BRITISH STANDARD

BS EN
EN
14992:2007
14992:2007

+A1:2012

Precast concrete
products — Wall
elements

The European Standard EN 14992:2007 has the status of a
British Standard

ICS 91.100.30






















BS EN 14992:2007+A1:2012

BS EN 14992:2007

National foreword
This British Standard is the UK implementation of EN 14992:2007+A1:2012.
It supersedes BS EN 14992:2007, which is withdrawn.

National foreword

The start and finish of text introduced or altered by amendment is indicated
in the text by tags. Tags indicating changes to CEN text carry the number of
ThisCEN
British
Standard For
wasexample,
published
by altered
BSI. It is
UK
implementation
the
amendment.
text
bythe
CEN
amendment
A1 is of
indicated
by .
EN 14992:2007.
The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted to Technical Committee

B/524, Precast concrete products.
A list of organizations represented on this committee can be obtained on
request to its secretary.
EN 14992 is a candidate “harmonized” European standard and fully takes into
account the requirements of the European Commission mandate M/100,
Products related to precast concrete, given under the EU Construction
Products Directive (89/106/EEC), and is intended to lead to CE marking. The
date of applicability of EN 14992 as a harmonized European Standard, i.e. the
date after which this standard may be used for CE marking purposes, is subject
to an announcement in the Official Journal of the European Communities.
The Commission in consultation with Member States has agreed a transition
period for the co-existence of harmonized European Standards and their
corresponding national standard(s). It is intended that this period will
comprise a period, usually nine months, after the date of availability of the
European Standard, during which any required changes to national
regulations are to be made, followed by a further period, usually of 12 months,
for the implementation of CE marking. At the end of this co-existence period,
the national standard(s) will be withdrawn.
EN 14992 is the subject of transitional arrangements agreed under the
Commission mandate. In the UK, there are no corresponding national
standards.
This publication does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a
contract. Users are responsible for its correct application.
Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunity from
legal obligations.

This British Standard was
published under the authority
of the Standards Policy and
Strategy Committee

on 29 June 2007
© The British Standards
This
British2012.
Standard was
Institution
published
authority
Published under
by BSIthe
Standards
of
the Standards
Policy and
Limited
2012
Strategy Committee
on 29 June 2007

© BSI 2007
ISBN 978 0 580 76027 3

ISBN 978 0 580 52952 8

Amendments/corrigenda issued since publication
Date
Comments
Amendments issued since publication
30 September 2012 Implementation of CEN amendment A1:2012
Amd. No.


Date

Comments


EUROPEAN STANDARD

EN 14992:2007+A1

NORME EUROPÉENNE
EUROPÄISCHE NORM

June 2012

ICS 91.060.10; 91.140.30

Supersedes EN 14992:2007

English Version

Precast concrete products - Wall elements
Produits préfabriqués en béton - Eléments de mur

Betonfertigteile - Wandelemente

This European Standard was approved by CEN on 17 February 2007 and includes Amendment 1 approved by CEN on 7 April 2012.
CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European
Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national
standards may be obtained on application to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre or to any CEN member.

This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation
under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre has the same
status as the official versions.
CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia,
Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland,
Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and United Kingdom.

EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION
EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG

Management Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000 Brussels

© 2012 CEN

All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved
worldwide for CEN national Members.

Ref. No. EN 14992:2007+A1:2012: E


BS EN 14992:2007+A1:2012
EN
14992:2007+A1:2012 (E)
EN 14992:2007+A1:2012(E)

Contents

Page


The numbering of clauses is strictly related to EN 13369:2004: Common rules for precast concrete products,
at least for the first three digits. When a clause of EN 13369:2004 is not relevant or included in a more general
reference of this standard, its number is omitted and this may result in a gap on numbering.
Foreword ..............................................................................................................................................................3 
Introduction .........................................................................................................................................................5
1

Scope ......................................................................................................................................................6 

2

Normative references ............................................................................................................................6

3

Terms and definitions ...........................................................................................................................6

4

Requirements ...................................................................................................................................... 10 

5

Test methods....................................................................................................................................... 13 

6

Evaluation of conformity .................................................................................................................... 14

7


Marking ................................................................................................................................................ 14 

8

Technical documentation .................................................................................................................. 14

