BRITISH STANDARD

Surface dressing —
Test methods —
Part 2: Visual assessment of defects

The European Standard EN 12272-2:2003 has the status of a
British Standard

ICS 93.080.20

12&23<,1*:,7+287%6,3(50,66,21(;&(37$63(50,77('%<&23<5,*+7/$:

BS EN
12272-2:2003


BS EN 12272-2:2003

National foreword
This British Standard is the official English language version of
EN 12272-2:2003.
The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted by Technical Committee
B/510, Road materials, to Subcommittee B/510/2, Surface dressings, sprays
and slurry, which has the responsibility to:
—

aid enquirers to understand the text;

—

present to the responsible international/European committee any
enquiries on the interpretation, or proposals for change, and keep the
UK interests informed;

—

monitor related international and European developments and
promulgate them in the UK.

A list of organizations represented on this subcommittee can be obtained on
request to its secretary.
Cross-references
The British Standards which implement international or European
publications referred to in this document may be found in the BSI Catalogue
under the section entitled “International Standards Correspondence Index”, or
by using the “Search” facility of the BSI Electronic Catalogue or of British
Standards Online.
This publication does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a
contract. Users are responsible for its correct application.
Compliance with a British Standard does not of itself confer immunity
from legal obligations.

This British Standard, was
published under the authority
of the Standards Policy and
Strategy Committee on
6 February 2004

Summary of pages
This document comprises a front cover, an inside front cover, the EN title page,

pages 2 to 15 and a back cover.
The BSI copyright notice displayed in this document indicates when the
document was last issued.

Amendments issued since publication
Amd. No.
© BSI 6 February 2004

ISBN 0 580 42677 7

Date

Comments


EN 12272-2

EUROPEAN STANDARD
NORME EUROPÉENNE
EUROPÄISCHE NORM

June 2003

ICS 93.080.20

English version

Surface dressing - Test methods - Part 2: Visual assessment of
defects
Enduits superficiels d'usure - Méthodes d'essai - Partie 2:

Evaluation visuelle des défauts

Oberflächenbehandlung - Prüfverfahren - Teil 2: Visuelle
Beurteilung von Inhomogenitäten

This European Standard was approved by CEN on 21 February 2003.
CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European
Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national
standards may be obtained on application to the Management Centre or to any CEN member.
This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation
under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the Management Centre has the same status as the official
versions.
CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece,
Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Slovakia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United
Kingdom.

EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION
EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG

Management Centre: rue de Stassart, 36

© 2003 CEN

All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved
worldwide for CEN national Members.

B-1050 Brussels

Ref. No. EN 12272-2:2003 E



EN 12272-2:2003 (E)

Contents
Page
Foreword......................................................................................................................................................................3
1

Scope ..............................................................................................................................................................4

2

Normative references ....................................................................................................................................4

3

Terms and definitions ...................................................................................................................................4

4
4.1
4.2
4.2.1
4.3
4.3.1
4.3.2
4.3.3

Visual assessment of defects.......................................................................................................................8
General............................................................................................................................................................8

Qualitative assessment .................................................................................................................................8
Procedure .......................................................................................................................................................8
Quantitative assessment ..............................................................................................................................9
Fatting up, tracking, bleeding, scabbing, and tearing ...............................................................................9
Fretting..........................................................................................................................................................10
Streaking.......................................................................................................................................................11

5
5.1
5.2
5.3
5.3.1
5.3.2
5.3.3
5.3.4

Expression of results ..................................................................................................................................11
General..........................................................................................................................................................11
Qualitative assessment ...............................................................................................................................11
Quantitative assessment ............................................................................................................................11
Fatting up, tracking and bleeding ..............................................................................................................11
Scabbing and tearing ..................................................................................................................................12
Fretting..........................................................................................................................................................12
Streaking.......................................................................................................................................................12

6

Test report ....................................................................................................................................................12

Annex A (normative) Qualitative assessment ........................................................................................................13

Annex B (normative) Quantitative assessment .....................................................................................................14
Bibliography ..............................................................................................................................................................15

