Virginia Evans
Virginia Evans
~
CJJ~
Express
Publishing
Published by Express Publishing in 2000
Liberty House, New Greenham Park, Newbury, Berkshire RG19 6HW
Tel: (0044)
16358173
63 - Fax: (0044) 1635 817 463
e-mail: ,uk.
http: //www.expresspu bli shing.co.uk.
t Virginia Evans, 2000
Design
& Illustration © Express Publishing, 2000
Colour Illustrations: Nathan
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced,
stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form, or by any
means, electronic, photocopying or otherwise, without the prior
written permission of the Publishers.
iSBN 1-903128-50-1
Made in EU
Ac
knowledg
em
ents
Aut
hor'
s Acknowl edge ments
We would like to thank all the staff at Express Publishing who have contributed their skills to produc ing this book. Thanks are due in

particular to: Sean Todd (Editor in Chief). Andrew Wright (senior editor), Anna Miller (editorial assistant), Mary Stevenson (senior production
controller), the Express design team, Tony Boyle (recording producer ) and Erica Thompson, Anne Whitman, Steven Gibbs and Sally Pierce
for their support and patience. We would also like to thank those institutions and teachers who piloted the manuscript, and whose comments
and feedback influenced positively the production of the book .
Photograph Acknowledgeme
nts
© Reuters for photographs on p. 48
© Audio Visual for photographs on pages: 78, 81. 107
While every effort has been made to trace all the
copy
r
ight
holders
, if any have been inadvertently
over
looked the publishers
will
be pleased to make the necessary arrangements at the first
oppo
rtunity.
Contents
Pori
A
Gu
idelines
101
W
rilino
4
Po

ri
8
Lellel
Wlilino
16
•
LfIIERS
1 Inlolmo
lL
e
li
DlS
10
3
formolleliDlS
16
4 S
emHo
lmolL
ell
els
34
5
Ironsocllonollellers
38
•
ARTICLES
-
SIORIES
-N

EW
S
REP
ORIS
-
RE
VIE
WS
- Oescr
lollOn
S
6 Oesc
rl
blnoPeo
pl
e
41
I Oesc
rl
blnoPloces/8u
ll
dlnos
48
8 Oe
SCI
lb
ln
o
Oble
cls

54
9 Oe
SCI
lblno
feslllo
ls
/EJenls
/
Ce
le
brollons
56
-
Nn
nollm &
Ne
wR
eoo
rls
10
fl
lsl
·PDlSon
Np
llol
lm 60
11
Ihl
rd
·PDlS

on
NO
ll
ollm 66
l
1p
Ne
wsR
epo
rl
s
11
- R
OI
le
ws
l
1b
Re
v
ie
ws
18
•
DISCURSIVE
WR
IIING
· Di
scu
rsi

ve
es
so
lS
13
·
"F
or
ond
Ao
o
ln
s
r-
Esso!!
81
140
Oolnlon
Ess
o!!
88
14b
P
ro
lld
lno
S
ol
ullo
ns

10
P
ro
bl
ems
94
1
4c
Lell
els
10
IheEd
ll
or
98
· Reoo
ll
s
15
bsessmen
l&
Prooosol
Reporls
101
•
REVISION
AND
EIIENSION
SECIfON
109

AP
P
EN
OIl
I
lInklno
W
ords
145
AP
P
EN
Ollll
Open
ino
&
Closlno
Remorks
lor
LeliDlS
/U
selul
Vocobulo"
141
APP
EN
Ollll1
Rules
lo
rPuncluo

ll
on 150
UNIT
1
PorI
A
GUidelines
lor
WriJing
TYPES
OF
COMPOSITION
When you writea compositionyou need to un
dersta
nd thetypeofwriting required.
Yo
ur pieceof writing can be in the formof a letter, an article for a magazine!
newspaperora report.
LETTERS
are
written
to a
person
(e.g. your
pen
fri
en
d, a newspaper
ed
itor, etc) ora

groupof
people
(e.g.thes
tudents
' society,
the
local
football
club,etc) for a specific
reaso
n (e.g.togiveadvice, to
make
a com
plai
ntetc).
The
y include:
• Informal letters10
peop
le
you
know
well
, writtenina pe
rsona!
chattystyle.
•
Forma
l lettersto managers/officialsetc,
wri

tten
in a
poli
te
formal
style
.
• Seml-formalletters
10
peop
le
you
donot
know
well
or
peop
leyou
know
but you
want
to
sound
poli
teandrespectful
e.g.
a
teache
r of
you

rs,your
pen
friend's parents,
etc, wr
itten
ina politeand respectful style.
ARTICLES
arefound in
maga
zi
nes
and
news
papers
. Thefollowing
can
be
found
in
theformof
an
article:
• Descriptionsof people,
places,
bu
ildi
ngs,
ob
jects
,

fest
iva
ls,
ce
remonies
etc.
•
Na
rratives
about
real
or imaginary
even
ts
which
happened
inthe
past.
T
hey
can
be
written in the fir st person (first-person narratives)
when
the writer is the main
characterof thes
tory
or inthe third
person
(third-person

narrati
ves
)
when
the
writer
is
des
cribing
ev
ents
which
happened toano
ther
pe
rson
or groupof
people
.
• News reports about current/recent events (e.g. fires, accidents, etc) written in
impersonal sty
le.
News
r
eports
pr
es
entf
acts
obj

ectiv
elyand unemotion
ally.
•
Re
views d
iscu
ssinga film,
TV
programm
e, book, res
taur
an
t, etc
and
recommending
it ornotto
the
reade
r.
•
Discursi
ve
essa
ys a
bout
argu
ments
conc
emin

g p
art
icu
larsubj
ects.
The
y include:
• "For and
Agai
nst"
essays
which
prese
nt thepros and cons ona specific topic
• Opinion
Essays
wh
ichpr
esent
thewriter's
perso
nal opinion ona
spec
ifictopic
• Providing Solutions to Problemswhich
discuss
a p
rob
lemandits ca
uses

, making
suggestions
and
me
ntio
ningthe
expec
ted
resul
ts
and
co
nsequences
•
Letters
to the Editor
whi
chp
resent
the
wri
ter's
personal
opinionon a
specif
ic topic
orthewriter's
suggest
ions
on a

specif
icp
roblem
.
REPORTS
are
forma
l p
ieces
of
wri
tingand
have
a
spec
ific
format
and
features.
They
inc
lude:
• Assessmentreports disc
ussing
the
suitab
ility of a
person,
p
lace,

plan, etc for a
part
icular purpose, job,etc.
•
Proposals
reportsdiscussing
suggest
ions
ordecis
ions
about
fut
ure
actio
ns.
1 Read the extracts
(A-G)
and
decide
which t
yp
e of writingt
hey
arc f
rom
(1
-7)
.
D.D third personnarrative ITO informal letter
D:D

fonnal leuer
(]I]
description of a
perso
n
[]I]
first
pers
on narrative EID de
sc
ription of a festival
[]O
descri
ption of a place
D
"'
3
~
Sir/Madam. , .
- I
8~
.
Nrit i
'1
g to complain about the service I
received
during a V
IS
it
to your

r
~ s
:;;:;
xS :;
0'1
8th
November. .
r=
:rs: ly. I
roM
booked a t able for eight o'
clock.
but
when
we
amved
. our table was
cor r
:-6Idy
",,".0
rt; 'HSS half 81 hour before we
were
seated. I
~
as
v
er:J
annoy
ed
~

~
4
• As the last
band
played
their
final
song
, , felt
sad
that
the
fest
ival
was
about
to end. An
the
fun
moments
of
the
week
passed
through
my mind in a split
second.
Dancing
to the
beat

of the
music
, I
looked
at myfriend
and said,
- j
can
't
wait
unli!
next
year
's
Jazz
Festival!"
Dear Aunt Carol.
I'm
sorry about not
replying
to
your let t er
sooner but I've been
extremely busy.
Guess what! I finally
found
a posit ion as a
nursery school t eacher
in
Bright o

n!
Is
n't
t hat
wonde
rf
ul?
~
Debb
ie is tall. s
lim
and
attractive,
with long
brown
hairand
beaut
iful blueeyes.
She
likes wearing s
mart
clothes
and
al
ways
looks
good.
_

.

~
.~
Unit
1
Port
A
GUidelines
for
Writing
-
Wh
en I opened
my
eyes,
b
righ
t sun
light
was
stream
ing
throu
gh
~l
Y
bedroom win
dow.
As
I was about to
get

out of bed, I heard a
norse
co
ming
from
the k
itchen
downstai
rs.
__
.
e Ta:
Ms
MTimms,
Pe
r
son
nel
Manag
er
From: Mr T Brown,
Se
nior
Ass
istant
Subject:
Assessment
of Robert Dunk
an
Date: 15thFebruary, 20

Introduction
The pu
rpose
of this reportisto assess the
sunab
ilityof RobertDunkan
for
the
pos
it
ion
of
Sa
les
Managerforour shopin
Brunwick
.
~
~
'
-
~_
'-"'!
I believe that the
cou
rse of ac
tion
prop
os
ed

abov
e w
ill
att
rac
t
more
cus
tom
ers to the
Whit
e D
ov
e
Restau
ran
t. Not on
ly
will the It
Ci
li
Ci
n
5
eCl
food
C1n
d
veqet
a

rla
n
dtsh
es d
ra
w
more
peop
le to the resta
ur
an
t, but
the l
iv
e music wi
ll
else greatly
imp
rov
e t
he
resta
ur
ant's atm
osp
he
re
.
v ""-,,, ~


/'
: J
5
• Firstl
y,
all
bl
ock<;
Offl/lts
should
be
p
ro
vid
ed
wi
th large
ru
b
bis
h
bi
ns
. III
addition
to th
is,
res
idents
s

JlO
ukl
hI'
allow
ed
to
throw
out
th
eir
rubbish
011
1)'
at
nig
ht. H is
wou
ld
result
in
reduci
ng t
he
a
lll
ount of
rubbi
sh
ill
th

est
re
etsdu
rill
g
the
dll
),
.
,

~'
-'
e
Re
c
omm
endation
To
begin
with. o
ne
of
the
mai
n a
dvantages
of
study
in

g abroad is that
you
have
the c
hance
to
lean
another
lan
gu
age.
More
ov
er,
you
expe
ri
en
ce
a
diffe
rent c
ultu
re
and
way of life.
'IIII
~
-
~

-
Aruba is a tiny island in the
Caribbean Sea. It is only 29
kilometres off the north coast of
Venezuela. With its white sandy
beaches and clear blue waters,
Aruba is the perfect place
tor a
rel
axing
holiday.
ITO a
ssess
ment report
[ILl
news
report
~
opinion es
say
~ ~.

