11 August 2006 | $10
See also related Report
page 837
www.sciencemag.org SCIENCE VOL 313 11 AUGUST 2006
721
CONTENTS
CONTENTS continued >>
DEPARTMENTS
727
Science Online
729 This Week in Science
735 Editors’ Choice
738 Contact Science
739 NetWatch
741 Random Samples
757 Newsmakers
854 New Products
855 Science Careers
EDITORIAL
733
Back to the People
by Donald Kennedy
750
INTRODUCTION
When to Go, Where to Stop 775
NEWS
As the Seas Warm 776
Sound Sightings
Inching Toward Movement Ecology 779
Tag Team 780
Eye in the Sky

Crab Walk
In the Deep Blue Ocean
Jellyfish on the Run
On the Radar Screen
Arduous Journeys 783
Follow the Footprints 784
PERSPECTIVES
Long-Distance Dispersal of Plants 786
R. Nathan
From Individual Dispersal to Species Ranges:
789
Perspectives for a Changing World
H. Kokko and A. López-Sepulcre
Conflicting Evidence About Long-Distance Animal Navigation
791
T. Alerstam
How and Why Do Insects Migrate?
794
R. A. Holland, M. Wikelski, D. S. Wilcove
REVIEW
Going East: New Genetic Archaeological Perspectives on the 796
Modern Human Colonization of Eurasia
P. Mellars
SPECIAL SECTION
Migration and Dispersal
Volume 313, Issue 5788
NEWS OF THE WEEK
Stealth Tsunami Surprises Indonesian Coastal 742
Residents
France: Cancer Chief Calls It Quits After Controversy 742

Evolution Trumps Intelligent Design in Kansas Vote 743
Brilliant X-rays Reveal Fruits of a Brilliant Mind 744
Native Mussel Quickly Evolves Fear of Invasive Crab 745
>> Report p. 831
SCIENCESCOPE 745
Biofuels to Be Focus of New DOE Centers 746
DOE Outlines Two Roads to Recycling Spent Fuel 746
Gastrointestinal Virus Strikes European Cruise Ships 747
New Optics Strategies Cut Through Diffraction Barrier 748
>> Science Express Report by E. Betzig et al.
NSF Wants PIs to Mentor Their Postdocs 748
Do Gamma Ray Bursts Always Line Up With Galaxies? 749
NEWS FOCUS
A ‘Landscape’ Too Far? 750
A Reluctant Convert
Jim Hanken: Shaking the Dust off Agassiz’s Museum 754
An Outsider Moves In
Low Road to the Heavens 756
COVER
During the evolution of life, the ability to
migrate and disperse became ever more
sophisticated, enabling journeys thousands
of kilometers long. Such travels shape a
species’ life history, which in turn shapes
the ecology of the places visited. A special
section beginning on
page 775
considers
some of the advances in our understanding
of life on the move.

Image: Carin Cain
www.sciencemag.org SCIENCE VOL 313 11 AUGUST 2006
723
CONTENTS continued >>
SCIENCE EXPRESS
www.sciencexpress.org
CLIMATE CHANGE
Satellite Gravity Measurements Confirm Accelerated Melting of
Greenland Ice Sheet
J. L. Chen, C. R. Wilson, B. D. Tapley
Satellite measurements of gravity variations show that the Greenland Ice Sheet now
is disappearing at the rate of about 240 cubic kilometers per year.
10.1126/science.1129007
NEUROSCIENCE
Hoxa2- and Rhombomere-Dependent Development of the Mouse Facial
Somatosensory Map
F. Oury et al.
The genes that define general brain structure in the early embryo are also responsible
for the organization of the neural circuit that processes sensory information.
10.1126/science.1130042
CELL BIOLOGY
Imaging Intracellular Fluorescent Proteins at Nanometer Resolution
E. Betzig et al.
Proteins of interest can be labeled with fluorescent tags and located by
photoactivated localization microscopy (PALM) in thin sections and fixed
cells at near-molecular resolution. >> News story p. 748
10.1126/science.1127344
CELL BIOLOGY
Opposing Activities Protect Against Age Onset Proteotoxicity
E. Cohen, J. Bieschke, R. M. Perciavalle, J. W. Kelly, A. Dillin

The insulin/insulin-like receptor pathway can detoxify protein aggregates in worms
engineered to express excess protein in their muscles, perhaps partly explaining its
role in aging.
10.1126/science.1124646
CONTENTS
LETTERS
The Ethics of Influenza Vaccination
R. P. Silverstein; 758
H. S. Frey; A. P. Galvani et al.
Response E. J. Emanuel and A. Wertheimer
Complex Choices Better Made Unconsciously?
D. R. Shanks
Response A. Dijksterhuis et al.
CORRECTIONS AND CLARIFICATIONS
761
BOOKS ET AL.
The Biology of Cancer 762
R. A. Weinberg, reviewed by G. Klein
The Secret of Scent
763
L. Turin, reviewed by M. Solomon
Browsing
763
POLICY FORUM
Public Acceptance of Evolution 765
J. D. Miller, E. C. Scott, S. Okamoto
PERSPECTIVES
When F-actin Becomes Too Much of a Good Thing 767
M. L. Dustin >> Report p. 839
Toward “Supervolcano” Technology 768

G. R. Foulger >> Report p. 821
Creating a Science of the Web 769
T. Berners-Lee et al.
Testing Star Formation Theory
771
R. M. Crutcher >> Report p. 812
Breaking the Barrier Between Commensalism 772
and Pathogenicity
T. Hayashi
>> Report p. 848
Plant Cells CLEave Their Way to Differentiation 773
R. Simon and Y. Stahl
>> Reports pp. 842 and 845
TECHNICAL COMMENT ABSTRACTS
EVOLUTION
Comment on “Gene Regulatory Networks and the 761
Evolution of Animal Body Plans”
J. A. Coyne
full text at www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/313/5788/761b
Response to Comment on “Gene Regulatory
Networks and the Evolution of Animal Body Plans”
D. H. Erwin and E. H. Davidson
full text at www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/313/5788/761c
BREVIA
MOLECULAR BIOLOGY
Single-Molecule, Motion-Based DNA Sequencing 801
Using RNA Polymerase
W. J. Greenleaf and S. M. Block
The motions of individual RNA polymerase molecules moving along
DNA, resolved at the base-pair level, can reveal the DNA sequence.

RESEARCH ARTICLES
ANTHROPOLOGY
Climate-Controlled Holocene Occupation in the 803
Sahara: Motor of Africa’s Evolution
R. Kuper and S. Kröpelin
Human occupation of the Sahara shifted with abundant rainfall from
9500 to 6300 years before present.
VIROLOGY
Genome Sequence Diversity and Clues to the 807
Evolution of Variola (Smallpox) Virus
J. J. Esposito et al.
Samples of the smallpox virus reveal three distinct clades—from West
Africa, Asia, and South America—a finding that could facilitate the
response to an unintended release.
www.sciencemag.org SCIENCE VOL 313 11 AUGUST 2006
725
CONTENTS
CONTENTS continued >>
REPORTS
ASTRONOMY
Magnetic Fields in the Formation of Sun-Like Stars
812
J. M. Girart, R. Rao, D. P. Marrone
The gas collapsing into an incipient star has an hourglass shape,
indicating that magnetic fields are present and strong enough to
partially counteract gravity. >> Perspective p. 771
ASTROPHYSICS
A Long-Period, Violently Variable X-ray Source 814
in a Young Supernova Remnant
A. De Luca et al.

X-rays emitted from the center of a recent supernova vary slowly over
about 6 hours, implying that the remnants represent either a binary
system or unusual neutron star.
APPLIED PHYSICS
Hexagonal Mesoporous Germanium 817
G. S. Armatas and M. G. Kanatzidis
A liquid crystal surfactant is used to template germanium into an
optically active material with large pores.
GEOPHYSICS
Time-Resolved Seismic Tomography Detects Magma 821
Intrusions at Mount Etna
D. Patanè, G. Barberi, O. Cocina, P. De Gori, C. Chiarabba
Repeated seismic tomographic images of the crust beneath Mount
Etna reveal the ascent of a gas-rich magma during its recent eruption.
>> Perspective p. 768
SOCIOLOGY
An Experimental Study of the Coloring Problem 824
on Human Subject Networks
M. Kearns, S. Suri, N. Montfort
The ability of groups to solve a computationally difficult problem is
greater when they are organized as a small-world network than in
other arrangements.
CLIMATE CHANGE
Insignificant Change in Antarctic Snowfall Since 827
the International Geophysical Year
A. J. Monaghan et al.
Despite predictions of increased precipitation in the interior of
Antarctica associated with global warming, annual snow accumulation
has not changed during the past 50 years.
EVOLUTION

Divergent Induced Responses to an Invasive 831
Predator in Marine Mussel Populations
A. S. Freeman and J. E. Byers
Upon the arrival of an invasive predatory crab, marine mussels seem
to have quickly evolved the ability to grow a thicker, defensive shell.
>> News story p. 745
ECOLOGY
Loss of a Harvested Fish Species Disrupts Carbon 833
Flow in a Diverse Tropical River
B. W. Taylor, A. S. Flecker, R. O. Hall Jr.
A single fish species that feeds on detritus is surprisingly influential in
carbon cycling and ecosystem function in a tropical river.
SCIENCE (ISSN 0036-8075) is published weekly on Friday, except the last week in December, by the American Association
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ECOLOGY
Polarized Light Cues Underlie Compass Calibration 837
in Migratory Songbirds
R. Muheim, J. B. Phillips, S. Åkesson
Migrating songbirds use polarized light at sunrise and sunset as
signals to unify the calibration of their multiple compass systems—
the Sun, stars, polarized light, and geomagnetism.

>> Migration and Dispersal section p. 775
IMMUNOLOGY
Requirement for Coronin 1 in T Lymphocyte 839
Trafficking and Cellular Homeostasis
N. Föger, L. Rangell, D. M. Danilenko, A. C. Chan
An actin binding protein is necessary for immune cells to move and
function normally. >> Perspective p. 767
PLANT SCIENCE
Dodeca-CLE Peptides as Suppressors of Plant 842
Stem Cell Differentiation
Y. Ito et al.
A 31-member family of genes encodes dodecapeptides with
two hydroxyproline residues (peptides) that control the fates
of plant stem cells. >> Perspective p. 773; Report p. 845
PLANT SCIENCE
A Plant Peptide Encoded by CLV3 Identified by 845
in Situ MALDI-TOF MS Analysis
T. Kondo et al.
A 12–amino acid plant peptide that controls the shoot apical
meristem was identified by in situ matrix-assisted laser
desorption/ionization–time-of-flight mass spectrometry.
>> Perspective p. 773; Report p. 842
MICROBIOLOGY
Escherichia coli Induces DNA Double-Strand Breaks 848
in Eukaryotic Cells
J P. Nougayrède et al.
Microbes that normally live in the gut produce a small molecule that
slows the turnover of the gut lining by damaging host DNA, possibly
enhancing their colonization. >> Perspective p. 772
NEUROSCIENCE

Tequila, a Neurotrypsin Ortholog, Regulates 851
Long-Term Memory Formation in Drosophila
G. Didelot et al.
The normal Drosophila homolog of a defective human gene that
causes mental retardation is necessary for proper memory formation.
768
& 821
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.or
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SC
IEN
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7
ONLINE
SC
IEN
C
E’
S

S

TKE
www.stke.org SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION KNOWLEDGE ENVIRONMENT
G
L
OSS
ARY
N
ew terms and definitions include RHR
,

β
-
TrCP, and man
y
more
.
S
T
O
N THE WEB
Ag
entCell
(
in Modelin
g
Tools
)
is a simulation tool for ex
p
lorin

g

E
.

co
l
i

b
ehavior and intracellular signaling.
ST ON THE WEB
E
xplore bacterial chemotaxis and other biochemical processes using
t
h
e BCT
,
Stoc
h
Sim
,
or
S
mo
ldyn
software
(
in Modelin
g