2


EN 12272-2:2003 (E)

Foreword
This document (EN 12272-2:2003) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 227 "Road materials", the
secretariat of which is held by DIN.
This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an identical text or
by endorsement, at the latest by December 2003, and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn at the latest
by December 2005.
This European Standard is one of a series of standards as listed below:
EN 12272-1, Surface dressing — Test methods — Part 1: Rate of spread and accuracy of spread of binder and
chippings
EN 12272-2, Surface dressing — Test methods — Part 2: Visual assessment of defects
EN 12272-3, Surface dressing — Test method — Part 3: Determination of binder aggregate adhesivity by the Vialit
plate shock test method
Annexes A and B are normative.
According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following
countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland,
France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal,
Slovakia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom.

3


EN 12272-2:2003 (E)


1

Scope

This European Standard is applicable to all surface dressings (roads, airfields and other trafficked areas) and
specifies qualitative and quantitative methods of the visual assessment of defects of surface dressing.
The results of the qualitative evaluation carried out by visual assessment when specified shall be reported in annex
A. This is a rapid practical test and may be specified as the primary test so that if the results are obvious or are
without any doubt the more time consuming quantitative test method may be avoided. The quantitative test method
shall be carried out when specified and the table of results in annex B reported.
The visual assessment reports for both methods have identical records and thus both may be used to check the
specification for visual assessment of defects (prEN 12271-4). The rapid qualitative test methods is dependent on
the skill and experience of the operator and therefore the repeatability and the reproducibility values will not be as
precise, but the convenience of the method and lack of disruption to traffic will ensure its use.
The national application document may state whether either or both or sequentially the qualitative and quantitative
tests are to be used and may relate this to types of site (for example lightly trafficked roads may not be required to
be quantitatively assessed).
The test may be used to evaluate the durability or performance of a surface dressing. For example fretting may
indicate poor adhesion of the binder to chippings.

2

Normative references

Not applicable.

3

Terms and definitions


For the purposes of this European Standard, the following terms and definitions apply.
3.1
mosaic
arrangement of chippings such that they are in shoulder to shoulder contact and are thus supported laterally
NOTE
The initial stability of a surface dressing is dependent upon the formation of a close mosaic and the cohesion and
adhesion of the binder. Subsequent durability is gained by re-orientation of the chippings by traffic to form a tight mosaic, and
sufficient binder to secure the chippings to the existing road surface before the onset of embedment.

3.2
embedment
process whereby chippings are forced into an existing road surface by the action of traffic (see Figure 1) resulting
in a reduction of macrotexture with time, which is rapid in the first summer and thereafter stabilises for well
designed surface dressings
NOTE

Factors affecting embedment are



increased traffic, especially heavy goods vehicles, increases the rate of embedment;



road hardness: cement concrete, for example, does not allow embedment;



summer months, when the average road temperature is higher, results in softer roads with less resistance to embedment;




size of chippings: large chippings reduce the rate of embedment;

4


EN 12272-2:2003 (E)



traffic speed: slow traffic experienced on hills and at junctions increases embedment by extending the loading time.
Conversely, fast traffic, such as that in the overtaking lane of a dual carriageway, results in less embedment;



shaded areas: a reduction in average road temperature reduces embedment;

5


EN 12272-2:2003 (E)


Figure 1a — No embedment (very hard substrate and/or low traffic volume)

Figure 1b — Typical embedment

Figure 1c —Fatting up (nearly total embedment soft substrate chipping size too small – poor design)

Key
1

Road surface level before treatment

2
3

Blackened surface (especially in wheel tracks) and loss of texture
Chippings embedded by traffic

Figure 1 - Embedment

Key
1
2

Road surface level before treatment
Typical bituminous globules at the surface

3

Binder flow

Figure 2 — Bleeding
3.3
defect
state of a surface dressing where the mosaic is covered by binder as in the case of fatting up, tracking and
bleeding or is disrupted as in the case of scabbing, tearing, fretting or streaking (see 3.4 to 3.10)
NOTE

Defects also occur due to poor methods of construction such as inadequate traffic control. Surface dressings are
vulnerable to traffic stress in their early life before the binder has sufficient cohesion or emulsion binders have had a chance to
break. Turning of the chippings by warm rubber tyres on exposed binder leads to disruption of the mosaic, scabbing and tearing
often with an appearance similar to tracking. Missed areas and ridges caused by overlaps and other installation faults such as
poor traffic management should in any case be picked up by the contractor’s factory production control document.

