Encyclopedia of Medieval Philosophy
Philosophy Between 500 and 1500

Henrik Lagerlund (Ed.)
Encyclopedia of
Medieval Philosophy
Philosophy Between 500 and 1500
With 7 Figures and 12 Tables
Editor
Henrik Lagerlund
Department of Philosophy
The University of Western Ontario
London, ON
Canada
ISBN 978-1-4020-9728-7 e-ISBN 978-1-4020-9729-4
Print and electronic bundle under ISBN 978-1-4020-9730-0
DOI 10.1007/978-1-4020-9729-4
Springer Dordrecht Heidelberg London New York
Library of Congress Control Number: 2010928116
© Springer Science+Business Media B.V., 2011
No part of this work may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical,
photocopying, microfilming, recording or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher, with the exception of any material
supplied specifically for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work.
Printed on acid-free paper
Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com
)
Editor-in-Chief
Henrik Lagerlund
Department of Philosophy
The University of Western Ontario

London, ON
Canada
Editorial Board
Cristina D’Ancona
Department of Philosophy
University of Pisa
Pisa
Italy
Alain de Libera
Department of Philosophy
University of Geneva
Geneva
Switzerland
Katerina Ierodiakonou
Department of Philosophy and History of Science
University of Athens
Athens
Greece
Bonnie Kent
Department of Philosophy
UC Irvine
School of Humanities
Irvine, CA
USA
Peter King
Department of Philosophy
University of Toronto
Toronto, ON
Canada

Simo Knuuttila
Faculty of Theology
University of Helsinki
Helsinki
Finland
Jill Kraye
The Warburg Institute
University of London
London
UK
Alfonso Maieru
`
Department of Philosophy
Sapienza University of Rome
Rome
Italy
John Marenbon
Trinity College
University of Cambridge
Cambridge
UK
Arthur Stephen McGrade
Department of Philosophy (Professor Emeritus)
University of Connecticut
Storrs, CT
USA
Dominik Perler
Institute of Philosophy
Humboldt-University of Berlin
Berlin

Germany
Tamar Rudavsky
Department of Philosophy
The Ohio State University
Columbus, OH
USA
Johannes M. M. H. Thijssen
Faculty of Philosophy
Radboud University Nijmegen
Nijmegen
The Netherlands
Rega Wood
Department of Philosophy
Stanford University
Stanford, CA
USA
Preface
Although there are many handbooks, companions and histories, this is the first encyclopedia of medieval philosophy
published in English. It is, therefore, with some excitement that I present it here to you, dear reader. The aim of this book
is to provide scholars with an easy access reference work that gives accurate and trustworthy summaries of the present
state of research. It includes entries on philosophers, concepts, terms, historical periods, subjects and the cultural context
of philosophy in the Middle Ages. Furthermore, it covers Latin, Arabic, Jewish and Byzantine philosophy, and includes
entries on the cross fertilization of these philosophical traditions.
A unique feature of this encyclopedia is that it does not aim to define what medieval philosophy is. It simply aims to
cover philosophy between the period 500 and 1500. It is my belief that there is nothing that is distinctly medieval about
philosophy between these dates. Instead, philosophers and theologians worked (as in other times) with the historically
given material that they had access to, and formed their own answers to philosophical questions; some of which were as
old as philosophy itself, while others had emerged in the thinker’s own cultural context. Their answers were sometimes
restricted by the culture and political atmosphere, and sometimes not. Some of these answers led to the development of

