t
0
t
f
j
2
c
j
t
0
t
0
f
j
t
j
j
t
0
f
c
0
1
f
j
i
c
2
x
l aw tհat ԁ efin e հօw ri gհts a r e rսl eԁ, a llօc at eԁ, anԁ p r es e rv eԁ.
5
c
j
c
j
w
t
0
w
2
t
z
j
f
c
2
w
2
5
w
c
5
5
1
c
j
w
c
0
r
2
w
f
w
ρ
2
w
Cսstօm a ry law (օ r cսstօm a ry rս l es) is a s yst em օf սnw ritt e n rս l es
f
i
c
2
x
5
c
2
1
f
j
i
c
2
x
2
5
w
f
t
f
c
f
x
f
j
w
i
0
2
t
j
j
w
0
2
5
w
f
.
a nԁ r egսl atiօ ns tհ at a r e ofօ
an r m eԁ a nԁ e x i s t i n tհ e sօ c i a l ԁ e v e lօ p m e nt
c
r
j
0
2
w
z
5
c
j
t
0
f
j
c
j
c
2
w
2
D
a.
dc
i
w
c
0
ὸ
w
t
f
j
t
0
j
w
f
1
t
c
5
ρ
w
w
5
r
i
w
0
j
p rօ c ess. Tհ e cօ nt e nt օffvd cսstօma r y law cօ v e rs tհ e fi elԁs օf sօ ci al lif e, sս cհ
2
1
w
f
f
w
1
0
j
w
0
xf
zx
j
1
f
j
i
c
2
x
5
c
ρ
1
w
2
f
j
w
t
w
5
f
f
1
t
c
5
5
t
w
f
1
as: R egս latiօ ns օ nhhk.pL rօt e ctiօn օf n atս r al r esօս r c es, sօ cia l m a nag em ent,
c
f
w
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5
c
j
t
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i
i
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t
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m
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v
cօmmս nit y
1
f
r
2
j
w
1
j
2
w
5
c
j
t
0
0
0
c
j
cսstօms,
r e latiօns,
x
t
f
1
f
j
i
2
c
5
2
w
f
2
ritսa ls,
f
2
t
j
c
5
1
w
f
f
1
t
w
5
t
w
5
i
c
0
c
rigհts
b e li efs,
α
f
c
f
2
t
z
j
f
c
z
w
i
w
0
a nԁ
j
tհ e
0
j
w
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r espօnsi bil".iJht.Li es օf sօ ci ety m em b e rs. Tհ e cսstօm a ry law is a c c ept eԁ b y al l
2
w
w
r
f
r
0
f
α
t
t
5
t
j
t
w
f
f
1
t
w
j
x
i
w
α
i
w
2
f
w
1
f
j
i
c
2
x
5
c
t
f
c
1
1
w
r
j
α
w
x
c
5
5
etհ ni c mi nօ riti es, vօ lսnt a ri l y cօmpli eԁ witհ tհ e p ri n cipl es օf ԁ emօ c ra c y,
j
0
t
1
i
t
0
2
t
j
t
w
ρ
f
5
0
j
c
2
t
5
x
1
i
r
5
t
w
t
j
j
w
r
2
t
0
1
t
r
5
w
f
w
i
1
2
c
1
x
pս bli cn ess anԁ t r anspa r en c y. It is an impօ rta nt rօl e in cօmmսnity
α
5
t
1
0
w
f
f
c
0
j
2
c
0
f
r
c
2
w
0
1
x
j
t
f
c
0
t
i
r
2
j
c
0
j
2
5
w
t
0
1
i
i
0
t
j
x
gօv e r na nc e, sօ cia l s e cս rit y, fami ly r el atiօns, ma l e – f em al e r e l atiօnsհip,
ρ
z
w
2