6


EN 12272-2:2003 (E)

3.4
fatting up
result of almost total embedment (see Figure 1a, b, c)
NOTE
The result of fatting up is an undesirable smooth surface (loss of macrotexture) often with excess binder at the
surface leading to a very low skid resistance. Fatting up in the wheel tracks is known as tracking and is caused by channelised
traffic.

3.5
tracking
fatting up in the wheel tracks caused by channelised traffic, sometimes initiated by bleeding or poor construction
techniques
3.6
bleeding
exudation of bituminous binder from a road surface (see Figure 2)
NOTE 1
The binder rises to the surface through the mosaic of chippings. This is especially noticeable with low viscosity
fluxed bituminous binders.
NOTE 2


Bleeding is more likely to occur with binder rich substrates.

NOTE 3
High road temperatures, low viscosity binder, excess binder, and water pressure causing stripping of the binder
from underlying materials are the common causes of bleeding.
NOTE 4
The result of bleeding is an undesirable smooth surface (loss of macrotexture) often with excess binder at the
surface leading to a very low skid resistance. The effect is similar to fatting up although not restricted to the wheel tracks and the
causes are different.

3.7
scabbing
detachment of both binder and chippings after application from the existing road surface
NOTE 1
etc.

Scabbing often occurs when the surface of the existing road is contaminated with mud, oil, dust, animal droppings,

NOTE 2

Scabbing also occurs when the existing road surface is too wet for successful adhesion of the binder.

NOTE 3
Scabbing may occur when adhesion of the dressing to the existing road is less than the cohesion of the binder in
the mosaic. This is noticeable on roads where bleeding has taken place and traffic has torn away areas of binder and chippings
at points of high traffic stress.

3.8
tearing

concentrated (localised) loss of chippings from the mosaic of a completed surface dressing or excessive fretting
2
over a continuous area of more than 0,01 m
NOTE 1
Excessive fretting on badly constructed asphalt patch-repairs or areas under trees, is a common problem that may
be corrected by careful design.
NOTE 2

Tearing may occur at points of high traffic stress.

NOTE 3

Tearing may occur as a result of snow or ice removal.

3.9
fretting
random loss of chippings from the mosaic of a completed surface dressing. Concentrated loss of chippings over a
2
continuous area of more than 0,01 m is not random loss and is considered as tearing
NOTE 1
Fretting occurs mainly where there is insufficient binder to hold the chippings. It is particularly noticeable when the
existing road surface varies in macrotexture, porosity or road hardness.

7


EN 12272-2:2003 (E)

NOTE 2
When surface dressing does not stabilise to form a mosaic of chippings, fretting will generally occur when the first

frosts arrive. The binder alone has insufficient cohesion to prevent the chippings from being dislodged by traffic forces. This type
of brittle failure is exacerbated by short loading time due to high traffic speed and low ambient temperatures.
NOTE 3
Fretting also occurs when adhesion of binder to chippings is lost. When water displaces the binder from aggregate
or when fines or dust or damp or wet chippings have prevented adhesion from taking place initially. Failure is sometimes
localised and this then becomes tearing (see 3.8).
NOTE 4
Minor random loss of chippings, which does not affect the homogeneity of the mosaic, is not considered to be
fretting. This includes the initial loss of excess chippings used in construction that do not fit into the mosaic.

3.10
streaking
loss of chippings from a completed surface dressing such that more than one line appears parallel to the direction
of application
NOTE 1
Lack of binder is the main cause of streaking and this may be caused by an irregular transverse distribution of
binder across the spray bar.
NOTE 2
Poor construction techniques such as insufficient overlap of binder spray at longitudinal joints may result in loss of
chippings due to lack of binder. The appearance is similar to streaking though only in one line, at a joint.