Tools
).
SC
IEN
CE
NOW
www.sciencenow.org DAILY NEWS COVERAGE
Has the Universe Been L
y
in
g
About Its A
g
e?
Distance measurements to nearby galaxy suggest cosmos is 2 billio
n
y
ears o
ld
er t
h
an t
h
ou
gh
t.
Like Flower
,
Like So
n

P
l
ants remem
b
er t
h
e stresses visite
d
u
p
on t
h
eir
p
arents.
J
ust Like Mom Used to Make
Transgenic goat’s milk can protect baby pigs—and perhaps someday
h
umans—from a deadly bacterium.
SC
IEN
CE

C
AREER
S
www.sciencecareers.org CAREER RESOURCES FOR SCIENTISTS
U
S: No More Borin

g
Science
G
rantDoctor
NSF Director Arden Bement seems to be transformin
g
his
or
g
anization to
f
un
d
on
ly
cuttin
g
-e
dg
e science
.
U
S: Lab D
y
namics—Ne
g
otiatin
g
Science
C

. Co
h
en an
d
S. Co
h
en
W
hether you realize it or not, most important discussions
ab
out science are in
f
act ne
g
otiations.
E
UROPE: Career Transition Profile—
J
onathan Woo
d
A
. Forde
Jonathan Wood’s interests took him from a biology Ph.D.
t
o e
d
itor o
f
a materia
l

s science
p
u
bl
ication
.
Boring science
?
Se
p
arate
i
nd
i
v
i
dual or
i
nst
i
tut
i
onal subscr
ip
t
i
ons to these
p
roducts ma
y

be re
q
u
i
red
f
or
f
ull-text access.
www.sciencemag.org
Puzzled by jargon and abbreviations
.
CREDITS: (TOP) B. HOHN AND J. MOLINIER; ( BOTTOM) P
A
T N. LEWI
S
PP
Stress straddles
g
enerations.
a
n hour
g
lass sha
p
e in the material around a
f
orming star. In t
h
eir images ta

k
en wit
h
t
h
e Su
b
-
m
i
ll
imeter Array, t
h
ey see a
l
igne
d
po
l
arization
v
ectors pinc
h
e
d
inwar
d
at t
h
e waist near t

h
e cen-
t
ral star. This hour
g
lass sha
p
e mirrors ex
p
ecta
-
t
ions from star-formation theor
y
in which
g
ravit
y
e
ventua
ll
y overcomes ot
h
er
f
orces. T
h
e po
l
ariza

-
t
ion pattern s
h
ows t
h
at magnetism is mor
e
i
mportant in t
h
is case t
h
an tur
b
u
l
ence in sup
-
p
ortin
g
the
g
as cloud.
Staying Even
C
limate models have su
gg
ested

th
at t
h
e amount o
f
snow
f
a
ll
ing on t
h
e interior o
f
A
ntarctica s
h
ou
ld
i
n
c
r
ease

as

t
h
e
w

o
r
ld
wa
rm
s

because
wa
rm
e
r
a
ir
ca
n
hold
m
ore moisture an
d
p
ro
d
uce more snow.
S
ome studies that
ha
v
e


used

satell
i
te
o
bservations or reanal
y
zed
p
revious c
l
imato
l
ogica
l

d
ata
h
ave suggeste
d
t
h
at t
h
ere
h
as
b

een a net accu
-
m
ulation of snow, but a stud
y
b
y
Mona
g
ha
n
et
al
.
(
p
. 827) shows that no si
g
nificant buildu
p
h
as occurre
d

d
uring t
h
e past 50 years. By com
-
b

ining
f
ie
ld
o
b
servationa
l

d
ata wit
h
mo
d
e
l
sim
-
ul
ations, t
h
ey provi
d
e a 5-
d
eca
d
e-
l
ong picture

o
f re
g
ional variabilit
y
of Antarctic snowfall.
I
nterdecadal variabilit
y
of snow accumulation
f
or the 16 re
g
ions examined was observed, bu
t
n
o net overa
ll
tren
d

h
as resu
l
te
d
. Annua
l
vari
-

ab
i
l
ity an
d

d
eca
d
a
l
tren
d
s can
b
e as
l
arge as,
o
r lar
g
er than, inferred lon
g
-term trends. Thi
s
As the Rain Falls
Aroun
d
9500 years ago, t
h

e Eastern Sa
h
ara
entered a much wetter
p
hase that made it suit-
able for wides
p
read human settlement. Ku
p
er
and Krö
p
eli
n
(
p
. 803,
p
ublished online 20 Jul
y)
com
b
ine near
l
y 500 o
f
t
h
eir own ra

d
iocar
b
o
n
d
ates
f
rom 150 arc
h
aeo
l
ogic sites wit
h
ones pre-
viousl
y
re
p
orted to develo
p
a detailed chronicle
of habitation shiftin
g
with
p
reci
p
itation
p

atterns
in this re
g
ion durin
g
much of the
p
ast 10,000
years. Sett
l
ements
bl
oome
d
t
h
roug
h
out t
he
region w
h
en rain
f
a
ll
a
b
rupt
l

y increase
d
an
d

d
is-
a
pp
eared as aridit
y
s
p
read from north to south
until ~5000
y
ears a
g
o
.
Puzzling X-ray Pulses
Neutron stars, the remnants of su
p
ernovae
exp
l
osions, can spin on time sca
l
es o
f

minutes o
r
f
aster. However, in t
h
e center o
f
t
h
e gas s
h
e
ll
s o
f
t
h
e supernova remnant RCW103, w
h
ic
h
ex
p
loded
j
ust 2000
y
ears a
g
o,

De
L
uca

e
t al
.
(
p.
814
)
found an unusual x-ra
y
source
p
ulsin
g
with
a muc
h

l
onger perio
d
o
f
6.67
h
ours t
h

at s
h
owe
d
no
f
aster variations. T
h
is o
b
ject cou
ld

b
e an x-ra
y
binary system consisting of a compact objec
t
and low-mass star in eccentric orbit. If the ob
j
ec
t
is instead a sin
g
le neutron star, it could be a rare
magnetar t
h
at is
b
eing s

l
owe
d

d
own, per
h
aps
b
y
a supernova
d
e
b
ris
d
is
k
.
When a Star Is Born
When stars condense out of
g
as clouds, force
s
other than
g
ravit
y
can im
p

ede their colla
p
se
.
G
irart
et
a
l
.
(
p
. 812; see the Pers
p
ective b
y
Crutc
h
er
)
show that magnetic forces can be
strong enoug
h
to s
l
ow t
h
e co
ll
apse

by
i
d
enti
f
yin
g
findin
g
also ar
g
ues a
g
ainst net increases o
f
snow
f
a
ll
in t
h
e interior o
f
Antarctica mitigatin
g
g
l
o
b
a

l
sea-
l
eve
l
rise.
Caught in the Act
Mount Etna is one o
f
t
h
e most active vo
l
canoes
in the world, with on
g
oin
g
ma
g
ma intrusion
s
and a recent increase in ex
p
losive eru
p
tions. In
late 2002, a
p
articularl

y
violent outburs
t
occurre
d
, wit
h

f
ire
f
ountains an
d
tep
h
ra
f
a
ll-
ou
t.
Patan
è
e
t a
l
.
(
p.
82

1
;
see t
h
e Perspective
by
Foul
g
e
r
) cau
g
ht the 2002 Etna eru
p
tion i
n
se
i
s
mi
c

data
fr
o
m
a

de
n

se
n
et
w
o
rk
o
f r
ece
iv
e
r
s
a
nd were able to ma
p
chan
g
es in three
-
d
imensiona
l
s
h
ear an
d
pressure-wave
v
e

l
ocity
d
uring t
h
e pre-eruptive an
d
eruptive perio
d
s. Anoma
l
ous
l
ow
-
v
elocit
y
zones a
pp
eared
j
ust befor
e
the eru
p
tion that were indicative o
f
r
ising gas-ric

h
magma wit
h
in t
h
e
vo
l
cano
.
Nailing Networks
Do the networks between individuals affec
t
how the
y

p
erform as a
g
rou
p
?
Kea
rn
s

et
a
l
.

(
p
. 824
)
a
pp
roached this
q
uestion throu
g
h
a
grap
h
-co
l
oring pro
bl
em. In
d
ivi
d
ua
l
s
h
a
d
t
o

se
l
ect a co
l
or so t
h
at t
h
eir c
h
oice wou
ld
not
overlap any of their network neighbors. Net
-
work structure had a dramatic effect on
p
er-
formance and, de
p
endin
g
on the structure
,
provi
d
ing participants wit
h
more in
f

ormatio
n
cou
ld

d
ecrease or increase t
h
e times in
d
ivi
d
u
-
a
l
s or groups nee
d
e
d
to reac
h
a so
l
ution.
EDITED BY STELLA HURTLEY AND PHIL SZUROMI
www.sc
i
encemag.or
g

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CREDITS (TOP TO BOTTOM): TA
Y
L
O
R
A
A
ET AL
.
;
M
O
NA
G
HAN
ET AL
.
Fishing for Change

B
ottom-feedin
g
fish in the famil
y
Prochilodontidae are th
e
most
i
m
p
ortant com
p
onent o
f
t
h
e commerc
i
a
l
an
d
su
b
s
i
s
-
tence

f
res
h
water
fi
s
h
er
y

i
n Sout
h
Amer
i
ca,
b
ut are
d
ec
li
n
i
n
g
because of overharvesting, dams, and land-use changes.
T
aylor
et
a

l
.
(
p
. 833
)
show experimentally how the loss of
a
s
i
n
gl
e Proc
hil
o
d
ont
id
s
p
ec
i
es w
ill
c
h
an
g
e a
f

un
d
amenta
l
e
cos
y
stem-
l
eve
l

p
rocess, t
h
e s
y
nt
h
es
i
s an
d

d
e
g
ra
d
at

i
on o
f
c
arbon, in this species-rich tropical ecosystem. The hig
h
abundance and diversity of consumers at lower trophic lev-
e
ls is no
“
insurance
”
against changes in ecosystem func-
t
i
on
i
n
g
: None o
f
t
h
e more t
h
an 100 ot
h
er
fi
s

h
s
p
ec
i
es com
-
p
ensate
d

f
or t
h
e
f
unct
i
ona
l
ro
l
e
p
er
f
orme
d

by

t
h
e s
i
n
gle
P
rochilodontid species that was removed.
Continued on page 731
EDITED BY STELLA HURTLEY AND PHIL SZUROMI
—
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w
ww.sciencema
g
.or
g
SC
IEN
CE
V
O
L 313 11 A
UGUS
T 2006
This Week in Science
Tracking Smallpox
Before its eradication in 1980, small
p
ox was endemic around the world.
E
s
p

osit
o
et
a
l
.
(
p
. 807,
p
ub
-
lished online 27 July
)
sequenced 45 isolates of smallpox taken before eradication and found little varia
-
tion. However, p
h
y
l
ogenetic ana
l
ysis revea
l
e
d
t
h
ree
d

istinct c
l
a
d
es
d
ivi
d
ing into West A
f
rican, Asian, an
d
Sout
h
American groups. T
h
ese c
l
a
d
es evo
l
ve
d

b
y recom
b
ination an
d

genome re
d
uction, an
d
t
h
e
f
in
d
ings
have im
p
lications for virulence. In an
y

p
otential outbreak, it should be
p
ossible to trace the source.
Musseling Up Defenses
Invasive s
p
ecies not onl
y
alter the com
p
osition and balance of ecolo
g
ical communities; the

y
can also act
as

select
iv
e
f
o
r
ces.
Freeman and B
y
ers
(
p
. 831
;
see the news stor
y
b
y
S
tokstad
)