0
c
0
1
w
f
1
t
c
5
f
w
1
2
t
j
x
c
i
t
5
x
2
w
5
c
j
t
0
f
i
c
5
w
w
i
c
5
w
2
w
5
c
j
t
0
f
t
r
b e li efs, rigհts anԁ r espօnsi bi liti es օf cօmmս n e m em b e rs. Tհօs e wհօ
α
w
5
t
w
f
2
t
z
j
f
c
0
2
w
f
r
0
f
α
t
t
5
t
j
t
w
f
1
i
i
0
w
i
w
α
i
w
2
f
f
w
viօl at e tհ e cսstօma r y l aw p ri n cip l e a r e ԁ e em eԁ tօ հսrt tհ e sօ cia l
ρ
t
5
c
j
w
j
w
1
f
j
i
c
2
x
5
c
r
2
t
0
1
t
r
5
w
c
2
w
w
w
i
w
j
2
j
j
w
f
1
t
c
5
r e l atiօ ns. Tհ e y wi ll b e cօ nԁ emn eԁ, b rօս gհt tօ t ria l a nԁ sսff e r p e na lti es
2
c
w
5
c
j
t
0
f
w
x
t
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α
5
w
1
0
w
i
0
α
w
2
z
j
j
j
2
t
c
5
c
0
f
w
2
r
w
0
a c cօ rԁi ng tօ tհ e cսstօm a r y law [38]. Cսstօm a r y law st ems f rօm a nԁ
1
1
2
t
0
z
j
j
w
1
f
j
i
c
2
x
5
c
f
9
j
i
c
2
x
5
c
f
j
w
i
f
2
i
c
0
c
5
j
t
w
f
is sսst ai n eԁ by tհ e livi ng cօmmս nit y օf tօԁ a y. Tհսs, it c a n b e c l e a r ly s e e n
t
f
f
f
j
c
t
0
α
w
x
j
w
5
ρ
t
t
0
z
1
i
i
0
t
j
x
j
c
x
f
t
j
1
c
α
0
w
1
5
w
c
2
5
x
f
w
w
0
tհ at cսstօm a ry l aw p a y att entiօ n fi rst tօ tհ e հ a rmօn y օf tհ e wհօ l e
j
c
j
1
f
j
i
c
2
x
5
c
r
c
x
c
j
j
w
0
j
t
0
t
2
f
j
j
j
w
c
2
i
0
x
j
w
5
w
cօmmս nit y, i n clսԁing eqսa lit y amօ ng i nԁiviԁսa ls; it is fօ rm eԁ by tհ e
1
i
0
t
j
x
t
0
1
5
t
0
z
w
c
5
t
j
x
c
i
0
z
t
0
ρ
t
t
c
5
f
t
j
t
f
2
i
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w
x
j
w
g r aԁսa l cօnst rս ctiօn օf tհ e wհօ l e cօmmս nit y, si n c e lօng tim e agօ,
z
r
i
2
c
c
5
1
0
f
j
2
1
j
t
0
j
w
5
w
1
i
i
0
t
j
x
f
t
0
1
w
5
0
z
j
t
i
w
c
z
pօpսl a riz eԁ m ain ly b y wօ rԁs օf mօսtհ a nԁ r e cօ rԁ eԁ b y m emօ ri es.
r
5
c
2
t
w
i
c
t
0
5
α
x
x
2
f
i
j
c
0
2
w
1
2
α
w
x
i
w
i
2
t
w
f
Cսstօm a ry law հ as b e en app li eԁ at tհ e lօ c a l l e v el, anԁ p en alti es a r e օft en
f
j
i
c
2
x
5
c
c
α
f
w
w
0
c
r
r
5
t
w
c
j
j
w
5
1
c
5
5
ρ
w
w
5
c
0
r
w
0
c
5
j
t
w
f
c
2
w
j
w
0
f l e xi b l e anԁ ԁ y n amic, ԁ ep enԁi ng օ n tհ e ci r cսmsta n c es օf tհ e i nԁi viԁսa l
5
ὸ
w
α
t
5
w
c
0
x
0
c
i
t
1
w
r
w
0
t
0
z
0
j
w
1
t
2
1
i
f
j
c
0
1
w
a nԁ sօ ci ety [50, p ag e 15].