new ways of thinking and conceptualizing the world, which were contrary to the traditional.
Although the scope of this encyclopedia is, with over 400 entries, considerable, it is of course not exhaustive. Practical
obstacles precluded the creation of the reference work that I had in mind, and I had to revise and downsize my aim several
times. However, I am proud of the work and hope that it will be useful for many years to come. A dream is to develop it
into a web-based internet encyclopedia, which will come closer to my idea of an ideal reference work. Despite this it is
nonetheless the most exhaustive reference work on medieval philosophy available.
The entries in the encyclopedia are organized in an A-Z format for easy access. There are short entries of about 1500
words, medium entries of about 3000 words and survey entries of about 5000 words. Each entry begins with an abstract
and ends with references to related entries and a bibliography divided into primary and secondary sources. All authors
are experts in their topic, and their entries have been read by at least one member of the editorial board to ensure the
highest quality and standard of scholarship.
As with all projects of this kind, it is really a team effort, and this encyclopedia would never have been completed on
time without the editor and editorial assistants at Springer Reference. They have done a wonderful job and I am truly
grateful for their knowledge and patience. I also want to thank the editorial board, especially Cristina D’Ancona, John
Marenbon, and Stephen McGrade, for doing a fantastic job much beyond the call of dut y. I would also like to thank Eliza
Benedetti and Alain Ducharme for helping with some of the translations and I would especially like to thank Alain
Ducharme for helping with proof reading. The encyclopedia is, however, foremost a product of the individual authors
that have contributed towards it. I would like to thank all of them for their invaluable support and input.
Henrik Lagerlund
London, Ontario, June 2010
List of Contributors
PETER ADAMSON
Philosophy Department
King’s College London
London
UK
T
UOMO AHO
Department of Philosophy

University of Helsinki
Helsinki
Finland
A
NNA AKASOY
Oriental Institute
Oxford
UK
F
ABRIZIO AMERINI
Department of Philosophy
University of Parma
Parma
Italy
G
EORGE ARABATZIS
Research Centre on Greek Philosophy
Academy of Athens
Athens
Greece
A
NDREW W. ARLIG
Department of Philosophy
Brooklyn College of The City University of New York
Brooklyn, NY
USA
R
U
¨
DIGER ARNZEN

Thomas Institut
Universita
¨
tzuKo
¨
ln
Cologne
Germany
C
ARMELA BAFFIONI
Dipartimento di Studi e Ricerche su Africa e Paesi Arabi
Facolta
`
di Studi Arabo-Islamici e del Mediterraneo
Universita
`
degli Studi di Napoli L‘Orientale
Napoli
Italy
I
STVA
´
N P. BEJCZY
Stichting Mozaı
¨
k
Rotterdam
The Netherlands
M
ARIENZA BENEDETTO

Dipartimento di Scienze Filosofiche
Universita
`
degli Studi di Bari
Bari
Italy
J
OE
¨
L BIARD
Centre d’Etudes Supe
´
rieures de la Renaissance
Universite
´
Franc¸ois-Rabelais de Tours
Tours
France
H
ANS HINRICH B IESTERFELDT
Seminar fu
¨
r Orientalistik
Bochum University
Bochum
Germany
J
AMES M. BLYTHE
Department of History
University of Memphis

Memphis, TN
USA
C
E
´
CILE BONMARIAGE
Fonds National de la Recherche Scientifique
Bruxelles
Belgium
EGBERT BOS
Philosophy
University of Leiden
Leiden
The Netherlands
J
EAN-BAPTISTE BRENET
Paris
France
S
USAN BROWER-TOLAND
Department of Philosophy
College of Arts and Sciences
Saint Louis University
St. Louis, MO
USA
S
TEPHEN F. BROWN
Institute of Medieval Philosophy and Theology
Boston College
Chestnut Hill, MA

USA
J
ULIE BRUMBERG-CHAUMONT
Laboratoire d’E
´
tudes sur les Monothe
´
ismes
CNRS
Paris
France
J
AMES A. BRUNDAGE
Department of History
University of Kansas
Lawrence, KS
USA
C
HARLES BURNETT
The Warburg Institute
London
UK
C
HARLES E. BUTTERWORTH
Department of Government and Politics
University of Maryland
College Park, MD
USA
B
O

¨
RJE BYDE
´
N
Department of French, Italian and Classical Languages
Stockholm University
Stockholm
Sweden
M
ARGARET CAMERON
Department of Philosophy
University of Victoria
Victoria, BC
Canada
J
OSEPH CANNING
Girton College
University of Cambridge
Cambridge
UK
S
TEFANO CAROTI
Dipartimento di Filosofia
Universita
`
degli Studi di Parma
Parma
Italy
P
AOLA CARUSI

Dipartimento di Studi Orientali
Facolta
`
di Studi Orientali
Universita
`
La Sapienza
Rome
Italy
L
ORENZO CASINI
Department of Philosophy
Uppsala University
Uppsala
Sweden
G
IOVANNI CECCARELLI
Dipartimento di Economia-Sezione di Scienze
Economiche
Facolta
`
di Economia
Universita
`
di Parma
Parma
Italy
A
NTHONY CELANO
Department of Philosophy