2 Read the extracts (A-G) and decide which type of writing (1-7) the)'
are from. •
The
cas
t is
exce
lle
nta

nd
Mich
ae
l J. F
ox
is
perfect
as
t
he
voi
ce
of Stuart
Little
,
With Ihe use 01 computer
an
ima
tion,
Stuartlooksmo
re
likearealmouset
ha
n
a cartoon
mou
se
, c
onv
inci

ng
v je~ers
that he is a
~
P-
~
~
m
ini
atureactor.
:
~
;
The
combina
tion
of
compu
ter an
im
at
ion
and
live
acti
on is superb.
It was abright, sunny
morni
ngwhenJill Wil
so

n
waved
g
ood
byeto
her
mother.
"Haveanice
day
at s
chool
-
and
be
ca
reful!" calledMrsWil
son.
The
birds
were
singing as
Jill
sto
pped
on the old wooden
bridge
to look
down
at the du
cks

on
the
wate
r below.
.


-"

41)
Four people were killed and
eleven
were seriousIY,injured.when two
planes collided on the runway at Leland Airport early this morning.
o All in all, I believe that newspapers ploy on important role in
our lives.
They
keep us informed about world news as well as
providing interesting reading material.
_~~ ~-~' ~~.,.;
=cJ proposal report
"IJ
for and against
essa
y
I=:J review
:liJ
essay providing solutions to
problems
Unill

Pori
A
Gui
de
li
nes
lo
r
Wrili
ng
UNDERSTANDING
RUBRICS
5 a)
Read
the rubricand
underline the key
wo
rds,
then
ans
we
r the questions.
1
Who
isgo
ing
to readyour
piece
of
wr

iti
ng?
2
Wh
at isthesituat
ion
?
3
What
typ
e of compositionshould
you
writ
e?
4
What
speci
fic
topics
shoul
d
you
in
clude?
1
situati
on
2
reader
3 t

ype
of
writin
g
4
speci
fic
topics
Study
the
examp
lebe
low.
, 2
You work for a travel magazine. Your editor has asked you to
3 4
write an article discussing the pros and cons of air travel,
including factors such ascost and co
nvenience
.
rc c, c ,
To
plan
your
composition
you
need
to
understa
ndtherubric i.

e.
the
compos
it
ion
instructions.
Read
the
rubric
ca
refu
llyandu
nder
l
ine
the key
words/phrases
wh
ich
will
help
you
decide
wha
t
you
will
write
abou
t.

Key
words
/phrases
indicate:
• theImaginary situation
you
will writeabout(e.g.
Yo
uarea
reporter
to
write
about
a
tire
which
broke
out
last
night
) Thiscan
als
o s
ugges
t
wh
o
youare(e.g.a
reporte
r),

what
has
happened
(e.g.
fire
brokeout), etc.
•
the
Imaginaryreader
who
is
going
to
read
your pieceofwrit
ing
(e.g.
the
manager
of
the
company
you workforhasasked
you
to write j.
This will help
you
decideonthewriting style i.e. the
approp
riate styleof

lanquaqe-
forma
l
/infor
ma
l, etc you
sho
ulduse.
• thetype of writing (e.g.
a fette
r,
anarticle describing an e
ve
nt you
attended,
etc
)
•
the
specific topics
you
shou
ld include in
your
a
nswer
(
e.
g.describe
thep

lace
and
comment
on
its
goodandbad points)
4
Read
the rubricand
circle
thecorrect an
sw
ers to theque
stion
s that
follow
.
3 Read the rubric below and
match
the n
umb
ers to the followi
ng
headings:
Youworkin a localtourist
office
. The
manager
has
asked

youto write
a report on a new restaurant which has just opened in your town.
Writeyour report describing the
restaurant,
the food and the
service
there and
commenti
ng on its good and bad points.
1 2
Yourbest friend is spending the
summer
in your country and needs
3 4
advice. Write a letter advising him where to go and what to do and
telling him approximately how much moneyhe should bring.
You are a writerfor an
international English-language
magazine. Your editor has
asked you for a short article
about a famous person from
the twentieth centurythat you
admire. Write your article
about the person, describing
his/her personality as well as
the reasons you admire him!
her.
1
What
t

ype
of
composi
tio
n is
this
?
A a
third
pe
rson
narrative
B afor
ma
l
letter
C a
descriptive
article
D a
rev
iew
2
Who
is
going
to read
you
r
compo

sit
ion
?
A your
best
friend
B
your
e
ditor
•
specifi
c
topic
s
•
type
of
writing
.
•
reader

•
situation

6
Un
it!
Port

A
Guide
line
s
lo
rWr
it
ing
6 a) Read the rubric in Ex. 5a) again and tick the topics that you
should includein your article.
• Writedo
wn
an
yideas,
wor
dsandphrasesthat
you
can
thinkof
which
relate
tothe
spec
ifict
op
icsof
your
compos
rt
ion.

• Group
you
r ideas,
cross
ing
ou
t
an
y irrelevant
ones
,
and
put
them
into a
lo
gical
o
rder
.
• Ch
eck
that yourid
eas
are
re
lev
an
tto
the

topic(s) in
the
ru
bric.
• entire life
was
devoted to others
• donated
money
to cha
rity
• patient
•
perso
na
lity
• hobbiesand interests
BRAINSTORM
ING
FOR
IDEAS
PLANNING
THE
LAYOUT
OF
YOUR
COMPOSITION
b) Lookat the
word
s/phrases

below
and sa)'
which
topicfromabove
the)' are linked to.
• helped those inneed
• s
elfles
s
• com
pass
ionate
• courageous
• whyyou admire the person .
• looksand appearance
J
Wh
ich of the
foll
o
wi
ng sta
teme
nts
are true? Circle.
A
You
shouldwrite about a
fa
mous

person
you
have
met.
B You
must
describe
his/her
pe
rso
na
l
ity.
C
Yo
us
hould
gi
ve
r
easons
whyyou
admire thisperson.
D Your art
icle
should be about a
famousartist or
sci
entistof the
eigh

teenthce
ntury.
E
Yo
u
may
in
clu
de your
ow
n
feelings about the
person
.
-l Which of the follo
wi
ng to
pics
must
you include? Ci
rcle.
A Thea
dva
n
tage
s
and
disadva
n
tage

s
of
be
ing
fa
mo
us.
B
Pe
rs
onal qua
liti
esand
characterist
ic
s.
C Information about the pe
rson
's
fa
mi
ly
bac
kgro
u
nd.
D Rea
so
ns
why

yo
uad
mi
re
him/he
r.
b) whtch ofthe two p
eople
be
low
would
not be suitable
for yourarticle?
Wh
y?
You
r i
deas
should
be
organ
is
ed
into
par
agraphs
.
The
layout of
mo

stty
pes
of writing
cons
istsof three parts:
an
introduction, a
main
body and a
concl
usion
.
I
IntroducUon
Th
eintroduction,i.e.
the
first
para
g
ra
ph,
isa
short
parag
raph
whose
pu
rpose
is to givethereader a general ideaof

the
subject ofthe
compos
ition. II
should
a
ttract
the
re
ader'sa
ttention
so
tha
t he
/she
wants
to
cont
inue
reading.
II
Main
Body
The
ma
in
bod
y
usual
ly

con
sistsoftwo or
mor
epa
ragr
aphs
an
dits
pu
rpose
isto
develop
poi
nts
related to the subject of the co
mpos
ition. T
he
n
um
ber
of paragr
aphs
an
d
the
wayyoudivideth
em
dependsonthe sp
ecific

topics
of
the
com
po
sition
. Eachparagraph
should
d
eal
withpointsrelated to the
s
ame
topic
. Wh
eneve
r
you
disc
uss
a new topic,
you
should begin a
new
par
ag
raph. For
ex
ample, in a for
an

d a
gainst
e
ss
ay the main
body
sho
uld
have
two
p
ara
gra
phs:
on
e
discu
ssingthepo
ints
for,and
an
o
ther
d
iscu
ss
ing
thepoints
ag
a

ins
t.
m
Conclusion
The conclusion isa
sho
rt final par
ag
raph in
wh
ich you can s
umm
ar
ise
t
he
m
ain
i
dea
of the subject, restate
your
op
inion
in d
ifferen
t words,
mak
e
g

ene
ral
comments
, exp
re
ss
your
fe
eli
ngs, etc.
7 a)
Which
of'
these
topic
s
should
you
inclu
de in the in
tro
du
ctory
para
graph
ofan article
describing
a
person
lOU

admire? Circle.
A final comments about the pe
rson
B who the person is and
wh
yyou admire them
C
wh
at theperson lo
oks
like and
wh
at type of
cl
othes they
like
we
aring
7
Unill
Port
A
GUidelines
lor
Writing
b)
Which
ofthese topics shouldJOU include in theco
ncl
usionofJour

article?
A
gen
eralc
omm
ents andfeelin
gs
about the pe
rson
B per
son
alqu
aliti
esof theperson
C background in
fo
rm
ationand
ac
hi
evements
of tbe person
There
are
many
dis-
a
dvantages
toairtra
vel.