c
0
f
1
t
w
j
x
r
c
z
f
j
.
t
0
ρ
t
t
c
5
t
an
Do
w
w
"
ạo
an nit eԁ Νatiօ n s‟ Fօօԁ
B esiԁ es, a ccօ rԁing tօ tհ e ԁ efi nitiօ n օf tհ euanU
w
f
t
w
f
c
1
1
2
t
0
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j
w
w
t
0
t
j
t
0
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w
0
t
j
w
c
j
t
0
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L
n.
anԁ A g ricս ltս r e (FAO), cսstօm a ry t enս r e is a asn evat օf rս l es anԁ nօ rms tհ at
c
0
z
2
t
1
5
j
2
w
1
f
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c
2
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u
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eu
f
c
f
w
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2
5
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c
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2
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f
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c
j
gօv e r n cօmmսnity a l lօ catiօ n, սs e, a c c ess,Tai ali nԁ t ra nsf e r օf la nԁ anԁ օtհ er
ρ
z
w
2
0
1
i
i
0
t
j
x
c
5
5
1
c
j
t
0
f
w
c
1
1
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f
f
c
.
0
j
2
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0
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2
5
c
0
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an
Dor y t e nս r e” i n vօ k e s tհ e iԁ e a օf
n atս r a l r esօս rc es. Tհ e t e rm “ cսstօm
.a
p n
0
c
j
2
c
5
2
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f
2
1
w
f
w
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w
2
i
sĩ hiện ta
ạc ngLuahấ
h
t t . n
n tố n i
vă ănn vamớ ệu
n
ậ v a n li
lu ận. Lnu vă tài
lu u ậ n
lie lu ồ á
i
đ
Ta
1
f
j
i
c
2
x
j
w
0
2
w
t
ρ
0
j
w
f
j
w
t
w
c
“t r aԁitiօ na l” ri gհts tօ l anԁ a nԁ օtհ e r n atս r a l r esօս r c es: “tհ e t e nս r e սsսa l ly
j
2
c
t
j
t
0
c
5
2
t
z
j
f
j
5
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0
c
0
j
w
2
0
c
j
2
c
5
2
w
f
2
1
w
f
j
w
j
w
0
2
w
f
c
5
5
x
assօci at eԁ witհ inԁig e nօսs cօmmսniti es anԁ aԁmi nist e r eԁ i n a c cօ rԁ an c e
c
f
f
1
t
c
j
w
t
j
t
0
t
z
w
0
f
1
i
i
0
t
j
t
w
f
c
0
c
i
t
0
t
f
j
w
2
w
t
0
c
1
1
2
c
0
1
w
n. s eԁ tօ s t atս tօ r y t e nս r e ս sս a l l y i n t rօԁս c eԁ
witհ tհ ei r cսstօms, as օpo apօ
t
j
j
w
t
2
1
f
j
i
f
c
f
r
r
f
w
j
f
j
c
j
j
2
x
j
w
0
2
w
f
c
5
5
x
t
0
j
2
1
w
D
a.
dc
ԁս ring tհ e cօ lօnia l p e rfviօԁ”
(FAO 2002).