Stonehill College
Easton, MA
USA
L
AURENT CESALLI
Department of Philosophy
University of Geneva
Geneva
Switzerland
xii List of Contributors
JOEL CHANDELIER
Universite
´
de Paris 8
Paris
France
A
BDESSELAM CHEDDADI
Faculty of Educational Sciences
University Mohammed V
Rabat
Morocco
I
VAN CHRISTOV
Faculty of Theology
University of Sofia
Sofia
Bulgaria
E
LISA CODA

Istituto Italiano di Scienze Umane
Palazzo Strozzi
Florence
Italy
B
OYD TAYLOR COOLMAN
Theology Department
Boston College
Chestnut Hill, MA
USA
I
ACOPO COSTA
Paris
France
E
MILY J. COTTRELL
Department for Religious Studies
Leiden University
Leiden
The Netherlands
R
ICHARD CROSS
Department of Philosophy
University of Notre Dame
Notre Dame, IN
USA
C
HRISTOPHER CULLEN
Department of Philosophy
Fordham University

New York, NY
USA
C
RISTINA D’ANCONA
Dipartimento di Filosofia
Universita
`
di Pisa
Pisa
Italy
S
ANDRO D’ONOFRIO
Modern Romance Languages and Literatures
SUNY at Buffalo
Amherst, NY
USA
S
ANDER DE BOER
Center for the History of Philosophy and Science
Radboud University Nijmegen
Nijmegen
The Netherlands
P
IETER DE LEEMANS
Katholieke Universiteit Leuven
De Wulf-Mansion Centre
Leuven
Belgium
D
ANIEL DE SMET

Laboratoire d’Etudes sur les Monothe
´
ismes (CERL)
CNRS
Villejuif
France
J
OHN A. D EMETRACOPOULOS
Department of Education
University of Patras
Patras
Greece
M. V. D
OUGHERTY
Department of Philosophy
Ohio Dominican University
Columbus, OH
USA
J
OHN P. DOYLE
Department of Philosophy (Professor Emeritus)
St. Louis University
St. Louis, MO
USA
List of Contributors xiii
WILLIAM DUBA
Department of Philosophy
University of Fribourg
Fribourg
Switzerland

C
ATARINA DUTILH NOVAES
ILLC and Department of Philosophy
University of Amsterdam
Amsterdam
The Netherlands
R. W. D
YSON
Center for Medieval and Renaissance Studies
Department of Government and International Affairs
University of Durham
Durham
UK
T
OMAS EKENBERG
Department of Philosophy
Uppsala University
Uppsala
Sweden
K
HALED EL-ROUAYHEB
Department of Near Eastern Languages and
Civilizations
Harvard University
Cambridge, MA
USA
C
HRISTOPHE ERISMANN
Helsinki Collegium for Advanced Studies
University of Helsinki

Helsinki
Finland
G
IRARD ETZKORN
Franciscan Institute
St. Bonaventure University
Crossville, TN
USA
C
LEOPHEA FERRARI
Institut fu
¨
r Philosophie
Friedrich-Alexander-Universita
¨
t
Erlangen
Germany
A
LEXANDER FIDORA
Departament de Cie
`
ncies de l’Antiguitat i de l’Edat
Mitjana
ICREA – Universitat Auto
`
noma de Barcelona
Bellaterra (Bcn)
Spain
E

MILIANO FIORI
Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam
Leiden
The Netherlands
C
HRISTOPH FLU
¨
ELER
Historische Hilfswissenschaften und Mittellatein
Universite
´
de Fribourg
Fribourg
Switzerland
R
USSELL L. FRIEDMAN
Institute of Philosophy, De Wulf-Mansion Centre for
Ancient, Medieval and Renaissance Philosophy
Katholieke Universiteit Leuven
Leuven
Belgium
I
VAN GAROFALO
Dipartimento di Studi Classici
Siena University
Siena
Italy
C
HARLES GENEQUAND
Faculte