p
resent evidence for
th
e rapi

d
evo
l
ution o
f
an in
d
uci
bl
e morp
h
o
l
ogica
l

d
e
f
ense in t
h
e common At
l
antic musse
l
, Myti
l
us
ed
u

l
i
s
,
in response to t
h
e invasive Asian s
h
ore cra
b
, Hem
i
grapsus sangu
i
neu
s
,
wit
h
in on
l
y 15 years o
f
t
he crab
’
s introduction. This phenomenon—a thickening of the shell when exposed to waterborne cues
i
ndicatin
g

the
p
redator’s
p
resence—is consistent in laborator
y
and field ex
p
eriments.
Sunrise, Sunset
To avoid navi
g
ational errors when cue availabilit
y
chan
g
es because of weather conditions or time o
f
da
y
, the com
p
ass s
y
stems of mi
g
ratin
g
birds must be calibrated with res
p

ect to a common referenc
e
sys
t
em
.
M
uhe
im
et a
l
.
(
p
. 837
)
provi
d
e experimenta
l
evi
d
ence in Savanna
h
sparrows t
h
at t
h
e mag-
n

etic compass is reca
l
i
b
rate
d
wit
h
respect to po
l
arize
d

l
ig
h
t cues at
b
ot
h
sunrise an
d
sunset. In a
dd
i
-
t
ion, reca
l
i

b
ration o
f
t
h
e magnetic compass occurs
b
ot
h

b
e
f
ore an
d

d
uring migration, an
d
a view o
f
t
he
p
olarization
p
atterns down to the horizon is re
q
uired for recalibration of the ma
g

netic com
p
ass.
Actin and Coronin in Immune Cells
The actin c
y
toskeleton re
g
ulates man
y
as
p
ects of cellular and or
g
anismal biolo
gy
. Coronins have bee
n
im
p
licated in the re
g
ulation of c
y
toskeletal d
y
namics.
F
ö
g

er
et
a
l
.
(
p
. 839; see the Pers
p
ective b
y

Dust
in
)
f
ocuse
d
on un
d
erstan
d
ing t
h
e in vivo
f
unctions o
f
t
h

e actin-
b
in
d
ing protein coronin 1. Coronin 1 was
r
equire
d

f
or c
h
emo
k
ine-me
d
iate
d
migration o
f
immune ce
ll
s an
d

f
or organizing cytos
k
e
l

eta
l
c
h
anges.
Peptide Regulators of
Plant Development
C
ell-cell communication is essential for
or
g
anized tissue formation. Recentl
y
, a
ro
l
e
f
or pepti
d
es in p
l
ant
d
eve
l
opment
h
a
s

b
een esta
bl
is
h
e
d
. In t
h
e s
h
oot apica
l
m
e
ri
ste
m
o
f
A
rabidopsis
,
cell fate deter
-
min
at
i
o
n inv

ol
v
es

t
h
e
C
LAVATA
3
g
ene,
which encodes a
p
utative
p
e
p
tide li
g
and
,
an
d
t
h
e
C
LAVATA1 gene, w
h

ic
h
enco
d
es a
l
eucine-ric
h
repeat receptor-
l
i
k
e
k
inase. However, t
he
precise identity of the individual signaling peptide has remained elusive
(
see the Perspective by
S
i
mon and Stahl
)
. Two independent groups,
I
to
e
t a
l
.

(
p. 842
)
an
d
Kon
do
et a
l
.
(
p
. 845
)
,
h
av
e
now isolated s
p
ecific CLAVATA-derived 1
2
−
amino acid
p
e
p
tides involved in the re
g
ulation of

p
lan
t
meristem develo
p
ment.
Bacterial Sneak Attack
A
f
unctiona
l
nonri
b
osoma
l
pepti
d
e po
l
y
k
eti
d
e synt
h
as
e
(
pks
(

)
gene cluster on a genomic island has
b
een
d
iscovere
d
in
E
sc
h
eric
h
ia co
l
i
th
at in
d
uces DNA
d
ou
bl
e-stran
d

b
rea
k
s in t

h
e in
f
ecte
d

h
ost-ce
ll
D
NA an
d
in turn causes a
bl
oc
k
in mitosis.
N
ougayr
è
de
e
t a
l
.
(
p
.
8
4

8
; see t
h
e Perspective
b
y
H
ayash
i
)
fou
n
d

t
h
at

t
h
e
p
ks island is widel
y
distributed in commensal E
.

co
l
i

st
r
a
in
s

a
n
d
i
s

e
v
e
n f
ou
n
d
in
a

st
r
a
in
used as a
p
robiotic a
g

ent. The
g
enotoxic effect ma
y
be ex
p
loited b
y
the bacteria to slow the rate o
f
renewa
l
o
f
t
h
e intestina
l
epit
h
e
l
ium
b
y
bl
oc
k
ing t
h

e ce
ll
cyc
l
e. T
h
us, t
h
e re
l
ation
b
etween pat
h
ogenicity
an
d
commensa
l
ism may
b
e more comp
l
icate
d
t
h
an
h
as

b
een assume
d
. T
h
ese
f
in
d
ings may provi
de
c
l
ues a
b
out t
h
e ro
l
e o
f
microorganisms in t
h
e
d
eve
l
opment o
f
co

l
onic cancers
.
Continued from page 729
C
REDIT: IT
O

ET AL
.
www.sciencema
g
.or
g
SC
IEN
C
E
VO
L 313 11 A
UGUS
T 200
6
733
C
REDIT (RIGHT): FRED PROUSER/REUTERS
EDITORIAL
Back to the Peo
p

le
P
RESIDENT BUSH
’
S RECENT VETO OF HR 810
,
THE MEASURE IN THE U.S. CONGRESS THA
T
wou
ld

h
ave expan
d
e
d

f
e
d
era
l

f
un
di
ng
f
or stem ce
ll

researc
h
,
h
as
f
ocuse
d
attent
i
on on w
h
at
is
happening in this and other issues in science policy. The Senate vote was 63 to 37 in favor: a stron
g
vote, but neither it nor the House could gather enough votes for the supermajority required t
o
o
verr
id
e t
h
e veto. T
h
at
l
e
f
t

f
e
d
era
l

f
un
d
s ava
il
a
bl
e
f
or researc
h
on on
ly
t
h
e
f
ew ce
ll

li
nes
d
er

i
ve
d
b
e
f
ore 9 Au
g
ust 2001 an
d
revea
l
e
d
a se
i
sm
i
c s
hif
t
i
n t
h
e re
l
at
i
ons
hi

p
b
etween t
h
e pres
id
ent an
d
t
he
p
eople’s representatives in Congress. It was a surprisingly sharp rebuke to administration polic
y
b
y a group including the Senate majority leader and other members of the president’s own party.
N
at
i
ona
l
po
ll
s
h
ave repeate
dly

i
n
di

cate
d
t
h
at t
h
e U.S. pu
bli
c
f
avors researc
h
us
i
n
g
stem
c
e
ll
s
d
er
i
ve
d

f
rom em
b

r
y
os t
h
at wou
ld
ot
h
erw
i
se
b
e
di
scar
d
e
d
a
f
ter
i
n v
i
tro
f
ert
ili
zat
i

on
p
rocedures. That is exactly what the Senate and House legislation sought to permit, and what th
e
p
resident’s veto forcefully rejected. Fifty-eight percent of U.S. citizens, who may know tha
t
s
ome o
f
our partner nat
i
ons
h
ave more perm
i
ss
i
ve po
li
c
i
es,
di
sapprove
d
of
t
h
e pres

id
ent’s act
i
on. T
h
e
i
nterest
i
n
g
quest
i
on we now con
f
ront
i
s
this: What happens when a clear signal from the public is unheard o
r
unanswered by the administration in power
?
Of course, standard political theory anticipates that the voters wil
l
e
xact t
h
e
i
r pena

l
t
y
at t
h
e po
ll
s. A
l
t
h
ou
gh
an opportun
i
t
y
o
f
sorts w
ill

be
off
ere
d

by
t
hi

s
f
a
ll
’s m
id
term e
l
ect
i
ons, t
h
ere
i
s a rea
l
r
i
s
k
o
f
pun
i
s
hi
n
g
t
h

e
wrong target. After all, the majority in Congress got this one right. The
p
residential election of 2008 looms, but it’s a long distance away, an
d
p
o
li
t
i
ca
l
pat
i
ence
i
s a commo
di
t
y

i
n s
h
ort supp
ly
. So w
h
at m
igh

t
h
appen
i
n t
he
m
ea
nt
i
m
e?
For an exp
l
anat
i
on, we m
i
g
h
t
l
oo
k
at some poss
ibl
e para
ll
e
l

s. Nat
i
ona
l
p
olls have also shown that the U.S. public is increasingly worried about
cli
mate c
h
ange an
d

f
avors act
i
on at t
h
e
f
e
d
era
l

l
eve
l
. T
h
e Un

i
te
d
K
i
ng
d
o
m
a
n
d
ot
h
er European nat
i
ons
h
ave announce
d
stron
g
steps to m
i
t
ig
ate car
b
on
d

ioxide emissions, but the Bush administration has not—and it send
s
representatives to international meetings on the topic instructed to talk
a
bout “climate variability” rather than “climate change.” There’s a similarity
h
ere, an
d

i
t’s an unex
p
ecte
d
one: In eac
h
case,
f
e
d
era
l

f
a
il
ure to act
h
as resu
l

te
d

i
n a
d
ownwar
d
m
ig
rat
i
on to ot
h
er
j
ur
i
s
di
ct
i
ons. T
hi
s ma
y
not
b
e a un
i

que case,
b
ut I cannot reca
ll
one
lik
e
i
t.
I
n the case of climate change, states, regional cooperatives of states, and cities have begun
a
rebellion against the failure of national actions aimed at reducing emissions and raisin
g
f
ue
l
econom
y
stan
d
ar
d
s.
Th
e ma
y
or o
f
Seatt

l
e,
f
or examp
l
e,
h
av
i
n
g
move
d

hi
s c
i
t
y
’s pu
bli
c
transportat
i
on s
y
stem to c
l
ean ve
hi

c
l
es,
h
as t
h
us
f
ar
g
at
h
ere
d
a consort
i
um o
f
275 ma
y
or
s
with firm commitments to a Climate Protection Agreement with emissions reduction targets
.
M
eanwhile, the New England states will adopt the new tailpipe standards for carbon dioxid
e
e
missions that now apply in all three West Coast states. California is even acting like a nation
,

a
s Governor Sc
h
warzene
gg
er
f
or
g
es c
li
mate-m
i
t
ig
at
i
on
d
ea
l
s w
i
t
h
UK Pr
i
me M
i
n

i
ster Ton
y
Bl
a
i
r. W
h
at’s next, secess
i
on?
A
s to stem cells, state research initiatives were led by California’s huge bond issue, passe
d
b
y nearly 60% of the vote as a ballot proposition. After the Bush veto, Schwarzenegger
p
romptl
y
bailed out the pro
j
ect from a temporar
y
le
g
al stalemate with a $150 million state loan.
F
our ot
h
er states

h
ave passe
d

l
e
gi
s
l
at
i
on appropr
i
at
i
n
g

f
un
d
s
f
or suc
h
researc
h
, an
d
s

h
ar
p
s
truggles are under way in some others, notably Missouri, where a citizen’s petition calls for
a
s
tatewide referendum on the legality of embryonic stem cell research.
Thi
s outcome
i
s an o
dd
reversa
l
o
f
t
h
e
f
e
d
era
l
-state tens
i
ons to w
hi
c

h
we
h
ave
b
ecom
e
a
ccustome
d
. T
h
ose use
d
to
i
nvo
l
ve com
pl
a
i
nts a
b
out “un
f
un
d
e
d


f
e
d
era
l
man
d
ates”: costs t
h
at
t
h
e nat
i
ona
l
government
l
ays on states
b
y
i
mpos
i
ng o
bli
gat
i
ons w

i
t
h
out pay
i
ng
f
or t
h
em
.
W
hat’s happening here is a turnaround: We have a “neglected federal mandate,” and the states
a
nd cities are picking up the obligation cheerfully! The administration should be embarrassed
by

i
ts own ne
gl
ect an
d
start
li
sten
i
n
g
to t
h

e voters.
– Dona
ld
Kenne
d
y
10.1126
/
science.113332
2
E
d
itor-in-
Ch
ie
f
o
f
S
cienc
e
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rom Roc
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ata
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aster an
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e
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ore wit
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h
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er
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ate-
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ase
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o
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el