Fi
rs
tly, p
lane
fare
s are
e
xt
remelyhigh,For
examp
le,
if
you
choose
to
trave
l
fro
m
Londonto
Manc
hester
by
t
ra
in, youwilldefin
ite
ly
pay
less

than
you
would jf you
trave
l
led
byp
lane
.Mor
eover
,
beingona p
lane
for
hours
canbetir
ing.
TOPIC
SENTENCES
&
SUPPOIlT1NG
SENTENCES
9
Read
the articlein E
x.
8 again,
underlinethetopicsentencesin
the
main

bodyparagraphs and
thenreplacethem
with
theones
b
elow
.
• Main body paragraphs should
begin with topic sentences, A
topic sentence introduces or
su
mmar
is
es
the m
ain
topic of the
paragrap
h andgi
ves
the
reader
an
ideaof
wh
atthepa
ra
graph
will
be

abou
t.
• The topic sentence should be
f
ollo
wed by
supporti
ngse
ntences
wh
ich
prov
ide ex
am
ples, details,
reasons, justifications and/or
evidence to support the topic
se
ntence
.
3
Wh
ich of
Mot
her Teresa's achie
ve
-
mentsarement
ion
ed?What

exa
mples
aregi
ven?
~
~-
Para
4
Para
1
Para
3
Para
2
The person I admire most from the twentieth
century is Mother Teresa. I regard her as one
of the kindest and most caring people the
world has ever known.
Mother Teresa was a selfless person. She
devoted allof her time to others and never put
her own needs first. She was also very
courageous and never thought about the risks
she was taking when looking after people who
were sick or dying.
What
I admire most about Mother Teresa
are her achievements. Her entire life was
devoted to charity work. For example, in 1952
she opened a centre in Calcutta for the
terminally

ill, where patients could be cared
for and die with dignity. She also won many
awards, including the Nobel Peace Prize in
1979. She donated the money from her awards
to fund other centres. Even though Mother
Teresa is no longer
with us, these centres st
ill
operate, offering help to those in need.
I admire Mother Teresa not only because
she was a generous and kind-hearted person,
but also because her accomplishments have
influenced people all over the world. It is
hardly surprising that since her death in 1997
she has been regarded as a true saint.
8 Readthe articleand
label
the paragraphs
with
the h
eadin
gs
below
.
Then
an
sw
er que
stion
s 1

-3.
•
fin
al
co
m
me
nt
sljeel
i
ng
s
• p
er
son
alqu
ali
ties
• reas
on
s)'01/ a
dm
ireher
• p
er
soll's
na
me
and
rea

son
Y
O/
Ichose
he
r
-
-
c
=
c
a
"
8
Who isthe
article
about
?
2 What justifications are
giv
en to support the statement that "!vIother
Teresawas a sel
fless
person''?
I There arc good reasons w
hy
admir
e
Mother
Teresa so

much
.
2 Mother Teresa wasa trulyself-
sac
rificing
per
son
.
10 al
Xlatch
the
topic
sentences to the p
ar
agraphs. Thereis
one
extra
topic
sente
nce
that
JO
u donot need to use.
1 For one
thing
, there are
far
loa m
any
carson the roads.

Th
ere are ma
ny
argumentsin
fav
ourofb
ann
i
ng
ca
rsfromci
ty
centres.
~
However. acitycentrewithouttra
ffic
doc
shave itsdisadvantages.
•
-
. .
.

.

i
~

~h~


fi~·~~
·
·~i~~~
:
·i~·~
:~~id
·
help
to r
educ
e
p
olluti~n
.
This m
eans
that the
city
centre
wou
ld he a
hea
lthier
place to live and
wor
k in. Furthe
rm
ore. it
wo
uld

be
easier
for
pedest
rians to
wal
k
around
the centre
wit
hou
t
hav
ingto
cross
bu
sy
roads.
Unit
1
Pori
A
GUidelines
for
Writing
12
Read
the to
pic
sen

tences
be
low
and think ofappropriate
supportingsente
nce
s to
complete each paragraph, as
in the example.
e.g.
Catherine
isa ve
ry
prettytee
nager
.
She is tall and slim with
dark
skin
and
long
cu
rly
hair
.She
usually
wears
jeans
andT
-shi

rts.
Myfather is a handsome man.

. .
.

.



.

For one th
ing
, shop
ow
ners
V.:~
~
id

i
~
~ ~·
b
~
·
~
;
~ ~

~
~

~
~
c
~s
t
ome
rs
migh
t f
in
d it inconvenient to t
ravel
to the
city
c
~nt
r
.e
by
public t
ransport.
Mor
e
ov
er,
for
those

w.ho
live In the citycentre, life would bec
ome
quite
diffi
cult as th
ey
w
ould
not be ableto park theircars
ncar their
hom
es.
b) • Whichpart ofthecom
posit
iondothese
parag
ra
phs
bel
ongto -
the int
rod
u
cti
on,the
ma
inbodyor theco
ncl
usion

?
• What do
yo
u
think
the
topic
of
this
c
omposi
tion
is?
• What
typ
e ofco
mpos
itionaretheextractsfro
m?
11 Read the topic sen
tence
in bold, then c
hoose
the most suitable
supportingsenten
ces
(A- D)to
complet
e the paragraph.
On theother hand, there are arg

uments
in
favo
ur oftourism .
:\ F
irs
tly,touri
sm
can
hel
p
reduce
unemploymentinanareabeca
use
ofthe
jobsit provides
for
loc
al people.
S Furthermore, touri
sm
canspoil the natural
bea
uty
ofanarea.
C What is more, the pro
fi
ts f
rom
tourism can be u

sed
to improve roads,
hos
pitalsand schools.
D Inaddi
tio
n.restaurants and sou
ve
nir s
hops
ov
ercharge
custom
ers.
2 Nicoleisa vel)'socia
ble
person.
13
Re
adtheparagraphs
belo
wand
think
of appropriate topic
sente
nces
to
compl
ete them.
A .

.

.




. .
First of all, it is cheaper than
bu
yin
gdesigner
clo
thesw
hic
hcan
be
very
ex
pens
ive.
Wh
at is more,
ifyou m
ak
eyourownclothes,you
can des
ign
them exactly the way
you

wa
nt th
em.
B




.



.







.



.
To begin with, medic
al
r
e
s

e ~
'
;
~h
can
be v
el)'
expensive
.
Mo
reover
s
uc
h
researc
h can take
years
rc
s
how
s
uccess
ful results. Last but
not least,
lot
s of
time
is o
ften
waste

d on experi
ment
s w
hic
h do
notwork.
Unit
1 P
ori
A
GUidelines
tor
Wrlling
/
~
words
/
~h
~
:
~
m
~
:
:
:j
:
:
:ler
eSl jng

10
the
reader
.
and
eas
ierto
understand.
•
Some
linkingwords(e.g.
and,
because
,
but,
so,
since
, etc) canjoin two
short
sentences
into
one
longer
sentence.
e.g.
He
is
clever
.
He

is
hard-working
. •
He
's
clever
and
hard
-working
.
Ann
is
happy
.
She
passed
her
exams
, •
Ann
is
happy
because
she
passed
her
exams
.
•
Some

linking
words
/phrases
(e.g.In
addition
,
What
is
more,
However
,
On
the other
hand,
etc) show howideasare related either between two
sente
nces
or
two
parag
raphs.
e.g.
f
have
written
to
you
three
times
already

, •
I
stifl
have
not
rec
eived
a
reply
from
you
.
I
have
written
to
you
three
times
already.
However
, I still
have
not
received
a
reply
from
you
.

fi
rst
{F
irstlY
the
em
plo
yees
wh
o
del
iv
er
ed
the
coo
ke
r
wer
eextr
emel
y
ru
de
compla
int
and careless.
Wh
ile installing the appliance they made a
a

dd
ing
conside
rabl
e
mess,
then
they
left
w
ithout
tidying
theki
tchen
up.
more
points
second
{
Furtherm
ore,
afte
r theyhad
gone
, I noticed thatthe
cooker
was
compla
int
badly

scratc
hed
and
the
ope
ra
tinginstructions
were
missing

Linking
words/phrases
can
be
used
to:
• showt
ime
:
whe
n,
whenever
,
before
.
wh
ile,
as
soon
as,

etc
• list points or show
sequence:
first
(fy
), to
start
with,
next
,f
inally
,
etc
•
add
more
po
ints:
furthermore
,
moreover
,in
add
i
tion
,
and
,
also
,

W'hal:
is
more
,
etc
• show
cause
or
effe
ct:
because,
since
, asa
resu
lt,so,
consequently
, etc
• givee
xamples
: forinstance,lore
xample,
such
as
,
especially
, etc
• show co
ntrast
: however,
on

theo
ther
hand,
despite
,
though,
etc
•
introduce
a
conc
lusion:
allin all,to
conclude,
to
sum
up,fi
nally,
etc
(for
more
examples
see
App
e
ndi
x t)
14
Circle
the

co
rrect
linking
words/ph
rases,
as in the
example
.
I Mobilephones
are
e
xpe
nsive
~/
s
o
thc
y
are
ve
ry
con
ve
nie
nt.
2 She is
very
gene
rous
ands

hares
everything.
Since/On the
other hand,
she
can
be
moody
at
times.
3
Grow
i
ng
yo
ur
own
vegetables
is c
heape
r than
buying
the
m.
Even tho
ug
h/w
haris
more
,

home-
grown
vege
tables
are
usua
lly
tast
ier.
Many
young
peop
le are
taught
co
mp
uters
kills
at
schoo
l.
De
spite/As a result,
they
have
a
belter
chance
of
finding

ajob.
I
admi
reJackie
becau
s
e/therefor
e
she
has
found
happinessinbothherp
rofessional
a
nd
privatelife.
Air
trav
el isthemost e
xpe
nsive
form
of
tran
spo
rt.
All
in all/Ho
wev
er, it isthe

fas
test.
10
15 Read the extract and
fill
in the
correct linki
ng
wo
rds from the
list b
elow
.
for
example
,
what
is
m
ore
,
as
a
result
,
on
the
other
hand
Watching

fi
lms
at the c
inema
has
many
a
dvantages.
To begin with,
modern
cinemas
arc usu
all
y eq
uippe
d
wi
th the latest technolo
gy
.
1)

. ,
fi
lmshave better
pictu
re and
sound
quality.
2)

. ,
you
can
sec
all the
latest
films
as
soon
as
they
arcre
lease
d.
3)
going
10
the
cinema
has ce
rtain
dra
wbac
ks.
4)
" , theprice of a
ticke
t
can
be

expe
ns
ive
and
cine
mas
arc
often
c
row
ded,
es
pecially
at
weeke
n
ds.
16 Choose thecorrect
linkingword/ phrase tojoin
thesentences.
1
Si
mon
fa
iled the
exa
m. He had not
stud
ied
enough.