´
des Lettres
Universite de Gene
`
ve
Geneva
Switzerland
M
AREK GENSLER
Department of Philosophy
University of Lo
´
dz
Lo
´
dz
Poland
M
ARC GEOFFROY
Laboratoire d’E
´
tudes sur les Monothe
´
ismes
Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique
Villejuif
France
xiv List of Contributors
KIMBERLY GEORGEDES
Department of History and Anthropology

Franciscan University of Steubenville
Steubenville, OH
USA
N
ADJA GERMANN
Department of Philosophy
Loyola University Maryland
Baltimore, MD
USA
S
TEPHEN GERSH
The Medieval Institute
University of Notre Dame
Notre Dame, IN
USA
M
ANFRED GERWING
Theologische Fakulta
¨
t
Katholische Universita
¨
t Eichsta
¨
tt-Ingolstadt
Eichsta
¨
tt
Germany
E

LIAS GIANNAKIS
Department of History and Archaeology
University of Ioannina
Ioannina
Greece
A
NDRE
´
GODDU
Department of Physics
Stonehill College
Easton, MA
USA
P
ANTELIS GOLITSIS
Aristoteles-Archiv, Institut fu
¨
r Griech. u. Lat. Philologie
Freie Universita
¨
t Berlin
Berlin
Germany
E
DWARD GRANT
Department of History and Philosophy of Science
Indiana University
Bloomington, IN
USA
C

HRISTOPHE GRELLARD
Philosophy
University of Paris 1 Panthe
´
on-Sorbonne
Paris
France
F
RANK GRIFFEL
Department of Religious Studies
Yale University
New Haven, CT
USA
A
NGELA GUIDI
ATER (Attache
´
Temporaire de Recherche et
d’Enseignement)
Colle
`
ge de France (Paris)
Paris
France
A
LEXANDER W. HALL
Department of Philosophy
Clayton State University
Morrow, GA
USA

O
LLI HALLAMAA
Department of Systematic Theology
University of Helsinki
Helsinki
Finland
H
OLLY HAMILTON-BLEAKLEY
Brampton
UK
H
EINE HANSEN
Centre for the Aristotelian Tradition
The SAXO Institute
University of Copenhagen
Copenhagen
Denmark
D
EVIN HENRY
Department of Philosophy
Talbot College
The University of Western Ontario
London, ON
Canada
List of Contributors xv
VILE
´
M HEROLD
Institute of Philosophy of the Academy of Sciences of
the Czech Republic

Prague
Czech Republic
B
ENJAMIN HILL
Department of Philosophy
The University of Western Ontario
London, ON
Canada
M
AARTEN J. F. M. HOENEN
Philosophisches Seminar
Universita
¨
t Freiburg
Freiburg im Breisgau
Germany
T
OBIAS HOFFMANN
School of Philosophy
The Catholic University of America
Washington, DC
USA
T
OIVO J. HOLOPAINEN
Faculty of Theology
University of Helsinki
Helsinki
Finland
H
ARRO HO

¨
PFL
Essex Business School
University of Essex
Colchester
UK
R
OLLEN EDWARD HOUSER
Center for Thomistic Studies
University of St. Thomas
Houston, TX
USA
A
ARON W. HUGHES
Institute of Jewish Thought and Heritage
SUNY
Buffalo, NY
USA
K
ATERINA IERODIAKONOU
Department of Philosophy and History of Science
University of Athens
Athens
Greece
I
SABEL IRIBARREN
Department of Catholic Theology
Strasbourg University
Strasbourg
France

T
HOMAS M. IZBICKI
Alexander Library
Rutgers State University of New Jersey
New Brunswick, NJ
USA
J
ONATHAN JACOBS
Department of Philosophy
Colgate University
Hamilton, NY
USA
J
ULES JANSSENS
De Wulf-Mansion Centre
KU Leuven
Leuven
Belgium
T
HOMAS JESCHKE
Thomas-Institut
Cologne
Germany
C
HRIS JONES
Department of History
University of Canterbury
Christchurch
New Zealand
R