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h
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i
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esi
g
n a new
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ene e
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E
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aser is on
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y aut
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h
e
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enome

S
equencer 2
0
I
nstrument with PicoTiterPlate devices supplied by 454 Life Sciences and in conformity with the procedures contained i
n
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he Operator's Manual.
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I
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Y
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E
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a
tr
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d
e
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a
r
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o
k
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f
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l

la
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o
ratory us
e
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ot
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o
r u
se
i
n
di
agnos
t
i
c
p
roce

d
u
r
es
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This L
i
g
h
t
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y
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l
er
®
4
8
0
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e
a
l
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Time
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CR
System is licensed under
R
U

.S. Patent
6,
81
4
,93
4
an
d
correspon
d
i
n
g
c
l
aims in its non
-
U
.S. counterparts and under one or more of
U
.
S. Patents
N
os.
5
,
0
38,8
52
,

5
,6
5
6,
4
93,

5
,333,67
5
,
or correspon
d
i
n
g
c
l
aims in
t
heir non-
U
.
S. counterpart
s
,

f
or use in li
f

e scienc
e
,
r
by implication or by estoppel under any patent claims or
f
or any othe
r
i
mplication. Parts of the Software used for the Li
g
h
t
C
y
c
l
e
r
®
4
8
0 S
y
stem are licensed from Idaho Technol
o
g
y

I

nc
.
,
Salt L
a
k
e
C
it
y
,U
T
,U
S
A
.
The product is covered i
n
-
part
b
y
U
S
5
,
871
,9
0
8,

c
o
-e
x
c
lusivel
y
licensed
f
rom
E
votec
O
A
I
A
G.
P
R
O
B
E
L
I
B
R
A
R
R
R

Y
R
R
i
s a reg
i
s
t
e
r
e
d
tr
a
d
e
m
a
r
k
o
k
fE
x
i
q
on
A
/
S,

V
e
d
b
ae
k
,
D
e
nm
a
r
k.
T
his product is a Licensed Probe
.
I
ts use with an
A
uthorize
d
C
o
r
e
K
it an
d

A

uthorized Thermal
C
ycler provides a license
f
or the purchase
r
’
s
own interna
l
r
esearch and development under the 5' nuclease patents and basic P
CR
patents of
R
R
oche Molecular S
y
stems
,

I
nc. an
d

F
.
H
o
ff

mann
-
L
a
R
o
che Ltd.
N
o rea
l
-
t
ime apparatus or system patent r
i
g
h
ts or any other patent r
i
g
hts owned b
y

A
p
p
l
era
C
o
rporation

,
an
d
no r
i
g
hts
f
or any other application
,
inc
l
u
d
i
n
g
an
y

i
n vi
t
r
o

d
ia
g
n

ostic app
l
ication un
d
er patents owne
d

by
R
oche Molecular S
y
stem
s
,

I
nc. an
d
F
.
H
o
ff
man
n
-
L
a
R
o

che Ltd claimi
n
g
homo
g
e
neous or rea
l
-
time ampli
f
ication and
d
etection method
s
,
are conve
y
e
d

e
x
press
ly
,
by implication or by estoppel. ProbeLibrary is covered b
y

U

S
and other paten
t
app
l
ications owne
d

by

Ex
iqo
n
A
/
AA
S. Lo
c
k
ed
N
u
c
l
ei
c
A
c
i
ds

(
L
NA
)
AA
are covere
d

by

U
.
S. Patents
N
o
U
S
6,
7
9
4
,
4
99
,U
S
6,67
0
,
4

6
1
,
U
S
6,
2
68,
4
9
0
&
U
S
6,
77
0
,7
4
8
and other patents and patent applications owned b
y

Ex
iqon
A
/
A
A
S and Prof. Ta

k
e
shi Imanishi.
The quencher used in the probes is covered by patent applications owned by
Ex
iqon
A
/
A
A
S.
Other brands or product names are tradema
r
k
s
o
f
their respective holders. ©
200
6R
oche
D
ia
g
nostics.
A
ll ri
g
hts reserved.
R

oche
D
ia
g
n
ost
i
cs
R
oc
h
e
A
p
plied
S
cienc
e
I
ndiana
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oli
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In
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n
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earch
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ng
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o
r
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n
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v
at
i
on
?
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k
no
f
urt
h
er
www.roche-applied-science.com
I
n
n
o
v

at
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e

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enom
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c
A
na
l
ys
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s
o
r more information about these and
other innovative product
s
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visit

us

at

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.
r
oc

h
e
-
a
pp
l
i
e
d
-
sc
i
e
n
ce
.
co
m to
d
a
y
.
f
urt
h
er mec
h
anism
f
or tig

h
t
l
y constraining t
h
e
expression of developmentally potent
(
and thu
s
p
otentiall
y
dan
g
erous) miRNAs. — GR
G
enes De
v
.
20
,
2202 (2006).
VIROLOGY
Now You See It, Now You Don’t
W
hen a cell is infected with a virus
,
it can alert th
e

h
ost immune system
b
y expressing te
ll
ta
l
e mar
k-
ers on its sur
f
ace. Natura
l

k
i
ll
er T ce
ll
s recogniz
e
t
h
ese mar
k
ers an
d

k
i

ll
t
h
e in
f
ecte
d
ce
ll
,
p
revent-
in
g
viral re
p
lication and sto
pp
in
g
infection. Yua
n
e
t
a
l
.
s
tudied cells infected with her
p

es
simplex virus 1
(
HSV-1
)
and found
t
h
at t
h
e virus re
d
uce
d
t
h
e sur
f
ace
expression o
f
CD1
d
mo
l
ecu
l
es, t
he
p

roteins that bind viral li
p
ids an
d
p
resent them to natural killer T cell
s
d
uring antivira
l

d
e
f
ense. It
d
i
d
t
h
is not
b
y re
d
ucing synt
h
esis
l
eve
l

s nor
by
promoting endocytosis from the cell
surface, but instead b
y

p
reventin
g
the
rec
y
clin
g
of internalized CD1d to th
e
ce
ll
sur
f
ace an
d

d
iverting CD1
d
to t
he
l
ysosoma

l
mem
b
rane. Re
d
ucing t
he
levels of
C
D1d at the cell surface reduce
s
the abilit
y
of the infected cells to stimu
-
late natural killer cells and hel
p
s HSV-1 to evad
e
t
h
e immune survei
ll
ance mac
h
inery, particu
l
ar
l
y

d
uring
l
atent in
f
ections. — SM
H
Nat. Immuno
l.
7
,
835 (2006).
www.sc
i
encemag.or
g
SC
IEN
C
E
VO
L 313 11 AU
G
U
S
T 200
6
735
C
REDITS (TOP TO BOTTOM): RIJPKEMA ET AL.

,
PLANT
C
ELL
1
8, 10.1105/TPC.106.042937 (2006); ZENG
E
T AL.
,SC
IEN
CE
277
, 339 (1997)
EDITORS’CHOICE
DEVELOPMENT
When MADS
,
Don
’
t Throw Tomatoes
T
wo types o
f
MADS-
b
ox
A
PETALA3
(
A

P3
(
(
)
genes are found in members of the tomato
famil
y
of
p
lants: the euAP
3
g
rou
p
, which is critical for the
p
ro
p
er develo
p
ment o
f
t
he
p
etals and stamens in an
g
ios
p
erms, and the less well-understood

T
M
6
g
rou
p.
Petun
i
a
h
y
b
r
ida
a
nd tomato
(
So
l
anum
l
ycopers
i
cum
)
each have a eu
AP3
gene
(
P

h
DE
F
an
d
TAP3
,
respectively
)
and a TM
6
gene
(
P
h
TM
6
a
n
d
T
M
6
)
. The eu
AP3
a
n
d
T

M
6
lineages are hypothesized to have originated through a gene duplicatio
n
event before the diversification of the ma
j
or core eudicot linea
g
es
a
pp
roximatel
y
125 million
y
ears a
g
o.
R
ij
p
k
ema
e
t a
l
.
a
n
d


d
e Mart
i
no
e
t a
l.
h
ave ana
l
yze
d
petun
i
a an
d
tomato
mutants an
d

f
oun
d
t
h
at
i
n
b

ot
h
spec
i
es, eu
AP3
genes ma
i
nta
i
n peta
l
an
d
sta-
m
en
id
ent
i
ty, w
h
ereas
T
M
6
g
enes
f
unct

i
on re
d
un
d
ant
l
y w
i
t
h

e
u
AP3
g
enes
in
s
tamen develo
p
ment. Ecto
p
ic ex
p
ression of
T
M
6
g

enes in euAP
3
lac
k-
o
f-f
u
n
ct
i
on
m
uta
n
ts

de
m
o
n
st
r
ates

t
h
at
TM
6
g

enes are functionall
y
redundant in both
p
eta
l
an
d
stamen
d
eve
l
opment. R
ij
p
k
ema et a
l
. a
l
so exam
i
ne
d
t
h
e promoter reg
i
ons o
f

eu
AP3
an
d
TM
6
r
egu
l
atory sequences an
d

f
oun
d

di
st
i
nct yet
hi
g
hl
y conserve
d
reg
i
ons among
e
u

AP3
core
eu
di
cot genes as we
ll
as
i
n tomato an
d
petun
i
a
T
M
6
g
enes. Desp
i
te t
h
ese s
i
m
il
ar
i
t
i
es, t

h
e
diff
erences
i
n
ex
p
ression and function between tomato and
p
etunia
T
M
6
g
enes su
gg
est that these
g
enes have diversifie
d
functionall
y
over a relativel
y
short evolutionar
y
time of 40 million
y
ears. — LM

Z
Plant Cell 18
,
10.1105/t
p
c.106.042937; 10.1105/t
p
c.106.042978
(
2006
)
.
MOLECULAR BIOLOGY
Regulating the Regulators
M
icroRNAs are sma
ll
nonco
d
ing RNAs t
h
at reg
-
ul
ate gene expression in eu
k
aryotes
b
y target
-

i
n
g
homolo
g
ous se
q
uences in messen
g
er RNAs
,
b
ut less is known about how the s
y
nthesis of
m
iRNAs is re
g
ulated. To be
g
in with, miRN
A
g
enes are transcri
b
e
d

b
y RNA po

l
ymerase II
.
Af
ter transcription, miRNAs un
d
ergo a comp
l
e
x
m
aturation
p
rocess: (i) the
p
rimar
y
miRNA, o
r
p
ri-miRNA, is cleaved b
y
the nuclear enz
y
m
e
D
rosha into a stem-loo
p


p
recursor called a
p
re-
m
iRNA, and
(
ii
)
the pre-miRNA is exported t
o
th
e cytop
l
asm an
d
c
l
eave
d

b
y Dicer into t
he
matu
r
e
22-n
ucleot
i

de
miRNA
.
Mouse let-7 miRNAs are stron
g
l
y
induced
d
urin
g
embr
y
onic develo
p
ment, and the level
s
of
pre-miRNA an
d
mature miRNA c
h
ange coor-
d
inate
l
y. In contrast, T
h
ompson et a
l