Annex A (informative) Additional design rules ............................................................................................. 15
Annex B (informative) Concreting of composite walls on site .................................................................... 18
Annex C (informative) Inspection schemes ................................................................................................... 20 
Annex ZA (informative) !Clauses of this European Standard addressing the provisions of the
EU Construction Products Directive"
" ........................................................................................... 22
Bibliography ..................................................................................................................................................... 38 

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BS EN 14992:2007+A1:2012
EN
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EN14992:2007+A1:2012
14992:2007+A1:2012(E)

Foreword
This document (EN 14992:2007+A1:2012) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 229 “Precast
concrete products”, the secretariat of which is held by AFNOR and was examined by and agreed with a joint
working party appointed by the Liaison Group CEN/TC 229-TC250, particularly for its compatibility with
structural Eurocodes.
This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an identical

text or by endorsement, at the latest by December 2012, and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn
at the latest by December 2012.
This document supersedes EN 14992:2007.
This document includes Amendment 1 approved by CEN on 2012-04-07.
The start and finish of text introduced or altered by amendment is indicated in the text by tags !".
This document has been prepared under a mandate given to CEN by the European Commission and the
European Free Trade Association, and supports essential requirements of EU Construction Products
Directive(s) (89/106/EEC).
For relationship with EU Directive(s), see informative Annex ZA, which is an integral part of this document.
This document is one of a series of product standards for precast concrete products.
For common aspects reference is made to EN 13369: Common rules for precast concrete products, from
which also the relevant requirements of the EN 206-1: Concrete — Part 1: Specification, performance,
production and conformity are taken.
The references to EN 13369:2004 by CEN/TC 229 product standards are intended to make them
homogeneous and to avoid repetitions of similar requirements.
Eurocodes are taken as a common reference for design aspects. !The installation of some structural
precast concrete products is dealt with by EN 13670, Execution of concrete structures."!deleted text"
The programme of standards for structural precast concrete products comprises the following standards, in
some cases consisting of several parts:
EN 1168, Precast concrete products — Hollow core slabs.
EN 12794, Precast concrete products — Foundation piles.
EN 12843, Precast concrete products — Masts and poles.
EN 13224, Precast concrete products — Ribbed floor elements.
EN 13225, Precast concrete products — Linear structural elements.
EN 13693, Precast concrete products — Special roof elements.
EN 13747, Precast concrete products — Floor plates for floor systems.
EN 13978, Precast concrete products — Precast concrete garages.

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EN 14843, Precast concrete products — Stairs.
EN 14844, Precast concrete products — Box culverts.
EN 14991, Precast concrete products — Foundation elements.
EN 14992, Precast concrete products — Wall elements.
!EN 15037", Precast concrete products - Beam-and-block floor systems.
EN 15050, Precast concrete products — Bridge elements.
!EN 15258", Precast concrete products — Retaining wall elements.
This standard defines in Annex ZA the application methods of CE marking to products designed using the
relevant EN Eurocodes (EN 1992-1-1 and EN 1992-1-2). Where, in default of applicability conditions of EN
Eurocodes to the works of destination, design Provisions other than EN Eurocodes are used for mechanical
strength, the conditions to affix CE marking to the product are described in ZA.3.4.
According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following
countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech
Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia,
Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain,
Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and the United Kingdom.

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14992:2007+A1:2012(E)

Introduction
The evaluation of conformity given in this standard refers to the completed precast elements which are
supplied to the market and covers all the production operations carried out in the factory.
For design rules reference is made to EN 1992-1-1. Additional complementary rules are provided where
necessary.

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1

Scope

This European Standard applies to prefabricated walls, made of normal weight or lightweight concrete with
dense structure. !Also fibre reinforced concrete (steel, polymer or other fibres covered by European
Standards) may be used." !These wall elements" may have external wall functions (see 3.11) or not,
have facing functions (see 3.12) or not or have a combination of these functions.
External wall functions could be:


thermal insulation (see 3.11.1);




sound insulation (see 3.11.2);



hygrometric control (see 3.11.3);

or a combination of these.
They may be plain, reinforced or prestressed. They may be loadbearing or not.
These include:


solid walls;



composite walls;



sandwich walls;



lightened walls;



claddings.


The wall element may also work as a column or beam.