3.11
width of lane
when there are no road markings, the lane width is the full road width; when there are road markings, the lane
width is the distance between the centre marking and kerb or verge; and when there are more than two lanes, then
the outside or centre lanes and hard shoulder (safety zone) are considered separately

4

Visual assessment of defects


4.1

General

A 100 m ± 1m section of surface dressing is chosen for visual assessment for each lane of the road (see 3.11 for
definition of lane width).
The section reference shall be recorded in the relevant annex.
Sections may be located anywhere along the road except that they shall not overlap.
The remainder of the site that is not chosen for test or the area between sections is deemed to be without defects
at the time of carrying out the test.
NOTE 1

The sections should be chosen in order to maximise the number of defects in each section.

NOTE 2

If the defects are localised there may be only one section chosen in one lane for the entire length of road treated.

NOTE 3
Where the whole site has defects to be evaluated, it may be convenient to divide it up into 100 m ± 1 m sections that
are contiguous (for example a 1 km road with no road markings would have ten sections, or twenty if there was a centre line
marking).

4.2

Qualitative assessment

The qualitative assessment uses the visual assessment report in annex A.
4.2.1


Procedure

Determine the lane section where the visual assessment is to be made (see 4.1).
For the defect being considered, if there is none detected by this qualitative visual assessment then “none” should
be reported in annex A.
8


EN 12272-2:2003 (E)

NOTE
There may be no fatting up, but some other defect such as tearing. In this example “none” for P1 is reported and the
area of tearing estimated to determine P2 is reported in annex A.

4.2.1.1

Fatting up, tracking and bleeding

Estimate the area S of the 100 m section.
The areas of fatting up, tracking and bleeding shall be estimated and recorded.
P1 is the sum of these defects A1 divided by S as a percentage (see 5.3.1, (1)). P1 shall be recorded in annex A.
4.2.1.2

Scabbing and tearing

Estimate the area S of the 100 m section.
The areas of scabbing and tearing should be estimated and recorded.
P2 is the sum of these areas A2 divided by S expressed as a percentage (see 5.3.2, (2)). P2 shall be recorded in
annex A.

4.2.1.3

Fretting

P3 shall be visually estimated as a percentage of fretting and reported in annex A.
NOTE
Photographic records of sites that have been quantitatively assessed may assist in the qualitative visual
assessment of the levels.

4.2.1.4

Streaking

P4 shall be visually estimated as the total length in metres of all the streaks and reported in annex A.

4.3

Quantitative assessment

The quantitative assessment uses the table of results in annex B.
Determine the lane section where measurement is to be made (see 4.1).
4.3.1

Fatting up, tracking, bleeding, scabbing, and tearing

These defects are assessed by measuring their surface area.
4.3.1.1

Procedure


Measure the width of the section in metres to 0,1 m at 6 positions along the section at approximately 20 m intervals
to obtain a mean value W, in metres, (see 3.11) for determining the area of section S.
2

The defect shall be taken into account if its surface area is more than 0,5 m .
4.3.1.1.1

Rectangular shape

Calculate the surface area of a rectangular shaped defect by multiplying the length by the width.
4.3.1.1.2

Non-rectangular shape

Calculate the surface area of a non-rectangular shaped defect by multiplying the maximum length by 0,8 times the
maximum width.
9


EN 12272-2:2003 (E)

4.3.1.1.3

Measurement of the surface area of a repetitive defect excluding streaking

If the length of one repetitive defect is more than 0,20 m, and if the spaces between the defects are less than
0,50 m, and if the width of one defect is more than 0,10 m, the length to take into account shall be the total length
from the beginning to the end of the repetitive defect and the width to take into account shall be that of the widest
part.
4.3.2


Fretting

In the case of surface dressing where there are two or more layers of chippings, only the largest sized chipping
layer shall be taken into account to measure the defect and when the mosaic is seen to be incomplete.
4.3.2.1