.
sh
ow t
h
a
t
f
or several of these same let-7 miRNAs
,
the lev-
e
ls of
p
ri-miRNAs are constant durin
g
embr
y
o
-
g
enesis, su
gg
estin
g
that
p
ri-miRNA maturation
i
s
b

eing regu
l
ate
d
at t
h
e Dros
h
a processin
g
s
tep, an
d
t
h
at t
h
is is a
l
so true
f
or a num
b
er o
f
o
ther developmentally regulated mouse
m
iRNAs. Intri
g

uin
g
l
y
, the
g
eneralized down-
r
e
g
ulation of miRNAs in cancer ma
y
be due to a
bl
oc
k
at t
h
e Dros
h
a processing step. Toget
h
e
r
w
it
h
previous evi
d
ence t

h
at miRNA
l
eve
l
s ca
n
b
e contro
ll
e
d
at t
h
e stage o
f
Dicer c
l
eavage
,
r
e
g
ulatin
g

p
ri/
p
re-miRNA

p
rocessin
g

p
rovides a
CHEMISTRY
Cope in a Capsule
One
g
oal of self-assembl
y
research is to
p
re
p
are
synt
h
etic structures o
f
su
ff
icient comp
l
exity to
ac
h
ieve t
h

e remar
k
a
bl
e cata
l
ytic rate acce
l
era
-
tions an
d
se
l
ectivities c
h
aracteristic o
f
enzymes.
Fi
edle
r
e
t
a
l
.
ex
p
lore the ca

p
acit
y
of self-assem-
bled tetrahedral ca
p
sules to catal
y
ze a unimole
-
cu
l
ar reaction—t
h
e 3-aza Cope rearrangemen
t
o
f
a
ll
y
l
enammonium cations. Eac
h
capsu
l
e i
s
compose
d

o
f

f
our ga
ll
ium centers
b
ri
d
ge
d

b
y
catecholamide li
g
ands and bears a 12-ne
g
ative
char
g
e that attracts the cationi
c
rea
g
ent to the interior bu
t
re
d

uces a
ff
inity
f
or t
h
e neutra
l
h
y
d
ro
l
yze
d
pro
d
uct.
T
he authors
p
reviousl
y
found
that the ca
p
sules induced ~100
-
fold to ~1
000

-fold rate increase
s
re
l
ative to t
h
e uncata
l
yze
d
reac
-
tion; temperature-
d
epen
d
ent
kinetic studies of an eth
y
l-bear
-
in
g
substrate su
gg
ested that th
e
acceleration was due
p
urel

y
t
o
d
ecrease
d
entropy o
f
activation.
E
xten
d
ing t
h
e
k
inetic stu
d
ies to
add
i
t
i
o
n
al

subst
r
ates

r
e
v
eals

t
h
at
althou
g
h entro
py
factors continue to
p
la
y

a
ma
j
or role, in some cases the ca
p
sules reduc
e
activation ent
h
a
l
py as we
ll

. Ana
l
ysis o
f
nuc
l
ea
r
EDITED BY GILBERT CHIN AND JAKE YESTON
Continued on page 737
Flowers of
solanaceous
species.
O
ver
h
auser e
ff
ects in nuc
l
ear magnetic reso
-
n
ance s
p
ectra su
pp
orts a mechanism in whic
h
t

he ca
p
sule binds substrates in
p
articularl
y
react
iv
e

co
nf
o
rm
at
i
o
n
s.
A
dd
i
t
i
o
n
al
kin
et
i

c
s
tu
d
ies at varia
bl
e
h
y
d
roxi
d
e concentratio
n
s
uggest t
h
at t
h
e
h
y
d
ro
l
ysis step ta
k
es p
l
ace out-

s
ide the ca
p
sule, throu
g
h the intermediac
y
of a
t
i
g
ht ion
p
air. Because the ca
p
sules are chiral,
th
e aut
h
ors su
gg
est t
h
at
f
urt
h
er re
f
inemen

t
m
ay a
ll
ow e
ff
icient
d
iastereose
l
ection or enan
-
t
iose
l
ection in reactions o
f
su
b
strates t
h
at
l
ac
k
b
indin
g
sites for more traditional molecula
r

c
atal
y
sts. — JS
Y
J
. Am. C
h
em. Soc
.
128
,
10.1021/ja062329
b
(
2006
)
.
CHEMISTRY
Pinning Down β Helices
T
h
e
β
-helical motif, which is formed b
y
alter-
n
atin
g

D
a
n
d
L
amino acids, has been
p
ursued
l
ess o
f
ten in sma
ll
-pepti
d
e
d
esign t
h
an t
he
m
ore
f
ami
l
iar
α
a
n

d
3
10
h
e
l
ices, in part
b
ecause the
p
e
p
tide ca
n
remain sin
g
le-stranded or
p
roduce a mixture of
p
aralle
l
an
d
antipara
ll
e
l

f

orms. Sas
-
t
r
y
et a
l
.
h
ave
d
esigne
d
an
d
chemicall
y
s
y
nthesized
β
hair
p
in
/
β
helix c
y
clic
p

e
p
-
tides with 5.6 residues
p
e
r
turn t
h
at
f
orm antipara
ll
e
l
h
e
l
ices in organic so
l
vent. I
n
t
h
e two pepti
d
es, two stran
ds
o
f

e
i
t
h
e
r V
al

o
r L
eu
r
es
i
dues
of alternatin
g
handedness
a
re joine
d

b
y two Pro-G
l
y
h
airpins an
d
sta

b
i
l
ize
d

b
y 16
h
y
d
rogen
b
on
d
s; circu
l
a
r
d
ichroism s
p
ectrosco
py
confirmed that th
e
s
e
q
uences chosen create a left-handed Le

u
h
e
l
ix an
d
a rig
h
t-
h
an
d
e
d
Va
l

h
e
l
ix. Ana
l
ysis o
f
n
uc
l
ear magnetic resonance spectra an
d
ami

de
v
ibrations in the infrared absorption spectru
m
i
ndicated that the anti
p
arallel helices are
q
uite
s
table in solution, but that a variant with onl
y
one
β
h
airpin exists in mu
l
tip
l
e con
f
ormations.
Th
e aut
h
ors suggest t
h
at
d

erivatives wit
h
more
h
y
d
rop
h
i
l
ic amino aci
d
s s
h
ou
ld
ex
h
i
b
it simi
l
a
r
s
tabilit
y
in a
q
ueous media. — PD

S
J
. Am. Chem. Soc
.
128
,
10.1021/ja062737f
(
2006
).
BIOPHYSICS
Spacing Out the Doughnuts
R
ecent innovations in fluorescence microsco
py
h
ave brou
g
ht within reach the
g
oal of bein
g
abl
e to image t
h
e interna
l
wor
k
ings o

f

l
ive ce
ll
s
a
t a resolution of 10 nm
(
see, for example, Bet
-
zi
g et a
l.
,
Sc
i
enc
e
E
xpress,
R
eports, 1
0

A
ugus
t
www.sc
i

encemag.or
g
SC
IEN
C
E
VO
L 313 11 AU
G
U
S
T 200
6
Sh
aring one copy o
f
S
c
i
ence
a
roun
d
our re-
s
earch camp in Brunei requires
a
plan as systematic as t
h
e ant

s
we’re stud
y
ing. On the boat, in
a
treetop, or on t
h
e dec
k
after
d
inner, we all get our c
h
ance
to catch up on what’s new
i
n
s
c
i
ence
.
AAA
S
members Chris Bernau
,
Dr. Dina
h
D
avidson, and Steve Cook

AAAS i
s
committed to advancin
g
s
cience an
d
giving a voice to scien-
t
ists around t
h
e world. Helping ou
r
m
em
b
ers stay a
b
reast of t
h
eir fiel
d
i
s a key
p
riority.
One wa
y
we do this is through
S

cienc
e
,
which features all the
l
atest ground
b
rea
k
ing researc
h,
a
nd
k
eeps scientists connected
w
herever they happen to be.
To join the international famil
y
of
s
cience, go to www.aaas.org
/
join.
www.aaas.org/
j
oin
Q
Who’s
d

eliverin
g

sc
i
ence to every
c
orner of the world?
“
“
Dr. Dinah Davidso
n
Chris Bernau
EDITORS’CHOICE
β
hairpin/
hairpin/
β
h
el
i
x mot
i
f
.
CREDIT: SASTRY
E
T AL., J. AM. CHEM. SOC
.
128

, 10.1021
/
JA062737F
(
2006
)
2
006
)
. Donnert et a
l.
report t
h
e
l
atest improve
-
m
ent in their a
pp
roach, called stimulated emis
-
sion de
p
letion (STED) microsco
py
, which relie
s
o
n an annular

p
ulse that de-excites fluo
-
r
op
h
ores aroun
d
a centra
l
spot. In or
d
er to
d
e-
e
xcite mo
l
ecu
l
es in t
h
e
d
oug
h
nut-s
h
ape
d

are
a
thorou
g
hl
y
and ra
p
idl
y
, relativel
y
hi
g
h intensi
-
ties were needed, which increased the dan
g
e
r
o
f
p
hotobleachin
g
. The
y
have now develo
p
ed

a
p
aired-pulse delivery schedule
(
0.25 MHz
)
o
f
the excitation
(
100 ps
)
and de-excitation
(
28
0
p
s) beams, where the
p
ulse duration is lon
g
e
nou
g
h to return excited molecules in hi
g
he
r
sin
g

let states to
S
0
a
n
d
t
h
e pu
l
se
f
requency is
l
ow enoug
h
so t
h
at trip
l
et states re
l
ax
b
e
f
ore
t
he next
p

ulse arrives. The reduction in data
a
c
q
uisition time is lar
g
el
y
com
p
ensated for b
y
a
h
ig
h
er intensity
d
e-excitation
b
eam an
d
a
n
i
ncrease in
fl
uorescence yie
ld
, wit

h
roug
hly
o
ne-sixth of all fluoro
p
hores in the s
p
ot bein
g
e
xcited to
S
1
.
— G
J
C
Proc. Nat
l
. Aca
d
.
S
ci.
U
.
S
.A
.

103
,
11440 (2006)
.
COMPUTER SCIENCE
iTunes Meets Wikipedia
Th
e organizing e
ff
iciency o
ff
ere
d

b
y searc
h
a
bl
e
el
ectronic
d
ata
b
ases
h
as
l
ong

b
een among t
h
e
m
ost useful features of modern com
p
uters.
C
om
p
ared with or
g
anizin
g
text files, however,
a
ssemblin
g
a searchable multimedia database
of
recor
d
e
d
music is a
d
aunting tas
k
. A musi

-
c
o
l
ogist wou
ld

l
i
k
e to
b
e a
bl
e to type i
n
“
Mozart
”
and
“
piano sonata
”
and get as outpu
t
a
list of recordin
g
s sorted b
y


p
erformin
g
artis
t
a
n
d

a

select
i
o
n
o
f
sto
r
ed
m
us
i
cal

sco
r
es.
Th

e
r
esearc
h
er mig
h
t t
h
en
l
i
k
e to sync
h
ronize eac
h
r
ecor
d
ing wit
h
t
h
e score so t
h
at w
h
en rep
l
aye

d,
th
e recor
d
ing wou
ld

f
o
ll
ow t
h
e score precise
l
y
a
s shown on the screen. Ideall
y
,
p
la
y
in
g
a fe
w
n
otes on an interfaced musical ke
y
board would

c
ause t
h
e system to zero in on a particu
l
ar pas-
sage
.
Dun
n
et al
.
explain that such a fully func-
t
ional s
y
stem ma
y
be a decade awa
y
from real
-
i
zation. Nonetheless, their work on a s
y
ste
m
c
a
ll

e
d
Variations2 is gra
d
ua
ll
y
l
ea
d
ing to mor
e
p
ower
f
u
l
music storage an
d
retrieva
l
environ
-
m
ents, in w
h
ic
h
nontextua
l

o
b
jects suc
h
a
s
s
ound recordin
g
s are linked with
g
ra
p
hica
l
o
b
j
ects such as musical scores (which ma
y
exis
t
i
n numerous editions
)
and the underlyin
g
s
equences o
f

musica
l
notes. T
h
e researc
h
er
s
s
a
y
that the next version, Variations3, wil
l
i
m
p
rove content-based searchin
g
of musica
l
w
orks and add better su
pp
ort for non-Wester
n
m
usic. Suc
h
researc
h

cou
ld
a
l
so provi
d
e va
l
u
-
abl
e genera
l
strategies
f
or navigating a wi
de
r
ange o
f
nontextua
l

d
ata. — D
V
Commun. ACM 4
9
, 53
(

2006
)
.
Continued from page 735
73
7
11 A
UGUS
T 2006 V
O
L 313
SC
IEN
C
E
w
ww.sciencema
g
.or
g
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i
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g
e
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g
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g
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LA
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ohn Innes Centr