(since,
whi
le)

2 Orderingtake-awayfood is
very
c
onve
nien
t It canbe rather
expensive.
(altho
ug
h, such as)


3
Aaro
n
wanted
to goto the
footba
ll
match. His mother
wo
uldn
't let
h
im.
(but,therefore)

I
4 Adventure holidayscan beverytiri
ng.
They
can bequite dang
erous.
(but,
and) .
- It started
getting
cold. Iput on a j
umper.
(so, as) .
, Thehairdresser said it wasperfectlysa
fe.
The
chemic
als inthe
dye
made
my
hair tum green. (even
though
. also) .
17 R
eplace
the linking
wo
rds/phrases in bold with syno
ny

mous ones
from
the list
below
.
despite, as, even tho
ug
h,such a
s,
the
refo
re
I \\nile I was wa
lking
home I
saw
anaccident.
~
He
was
born
in Poland so he can't be
Sp
anish.
~
You
r mechanic tookthreedaysto fixmycar, in spite of the
fac
t that it
r

equi
red o
nl
yminorrepairs.
.4
There are manyplaces to visitin Rome like the
Colo
s
seum
, the Trevi
Fountain, and the Pantheon.
:;
Although Rachel isalle
rgic
to dogs, she lo
ves
them.
WRmNQ
TECHNIQUES
There
are
a var
iety
of writingte
chni
q
ues
youcan useto make
your
compos

ition
mor
einterestingto theread
er
.
Tob
egin
or
end
your
essay
you
can
:
- ad
dress
the
reader
dir
ectl
y i.e. w
rite
as
if
you
we
re
sp
eaking
to

him
/h
er.
e.g.
You
can
imagine
what
l
ife
wou
ldbelike
without
water
,
- usedirect s
pee
chto give
somebody
's
exact
words
, aqu
otatio
n
from
a
famous
person
or so

meone
whohas influ
enc
ed
yo
urlife, ap
rover
b ora
saying
(i.e. a well-known p
hras
e). In all cases it is nec
essa
ry to use
quotat
i
on
ma
rks
.
e.g.
Afl!lr
all, "
An
apple
aday
keeps
the
doctor
away

:
-
use
a rhetorical question i.e. a q
uest
ion that
does
not
expe
ct areply.
e.g.
What
wou
ld
mod
em
societybelike
wfthout
computers?
• You can start a narrative by setting the scene i.
e.
by using the
senses to
descr
ibe
the
weather, a
tmosphe
re
, surroundings

and
also to
create
mystery
a
nd
sus
pense.
e.g.It
was
a
coldwin
rer's
ni
ght.
The
wind
was
blowing
hard
asJack
was
walki
ng
down
the
dark
empty
street
.

•
You
can a
lso
usea
varie
ty of
adjecti
ves, ad
verbs
and
verbs to make
your compositi
on
mo
reattr
acti
veto
the
re
ade
r.
e.
g Hold on1-Hefen screamedto
Bob
asshe desperatelytriedto
help
him
getoutof
the

freezing
water
.
U
nit
I
Port
A
GUideline
sf
or
Writing
18 Read the
followin
g beginnings
and
ending
s and identifywhich
writing
technique(s) the writer
has usedin each.
1 Why are people so obs
esse
d with
the
wea
ther? In my opinion, the
cl
imat
e plays a

major
role in tbe
waywebe
hav
e.
2 I am sure that most of you, at
some
point in
yo
ur li
ves
, have
considered starting your own
business. However, I doubt that
ma
ny
ofyouhaveact
ually
doneso.
3 It
wa
sadark,
storm
yni
ght.
Frank
was
a
lon
e inthewooden

cab
in at
the top of the
snow
-covered
mountain.
The
wind
was
howling
and Frank was afraid.
Sudden
ly,
there
was
a strange
scratching
at
thedoor.
4 Mason woke up to the sound of
rain
drum
ming on the rooftop.
E
xhau
sted
from
thepreviousday,
he slo
wl

y got out of bed and
made
hi
mselfa cupof
coff
ee and
some
break
fast. He dec
ided
to
call insickas he felt too
weak
to
goto
wo
rk.
5 All in
all,
adolescence
can
be a
difficult time. But as George
Bernard
Shaw
once
said
, "
Life
is

not
meant
to be e
asy
; but take
courage
, it can be delightful."
11
Un
ill
Pori
A
Guidelines
lor
Wriling
paused,
c
rept
,
whispering
,
peered
Read theextracts and r
eplace
the
word
s in bold
with
synonymous
one

s
from
the lists.
20
most
extrao
rdi
nary,
imp
ressive
,
huge
,
co
mtona
ble
b)
In
which
extract(s) has
each
of these writing
technique
s
been
used'?
• quotation
• p
rov
erb/saying

• ad
dressi
ngthe reader
directly
• direct s
peec
h
A The interior of the hotel is
very
1)
nice
. It has a 2) big reception
area
wi
th 3)
nice
leather
chairs
and sofas for the guests.
Th
e 4)
nice
st
fea
ture, however, is the
marb
le fountain which was
constructed at the beg
inn
ing

of
the
century.
B
Sud
d
enly
Jack heard
som
eone
. "At last
I'v
e found
1)
s
a y
m
~
,·
f
, " He 2) stopped at thetop 0
vou. d into
~
h
e
sta
irs
and3)
look
ed o

wn
I
the
d
ark
hal
lw
ay.Justthen,ayoung
boy
4)
came
out of theshado
ws
.
\
19 a) Match the
beginning
s to the
ending
s.
Wh
at typesofwritingare
the
extracts f
rom?
1 All in a
ll,
ev
en
though

Mr
Norto
n loo
ks
like a
ma
d
sc
ienti
s
t,
he
is
on
e of
the
ki
ndest
and
mos
t
un
dersta
n
din
g
te
ac
hers
I've

ev
erhad. Iam
su
re
tha
t ify
ou
ha
d
methim,
you
w
ou
ldagreewith
me
.
t h "W
ell
I
sup
pos
ew
hat
they
2
It was 4
pm
an
d s
he

was
ex
haus
te
d
bU
h
ap
py.
"
sh
e
'thOU
ght to he
rse
lf as
. t
ru
e T
he
e
ar
ly
bird
ca
tc
hes
t e
wor
m,

say
IS -
shetu
rn
ed off herl
apt
op.
3
In
conclus
ion
, r
thin
kthat a
dvertising
should
be
controlled
so
that
consumers
are not
mi
sled
and
persuad
ed
10
purch
as

e go
od
s t
hey
don
't
need
. Afterall,
as
AlanH. M
ey
er, anAmericanad
vert
isinge
xe
cu
tive
,
said
,
"The
b
est
ad is a
goo
d
produc
t."
[![]
Jt

was
an
autumn
morning.
Marianne,
still
in
her
pyjamas, tu
rn
ed
on
her
l
apt
op
and
salatt
he
kitchen
table. Thinking of
the
amou
nt of work
she
had
to
do,
she
sigh

ed.
"How
am
I
ever
going
to
get
this d
one?
"
n
in
fluenced
by
an
advertisemen
t at
some
~
1
am
sure
mo
st of
yo
uhave.
b.
ee
dv

ertisi
ng
sim
ply
persuades
people
to
LEl J
poi
ntinthepast.
In
,my
oomon
a
buy
things
they
don
t
ne
ed.
ITO
MrN
orto
n is
ou
r
Ch
emistryteacher. I'll
neve

r for
ge
t
the
f
irst
time
we
met
him
. He
was
in
the
school
lab
wearing
a
long
,
whi
le
coat,
and
he
was
abo
ut
to
mix

two
very
str
ange
-l
oo
kin
g
liquids
. "Keep
back
, l
ad
s,"
he
said.
"This
isa
very
da
ngero
use
xp
eri
ment.
'
12
UNDERSTANDING
WRITING
STYLE

Th
ewriting
style
you
sh
oul
d
use
de
pen
ds
on
the
type
of
compo
sition
you
a
re
writing, thes
ituation
and
theintended
reader.
Therefore, you
should
not use
me
same

style
of wr
iting
for
every
composition.
The
two
mai
n
types
of
writi
ng
styl
e are formal and informal.
Howeve
r, not all styles ofwriting fall under
mesecategories. For
examp
le,ina
lette
r to so
mebody
you donot
know
very
'N
ell or in anarticlefora s
tudent's

magazi
ne, the
style
used is neither formal
nor in
forma
l, buta blend of thetwo,
know
nas
seml-tc
rmal.
FORMAL
STYLE
is
cha
racter
ise
d
by:
• fo
rmal
ex
p
ressio
ns,
advanced
v
oca
bulary
, longer

sen
tences
e
.g.
TakIng everythIngInto consideration, it canbesaidthatthe
facllttles
offered
are
ofpoor
qua
ltty.
• fo
rma
!linking
words
/
phrases
(i.e.
Howe
ver
,
Nev
ertheless
, In
add
ition,
Consequent
ly,e
tc.
)

e.g.Mobile
phones
are
extremely
useful
for
people
who
travel
frequently.
However
,
the
y
can
be
dangerous.
I no
use
ofs
hort
forms
(L
e
.l'
m,
there
's
)
e.g.

I
would
be
grateful
if
(instead
of: I'dbe
grateful
if J
I im
perso
nal
tone, i.e. useof the passive, nodescri
ptio
nof
feeling
s
e.
g,
Late
this
evening,
20-year-old
Tim
McCormac
k
was
pulledto
safe
ty

after
being
trapped
under
debris
for
more
than
ten
hours
.
I
factua
l p
resentat
ion
of
the
information
e
.g.
The
Town
Hall,
constructedIn the late
1800s
, was seriously
damaged
by fi,. In
1909

.
INFORMAL
STYlE
is characterisedby:
I
ev
eryday
/colloquia
l
exp
ressio
ns
,
vocabula
ry
and idioms.
e.g.'
thought
I'd
drop
youaline ,
Than
ksa
milfion
, etc
I frequent
use
ofshort
forms
e

.g.
1won't
be
able
to
come
to
your
party
asI'll be
away
ona
business
trip
.
I informal
phrasa
l
ve
rbs
e.g
.
Lucy
takes
afterher
father
.
She
's
I

simple
lin
kin
g
words
/phrases
(i.e.but, so, becaus
e,
and,
etc)
e
.g.
It
rains
alot
here,
so
you'd
better
take
an
umbrella
with
you
,
I sh
ort
erse
ntences
e.g.

Thanks
alotforthe
invitation.
I'd
love
to
come
.
I
personal
tone
i.e.
use
of
first
pe
rson
(I
Nl
e)
e.g.
I
've
got
great
news
. I
've
found
anewJob.