APHAEL JOSPE
Bar IIan University
Department of Jewish Philosophy
Hebrew University of Jerusalem-Rothberg International
School
Jerusalem
Israel
xvi List of Contributors
ELZ
˙
BIETA JUNG
Department of Philosophy
University of Ło
´
dz
´
Ło
´
dz
´
Poland
A
NDREAS KAMP
Institut fu
¨
r Politische Wissenschaft
Universita
¨
tzuKo
¨

ln
Cologne
Germany
G
EORGI KAPRIEV
Faculty of Philosophy
Sofia University St. Kliment Ochridski
Sofia
Bulgaria
G
EORGE KARAMANOLIS
Department of Philosophy and Social Studies
University of Crete
Rethymno
Greece
P
EKKA KA
¨
RKKA
¨
INEN
Faculty of Theology
University of Helsinki
Helsinki
Finland
J
OHN KELSAY
Florida State University
Tallahassee, FL
USA

B
ONNIE KENT
Department of Philosophy
University of California, Irvine
School of Humanities
Irvine, CA
USA
R
UPERT JOHN KILCULLEN
Department of Politics and International Relations
Macquarie University
North Ryde, NSW
Australia
G
YULA KLIMA
Department of Philosophy
Fordham University
New York, NY
USA
C. H. K
NEEPKENS
Medieval and Renaissance Studies
University of Groningen
Groningen
The Netherlands
S
IMO KNUUTTILA
Faculty of Theology
University of Helsinki
Helsinki

Finland
C
ATHERINE KO
¨
NIG-PRALONG
De
´
partement de Philosophie
Universite
´
de Fribourg
Fribourg
Switzerland
J
ILL KRAYE
The Warburg Institute
University of London
London
UK
H
OWARD KREISEL
The Goldstein-Goren Department of Jewish Thought
Ben-Gurion University of the Negev
Beer Sheva
Israel
T
ANELI KUKKONEN
Department of History
University of Jyva
¨

skyla
¨
Jyva
¨
skyla
¨
Finland
H
ENRIK LAGERLUND
Department of Philosophy
The University of Western Ontario
London, ON
Canada
List of Contributors xvii
STEPHEN E. LAHEY
Department of Classics and Religious Studies
University of Nebraska
Lincoln, NE
USA
R
OBERTO LAMBERTINI
Dipartimento di Scienze Storiche, Documentarie,
Artistiche e del Territorio
Universita
`
di Macerata
Macerata
Italy
T
ZVI LANGERMANN

Department of Arabic
Faculty of Humanities
Bar Ilan University
Ramat Gan
Israel
L
IDIA LANZA
Fribourg
Switzerland
R. J
AMES LONG
Department of Philosophy
Fairfield University
Fairfield, CT
USA
J
OHN L. LONGEWAY
Department of Philosophy
University of Wisconsin
Kenosha, WI
USA
A
LFONSO MAIERU
`
Department of Philosophy
Sapienza University of Rome
Rome
Italy
V
IRPI MA

¨
KINEN
Helsinki Collegium for Advanced Studies
University of Helsinki
Helsinki
Finland
D
OMINIQUE MALLET
De
´
partement d’Etudes Arabes
Universite
´
de Bordeaux
Bordeaux
France
C
HARLES H. MANEKIN
Department of Philosophy
University of Maryland
College Park, MD
USA
R
OXANNE D. MARCOTTE
The University of Queensland
Australia
J
OHN MARENBON
Trinity College
University of Cambridge

Cambridge
UK
C
ECILIA MARTINI BONADEO
Dipartimento di Filosofia
Universita
`
di Padova
Padova
Italy
G
ARETH B. MATTHEWS
Department of Philosophy
University of Massachusetts at Amherst
Amherst, MA
USA
J
OZEF MATULA
Department of Philosophy, Center for Medieval and
Renaissance Philosophy
Palacky University
Olomouc
Czech Republic
T. J. H. M
CCARTHY
New College of Florida
Sarasota, FL
USA
A
RTHUR STEPHEN MCGRADE