2

Normative references

The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated
references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced
document (including any amendments) applies.
EN 1992-1-1:2004, Eurocode 2: Design of concrete structures — Part 1-1: General rules and rules for
buildings
EN 13369:2004, Common rules for precast concrete products
EN ISO 12572, Hygrothermal performance of building materials and products — Determination of water
vapour transmission properties (ISO 12572:2001)

3

Terms and definitions

For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in EN 13369:2004 and the following apply.
In general the term “product” refers to an element which is produced in large numbers. For general terms see
Clause 3 of EN 13369:2004.

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3.1
wall
vertical or inclined, plane or curved bidimensional unit
3.2
loadbearing wall
structural wall element, which carries external loads or is important for the safety of people
EXAMPLE

Faỗade panels and parapets excluding small cladding panels)

3.3
non loadbearing wall
wall which carries only its self weight and is not necessary for the building stability or important for the safety
of people
3.4
solid wall
precast wall of any shape produced as one solid unit including reinforcement and fixtures
NOTE

See Figure 1

3.5
composite wall
composite wall consisting of two precast reinforced layers which are joined together with a gap by means of a
lattice girder system.
NOTE 1

See Figure 2


NOTE 2
On site, the space between the layers is filled with concrete. Composite walls may also consist of a shell with
lattice girders with the other side limited by an existing wall or another formwork during the erection

3.6
sandwich wall
consists of a base panel, a thermal insulation layer, a possible air space and a facing panel.
NOTE 1

see Figure 3

NOTE 2

The layers may be connected stiffly or to allow relative in plane displacement between the layers

3.6.1
facing panel
outermost layer of a sandwich wall element
3.6.2
base panel
structural layer of a sandwich element!, which can be solid or lightened"
NOTE
It transfers its own dead load and the load from the facing panel to the structure. It may also transfer load from
other members

3.7
lightened wall
wall produced in the precasting plant as a complete unit
NOTE 1


see Figure 4

NOTE 2
It may consist of two external concrete layers and internal blocks of light weight materials (for example foam
polystyrene, polyurethane) or hollow-core

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3.8
cladding
non loadbearing panel fixed to the structure by means of connecting systems
NOTE 1

see Figure 5

NOTE 2

An insulating system may be inserted between this panel and the loadbearing structure

3.9
small cladding
2
cladding element without reinforcement with a maximum size of 2,25 m , a maximum length of 1,5 m and a

thickness smaller than 80 mm
3.10
plain concrete element
structural concrete elements having less reinforcement than the minimum reinforcement according to the
relevant design code
EXAMPLE EN 1992-1-1:2004, Clause 9.6

3.11
external wall functions
3.11.1
thermal insulation
capacity to limit the transfer of thermal flow
3.11.2
sound insulation
capacity to reduce the transmission of sound
3.11.3
hygrometric control
capacity to avoid the forming of condensate in the wall construction and particularly in the insulating materials
which are frequently hygroscopic
3.12
facing function
capacity to satisfy special dimensional requirements, esthetical surface requirements, esthetical shape
requirements, or a combination of these

Figure 1 — Examples of solid walls

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Key
1

in-situ concrete

Figure 2 — Examples of composite elements

Figure 3 — Examples of sandwich walls

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Figure 4 — Example of lightened walls

Figure 5 — Example of cladding elements

4
4.1

Requirements

Material requirements

Subclause 4.1 of EN 13369:2004 shall apply.
In addition subclause 10.9.4.1 of EN 1992-1-1:2004 shall apply.
!Also fibre reinforced concrete (steel – see EN 14889-1, polymer – see EN 14889-2 or other fibres
(see EN 15422) covered by European Standards) may be used, provided the fibres are not taken into account
in structural calculation."

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4.2

Production requirements

Subclause 4.2 of EN 13369:2004 shall apply.

4.3

Finished product requirements

4.3.1
4.3.1.1


Geometrical properties
Production tolerances

In addition to subclause 4.3.1.1 of EN 13369:2004 the tolerances indicated in Tables 1 and 2 (compare
Figures J.1 to J.6 of EN 13369:2004) shall apply.
If not otherwise stated class B applies to all elements.
Table 1 — Tolerance of positioning of openings and insert
Class

Permitted deviation

A

± 10 mm

B

± 15 mm

For inserts designed to match with layer tolerances, different values of positioning tolerances may be given in
the Technical documentation.
The tolerance of lengths, heights, thickness, diagonal dimensions are given in Table 2.
Table 2 — Tolerances of dimensions
Permitted deviation
Reference dimensions

Class

a


0 – 0,5 m

0,5 m – 3 m

>3m–6m

> 6 m – 10 m

> 10 m

A

± 3 mm a

± 5 mm a

± 6 mm

± 8 mm

± 10 mm

B

± 8 mm

± 14 mm

± 16 mm


± 18 mm

± 20 mm

± 2 mm in the case of small claddings.