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y
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aul Madariaga,
École Normale Supérieure, Paris
,
f
Ri
ck Ma
i

zels
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Univ. of Edinburgh
Mi
chael Mal
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m
,
King’s College, London
fg
f
E
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d
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Bran
d
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i
s Un
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Wi
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i
am McG
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nn

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Ca
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Me
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ga Nowotny,
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P
h
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ff
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essica Tierne
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AND PERMI
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S
TRAT

O
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l
i
e
Davi
d
; A
SSOC
IAT
E
E
l
iza
b
et
h
San
dl
er;
M
ARKETIN
G:
DIRE
C
T
O
R
J
o

h
n Meyers;
MARKETIN
G
MANA
G
ER
S
D
arryl Walter, Allison Pritchard; MARKETIN
G
A
SSOCIATE
S
J
ulianne Wiel
g
a, Mar
y
Ellen Crowle
y
, Catherine Featherston
,
A
l
ison C
h
an
dl
er

,
Lauren Lamoureux
;

I
NTERNATIONAL MARKETING MANAGER
Wen
d
y Stur
l
ey;
M
ARKETIN
G
/MEMBER
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ERVI
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EXE
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TIVE
:
L
in
d
a Rus
k;


J
APAN
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ALE
S

J
ason Hannaford;
S
ITE LI
C
EN
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ALE
S:
DIRE
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om
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yan;
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ALE
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AN

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USTOMER SERVIC
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ehan Dossani, Kiki Fors
y
the, Catherine Holland,
Wend
y
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LECTRONIC MEDIA: MANAGER Lizabeth Harman
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RODUCTION
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h
e
l
e Jo
h
nston
;
L
EAD
A
PPLI
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S
DEVEL
O
PE
R
C
ar
l
Sa
ff
e
ll
A
DVERTI

S
IN
G
DIRE
C
T
O
R W
O
RLDWIDE AD
S
ALE
S
B
i
ll
M
o
r
a
n
P
R
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UCT
(

)
;

MIDWEST
R
ic
k
Bongiovanni:
330-405-7080, FAX 330-405-7081•
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E
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ANAD
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C
ANADA Christopher Breslin: 443-512-
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FAX
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JAPAN


M
ash
y
Yoshikawa: +81 (0)
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,
FAX +81
(
0
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C
MANA
G
ER Caro
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Ma
dd
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ALE
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COO
RDINAT
O
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eiandra Simm

s
C
L
A
SS
IFIED
(

)
;
U.S.:

S
ALE
S
DIRE
C
T
O
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e
Bo
g
uslawski: 718-491-1607, FAX 202-289-6742;
I
NSIDE SALES MANAGER
Dar
y
l Anderson: 202-326-6543; WEST COAST/MIDWEST
K

ristine von Zedlitz:
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;
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S
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Downin
g
: 631-580-2445; CANADA, MEETINGS
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ND ANN
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Kat
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een C
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RDINAT
O
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S
Erika Bryant; Rohan Edmonson, Allison Millar, Joyce Scott, Shirley Young;
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NTERNATIONAL: SALES MANAGER Trac
y
Holmes: +44 (0) 1223 326525, FA
X
+44 (0) 1223 326532
;
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ristina Harrison
,
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;

S
ALE
S

ASS
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TAN
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He
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APAN:
J
ason Hannaford: +81
(
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FAX +81
(
0
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R
O
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UC
TI
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:
MANA
G
E
R
J
ennifer Rankin;
ASS
I
S
TANT
MANAGER
Deborah Tom
p
kins;
A
SSOCIATE
S
Christine Hall; Am
y
Hardcastle
;
P
UBLICATIONS ASSISTANTS Robert Buck; Mar
y
La
g
naoui
A
AA

S

B
O
ARD
OF
DIRE
C
T
O
R
S
RETIRIN
G
PRE
S
IDENT,
C
HAIR Gilbert S. Omenn;
P
RESIDEN
T
J
ohn P. Holdren;
P
RESIDENT-ELECT David Baltimore; TREASURER
Davi
d
E. S
h

aw
;
CHIEF EXECUTIVE OFFICER A
l
an I. Les
h
ner
;
BOARD Rosin
a
M
. Bier
b
aum; Jo
h
n E. Dow
l
in
g
; L
y
nn W. En
q
uist; Susan M. Fitz
p
atric
k;
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ice Gast; T

h
omas Po
ll
ar
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; Peter J. Stang; Kat
h
ryn D. Su
ll
iva
n
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g
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g
SC
IEN
C
E
VO
L 313 11 A
UGUS
T 2006
739
NETWATCH
Send site suggestions to >> Archive: www.sciencemag.org/netwatch
EDITED BY MITCH LESLIE
DATABASE
W
ild Europe

Supervise
d

b
y
f
our natura
l

h
istory museums, Fauna Europaea is a
taxonomic storehouse coverin
g
all of the continent’s terrestrial an
d
freshwater animals. It offers classification information and ran
g
e ma
p
s
for s
p
ecies such as the
g
enet (Genetta
g
enetta), a slink
y
cousin of the
mongoose, an

d
t
h
e parasitic
fl
atworm
D
ip
l
ozoon para
d
oxu
m
, w
h
ic
h
sups
on t
h
e gi
ll
s o
f

f
is
h
es. >
>

www.faunaeur.org
EDUCATION
<<
E
art
h,
W
ind
,
A
nd Fir
e
T
h
e new Natura
l
Hazar
d
s Gatewa
y
from the
U
.
S
.
Geolo
g
ical Surve
y
(

USGS
)
offers
stu
d
ents an
d
t
he
genera
l
pu
bl
ic quic
k
access to
d
ata on an a
l
most
b
i
bl
ica
l
array o
f

d
isasters

,
includin
g
hurricanes, earth
q
uakes, wildfires, and floods. Each of the seven
sections su
pp
lies fact sheets on a s
p
ecific hazard and
p
osts the latest alert
s
and activity reports. You
’
ll also find plenty of links to other, mainly USGS
,
sites at w
h
ic
h
you can na
b

b
ac
k
groun
d

in
f
ormation an
d
up-to-
d
at
e
conditions. Wade into the flood section, for instance, and you’ll b
e
delu
g
ed b
y
real-time stream-flow values from around the countr
y
.
Another hi
g
hli
g
ht is the hurricane im
p
act studies, which featur
e
d
ramatic images
f
rom recent storms. T
h

ese
b
e
f
ore-an
d
-a
f
ter maps
(
above
)
based on laser altimetry, or lidar, show that Hurrican
e
Charle
y
severed Florida’s North Ca
p
tiva Island in 2004. >>
www.usgs.gov/hazards
DATABASE
C
arcino
g
en Hun
t
B
enzene and DDT make the list of com
p
ounds that cause cancer in lab

a
nimals, but caffeine doesn
’
t. For an exhaustive roundup of this research
,
ch
ec
k
out t
h
e Carcinogenic Potency Data
b
ase
f
rom Lois Swirs
k
y Go
ld,
B
ruce Ames, an
d
co
ll
eagues at t
h
e University o
f
Ca
l
i

f
ornia, Ber
k
e
l
ey.
T
he site collates data on the cancer-causin
g
abilit
y
of 1485 com
p
ounds,
d
rawin
g
on more than 6000 animal tests from the 1950s throu
g
h th
e
1
990s. A chart atop each compound
’
s page summarizes the results and,
if
t
h
ey are positive,
l

ists w
h
ic
h
organs
d
eve
l
op tumors an
d
t
h
e
d
ose t
h
a
t
s
purre
d
cancer in
h
a
lf
o
f
t
h
e anima

l
s stu
d
ie
d
. Rea
d

f
urt
h
er
f
or a synopsis
o
f ex
p
eriments on the substance. The authors are known for ar
g
uin
g
tha
t
t
he risk to humans from s
y
nthetic chemicals is overstated, but their view
s
d
on

’
t color the site
’
s coverage. >>
potency.berkeley.edu/cpdb.html
SOFTWARE
F
l
ex T
i
m
e
L
ike a be
g
innin
g

y
o
g
a student, some molecules
j
ust can’t bend into
c
ertain positions. C
h
emica
l


b
on
d
s an
d

h
y
d
rop
h
o
b
ic interactions can
l
oc
k
u
p a section o
f
a protein or ot
h
er macromo
l
ecu
l
e an
d
prevent it
f

rom
fl
exing an
d
rotating. Researc
h
ers can
h
ome in o
n
l
imber and stiff molecular se
g
ments with the
p
ro
g
ram FIRST from bio
p
h
y
sicist Michae
l
T
horpe
’
s group at Arizona State University
,
Tempe. Free for academics, the software doesn
’

t
p
re
d
ict
h
ow a protein or DNA stran
d
wi
ll

f
o
ld
,
b
ut it can
q
uickl
y
determine the ran
g
e of
p
ossible
s
ha
p
es. Such information is useful to scientists stud
y

in
g
h
ow a protein
b
in
d
s to a
d
rug, or
h
ow t
h
e s
h
e
ll
o
f
a viru
s
t
akes shape. In this image of the bacterial enzyme barnase
(
above
)
,
r
ed denotes the ri
g

id strands. >>
flexweb.asu.edu
RESOURCES
Reefs of the Deep
You won’t see this pink octocoral (below) in a languid
tropical lagoon. The beauty crowns a volcanic chimney more
than 1700 meters below the surface off the coast of British
Columbia. For an introduction to the corals that dwell in the
ocean depths, plunge into Lophelia.org, created by
ecologists Andrew Davies and J. Murray Roberts
of the Scottish Association for Marine
Science in Oban, U.K. Named for a
widespread type of coral, the site offers
a primer on the animals’ biology,
including how they survive in the
cold and dark. Deep-sea corals are
exclusively carnivorous, unlike many
shallow-water species that garner
energy from algae inhabiting
their tissues. Case studies feature
photos and video clips of chilly
reefs from the Aleutian Islands,
Norway’s coast, and other areas.
You can also read about possible
threats to deep-water corals
such as bottom-trawling nets
and oil drilling. >>
www.lophelia.org
C
REDITS (TOP TO BOTTOM): NOAA OCEAN EXPLORER; USGS; MICHAEL THORPE/AS

U
The Linda and Jack Gill Center for
Bi
o
m
o
l
ecu
l
a
r
Sc
i
e
n
ce
p
aid tribute to Carla
J. Shatz for her outstanding contributions
t
o neuroscience research at a ceremony
h
eld on the Indiana Universit
y
campus in
B
l
oomington on May 22, 2006.
2
006 Gill Center Awar

d
/>g
illct
r
The Linda and Jack Gill Center
for Biomolecular Science
C
ar
l
a J. S
h
atz
,
P
h
.D.
De
p
artment Chair
Nathan Marsh Pusey
Pro
f
essor o
f
Neurobiolog
y
Harvard Medical Schoo
l
www.sciencema
g

.or
g
SC
IEN
CE
VO
L 313 11 A
UGUS
T 2006
7
41
RANDOMSAMPLES
EDITED BY CONSTANCE HOLDEN
In 1940, Henry For
d
con
f
i
d
ent
l
y pre
d
icte
d
t
h
a
t
“a combination air

p
lane
and motorcar” was
j
ust
a
r
ou
n
d

t
h
e

co
rn
e
r
.
Sixty-six years
l
ater,
a company founded by three Massachusetts Institute of Technology
(
MIT
)
grads
claims to be close to delivering on the automaker
’

s promise
.
L
ast month, the Cambrid
g
e, Massachusetts–based com
p
an
y
Terrafu
g
ia too
k
its wind-tunnel-tested and com
p
uter-simulated air-car
p
lans to the annua
l
Airventure air s
h
ow in Os
hk
os
h
, Wisconsin. Ca
ll
e
d
t

h
e Terra
f
ugia Transition,
t
h
e two-passenger ve
h
ic
l
e, w
h
ic
h
wou
ld

b
e t
h
e size o
f
a
l
arge sport/uti
l
ity
vehicle
,
now exists in one-fifth-size scale models.