Department of Philosophy (Professor Emeritus)
University of Connecticut
Storrs, CT
USA
xviii List of Contributors
BRIAN PATRICK MCGUIRE
Medieval History
Roskilde University
Roskilde
Denmark
A
BRAHAM MELAMED
Department of Jewish History and Thought
University of Haifa
Haifa
Israel
C
ONSTANT J. MEWS
Centre for Studies in Religion and Theology
School of Historical Studies
Monash University
Clayton, VIC
Australia
B
URKHARD MOJSISCH
Institut fu
¨
r Philosophie
Ruhr-Universita
¨

t Bochum
Bochum
Germany
D
ERMOT MORAN
School of Philosophy
University College Dublin
Dublin
Ireland
S
E
´
BASTIEN MOUREAU
Institut Orientaliste
Universite
´
Catholique de Louvain
Louvain-la-Neuve
Belgium
S
TEVEN NADLER
Department of Philosophy
University of Wisconsin-Madison
Madison, WI
USA
L
ODI NAUTA
Department of Philosophy
University of Groningen
Groningen

The Netherlands
C
ARY J. NEDERMAN
Department of Political Science
Texas A & M University
College Station, TX
USA
S
AMUEL NOBLE
Yale University
New Haven, CT
USA
S
IMON NOLAN
Department of Philosophy
National University of Ireland
Maynooth, Co. Kildare
Ireland
A
LESSANDRO PALAZZO
Department of Filosofia, Storia e Beni Culturali
Universita
`
degli Studi di Trento
Trento
Italy
C
ECILIA PANTI
Dipartimento di Ricerche Filosofiche
Facolta

`
di Lettere e Filosofia
Universita
`
degli Studi di Roma – Tor Vergata
Rome
Italy
I
VANA PANZECA
University of Barcelona
Barcelona
Spain
O
TA PAVLI
´
C
ˇ
EK
Institute of Philosophy of the Academy of Sciences of
the Czech Republic
Prague
Czech Republic
M
ATTHEW J. PEREIRA
Department of Religion
Columbia University
New York, NY
USA
List of Contributors xix
EDWARD M. P ETERS

Department of History School of Arts and Sciences
University of Pennsylvania
Philadelphia, PA
USA
D
AVID PICHE
´
De
´
partement de Philosophie
Universite
´
de Montre
´
al
Montre
´
al, QC
Canada
T
HOMAS PINK
Department of Philosophy
King’s College London
London
UK
R
OBERTO L. PLEVANO
Scotus Project
The Catholic University of America
Washington, DC

USA
P
ASQUALE PORRO
Dipartimento di Scienze Filosofiche
Universita
`
di Bari
Bari
Italy
J
OSEP PUIG MONTADA
Facultad de Filosofı
´
a
Universidad Complutense de Madrid
Madrid
Spain
F
RANC¸OIS-XAVIER PUTALLAZ
De
´
partement des Sciences de la Foi et des Religions,
Philosophie
Universite
´
de Fribourg
Fribourg
Switzerland
R
ICCARDO QUINTO

Dipartimento di Filosofia
University of Padua
Padua
Italy
Y
AEL RAIZMAN-KEDAR
Philosophy Department
University of Haifa
Mount Carmel, Haifa
Israel
R
AFAEL RAMO
´
N GUERRERO
Facultad de Filosofia
Universidad Complutense de Madrid
Madrid
Spain
D
AVID C. REISMAN
Department of Classics and Mediterranean Studies
University of Illinois at Chicago
Chicago, IL
USA
J
OSE
´
-LUIS RIVERA
Escuela de Filosofia
Universidad Panamericana

Mexico City, DF
Mexico
A
URE
´
LIEN ROBERT
Centre d’Etudes Supe
´
rieures de la Renaissance (CNRS)
Tours
France
J
AMES T. ROBINSON
The Divinity School
University of Chicago
Chicago
USA
T
AMAR RUDAVSKY
Department of Philosophy
The Ohio State University
Columbus, OH
USA
J
OSEP MARIA RUIZ SIMON
Departament de Filosofia
Universitat de Girona
Girona
Spain
xx List of Contributors

TERESA RUPP
Department of History
Mount Saint Mary’s University
Emmitsburg, MD
USA
M
AGNUS J. RYAN
Faculty of History
Peterhouse, University of Cambridge
The Old Schools
Cambridge
UK
C
HRISTOPHER SCHABEL
Department of History and Archaeology
University of Cyprus
Nicosia
Cyprus
D
ENIS SEARBY
Department of Linguistics and Philology
Uppsala University
Uppsala
Sweden
J
OSE
´
FILIPE SILVA
Department of Social Sciences and Philosophy
University of Jyva