Stricter tolerances may be required in the Technical documentation.
4.3.1.2

Minimum design (nominal) dimensions

Subclause 4.3.1.2 of EN 13369:2004 shall apply.
4.3.2

Surface characteristics

In addition to subclause 4.3.2 of EN 13369:2004 the following shall apply:
If not otherwise stated, values of Table 3 shall apply for the flatness of surfaces (compare Figures J.4 and J.5
of EN 13369:2004).

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Table 3 — Tolerances regarding flatness of surfaces
Class


Gauges with distances between measuring points up to
0,2 m

3m

A

2 mm

5 mm

B

4 mm

10 mm

Class A usually applies to surfaces cast against a mould and class B applies to other surfaces if not otherwise
stated.
4.3.3
4.3.3.1

Mechanical resistance
Loadbearing design

In addition to subclause 4.3.3 of EN 13369:2004 Annex A may be used.
4.3.3.2

Reinforcement detailing


This clause applies to wall elements except small claddings.
It is recommended that the reinforcement is distributed:


for a wall less than or equal to 120 mm thickness: in one reinforcement layer placed in the middle of the
cross-section of the wall;



for a wall greater than 120 mm thickness: in two reinforcement layers distributed between the two faces of
the wall.

This second requirement does not apply to plain concrete walls.
Further recommendations can be found in Annex A.
4.3.4
4.3.4.1

Resistance and reaction to fire
Resistance to fire

Fire resistance, dealing with load-bearing capacity R, integrity E and insulation I of precast wall elements,
made of normal weight or lightweight concrete with dense structure, expressed in terms of classes, shall be
defined following 4.3.4.1, 4.3.4.2 and 4.3.4.3 of EN 13369:2004.
4.3.4.2

Reaction to fire

For reaction to fire, 4.3.4.4 of EN 13369:2004 shall apply.
In the case of wall elements including combustible materials, e.g. thermal insulation in sandwich panels, these

materials have to be sheltered from the fire exposure according to national regulations in the place of use.
The insulation material shall be declared and comply with the relevant European product Standard.

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4.3.5

Acoustic properties

Subclause 4.3.5 of EN 13369:2004 shall apply.
4.3.6

Thermal properties

Subclause 4.3.6 of EN 13369:2004 shall apply.
4.3.7

Durability

Subclause 4.3.7 of EN 13369:2004 shall apply.
4.3.8

Other requirements


4.3.8.1

Safety in handling

Subclause 4.3.8.1 of EN 13369:2004 shall apply.
4.3.8.2

Safety in use

Subclause 4.3.8.2 of EN 13369:2004 shall apply.
4.3.8.3

Water vapour permeability

When the water vapour permeability
vapour !permeance" following 5.2.
4.3.8.4

is

relevant,

it

shall

be

expressed


in

terms

of

water

Water impermeability

When the water impermeability of the external face of the elements is relevant, it shall be expressed in terms
of water absorption following 5.3.
4.3.8.5

Fixture of cladding elements

The strength of fixing devices of cladding elements shall be verified according to 4.3.3 of EN 13369:2004.
NOTE

5
5.1

There may be existing regulations related to the installation of the product.

Test methods
General

Clause 5 of EN 13369:2004 shall apply.


5.2

Water vapour permeability

The water vapour permeability, expressed in terms of water vapour !permeance", shall be determined by
tests according to EN ISO 12572.

5.3

Water impermeability

The water permeability of the external face of the elements shall be determined in terms of water absorption
according to subclause 4.3.7.5 of EN 13369:2004.

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6
6.1

Evaluation of conformity
General

Subclause 6.1 of EN 13369:2004 shall apply.


6.2

Type testing

Subclause 6.2 of EN 13369:2004 shall apply.

6.3

Factory production control

Subclause 6.3 of EN 13369:2004 shall apply.
In addition Annex C of this standard shall apply.