T
he com
p
an
y

p
romises that a Transition driver/
p
ilot could drive to the
air
p
ort, unfold the 8-meter win
g
s at the
p
ush of a button, and take off without
l
i
f
ting t
h
e w
h
ee
l
s. Driven
b
y a prope
ll

er in t
h
e rear, t
h
e ve
h
ic
l
e is suppose
d
to
b
e
a
bl
e to
fl
y up to 800
k
i
l
ometers on a tan
k
o
f
automo
b
i
l
e gas, going at 190

km
per
h
our at a cruising a
l
titu
d
e o
f
up to 4200 meters.
C
om
p
an
y
founder Carl Dietrich and collea
g
ues sa
y
the
y
rethou
g
ht the
p
roblem as one of “makin
g
a
p
lane that can drive” instead of the usual “car tha

t
can fly
”
approach. MIT aeronautical engineer John Keesee (who has no ties to
Terrafugia) says that the company hasn
’
t come up with anything revolutionary,
but “they’ve put together a lot of maturing technologies,” such as a fiberglass
and com
p
osite fusela
g
e, “that have the ca
p
abilit
y
to make it all work.
”
R
EADY F
OR
T
AKE
O
FF
?
T
hese nacreous clouds, photographed over Australia
’
s Mawso

n
S
tation in Antarctica on 25 Ju
l
y, are a
l
ove
l
y sig
h
t,
b
ut t
h
ey
b
o
de
i
ll for the ozone la
y
er. So named because the
y
resemble the insid
e
o
f a mother-of-
p
earl shell, nacreous clouds have taken on new
s

i
g
nificance over the
p
ast few decades as levels of the
p
ollutant
chl
orine
h
ave increase
d
. T
h
ese ice c
l
ou
d
s
f
orm in t
h
e –90°C co
ld
of
t
h
e Antarctic winter. T
h
ey contri

b
ute to t
h
e ozone
h
o
l
e
b
y
t
ri
g
g
erin
g
chemical reactions that
p
r
ocess

c
h
lo
rin
e
in
to

a

f
o
r
m
t
hat can destro
y
ozone once the first sunli
g
ht strikes in the s
p
rin
g
.
T
his
y
ear, sa
y
s ozone researcher Paul Newman of NASA’s
G
o
dd
ar
d
Space F
l
ig
h
t Center in Green

b
e
l
t, Mary
l
an
d
, tempera
-
t
ures are unusually low out toward the expected hole
’
s periphery.
B
ecause the destructive reactions are ultimatel
y
cold-de
p
endent,
t
hat ma
y

p
ortend a lar
g
er-than-avera
g
e hole this
y

ear, he sa
y
s
.
The first world ma
p
of ha
pp
iness is here. B
y
anal
y
zin
g
data from more than
100
d
i
ff
erent stu
d
ies, psyc
h
o
l
ogist A
d
rian W
h
ite o

f
t
h
e University o
f
Leicester
,
U.K.,
h
as create
d
a picture o
f
g
l
o
b
a
l
we
ll
-
b
eing. Denmar
k
was num
b
er one,
followed by Switzerland and Austria. African and former Soviet bloc countrie
s

emer
g
ed as the most miserable
.
S
urve
y
s about
p
eo
p
le’s satisfactio
n
wit
h

l
i
f
e were ana
l
yze
d
in conjunction
wit
h

d
ata on
h

ea
l
t
h
, wea
l
t
h
, an
d
access

to

educat
i
o
n
.
H
ealt
h
co
rr
elated
best with well-bein
g
, sa
y
s White, who

ho
p
es his
p
ro
j
ect will be hel
p
ful a
s
governments
h
ave s
h
own increasing
interest in t
h
e concept o
f

h
appiness.
E
conomist Paul Dolan of Imperia
l
Colle
g
e London cautions that it is diffi
-
cult to com

p
are ha
pp
iness between
countries. Peop
l
e in Asia,
f
or examp
l
e, consistent
l
y report
l
ess
h
appiness t
h
an
d
o t
h
ose in Sout
h
America—possi
bl
y
b
ecause o
f


d
i
ff
ering cu
l
tura
l
va
l
ue
s
p
laced on ha
pp
iness. For a clickable world ma
p
,
g
o to www.le.ac.uk/
p
c/aw57
/
world/sam
p
le.html
.
SCIENTIST COMPLETES HAPPYMAP
Tu r ke
y

133
I
ra
q
(
no data
)
Syria
142
y
L
e
b
anon
11
3
Cyprus
49
y
I
srae
l
58
Occ. Pal
.
12
8
J
or
d

an
1
4
1
Saudi Arabia 31
The mummified fin
g
erti
p
of Charles V of S
p
ain testifies to th
e
h
a
lf
a
l
i
f
etime o
f
pain en
d
ure
d

b
y one o
f

t
h
e most power
f
u
l
ru
l
er
s
o
f
t
h
e Mi
ddl
e Ages.
C
h
ar
l
es V, Ho
l
y Roman emperor
f
rom 1519 to 1556, reput
-
edl
y
suffered from

p
ainful
g
out startin
g
at the a
g
e of 28. This
limited his abilit
y
to travel and to write and caused him to
g
ive
up t
h
e t
h
rone at t
h
e age o
f
56. He
d
ie
d
at 58 an
d
was
b
urie

d
near
El
Escoria
l
monastery in San Lorenzo.
B
e
f
ore
b
eing entom
b
e
d
, one o
f

h
is pin
ky
f
in
g
erti
p
s was cut off and
p
reserved as
a

r
eli
g
ious relic.
To veri
f
y w
h
at ai
l
e
d
t
h
e emperor,
a
t
eam led by Pedro Fern
á
ndez, a pathol-
o
gist at t
h
e University o
f
Barce
l
ona,
p
ersuaded church officials to turn ove

r
a
p
iece of the relic. Usin
g
an electron microsco
p
e, the
y
found
t
h
at t
h
e
fl
es
h
was in
f
i
l
trate
d

b
y nee
dl
e-s
h

ape
d
crysta
l
s o
f
uri
c
acid, typical of gout. By the end of his life, Charles
’
s finger joints
were probably destroyed by crystal-packed growths known as
g
out
y
to
p
hi, the team re
p
orted in the 3 Au
g
ust New En
g
land
Journal o
f
Medicine
.
“
The evidence is totally convincing,

”
says Philip Mackowiak, a
p
at
h
o
l
ogist at t
h
e University o
f
Mary
l
an
d
Sc
h
oo
l
o
f
Me
d
icine i
n
B
altimore. The em
p
eror, he notes, was ver
y

fond of meat an
d
d
rink
,
which exacerbate the condition
,
but it could also stem from
t
he lead used at the time to
p
reserve wine and to line water
p
i
p
es.
Ruler Laid Low by Gout
OMINOUS BEAUTY
Flying car in
groun
d
mo
d
e.
C
REDITS (TOP TO BOTTOM): TERRAFUGIA; RENAE BAKER 2006;
N
EW EN
G
LAND

JOU
RNAL
O
F MEDI
C
IN
E
(2006); ADRIAN WHITE/UNIVERSITY OF LEICESTE
R
Radiograph
of fingertip.
C
lose-u
p
of an unha
ppy
re
g
ion
,
w
ith White’s rankings.
NEWS>>
THIS WEEK
Viral
stowaway
Beating the
diffraction barrier
747 748
Th

e eart
h
qua
k
e t
h
at
d
rove a tsunam
i
onto
th
e In
d
ones
i
an
i
s
l
an
d
o
f
Java
l
ast mont
h,
k
illing more than 600 people, packed

a
deceptively weak seismic punch, but i
t
spawned a surprisingly big tsunami. That
r
are an
d
poor
ly
un
d
erstoo
d
com
bi
nat
i
on
p
rove
d
treac
h
erous
f
or t
h
ose on t
h
e Java

coas
t
.
M
os
t t
oo
k littl
e
n
o
ti
ce

o
f th
e
f
eeb
l
e
shaking, and few, far too few, made the con
-
n
ect
i
on to an
i
mpen
di

n
g

kill
er wave. T
h
e
d
ecept
i
ve
ly
m
ild
qua
k
e on
ly
accentuate
d
t
he
l
esson of the great Sumatran tsunami o
f
2004: Those living by subsea earthquak
e
countr
y
s

h
ou
ld

l
earn to
i
nterpret even t
h
e
sub
t
les
t
cues

f
r
o
m t
he

la
n
d

a
n
d


sea.
T
h
e 17 Ju
l
y qua
k
e 200
kil
ometers o
ff
s
h
or
e
of the city of Pangandaran was one in 100, a
so-called tsunami earthquake capable o
f
pus
hi
n
g
a
f
ar
bigg
er wave ons
h
ore t
h

an nor-
m
a
l
qua
k
es o
f
t
h
e same ma
g
n
i
tu
d
e. Se
i
smo
l-
o
gi
sts suspecte
d
as muc
h
w
h
en t
h

e
y
rev
i
se
d
t
heir initial magnitude estimate based o
n
h
igh-frequency, ground-shaking seismi
c
w
aves upwar
d
to ma
g
n
i
tu
d
e 7.7. T
h
e rev
i
s
i
on
a
dd

e
d

i
n t
h
e ener
gy
o
f

l
ow-
f
requenc
y
waves
t
hat can sway distant skyscrapers but go little
n
oticed on the ground. Most of the quake’s
ener
gy
was re
l
ease
d

i
n

l
ow-
f
requenc
y
waves
.
A
n
d
se
i
smo
l
o
gi
st C
h
en J
i
o
f
t
h
e Un
i
vers
i
t
y

o
f
California, Santa Barbara, calculated that th
e
f
ault beneath the deep-sea Sunda Trench rup
-
t
ured at a speed of 1.1 kilometers per second
,
one-t
hi
r
d
t
h
e ve
l
oc
i
t
y
o
f
norma
l
eart
h
qua
k

es
,
anot
h
er
h
a
ll
mar
k
o
f
a tsunam
i
eart
hq
ua
k
e
.
The slow rupture velocity suggests to
seismologists that the quake was cuttin
g
th
rou
gh
somet
hi
n
g

wea
k
t
h
at wou
ld

b
o
g
d
own an
y
rupture,
lik
e
ly
one-t
i
me
b
ottom
sediments not yet entirely squeezed int
o
b
r
i
tt
l
e roc

k
. T
h
e
l
ess ener
gy
t
h
at
g
oes
i
nt
o
b
rea
ki
n
g
t
h
e roc
k
, t
h
e more t
h
at
g

oes
i
nto
Stealth Tsunami Sur
p
rises
I
ndonesian Coastal Resident
s
GEOPHYSICS
11 A
UGUS
T 2006 V
O
L 313
SC
IEN
C
E
w
ww.sciencema
g
.or
g
C Chi f C ll I Q i Af C
C
ancer
Chi
e
f