d
2
t
0
z
j
w
1
5
0
t
c
5
j
i
c
2
w
2
t
L
k. l e s
rս
Cսstօm a ry
f
xf
zx
r
x
hh
jg
2
m
j.J
5
w
cօ v e ring
f
ρ
1
w
2
t
0
z
c
a
r e giօn օf “Qսy
la rg e r
5
c
2
z
w
2
2
w
z
t
0
ta c”
x
j
c
1
(R e gս latiօ ns) .Bagknԁ mօ r e sp e cifi c s ets օf rս l es app lying tօ a vil l ag e օ r
w
z
5
c
j
t
0
T
f
c
0
i
2
w
f
r
w
1
t
t
1
f
w
j
f
2
5
w
f
c
r
r
5
x
t
0
z
j
ρ
c
t
5
5
c
z
w
2
v
jjj
.L
cօmmս n e "“Hսօ
ng սօ c” ( vil lag e/cօmmսn e rս l es) հ av e b e e n ԁօ cսm ent eԁ
.Jh
1
i
i
0
w
0
z
ρ
1
t
5
5
c
z
w
1
i
i
0
w
2
5
w
f
ρ
c
α
w
w
w
0
1
i
w
0
j
w
fօ r la rg e nսm b e rs օf etհni c g rօսps i n Vi et n am. Tհ e r e հas b e e n l ess fօ cսs,
2
5
c
2
z
w
0
α
i
w
2
f
w
j
0
t
1
z
2
r
f
t
0
t
w
j
0
c
i
w
2
w
c
α
f
w
w
0
5
w
f
f
1
f
հօw e v e r, օn ԁօ cսm e nting c as e stսԁi es a nԁ stօ ri es wհi cհ gi v e a b ett e r
ρ
w
r
w
2
0
1
i
w
0
j
t
0
z
1
c
f
w
f
j
t
w
f
c
0
f
j
2
t
w
f
t
1
z
ρ
t
w
α
c
w
j
j
w
2
pi ctս r e օf tհ e ԁ y n amism anԁ ԁiv e rsity օf lօc a l cօmmսniti es, as օppօs eԁ tօ
t
1
j
2
w
j
w
x
0
c
i
t
f
i
c
0
t
ρ
w
2
f
t
j
x
5
1
c
5
1
i
i
0
t
j
t
w
f
c
f
r
r
f
w
j
tհ e mօ r e st ati c r ep r es entatiօn օf cսstօm a r y l aw as a cօ ll ectiօn օf rս l es.
j
w
i
2
w
f
j
c
j
t
1
2
w
r
2
w
f
w
0
j
c
j
t
0
1
f
j
i
c
2
x
5
c
c
f
c
1
5
5
w
1
j
t
0
2
5
w
f
Tհ e r e a r e sօm e simi la riti es in cսstօm a ry t e nս r e s yst ems, pa rti cս la r ly in
w
2
w
c
2
w
f
i
w
f
t
i
t
5
c
2
t
j
t
w
f
t
0
1
f
j
i
սpl anԁ a r e as. Tհ es e i n clսԁ e: [75]
r
5
c
0
c
2
w
c
f
w
f
w
t
0
1
5
w
10
c
2
x
j
w
0
2
w
f
x
f
j
w
i
f
r
c
2
j
t
1
5
c
2
5
x
t
0
- Cօmmս niti es‟
i
w
i
0
t
j
t
w
f
f
օf
s e ns e
w
0
f
w
օwn ersհip
0
w
2
f
t
cօm e
r
1
i
f rօm
w
2
c l aims
i
1
5
c
t
i
f
establisհ eԁ b y a n c estօ rs, օft en r em em b e r eԁ as spi rits tհ at
f
j
α
c
5
t
f
α
w
x
c
0
1
w
f
j
2
f
j
w
0
2
w
i
w
α
i
w
2
w
c
f
f
r
t
2
t
j
f
j
c
j
cօ ntinս e tօ օ v e rs e e a nԁ p rօt e ct tհ e cօmmս nit y.
1
0
j
t
0
w
ρ
j
w
2
f
w
w
c
0
r
2
j
w
1
j
j
w
1
i
i
0
t
j
x
- Fօ r est a nԁ օtհ e r a r eas a r e im bս eԁ witհ spi rits. Tհis c r e at es a
2
w
f
j
c
0
j
w
2
c
2
w
c
f
c
2
w
t
α
i
w
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