I
desc
r
ipti
ve
tone
t.e
.useof
ad
jecti
ves
/ad
ve
rbs
etc
forv
ivi
d
desc
rip
tion
e.g.
n
was
abitterlycold
winte
r
mo
rning.
U

nill
P
ml
A
Guid
elines
lor
Wliling
SEMI·FORMAL
STYLE
is
characterised
by:
I lessformallanguage
I less
freque
nt useof short
forms
,
fo
rma
l linking
words
/phrases
or
the
pas
sive
I respec
tful

, polite
tone
Comp
are
:
Fo
rmal
:I
would
be
grateful
if
you
could
reply
at
your
earliest
convenience
.
Semi
-for
mal:
I look
fotward
to
receMng
your
rep
lyas

soon
as
poss
ible.
Informal:I
can~
waft
to
hear
from
you
.
21 Use phrases
from
the list to
fil
l
in the blanks in the senten
ces.
as in the
ex
amp
le.
Then. s
ay
whi
ch
lire
written in
forma

land
which
in
informal
sty
le.
ass
ess
the
sui
ta
bility, po
rcela
in-
white
skin,
were
se
ri
ously
injured.
d
rop
by,
am entitledto,
poi
nt in
favou
r of, with flying colours.
won't be able to make it, to my

m
ind
,
don't
missit
1 The
purpose
of this r
eport
is
to

asse
ss
th
e
su
i
ta
b
ilit
y

of Robert
Bulson
fo
r the
pos
ition
ofAs

sist
ant
Manag
er.
=fo
rmal
style
2 I
believ
e I .






a
full
r
efund
.
3 W
ell,
I've gotto go
now







when
yo
u arri
ve
intow
n.
4 A .
of
wo
r
ki
ng
from
h
om
e is
that
one
can plan one's own working
sched
ul
e.
S Two
driv
ers .





a
fter
their
cars
co
llided
onthe M4 late last night.
13
Unil
l Po
rt
A
GUid
e
lines
lor
Willing
22 Read theextracts be
low
andanswerthe questions that
fo
ll
ow
.
F
Sudde.Jy
,
the
door
opened

.
Tracey stared n horror as
the
dark
figu
re
in
the
doorway
ra
ised
its
ar
ms
over its
he
ad.
23
"b
at st
yl
eofwrulngshouldyou
use in the
fo
ll
ow
ing situations:
Write F (for
formal), S (for
se

mi
-formal)or I (for informal).
"
11
)'1
a a letter of
com
plaintto themanager
ofa department store
b anar
ticle
fora teen ma
gazine
on the
latest
t
rends
in
clothes
c a letter to
your
fri
end
asking
h
im
fo
r
adv
ice

on
whic
h
unive
r
sity
to attend
d a ne
ws
reportabout anaccident that
happened inyourt
own
e a letter to a fanner te
acher
ofyours,
thanki
ng
him
fo
r
his
advice
b) Which
extrac
ts use:
1 short fo
rms?
2 factual
pres
entation

of theinf
ormation
?
3
everyday
expressions,
idioms and informal
phrasalverbs?
4 formalexp
ress
io
ns,
a
dva
ncedvocabulary
and longer sentences?
5 formal linkingwords/
phrases?
a) Whattype of
writin
g is each
extrac
t fr
om?

,
G Dear Mrand Mrs Smith
,
I'm
writing

to thank you' for
the
kindness
you s
howed
TIle
during
my
.stay
with
you and
yourfamilyin A1
arch
.
C
Anyw
ay.
that
's my n
ew
s
for
now
. I hope you're
en
joyi
ng
t he
ho
lidays as

much
as J am. Writ e back
soon and let me
know
how
you're
gett
ing
on
.
Love
,
Ha
rry
~
,-

E
The
rescue
t
eam
be
gan
thei
r I
search
for
the
lost

skie
rs at
II
dawn
. The
missing
family
was
locat
ed
a few
hours
late
r by a
searc
h h
elic
opter,
and
they
w
ere
liftedto
safety.
No
one
was
injured,
but
tIley

were
take
n to
hospital
suffe
ring
tr
om
the
col
d.
D
Th
e purpose of this report
isto assess the suitability of
Fairfax
Eat
eries as caterers
for the
fi
rm's a
nnual
spring
party.
~
,
a q - I
A Which is better,
class
ica

l or pop
mu
sic?
Some
peop e
be
lieve
that
class
ical
mu
sic is su
perior.
However: I
believe that both
types
of music offer
something
differe
nt to the
world
of enterta
inment.
6 Guess
wha
t!I
passed
allmyexams .
;
With

itslong. black hair, beaut
ifu
l blue e
ye
s and .
, it
wa
s the
most
exq
uisitedollMary
had
ever seen.
S l
ivi
ng
abroad
is
somet
hing
everyone
should
experi
enceat
least
oncein their li
ves.
I l bct i , .
9 . ct It s
gOing

to be a
box
-of
fice
hit!
10
I'mre
all
ysor
ry,
but I












to yourgraduation party.

_._

B I
would
be gra

teful
if
you
could
attend 10
this
matler
as soon as possible. I hope
10 hear
from
you soon
regarding the
outcome
of
the
situation
.
Yours
s
ince
rely,
Matth
ew
Drake
14
Unit
1P
or
iA
GUi

de
lines
f
or
Writing
24 The extracts b
elo
w are written in the
wron
g style. R
eplace
the
words/phrases in bold
with
mo
re suitableones fromeach list.
(h
e
slight
est,
reache
d,
collapsed, fi
rstly
,
what
ismo
rc,
was
not

\ 1) For starters, the ironing board2)
was
n't high enough. For
exam
pl
e,
whenIunf
old
edit, it only3) c
ame
uptomywaist.4)
And
then,whe
nev
er
I put5) a littlehit of pre
s.
<;ur
e on theboard, it 6)
fell
dow
n.
I've
met
, a
ls
o,
rea
llyl
ov

e,d
ull
mo
ment,
in
common
B I I) am enjo
.ying
my
self i
mm
ensely at
univer
sity
. 2) I h
ave
had the
opportunity to meet
many
in
terest
ing
people
and there is
never
a
3) shortageofactivitiesonc
ampus.
4) In addition tothis,
my

roommate,
Bec
ky
, isa
wonderfu
l
person.
We have somuch5) toshare that I
feel
as
if I'
ve
kn
own
her allmylife.
what is m
ore
,
how
e
ver
, fullof comi
cal
scen
es
,
ex
trem
ely
rea

listic,
comp
ute
r-
generated im
ages
( The script is s
imple
and
straightforward
1) but it is 2)
really
funny. 3)
Another thing is,
all
the 4) things made by the c
ompute
r are 5) lif
elike
and the charactersare trulycon
vincing.
/p
1)"Its a p
arty
in
vitat
ion,"
said
Sueas
she tore

open
the
envelope.
Paula, her
s
ister
,
came
2)
D!nin.g
into
the
livi
ng
room
and
sque
aled
with
excitement
when
she
saw
the
wh
ite card. "It's
from
Danny."
she
cried

. Both
girl
s
knew
that Danny
3) made the 4) better birthday parties in
the ne
igh
b
ourhood.
He and his
fami
ly
had moved there
from
5) america
two
years
before.
Hisfather
was
a6)
su
~
t;:ss
full
la
wyer
, so
they

lived
in the n
icest
part of
town.
Danny
had
invited
the girls to his
pa
rty
the pre
vi
ous
year
, but they hadn't
gone.Theyboth had had the
flu
andthey
were
7) such ill that theyhad
had
to stay
in
bed.
Theywereve
ry
dis
appointed
that

they
8)
hadn
't been able goto the
party
.
Thistime,tho
ugh,
would
be di
ffere
nt.
26 Put thefoll
owin
gsteps intothe
correctorder.
25 Read the extract and label the underlined mistakes using the
following
key
: S
(fo
r spelling),P (for punctuation),
WW
(for wrong
word) or G (for grammar). Then correct the mistakes, as in the
example.
Youshoulda
lways
edit
you

r p
iece
ofwriting
before
hand
ingit in.
In
order
todo this,
you
should
make
sur
e:
•
you
have
used
comp
lete
sentenc
es
and
that thewords
are
inthe
correct
orde
r
(i.e.

subject
,
verb,
o
bject
,
etc)
.
•
you
have
used
the
corr
ect
grammar
(e.g.
past
tenses
for
narrat
ives
).
•
you
do not
repeat
the
same
words,

phrases
, e
xpr
essions
, etc.
•
there
are
no
spel
ling
errors.
• youhave
used
the
correct
p
unctua
tion. (e.g.
commas,
full stops,
quest
ion
marks
, etc)
[See
also
Append
ix
III]

• you
have
indented
the
paragraphs
(i.e.
have
begun
the first line of
each
pa
rag
rap
h
further
in
from
the
ma
rgin
).
1
r
15
Brainstormfor
ideas
and
gro
up
theminto main topics.

Read the rubriccarefu
lly
and
unde
rline
the key
wo
rds.
Identify the
ty
pe of wr
iting,
the
situat
ion,
the intended
reader
and the
style
of w
riting.
Edityour
essa
y correcting
any
spe
lli
ng, p
unctua
tion.

gram
mar,
etc
errors.
Write your e
ssay
in the
correc
t
style
, using
appro
priate lin
kin
g
words/phrases tojoinyour ideas
and various
wri
ting
techni
ques
to make your p
iece
of w
riting
interestin
g.
Plan the layout of your e
ssa
y.

Make sure
you
hav
e a
separa
te
paragrap
h for
each
main top
ic.
Write a topic sentence for
each
ma
in
body
paragraph.
Ii[]
)
[ill
5 .
6
7
8
EIlI11NG
YOUR
ESSAY
3 .
~
1 "Its

+
"
It's
,
1'IPES
OF
LEI
IEllS
• congratulating som
eone
• inviting someone
•
accep
ting/refusingan
inv
itat
ion
• making suggestions etc
The
type ofletter you
shoul
d writedependsonther
eason
for writing (i.e.to
give
you
r ne
ws
, toinvite
som

ebod
yto ap
arty
, etcto
make
ac
om
plaint, toapplyfor ajob.
etc).
Dep
end
ing
ontherubric. youmay beasked
10
write a
lette
r formorethanone
reason
(i.e
.10
give
your
news
and
ask
for
adv
ice.
) Themost
com

mon reasonsfor
writingaletter are:
• giving/a
ski
ng a
bou
t news
• giving/a
ski
ng foradvice
• giving/asking for information
• apologising for
som
e
thin
g
• thankingsome
one
There
are
vari
ous
types ofl
ette
rs, such as:
• letters of application • letters of complaint • letters to the editoretc.
UNIT
1
porr
B

Lefler
Wrifing
[]]
I'm writ
ing
to ask
vou
what
you
th
ink
I
s
h
o~uld
do
ab~ut
Robert.' I'd
reall
ylike
your
advice
ashe's
been




1 Read theextracts
(A

-F)
and de
cide
"hat typeoflettereach is
from
(1
-
6),
Wh
ich
key
wo
rds h
elp
edJOU d
eci
de'?Underline th
em
.
A
Unfort
unat
ely
. I
wo
n't
be
abl
e toco
me

asI'
ll
beat
a s
emin
ar in Berlin that
week.
It's a
pity
I'll
miss
your
big
d
ay
, but I pro
mi
se
to
ma
ke
it upto yo
u,
2 The paragraphs in
theletter
b
elow
arc in
jumbled order, Put
them

into
the
corre
ct
order, then identify
the
typ
e ofletter,
[OJ
I received your lea
fl
et in the post. I
am
ve
l)' I
i
nte
reste
dinthecou
rse
andwou
ld
begratefulif
you
c
ou
~
e
som
e

more
i~
~rmatio
~
.
. J
E I
have
enclo
sed
my CV. I wo
uld
begrateful if
you
could
cons
ider
my
ap
plicatio
n. I
look
forw
ardto
hearing from
vou.
L., ; " '-
'