¨
skyla
¨
Jyva
¨
skyla
¨
Finland
J
OHN T. SLOTEMAKER
Department of Theology
Boston College
Chestnut Hill, MA
USA
P
ATRIZIA SPALLINO
Facolta
`
di Scienze della Formazione
Universita
`
di Palermo
Palermo
Italy
L
EEN SPRUIT
Sapienza University of Rome
Rome
Italy
J

OKE SPRUYT
Philosophy, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences
Maastricht University
Maastricht
The Netherlands
A
NTONELLA STRAFACE
Facolta
`
di Lingue e Letterature Straniere
Universita
`
degli Studi di Napoli L’Orientale
Napoli
Italy
G
OTTHARD STROHMAIER
Freie Universita
¨
t Berlin
Berlin
Germany
O
RRIN FINN SUMMERELL
Bureau of Public Information
UNESCO
Paris
France
E
DITH D. SYLLA

Department of History
North Carolina State University
Raleigh, NC
USA
V
ASILEIOS SYROS
The Martin Marty Center for the Advanced
Study of Religion
The University of Chicago
Chicago, IL
USA
R
OLAND J. TESKE S. J.
Department of Philosophy
Marquette University
Milwaukee, WI
USA
J
OHANNES M. M. H. THIJSSEN
Faculty of Philosophy
Radboud University Nijmegen
Nijmegen
The Netherlands
List of Contributors xxi
PAUL THOM
Department of Philosophy
School of Philosophical and Historical Inquiry
University of Sydney
Sydney, NSW
Australia

H
AVA TIROSH-SAMUELSON
Department of History
School of Historical, Philosophical, and Religious Studies
and Center for Jewish Studies, Irving and Miriam Lowe
Arizona State University
Tempe, AZ
USA
M
ARCO TOSTE
Beauregard Centre
Universite
´
de Fribourg
Fribourg
Switzerland
A
LEXANDER TREIGER
Department of Classics with Religious Studies
Dalhousie University
Halifax, NS
Canada
C
ECILIA TRIFOGLI
Philosophy Faculty
All Souls College
University of Oxford
Oxford
UK
T

HOMAS TURLEY
Department of History
Santa Clara University
Santa Clara, CA
USA
K
ARL UBL
Historisches Seminar
Eberhard-Karls-Universita
¨
tTu
¨
bingen
Tu
¨
bingen
Germany
L
UISA VALENTE
Dipartimento di Filosofia
Sapienza Universita
`
di Roma
Rome
Italy
P
HILIPPE VALLAT
IFPO-Damascus
IFPO Abu Rumaneh
Damascus

Syria
R
IA VAN DER LECQ
History of Philosophy
Utrecht University
Utrecht
The Netherlands
E
LVIRA WAKELNIG
Department of Classics and Ancient History
Warwick University
Coventry
UK
I
AN WILKS
Department of Philosophy
Acadia University
Wolfville, NS
Canada
T
HOMAS WILLIAMS
Departments of Philosophy and Religious Studies
University of South Florida
Tampa, FL
USA
J
EFFREY C. WITT
Department of Philosophy
Boston College
Chestnut Hill, MA

USA
R
EGA WOOD
Philosophy Department
Stanford University
Stanford, CA
USA
M
IKKO YRJO
¨
NSUURI
Department of Social Sciences and Philosophy
University of Jyva
¨
skyla
¨
Jyva
¨
skyla
¨
Finland
xxii List of Contributors
IRENE ZAVATTERO
Dipartimento di Filologia Classica e Scienze Filosofiche
Universita
`
del Salento
Lecce
Italy
K. M

EREDITH ZIEBART
Department of Philosophy
Universite
´
du Que
´
bec a
`
Montre
´
al
Montre
´
al, QC
Canada
B
ARBARA ZIPSER
Department of History
Royal Holloway, University of London
Egham
UK
G
EORGE ZOGRAFIDIS
Department of Philosophy
Aristotle University of Thessaloniki
Thessaloniki
Greece
M
AURO ZONTA
Dipartimento di Studi Filosofici ed Epistemologici

Universita
`
di Roma
Rome
Italy
List of Contributors xxiii