Principle

The level of fretting is expressed as the percentage of chippings missing from the mosaic of the surface dressing.
The level is determined by estimating the number of chippings missing from the mosaic in a specified area.
This may be viewed through an aperture in a frame, which is placed on the surface dressing (reference test).
Alternatively an image of the area may be recorded either by conventional photograph or digitally and then
assessed to provide an estimate of fretting. This may be done visually or by computer program or other means
provided the method is recorded and has been calibrated using the reference test defined here above.
4.3.2.2

Equipment

Frames with square apertures of 100 mm × 100 mm and 200 mm × 200 mm, with dimensions accurate to ±2 mm.
NOTE
Alternatively a frame with a square aperture of 200 mm x 200 mm divided into four squares of 100 mm × 100 mm by
crossed wires of diameter 1,5 mm ± 0,2 mm may be used (useful for photographic records) or four 100 mm × 100 mm square
apertures separated by not more than a 10 mm width cross-piece. The latter is easier to manufacture, more robust and lower in
cost.

4.3.2.3

Procedure


Select the area where fretting is visually most severe in the section of surface dressing considered.
Use 100 mm × 100 mm aperture frames for chippings up to and including 8 mm nominal size.
Use 200 mm × 200 mm aperture frames for chippings above 8 mm nominal size (or four 100 mm × 100 mm
aperture frames and add the results for each together).
Place the frame on the selected area and estimate the number of chippings n missing from the mosaic within the
relevant aperture size. Record n and the aperture size in annex B.
Calculate the number of chippings N contained within the aperture by multiplying the number along one axis,
including the gaps where chippings are missing, by the number along the other axis, including the gaps where
chippings are missing. Record N in annex B.
NOTE 1

As chippings do not normally align themselves conveniently into straight rows, some estimation may be necessary.

Alternatively a value of N from Table 1 below may be used, if so this should be noted in annex B.

10


EN 12272-2:2003 (E)

Table 1 — Estimated number for chippings N
Chipping Size

NOTE 2

Size of aperture in frame

Number of chippings

Set 1


Set 2

mm

N

4/8

4/6

100 × 100

220

8/11

6/10

200 × 200

440

11/16

10/14

200 × 200

220


It is always preferable to measure the actual value of N rather than use the tabular values detailed in Table 1 above.

Make three measurements in total of n and N (if not using a tabular value) at a distance of 1,00 m ± 0,02 m centre
to centre between each measurement in the direction of traffic. Calculate the mean values and use these to
calculate P3 according to 5.3.3, (3).
Record the value of P3 in annex B.
4.3.3

Streaking

The streaking is assessed by measuring the length of the line or lines caused by this installation fault. The width of
streak is not measured. The value in metres is reported in annex B as P4.
NOTE
If six parallel streaks are visible for a distance of 15 m then the total length to be recorded is 90 m. The same value
would be recorded for one streak (perhaps caused by low binder spray on the longitudinal joint overlap) if it was 90 m long.

5

Expression of results

5.1

General

The visual assessment of defects for surface dressing has four values:
P1

is the visual assessment fatting up, tracking and bleeding, expressed as the percentage (%) of the area
of the section S;


P2

is the visual assessment of scabbing and tearing, expressed as the percentage (%) of the area of the
section S:

P3

is the visual assessment of fretting, expressed as the percentage (%) of chipping loss;

P4

is the visual assessment of streaking as a linear measurement.

5.2

Qualitative assessment

The visual assessment report is completed and estimates of P1, P2, P3 and P4 are reported (annex A).

5.3
5.3.1

Quantitative assessment
Fatting up, tracking and bleeding

Calculate the total area of fatting up, tracking and bleeding in the section expressed as a percentage, from
equation (1):

A

P1 = 100 × 1
S

(1)

11


EN 12272-2:2003 (E)

where
P1

is the visual assessment fatting up, tracking and bleeding, expressed as the percentage (%) of the area
of the section S;

A1

is the total area of fatting up, tracking and bleeding, expressed in square metres (m );

S

is the area of long surface dressing section, expressed in square metres (m ).