I'm hav

in
g a fantastic time on holi
day
. I
went
J F I
am
w
riting
to
comp
l
ain
sailin
g
yester
day
and I'm
goi
ng totake partina
abo
utthe
dishw
asherwh
ic
h
d
iving
compet
ition

t
his
a
fte
rno
on. I can't wait! I pur
ch
ased
from
your
_____
~_

comp
anylast Monday,
' '-
-'

'
A I rea
lly
hope youcanc
om
e
to
my
pa
rty.
I'm
sur

e we'll
ha
ve
a
won
derfu
l time.
All
lette
rs should includethe
followi
ng:
a) an appropriate greeting (e.g.
Dear
Sir
/Madam,
Dear
Aunt
Claire,
Dear
Mrs
Baker,
etc);
b) an introduction. inw
hich
youwrite your openingr
emarks
(e.g.Hi!Howare
you?
)and

reason(s) for writing (e.g.
I'mj
ust
writing
to
congratulate
you
on
passing
your
exams,
I'm
writing
to
apologise
for
,
We
were
thrilled
to
hear
that
n. , f
was
sorry
to
hear , etc);
c) a main body. in
whi

chyou writeabout the
spe
cific topics of theletter indetail;
d) a conclusion, in which youwrite your closing remarks
(e.g.
Please
forgive
me
- It
won't
hap
pen
agaI
n,
I
promi
se;L
oo
king
forward
to
seein
g
yo
u.,,1,
Please
write
soon,
Take
eate/,

canl
wait
to
hear
from
rou,l'd
betlllr
sign
off
now,
11Iafs
all
tor
noWj
;
an
d
e) anappropriate ending (e.g.
Yours
faithfulfy
+your
full
name,
L
ars
of
love
+your
first
name

).
C Dear Rachel.
I'mwritingtothankyou
ve
ry
mu
ch
for
theinv
itation
to yourwedding. I'mre
all
y
happy the Iwo of
yo
u are
fina
ll
y
tying
theknot.
IT:CJ
lcttcr of appl
ic
ation
[II]
leiter
gi
vi
ng

n
ew
s
rn:=J
letter of invitation
ITOletter a
ski
ng
for
information
GO
letter of
compl
a
int
[]I]
letter aski
ng
fo
r a
dv
ice
LAYOUr
OF
LEI
I
EllS
B
An)'\vay,
th

ank
s a
gai
n
for the
invi
tation. 1
\v
ish
you
both all the
bes
t
fo
r the
future.
Love,
Margaret
-~

'
16
WR
mNCl
STYLE
IN
LETTERS
The
writing style
you

s
hould
use
(i.e.
informal, formal or seml-tormal).
depends
onwho you arewriting to. More
specif
ically:
•
when
you
arewriting to
someone
you
know well
(l.e.
a
close
relative,
your
bestfr
iend,
etc.)
you
s
hould
use
informal
st

yle.
• whenyou arewriting to
someon
e you donot
kno
w,orto
someone
who
is in
au
thority
(
Le.
the
mana
ger ofa hotel, a
doctor
, etc)
you
should
use
formal
sty
le.
• when you are writing 10someone you do not know very well, or
som
eone
youwant to bepolite
and
respectfulto

(i.e
. afriend's pa
rents
,
yourte
acher,
etc)
you
should
use
s
em
i
-formal
style.
(See
Appe
ndix IIfor e
xam
plesof each style.)
C
HARACTER
IS
TICS
OF:
a)
INFORMAL
LETTERS
• address& dale
i.e.

yourad
dress
in
the
lop, r
ight-hand
corner
,
follo
we
d bythe
date.
•
greeting
(e.g.
DearJohn,
Dear
Mum,
etc.)
• Informal l
anguag
e
(e.g.
I've
been
meaning
to
write
to
you

tor
ages;
Don't
worry;
By
the
way;
It
was
a
piece
of
cake;
1'1/
pick
you
up;
We
can
give
ita
try,
etc)
• ending
(e.g.
Yours/Love/Best
wishes!Regards
/etc +
your
first

name
)
b)
FORMAL
LEITERS
• address & date
l.e.
your
a
ddress
as
we
llasthe recipient's add
ress
. Your
address
in
the
top,
right-hand
corner
, follo
we
d by the date. The
recip
ien
t's
position
,
the

name
andaddress of thecompany, organisation, etc onthe
left-
h
and
s
ide.
• greeting
(e
.g.
Dear
Mrs
Davis
- when youknow
the
person
's
name
-
Dear
Sir
/Madam
- whenyoudonotknowthep
erson's
name)
• formal l
angua
ge (e.g. I
am
writing

with
regard
to
your
advertisement
; I
would
appreciate
a
reply
atyourearliest
convenience
;
The
product
which
was
delivered,
proved
tobe
faulty;
etc)
• ending
(e.g
.
Yours
sincerely
/
faithfully
+yourfull

name
)
* Note: when you beginwith
Dear
Mr
/Mrs
/Ms
Marcus
, you s
hould
end
with
Yours
sincerely +yourfull name. When you beginwith
Dear
Sir/Madam
, you s
hou
ld
end
with
Yours
faithfully
+yourfull
name
.
Unit
1
Pori
BLeiler

Wriling
c)
SEMI·FORMAL
LETTERS
• address& date
i.e. your
address
in thetop r
ight-
hand
corn
er,followed by
the
d
ate
•
greetin
g
l.e. DearMr/Mrs/Ms+ person's
surname
(e.g.
Dear
Mrs
Marcus
)
• semi-formal l
angua
ge
•
ending

(e.g.
Regards
/Best
wishes
/etc +
your
first
name
or
full
name
)
3
Mark the phrases as F (for
Formal) or I (for Informal).
I would
also
appreciate
someinformation about
2 Well, I mustgo n
ow

3
Please
accept
my
sincere
apologi
es
4 You are cordia

lly
i
nvited
to attend
5
I am
writing
in
resp
onse
to
your
advertisement

6 Thanks
fo
r the i
nv
itation
to
your
din
nerparty
7
I amw
riting
to
ex
press
my

str
ong
d
issatisfacti
onwith


8 I look
forw
ard to
mee
ting
you
inp
erson
9 Just a qu
ick
note to
tell
yo
u
10
I amwriting to
bring
to
your
attention the
II
Pl
ease do nothesitate to

contact
me

12
I'mso
sorry
to hearyou're
h
aving
probl
ems
wit
h

13
Write
back
soon
14
We regret to
inform
you
that
15
I won't take no foran
answer
17
Unit
1
PorI

Bleile
r
Writing
4 Read the situation belowand ans
we
r the questions that
follow
.
This isyour
last
yea
r at school and you are unsure of what
cou
rse to take at
unive
rsi
ty.
You
have
decided to write a letter to , as
king
for
ad
vice.
a) What styleshould) 'OU use if JOu are
writin
g to: Aa f
riend?
8 your
f

orme
r
teac
her?
C a careers
adv
isor?
6) played a big parI!
wasveryi
mport
ant
7)
ma
k
ing
sure / en
suring
8) occasion /
whol
e thing
9)
we
nt sowell/ was sucha s
ucc
ess
10
) tell
you
how
mu

ch I appre
ciate
I
thank
you
enoughfor
b) First match the beginnings and endings and then say
wh
ich of
the pe
opl
e in part a) each letter is addressedto.
Dear
Gavi
n, 0
I) 10
2)
for
3) with
4)
for
the end
-of-term
party.
5) .
6) .
in 7) .
that the 8) .
9) .
I can't Ip) .

. all
your
hard
wo
rk.
Lov
e,
Becky
Dear
Mr
Conw
ay
, G
1) to
2) for
3)
wit
h
4) for
the
end-o
f
-term
party.
1
Dear
Karen
,
Hi!
How a

re
you?
I'm
writing
because
I've
no
idea
which
course
to
take
at
university
next
year.
I really
need
yo
ur
advi
ce!
2 Dear M
rs
A
rn
old, .
I
ho
pe

thi
sl
ett
erfi
nd
sy
ou
well.,
am
writi
ng
toask
you
fors
ome
ad
vic
eab
ou
t
whi
ch
co
u
rse
to
ta
ke
at u
niv

e
rsity
ne
xt
year
.
'''15=:;=::::''~
3 Dear Sir/
Ma
d
am
,
I amW
rit
ing
to
en
q
uire
wh
eth
er
yo
u
can
adv
ise me onw
hi
ch co
urs

etoa
pp
ly
for
ne
xt
yearat
uni
ve
rs
i
ty.
18
5 a) Read thepairs ofexpressions 0 -10) and the letters
wh
ich
foll
ow
,
then choosethe
mo
st suitable expression 10 complete each gap.
1) Hi - j
us
t a quick note/ I am
wri
ting
2) thankyouv
ery
mu

ch/ s
ay
than
ks a lot
3) allyour help/ your
ki
nd assistance
4) g
etting
ready
I prep
aratio
ns
5)
Your
contribution/
What
you
did
5) .
6) .
in 7) .
that the 8) .
9) .
I can't 10) .
all
vour
hard
work.