7

Marking

Clause 7 of EN 13369:2004 shall apply.

8

Technical documentation

Clause 8 of EN 13369:2004 shall apply.

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Annex A
(informative)
Additional design rules

A.1 Composite wall elements
A.1.1 Loadbearing design
A composite wall should be designed like a solid wall. Without special calculation the minimum strength of the
precast element and the in-situ concrete should be taken into consideration.
The designed reinforcement may be located inside the element and/or in the in-situ concrete. The same
applies to walls acting as deep beams.
For the design of the reinforcement the joints of the composite wall should be taken into consideration. This is
of particular importance for the determination of the effective depth d (see Figure A.1 and A.2).
The design of laps has been specified by EN 1992-1-1:2004, 8.7.
If a lap between bars requires transverse reinforcement according to EN 1992-1-1:2004, 8.7.4.1 (3) links,
u-bars and lattice girders can be used separately or in combination (Figure A.1). If lattice girders are used as
transverse reinforcement, the maximum diameter of the lapped bars should be 16 mm. It is recommended to
2
limit the maximum cross section that may be lapped to 1200 mm /m.

A.1.2 Shear at the interface
The connection between cast in-situ concrete and compound unit in the final state should fulfil subclause 6.2.5
of EN 1992-1-1:2004.

A.1.3 Loadbearing compression joints in case of loadbearing walls
Subclause 10.9.2 of EN 1992-1-1:2004 may be used.
The required reinforcement in subclause 10.9.2 (2) of EN 1992-1-1:2004 may be met by lattice girders too.

In case of composite walls the whole cross section may be taken as loadbearing provided the joint is
completely filled with in-situ concrete and has a width of at least 30 mm. If this is not provided, only the cross
section of the in-situ concrete should be taken as loadbearing (see Figure A.2).
The effective depth is the distance between the centre of concrete force and the reinforcement.

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Figure A.1 — Effective depth d and overlapping length l0

Key
1
2

precast element
in-situ concrete

Figure A.2 — Joint of a composite wall

A.2 Reinforcement detailing
A.2.1 Ribs
The ribs should be reinforced by at least two longitudinal bars (one in the concrete layer, one in the rib) tied
together by transverse reinforcement (see Figure A.3).

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Key
1
2

rib
longitudinal bar

3
4

transverse reinforcement
concrete layer

Figure A.3 — Examples of reinforcement of a rib

A.2.2 Reinforcement for sandwich walls
The following specifications should apply:
a)

base panel;

it should be reinforced as a solid wall;

b)

facing panel;

the layer should contain vertical and horizontal reinforcement. The reinforcement should be designed to
support the actions due to the !connector system", the weight of this layer, thermal effects and long term
effects in service.
The maximum distance between two bars of the reinforcement should not exceed 200 mm;
c)

reinforcement !connector system";

the !connector systems" should be designed to connect the base panel with the facing panel and to
transfer to the base panel the loads acting upon the facing panel.

A.2.3 Reinforcement for lightened walls
The following recommendations may apply:
a)

characteristics of the ribs !deleted text":
 ribs are defined according to A.2.1;
 maximum space between two concrete ribs: 40 times the thickness of the facing panel in the case of
transversal ribs; 50 times the thickness of the facing panel in the case of longitudinal ribs;
 minimum thickness of a rib or diameter of a concrete connection: 50 mm;
 concrete ribs and connections may be substituted by stainless steel elements suitably designed or
other connecting systems.

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Annex B
(informative)
Concreting of composite walls on site
Unless special provisions are taken the precast part of the wall should not have a temperature below 5 °C
during concreting. After concreting the fresh concrete should not have a temperature below 10 °C for at
least 3 days or should have a minimum compressive strength of 5 MPa before the temperature of the fresh
concrete falls below 0 °C.
The maximum formwork pressure may be taken from Figure B.1.

Key
pc

formwork pressure

vc rate of concreting
F1-F4
class of consistency of concrete (!Table 6", EN 206-1:2000)

Figure B.1 — Formwork pressure (developed by concrete on formwork) to be taken as a basis
The following figures give an indication about recommended concreting load Lc per metre of lattice girder:


recommended Lc = 15,6 kN/m:
 with inner concrete cover of ≥ 15 mm;




recommended Lc = 18,4 kN/m:


18

with an inner concrete cover of ≥ 17 mm