5.3.2

2

2


Scabbing and tearing

Calculate the total area of scabbing and tearing defects in the section expressed as a percentage, from
equation (2):

A
P2 = 100 × 2
S

(2)

where
P2

is the visual assessment of scabbing and tearing, expressed as the percentage (%) of the area of the
section S;

A2

is the total area of scabbing and tearing, expressed in square metres (m );

S

is the area of long surface dressing section, expressed in square metres (m ).

5.3.3

2

2


Fretting

Calculate the visual assessment of fretting, expressed as a percentage, from equation (3):
P3 = 100 ×

n
N

(3)

where
P3

is the visual assessment of fretting, expressed as the percentage (%) of chipping loss;

n

is the estimated number of chippings missing from the mosaic within the test aperture;

N

is the original number of chippings in the mosaic within the test aperture.

5.3.4

Streaking

Report the total length in metres of streaking as P4, where P4 is the visual assessment of streaking, expressed as a
linear measurement, in metres (m).


6

Test report

The test report shall refer to this European Standard and for the qualitative test shall contain the information
detailed in annex A and when the quantitative test is carried out the information detailed in annex B.

12


EN 12272-2:2003 (E)

Annex A
(normative)
Qualitative assessment
Visual assessment report
The Report below is an example of a suitable layout. Other data may be included. The information that is required
in this annex is the minimum information that shall be provided.
Table A.1 — Visual assessment report
Client: .......................................................………..

Contractor: ..........................................……....….....

Reference of the site: .............................................

Total surface area of site: ........................…........ m

2


Reference of the part covered with the surface dressing and date of installation: …………..........................
Type of surface dressing and nominal size of chippings used: ..........................................….…….....………
Reference of the section
Lane reference
Exact place of inspection
Estimated mean width of lane W

(m)

Estimated area of section S = 100 × W

(m )

2

Defects –
visual estimate of areas:
2

Fatting up

(m )

Tracking

(m )

Bleeding

(m )


Total area A1

(m )

P1 = 100 × A1 / S

(%)

Scabbing

(m )

Tearing

(m )

Total area A2

(m )

P2 = 100 × A2 / S

(%)

P3 Fretting

%

P4 Streaking


m

2
2
2

2
2
2

Remarks: .......................................................................

Date of test: ………...........................................
Name of the person responsible for test ..........

.......................................................................................

..........................................................................

......................................................................................

Signature.......................………………………............

13


EN 12272-2:2003 (E)

Annex B

(normative)
Quantitative assessment
The Table B.1 below is an example of a suitable layout of results. Other data may be included. The information that
is required in this annex is the minimum information that shall be provided.
Table B.1 — Table of results — Measurement
Client: .......................................................………..

Contractor: ..........................................……....….....

Reference of the site: .............................................

Total surface area of site: ........................…........ m

2

Reference of the part covered with the surface dressing and date of installation: …………..........................
Type of surface dressing and size of chippings used: ..........................................….…….....………
Reference of the section
Lane reference
Exact place of inspection
Mean lane width W

(m)

Area of section S = 100 × W

(m )

2


Defects –
Measurement of areas:
2

Fatting up

(m )

Tracking

(m )

Bleeding

(m )

Total area A1

(m )

P1 = 100 × A1 / S

(%)

Scabbing

(m )

Tearing


(m )

Total area A2

(m )

P2 = 100 × A2 / S

(%)

2
2
2

2
2
2

Fretting
Frame aperture size

(mm)

n (number missing)
N (number in aperture)
N (if table 1 used)
P3 = 100 × mean (n/N)

%


P4 Streaking

m

Remarks: .......................................................................

Date of test: ………...........................................
Name of the person responsible for test ..........

.......................................................................................

..........................................................................

......................................................................................

Signature.......................………………………............

14


EN 12272-2:2003 (E)

Bibliography

prEN 12271-4, Surface dressing – Specifications – Part 4: Visual assessment of defects

15


BS EN

12272-2:2003

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