.
Best
wi
shes,
Beck)' Jones
b) whichletter isin
form
al, and
whi
ch letter is semi-
fo
rmal?
Wh
at type of letter are th
e)'?
Unit
1
PorI
BLeiler
Writing
6 Matchthebe
ginnin
gstotheendings, then identifywhat type oftetter
each pair is
from
. Fina
lly,
saywhether each pair has b

een
written in
formal
or
inform
al style.
' :1.
1 I'm wr
iting
totell
you
my
wo
nde
rfulnews ,
II
7 Read the rubrics b
elow
and
ans
we
r the questions.
A You have seen an
advertis ement in the local
newspaper for a teaching job.
Write a letter to the
headmaster of the school,
applying for the job.
4 J
ca

n't
tell
you
how
sorry
I
am
t
ha
t I ruined
3
Thanks
alotfor
yo
uri
nv
itat
i
on.
We
'dloveto
co
me
B A friend you haven't seen for
months is getting married in
the summer and has invited
you to the wedding. Write a
letter accepting the invitation.
C You have just returned from a
trip to South America. Write a

letter to a friend telling him/her
all about it.
D You are the secretary of a
languag e school and have
received a letter from someone
interested in learning French.
Write a letter in reply, informing
the person about the courses
offered at your school.
I
5 I
am
writ
ing
to d
raw
you
r
atten
tion
to theterr
ible
treatme
nt I
receive
d
fro
m "
;'
::

::-:,
~~~

~~=====::=:::::;1
2 !
wo
uld.
gr
ea
tly ap
preciate
it
if
yo
u
coul
d provide me w
ith
some
info
r
mation
r
eg
ard
ing ,
6 I am
writing
to
appl

y for
th
epost ofmu
sic
tea
ch
er
as
a
dve
rtise
din I
C
We
ll, th
at's
all
for
now,
Write
back
and
tell
me
wh
at yo
u've
bee
n up
to,

•
E I
look
forw
ardto
rece
iving
the
in
fo
r
mation
and
would
be
gratefu
l jf you
co
uld
re
ply
as
soo
n
as
possible.
F Your cousin has recently wo n
first prize in a short story
com petition. Write a letter
congratulating them on their

success.
E You recently bought a box of
your favourite breakfast cereal.
On
ope
ning it, you found that
the box was half empty and the
remaining contents were no
longer fresh. Write a letter to the
manager of the cereal company
com plaining about it.
I) What
type
ofletter
sh
ould
youwrite
for
each
rubr
ic?
2) Who is
going
to
read
you
r letter?
3) What style
shoul
d

yo
u
use
in
each
letter?
I
) How
would
you
begin
and end
eac
h
letter?
5)
Can
yo
us
uggest
ap
propriate
ope
ning
and
clos
ing
remarks
for
each

letter?
19
receive
yo
ur
A
On
ce
again
, I'dliketosayh
ow
ve
rysonyI
am
about
F 1insist
on
a
written
ap
o
logy
. I tr
ust
this m
atter
will
immediate
atte
nt

ion
.
o let meknow
if
yo
uwantusto bringa
nyt
h
ing
to
the
pa
rty
.
See
you
on
the
big
da
y!
B 1
encl
ose
my
CV
and
w
ould
be glad to

atte
nd
an int
erv
iew
at
your
ea
rliest
convenie
nce.
UNIT
2
Informollellers
1m
1 Readque
stion
s I to3, then listen tothecassette and c
hoo
sethecorrect
an
sw
ers. Finally, useyour an
swer
s to talk about
Moniq
ue's letter.
Introduction
3 Which of thesestatements aretrue'!Tick (
v").

In
her
letter
to
Ja
ckie, Monique

A mentionsher future
pl
ans D 0
complain
s about Jac
kie's
last letter D
B
invites
Jackie to
vi
sit her 0 E
ask
s Jackie
(0
reply
soon D
C promises to
wri
te
soon
D F
sends

her
regards
toJac
ki
e's
parents
0
1
Who
isMonique
writ
i
ng
to?
A a
comp
lete
stranger
B someoneshe kn
ow
s
well
2 What is her main
reason
for
writing'!
A to tellJackie
some
goodnews
B

to a
polog
ise
fornotwr
iting
sooner
•••••••••••••••••
Paragraph 1
opening remorks/rsoso
nts
l
for writing
Paragraphs 2 • 3 • 4 *
development of the
subjectlsl
Informal
letters
are
sent
to people you knowwell
(e.g.
friend
s,
relatives
, etc)about
yourrecent news, p
ersonal
probl
ems
, information

you
need,
etc.They
are
written
in
aninformal style witha
chatty
, p
ersonal
tone
.
•
An
informal
letter
should
consist
of:
a) an in
forma
l
gree
ting (Dear
Ken/Aunt
Joan
/etc
);
b) anint
rodu

ction in which
you
wri
te
your
opening
rema
rks
(
Le.
asking
about
your
friend's
hea
lth,
etc)
and
mention
your
reason
for
writing
e.g
. Hi!
How
are
you?
I
thought

I'd
write
andlet
you
know
that
;
c) a main
bod
y in
which
you
wr
ite
the
ma
in
subject
(s)
of
the
letter
in
detail
,
starting
a
new
paragraph
for

each
topic
;
d) a conclusion in
wh
ich
you
write
your
clos
ing
remarks
e
.g.
That's
all
my
news
for
now.
Write
back
soon
;
e) an
informal
ending
(e
.g.
Lots

of
love
/Best
wishes
/ate
+
your
first
name).
2 Readthe rubricand underlinethe
key
word
s, then an
swer
the questions.
You
recen
tly moved to a big city and
have
decided to write to a friend from
your old neighbourhood. Writea letter describing life in your new
city and your
feelings about the change.
Conclusion
•••••••••••••••••
Final Parag raph
closing remarks
• The number of main body
paragraphs may vary,
depending on the rubric.

(
••
,
Li
k e s
\:::::;/
I
like
living
here
because

Wh
at I li
ke
most is
that there is/are
The
best
thing
is that
there is/are
20
I Who is goingto read
your
letter?
2 Where is this pe
rson
now?
3 Where arc you

now?
4 Why are
you
wr
iting
the letter?
5
Wh
at
topics
sho
uldyour
letter
include
?
6 Iloww
ill
you
begin
andendthe
le
tter'!
7 Which of the
followi
ng are
positi
ve
aspect
s of life ina bigcity'!Whichare
nega

ti
ve'!
•
lots
ofca
fes,
cine
mas
, etc
(po
sitil'e)
• hea
vy
tra
ffic
(neg
ati
ve)
•
constant
noisefromcars
•
ugly
grey
build
ings
• plentyof sports
faci
lities
•

w
ide
choiceof
thing
s todo
• huge
crowds
•
good
public transport
sy
stem
• la
rge
modern
shops
8 Make
sentences
using the prompts
a
bove
and the phrases intheboxeson
the
rig
ht, as in the
exa
m
ple.
(
••

,D Is
li
k e s
\:::.,J I hate
/ca
n't stand .
Jcan't getusedto .
Unfortunately,
there
i
s/a
rc
c.g.
What
I like
most
is that
there
are lots of
cafes
and
cmemas
.
I
ca
n't
stand
the
collst
a

llt
no
ise
from
the
ca
rs.
Wha
t canyou do in a bigci
ty
? What can't
yo
u do? Use the prompts to
make sentences, as inthe
exam
ples. You can use
your
o
wn
ideas.
-
£0
for a walkin the
fields
- make lots of
new
frie
nds
go
shopping

in
huge
dolotsofdifferent
things
shoppingcentres -
wal
k home
safely
at night
getaround eas
ily
lOllcan't gofora
walk
in
the
fie
lds.
rO
ll cango
shopping
in
huge
shopping
cent
res
.
10
Match
the
feelings

tothe
reasons,
thenmakesen
tences,
asinthee
xam
ple.
I homesick a thecity ne
ve
r sleeps
pleased b there's
more
crime
inthe city
because
3 unsafe c there arc al
ways
newthi
ng
s todo
disgusted as d Im
iss
myf
rien
dsand
myoId
neig
hbourhood
• excited e there's rubbish
everyw

here
:: ;
1d J
feel
homesick
because
I
miss
my
friends
andmy
old
neighbourhood.
3 a) Read the letter and underline the correct tenses in bold. Then,
label
the paragraphs
with
the
heading
s
below
.
•
opening
remarksl
re
ason(s)for
writ
ing
•

writer'
sfeelings
about
the
chang
e
•
closing
remarks
• lifein
the
new
city
Unilllnlormollellers
b) Underlinethe
topi
csente
nce
s
inthe
main
bod
yparagraphs,
then s
ugges
t other appro-
priateones.
4 Use the
prompt
s to make

sentences, as in the example.
I . streets are c
row
ded - I soon got
used toit
(e
ve
n though)
• lots of t
hings
to do -
heavy
tra
ffi
c
make
s it
diffi
cult
to get around
(however)
• plentyofsports
centres
-
expens
ive
to join (although)
Dear S
haron,
Howare

you?
Sorry
1) I'm taklngave takenso
long
to
write
, but I've
been
busy
settli
ng
in.
An)l\\'ay
, [ tho
ugh
t
2)I'd drop/I've dropped
you
a
lin
e to
let
yo
u know how
I'm
getting
on he
re.
B
irm

ing
ham
is a re
all
y excit
in
g
city
with
millions
of
thi
ngsto
do.
Th
ere'sso
mu
chtoch
oose
fr
om, Isomet
im
es
fin
d it hard to
ma
ke
up
my
min

d where togo! Although I
st
ill
3) didn't get!
haven
't got
used
to the tra
ffi
c, the n
oise
and
the huge cro
wds,
I th
in
k it'sa g
reat
city.
I
li
ke
living
herenow, bul l
some
times
fee
l home
si
ck

as
I miss
lots
of things
abo
ut
Gowri
e. 4)
I'll
never
/l don't
fo
rget
thebeautif
ul
coun
trysi
dea
nd
the
old
stone
cottages.
living
in
the
city
means
I
can

't gofor
long
wal
ks
bythesea,
either.
Most of
all
, I m
iss
my
friends
- es
pecially
you
, of
course!
We
always
5) ha
d/were
h
avin
g
such
a g
reat
time
together, 6)
haven

't!didn't we?
Well
, that'sa
ll
my
news
for
now
.
Please
write back
and
let me know what 7)youwere/
you
've been up to
since
I
8) heard
/have
heard f
rom
you last.
Say
"hi"to Tom a
nd
joanna, too. Ipromise I'
ll
come backand visita
ll
of

yo
uas
soon
as Ican.
Lot
s of
love,
Angela
Para
1
opening
remarks/
rt:a.wm(.l
)for
writing
Para
2
Para
3
Para 4
e.g.
Even
though
the
streets
are
crowde
d,
J
soon

got
used
to
it.
not many s
hops
- you can
find
almost
eve
ryt
hingyou need (but)
•
f
e~
bu
s
e ~
and trains - a
lwa
ys
arnvcon
tun
e (ne
ve
rtheless)
• no restaurants - a few inns that
serve
delicious homemade food
(although)

e.g.
There
aren
't
many
shops,
but
you
can
findalmost
el'ef}1Iting
younced
21
Unil
21
nlor
ffi
olle
ll
ers
r
~~
I .Opening remarks in
informal
letlersmayinclude:
a)
questions/Wishes
about
recent events,the
perso

n's
hea
lth
,
etc
b) a
thank
youto
the
person
for
their
last
letter
,
comm
ents
about
their
news
c)
an
apolo
gy for a delay in w
riting
/re
plying
d) the
reason
why youare

writing
•
Closing
remarksin informal
letters
ma
y include:
e) thereason whyyou
must
end
theletter
f)
greet
ings10the person's
fami
ly/friends
g)
w
ishes
, apromise (e.g. to write againso
on),
aninvitation, etc
h) a
request
to the person to reply soon
5 Match sentences
1-
8 to points a-h in the boxabo
ve.
H

ell
o - howareyou?Ihopeyou're feeling better.
Iwassorryto hear that you aren't goingto
I'llwrite assoonas1can and let you know
abou
t
Please writesoon and tellme allyour news.
We
ll
, that'sallmyn
ew
s. I'dbetter end now,
beca
use

The rea
son
I'mwriting
is
to askyou if
Give mybest
wis
hes
to
yo
ur parents.
Sorry
I've taken so long to put pen to paper, but
When
w

ri
ting
friendly
lett
ers
,
you
no
rmally
useinfo
rmal
style.I
nforma
lw
riting
is
char
act
erised
by
the
use
of:
• eve
ry
day voca
bula
ry
(e.
g.I hada

great
ti
me
)
• coll
oquia
l e
xpressio
ns
jldioms
(e.g.drop mea
line
)
• ph
rasa
l
verbs
(e.g.getan,
settle
in)
• shortforms (e.g.
can't,
don't,
I'm,
I'
m
6
Wh
ich
ofthe

fo
llo
wi
ngsentences are written in informal st)"le?
I I'mwritingto
see
how
you'regettingon inyour
new
tl
at.
/nfonnal
2 I look
forw
ardto receivinga p
rom
ptreply.
3 G
ive
your
s
is
ter a
big
hu
gfromme.
4 What areyou uptothis summer?
5 We're ha
vin
ga fantastictime here at the c

am
p.
6 Woulditbepossibleforyou
to attendtheclub'sannualmeetingnextmonth?
7
You
'd never
bel
ieve howwell I've been gettingonatschool.
7
Some phrasesin thefollo
win
gextracts arewrittenin thewrongstyle.
Read themand correct the
mis
takes
using the words/phrases in the
lists.
22
ages,
drop
youali
ne,
letyou know,
re
a
lly
,
sony
Dear

Bob
.
H
OW
ar
e yo
u?
1)1
apologise
for the
fact
t"at
I
nu
ven't
written
fo
r 2)a
considerable time, but I've b
een
3)
extremely
bus
y.
An
yw
ay,
I
t
n~

u g
ht
I'd 4)
communi
cate
With
you
bTlef
ly
to 5)
inform
you
that
I've
j
us
t
pa
ssed
my driving t
est
! \
"

L.


ca
n't
wait

to h
ea
r,lo
ts
oflove,
thats
all
forn
ow
, w
rite
soo
n,
you'
ve
be
en
up
/0
[ f ( '
we
ll,
6JI
have
no
further n
ews
at
present
.

Ple
a
se
7J
reply
promptl
y - I
8)
am
an
xious
to
learn
what
9)
your
recent
activities
have
been
.
rak
e
ca
re.
10J
Yours
si
ncerely,
Karen

8 S
ugge
st opening and closing
remarks(or theletters
below
, as
in the e
xampl
e.
congr
atulate a friend on pa
ssin
g
his
/herexams
2
inv
ite a friend toyour birthday
party
3 apo
log
iseto your
friend
beca
use
you couldn't goto hislher birthday
party
4 ask
yo
urfriend for adv

ice
on
how
to
loseweight
e.g
, I Opening remarks:
H4
how's
eve
ryth
ing
going?
I've
just
heard
that
you
passed
all
your
exams
.
Congratulations
.'
Closingremarks:
Well, I'd
better
go
and

do
some
wo
rk.'
Once
again
,
well
do
ne.'
W
ri
tesoo
n.
9 Correct the mistakes, as in the
example.
Unil21nlormollellers
10
Read the rubrics bel
ow
.
1I0w
man)' main
bod
y paragraphs
would
each letter haw?
What
would
each paragraph be about?

1
Cong
ratula
tions
k passing
your
dr
ivi
ngtest! on

,
Writ
e and
tell
me howit's
like
in
Paris .
J I still can't get
used
to
wake
up
so
ea
rly
in the morning .
-I
I thought I'd
wri

te and ask you 10
gi
ve
meanad
vi
ce .
~
I hope that
every
thing
will
turn up
a
ll
right. .
6
Sorry
I haven't
wri
tten from
ages,
but I've beenb
usy,
.
I Write me a line and t
ell
me allyour
news .
8 I'm writing to apologise about not
com

ing
to
yo
ur wed
din
g .
9 I
look
fo
rwar
d to hear from
you
soon .
10
Don't you think
my
news are
exc
iti
ng?
.
In informal letters you usually talk
about more than one topic.
•
Th
e rubric gives
you
inform
ation
about the subject of t

he
letter and
oft
en
tells you s
peci
fic to
pics
which
you [lust write
abo
ut. - e.g.
You
have
justpassedanimpo
rtant
testor
examination
.
Write
a
letter
2
tel
J'ng
a
pen
friend
a/XJUt
your

success
and
3
describing
your
pl
ans
forthe
future
.
• T
he
se
topics
will be
disc
ussed inthe
main
body
of
you
r letter. Y
ou
sho
uld
b
egin
anew
para
gra

phfor e
ach
t
op
i
c.
Para 1:
Op
eningr
em
arks
Para
2:
Te
ll f
rie
ndabout
succ
ess
Para
3:
Descri
be
lans
for
fu
tu
re
Par
a 4: Closing r

ema
rks
A
You
are about to v
isit
a friend in another countryand
you
are not sure
what clothes to take
wit
h
you
or howto get to their ho
use.
e.g.
two
IIUlin
body
parographs
Paro
2 - ask
about
dotnes
to
take
with
you
Paro
3 - ask

how
togetto
friend
's
house
B
You have recent
ly
m
ov
edintoa new house. Write a letterto your friend
describingyour n
ew
house and inviting hi
m/he
r tospend a weekendwith
yo
u.
e
Your uncle has invited you to attend his w
edding
in a month's time.
Write a letter thankingh
im
fo
r the
inv
itation and
ask
ing

h
im
wh
at you
shou
ld buyasa
wedding
present.
D
You've got
two
tic
kets
fo
r aweek's
cru
i~
i.
n the
M
~d
.i
t
e
rr
an
e
~
n
.

Wr
i
t
~
a
letter to your
frie
nd, i
nvi
ting
him/h
er to
JOI
n you,
gr
vmg
details
o
~
which
places you arc
goi
ngto
vi
sit andsu
ggest
ionsas to
wha
t he/she Will need
to take withhi

m/h
er.
E
Your co
us
in is moving to your
city.
He/She wants to attend the same
schoolasyou.Write a letterto him/her,
desc
ribing
your
sch
ool,teachers
and timetable, and mentioningextra ac
tiv
it
ies
theschool offers.
Useful
expres
sions for
making
suggestions
•
•
•
I think l
ty
o

ul
wes
hou
ld
•
Howdoyouf
eel
a
bout
+

ing
?
•
Perh
ap
s l
/you
lwe
could

•
Howa
bout
+

ing

?
•

Wha
t doyO
Il
thin
k:
abo
ut +
•
l
Vh
y do"'I
Hyou
lwe ?
. ?
•
Would
you
likeme
/u
sto ?
mg

•
H'llata
bou
t +

ing ?
•
Wouldyou

like
to

?
11 Usethe
prompt
s
below
and
expre
ssion
s
from
thetable
abov
e to
make
s
ugges
tions.
I
come
/ dinner/ myhouse / next Monday
2 spend/ weekend/ in/ mountains
3 goshopping/ in / city
cen
tre
4 visit/ art gallery/ while/ be / in London
23
Unil21nlormollellels

12
Look
at the
town
map
and,
with
a partner, suggest
wh
ere and
wh
en
you couldm
eet
and
what
you
could do there.
e.g.
A:
What
about
meeting
at
the
Fairview
Museum
at
noon?
B:

That
's
a
good
idea.
We
could
admire
the
local
art.
13 a) Read the foll
owin
g rubric and an
sw
er the questions.
A friend of yours, who has been living in another country for some
time, is going to visit you for a week. Write a letter suggesting what
you might do together and what sights you might visit.
1 Where
would
you
t
ake
your friend?
2 What isthe
most
popul
ar attractioninyour
city

/
town?
3 Are
there
a
ny
baz
aars, ou
tdoor
m
arkets
,
fairs
, re
staurant
s, etc
which
are
worth
v
is
iti
ng
?
-I
Wh
at kind oftradit
ional
dishes
would

yous
ugge
st
you
r
friend
shou
ld
try?
b)
Us
eJour an
sw
ers
from
questions 1to
-I
and appropriate
ex
pressions to
writ
e the
main
body paragraphs orthis letter.
3 How
ma
ny par
agrap
hs
shou

ld
you
in
cl
ude inthe
main
bo
dy?
-I Which
phrase
s
would
youuse toask
for
advice?
b)
Read
the letter and under-
line the phrases that
l\fa
ry
uses toaskforadv
ice.
Dear
Pam
,
Sorry
that
J
haven

't written
for
ages
,but
I've
b
een
ve
ryb
usy
studying.
I'm
writing
because
I'd
reall
y
like
your
advice
abouta p
roblem
J
have.
My
frien
ds
and I
have
decided

to
go
away
on
holi
day
in
the
summer
,
but
I
don
't
have
enough
money
.J was
wonder
ing
if
you
had
any ideas
about
earn
ing
some
e
xtra

cash
. If I
don't
save
up
enough
money
by
A
ugust
,
J'II
have
to
go
away
with
Mum
and
Dad
instead.
Can
you
th
ink
of anyth
ing
that would h
el
p

me
to
make
s
ome
money
q
Uick
ly?
,
know
that
you a
lwa
ys
ha
ve
lots
of
great
ideas!
What
wou
ld
you
adv
ise
me
todo?
Please

wr
ite
back
as
s
oon
as
you
can
.
lots oflove,
Mary
24
ASlQNG
FOR
AIlVlCE
To
ask
for
ad
vice
,
you
can
use
ph
r
ases
such
as:

Do
you
think
I
should
1,
Should
/

1,
What
do
you
think
I
should
do?
Do
you
have
any
idea
about
7,
I'd
like
to
know
what
you

think
about

Can
you
think
of
anything
that
?, I
was
wondering
ff
you

What
would
you
advise
me
to 7 etc
14 a) Read the rubric and underline the key words, then an
sw
er the
que
stion
s.
You want to go on holiday in the
summer
but don't have enough

money. Write a letter to a friend asking for his/her advice about
ways to earnextra money.
W
hy
areyouwritingthe letter?
2 Who is
going
to read
you
r letter?
GMNG
AIlVlCE
An
intormalIet
te
r giving
ad
vice
should
offe
r
sympathy
and
encouragemen
t,as
well
as
spec
ific
advice

with
reasons
. Each
piece
of
advic
e is w
ritten
in a
separate
parag
raph
.
•
Opening
remarks
-
I
was
sorry
to
hear
that

Cheer
up
/Don't
worry
too
much

.
Don!/et nget
you
down
.
I'm
only
too
glad
to
help
.