C
a
ll
s
I
t
Q
u
i
ts
Af
ter
C
ontroversy
P
ARI
S
—A
f
t
e
r
less
t
ha
n 1
5
t
u

m
ul
t
uous
months on the job, the controversial first
head of France’s National Cancer Institut
e
(
INCa
)

h
as res
ig
ne
d
. Dav
id
K
h
a
y
at, 49,
a
nnounce
d

l
ast wee
k

t
h
at
h
e
i
s
g
o
i
n
g

b
ac
k
to
his post as head of oncology at the Pitié
-
S
alpêtrière Hospital in Paris.
Hi
s
d
eparture
l
eaves unre-
s
o
l

ve
d

f
un
d
amenta
l

q
uest
i
ons
ab
out t
h
e ro
l
e o
f
t
h
e
i
nst
i
tute,
a
recent political invention, in
F

rance’s research landscape.
K
h
a
y
at
b
ecame t
h
e cente
r
of

a
Fr
e
n
ch
m
edia

s
t
o
rm
ea
r
-
lier this year, when a widely
p

ublicized anonymous letter
cl
a
i
me
d

l
av
i
s
h
spen
di
n
g
pat-
terns, ne
p
ot
i
sm, an
d
ot
h
er
malversations at IN
C
a. A
n

independent investigation by
a
uditors from the finance min
-
i
str
y
, w
h
ose resu
l
ts wer
e
re
l
ease
d

i
n June, c
l
eare
d
K
h
a
y
at o
f
an

y
wrongdoing. But the auditors did criticize his
management, as well as INCa’s organiza-
ti
o
n
a
l
s
tr
uc
t
u
r
e

a
n
d
it
s
ill-
de
fin
ed
r
o
l
e.
I

NCa was one of the key components of a
grand “Cancer Plan,” unveiled in 2003 by
P
res
id
ent Jacques C
hi
rac, to w
h
om K
h
a
y
a
t
i
s c
l
ose. Un
d
er
i
ts unusua
lly

b
roa
d
man
d

ate
,
INCa coordinates France’s entire war o
n
cancer, including educatin
g
p
at
i
ents an
d

p
o
li
t
i
c
i
ans
,
i
mp
l
ement
i
n
g
prevent
i

on
s
trategies, improving patient
care
,
and research. Its annua
l
b
ud
g
et is $125 million.
Dan
i
e
l
Louvar
d,

di
rector
of the Curie Institute in Paris
,
s
ays Khayat failed to com-
municate effectively and
t
r
i
e
d

to
b
r
i
n
g
a
ll
o
f
France’s
ca
n
ce
r r
esea
r
ch

u
n
de
r
his
control, which led to a series
of conflicts. For instance
,
K
h
a

y
at wante
d
INCa to s
h
are
i
n t
h
e
i
nte
ll
ectua
l
propert
y
rights of the research if funded, which le
d
many research organizations to temporaril
y
refuse INCa
g
rants.
(
The audit advise
d
against Khayat’s position, and he has
backed down.) Khayat seemed to take littl
e

i
nterest
i
n t
h
e op
i
n
i
ons o
f
INCa’s
i
nterna-
t
i
ona
l
sc
i
ent
ifi
c counc
il
, a
dd
s Louvar
d
,
a

m
ember of that group.
But Dominique Maraninchi of the Paoli
-
C
almettes Institute in Marseille
,
who chair
s
t
h
e sc
i
ent
ifi
c counc
il
,
di
sa
g
rees. On t
h
e
w
h
o
l
e,
h

e sa
y
s, K
h
a
y
at “
did
a
f
antast
i
c
j
o
b
setting up the organization.” Khayat ha
s
also taken important steps to improve car
e
f
or pat
i
ents, sa
y
s Henr
i
Pu
j
o

l
, pres
id
ent o
f
t
h
e Lea
g
ue A
g
a
i
nst Cancer, w
h
o a
l
so s
i
ts on
I
N
C
a’s 27-member board of directors
.
A
n INCa spokesperson said that Khayat
was on vacat
i
on

l
ast wee
k
an
d
wou
ld
no
t
ta
lk
to t
h
e
p
ress. In
i
nterv
i
ews
b
e
f
ore
hi
s
r
esi
g
nation, however, Kha

y
at has defende
d
h
is management as “impeccable”; an INC
a
press release also points out that Khaya
t
h
a
d
announce
d
w
h
en
h
e was a
pp
o
i
nte
d
t
h
at
h
e wou
ld
not sta

y

l
on
g
. T
h
e person
m
ost often mentioned as a
p
ossible succes-
sor is Maraninchi, who says he’s “ready t
o
d
o t
h
e
j
o
b
.”
–
MARTIN ENSERIN
K
FRANCE
P
ract
i
ce run

.
During a drill, Central Java residents
e
vacuate up steps built since the latest tsunami
.
CREDITS (TOP TO BOTTOM): COST
AS

S
YN
O
LAKI
S;

O
E
C
D PH
O
T
O

OC
DE
T
T
B
e
l
ea

g
uere
d
.
D
avi
d
K
h
a
y
a
t
h
as ste
pp
e
d

d
own
f
rom INCa
.
▲
w
ww.sc
i
encemag.org
SC

IEN
CE
V
O
L 31
3
11 AU
G
U
S
T 2006
7
4
3
FOCUS
New life for
old museum
754
Who needs
space?
756
CREDIT: CHARLIE RIEDEL/AP PHOTO
Defenders of evolution are set to regain con-
trol of the Kansas Board of Education and
o
verturn t
h
e state’s sc
i
ence stan

d
ar
d
s
,
w
hi
c
h
a
re w
id
e
ly
seen as
f
avor
i
n
g
t
h
e teac
hi
n
g
o
f
i
nte

lli
gent
d
es
i
gn
(
ID
)
. But t
h
ey are uncer
-
tain whether their return to power, 2 years
a
fter being outvoted by ID proponents, will
e
n
d
t
h
e po
li
t
i
ca
l
P
i
n

g
-Pon
g
t
h
e two s
id
es
h
ave
b
een p
l
a
yi
n
g
s
i
nce 1999.
I
n Republican and Democratic primaries
c
onducted last week, pro-evolution candi
-
d
ates won part
y
nom
i

nat
i
ons
f
or t
h
ree o
f
t
h
e
fi
ve
b
oar
d
seats t
h
at are u
p

f
or ree
l
ect
i
on
in
N
Nove

m
be
r
.
Thr
ee

o
f th
e

boa
r
d
’
s

o
th
e
r fi
ve
s
eats are held by moderates. The results
mean t
h
at, re
g
ar
dl

ess o
f
t
h
e
i
n
di
v
id
ua
l
w
i
n
-
ners
i
n t
h
e Novem
b
er e
l
ect
i
on, t
h
e
b

oar
d
’
s
c
omposition will flip from its existing 6–
4
c
onservative tilt to at least a 6–4 majority
c
ontrolled b
y
moderates.
“T
hi
s
i
s a
g
reat
d
a
y

f
or Kansas,” Sa
lly
Cau
bl
e, a mo

d
erate w
h
o won t
h
e Re
p
u
bli-
c
an primary in western Kansas, told
S
cience
the day after the election. The former ele
-
mentar
y
sc
h
oo
l
teac
h
er
f
rom L
ib
era
l
,

Kansas,
h
a
d
a tou
gh
race a
g
a
i
nst
i
ncum
b
ent
Connie Morris, who has mocked evolution
a
s “a nice bedtime story.” After a bus
y
c
ampa
ig
n
d
ur
i
n
g
w
hi

c
h
s
h
e
d
rove some
4
8,000
k
m u
p
an
d

d
own
h
er
di
str
i
ct, Cau
ble
won 54
%
to 46
%
.
I

f she wins in November, Cauble wants t
o
vote out the pro-ID standards that wer
e
adopted last year in favor of standards issued
ear
li
er
by
a pane
l
o
f
sc
i
ent
i
sts an
d
teac
h
ers
appo
i
nte
d

by
t
h

e
b
oar
d
. T
h
ose stan
d
ar
d
s
,
re
j
ecte
d

by
t
h
e current
b
oar
d
, emp
h
as
i
ze t
he

teaching of evolution.
But Cauble does not see a lasting solution,
w
hi
c
h

i
s w
hy
s
h
e a
d
vocates a so
f
ter stance
i
n
com
b
at
i
n
g
ID. “Parents are o
k
a
y
w

i
t
h
teac
hi
n
g
evolution in public schools as long as we don’
t
s
top children from questioning it. If childre
n
as
k
a
b
out creat
i
on
i
sm
,
we nee
d
to te
ll
t
h
e
m

that that’s a question the
y
should ask their fam-
ili
es an
d
t
h
e
i
r c
h
urc
h
,” s
h
e sa
y
s. “We nee
d
to
l
et t
h
e
p
u
bli
c
k

now t
h
at sc
i
ence tests evo
l
ut
i
o
n
every day, and evolution keeps
p
roving itself.”
No
b
o
dy
expects t
h
e contro-
d
v
ers
y
to
di
e w
h
en t
h

e new
b
oar
d
takes

ove
r
.
K
a
n
sas

has

see
n
a

see
-
saw battle over the issue sinc
e
1
999
,
w
h
en conservat

i
ves
i
ntro
-
duced

c
r
ea
t
io
n
is
m
i
nt
o
t
he

s
t
a
n-
da
r
ds.
T
hose


s
t
a
n
da
r
ds

we
r
e
k
t
hrown out when moderates too
k
control of the board in 2002. Two
y
ears
l
ater, t
h
e conservat
i
ves
made

a

co

m
eback.
J
ohn Bacon, one of the two
p
ro-ID incumbents who won las
t
w
ee
k
’s p r
i
mar
i
es, prom
i
ses t
h
a
t
th
e
i
ssue won’t
g
o awa
y
. “It’
s
u

nf
o
rt
u
n
a
t
e
th
a
t
we
’ll n
ow

be
f
orced to again teach evolution a
s
r
the only possible explanation fo
r
t
h
e or
igi
n o
f

lif

e,”
h
e sa
y
s
.
J
ac
k
Kre
b
s o
f
Kansas
Ci
t
i
zens
for Science says ending the controversy will
require a broader social dialogue “about th
e
re
l
at
i
ons
hip

b
etween Go

d
an
d
nature.” T
h
e
ID movement,
h
e sa
y
s,
h
as
d
r
i
ven Kansans to
think that they need to choose between religion
a
nd science: “Mainstream theists and others
nee
d
to spea
k
up
f
or t
h
e compat
ibili

t
y

b
etwee
n
t
he
t
wo.
”
–YUDHIJIT BHATTARCHARJEE
E
vo
l
ut
i
on
T
rumps
I
nte
lli
gent
D
es
i
gn
i
n

K
ansas
V
ote
SCIENCE EDUCATION
Sally Cauble (at podium), a moderate Republican
r
unning for the Kansas state education board, says schools should
teac
h
evo
l
ution
b
ut a
ll
ow stu
d
ents to
q
uestion it.
Stringing
physicists along
750
s
liding one side of the fault past the other.
A
nd the farther the sea floor slides upwar
d
in a trench quake—lifting the water above

i
t
i
nto a wave—t
h
e
bigg
er t
h
e tsunam
i
. A
dd
i
n t
h
e trenc
h
’s
d
eep water—ma
ki
n
g

f
o
r
more water to squeeze up into a wave on
reaching shore than if the quake struck

sh
a
ll
ow waters near
l
an
d
—an
d
t
h
e Java
c
oast was
i
n
f
or a re
l
at
i
ve w
h
o
pp
er o
f

a
tsunami. The biggest wave flooded th

e
c
oast with several meters of water
.
While nature was working against th
e
Javanese
by

g
enerat
i
n
g
an outs
i
ze
d
tsunam
i,
i
t was a
l
so
b
us
y
concea
li
n

g
w
h
at
i
t
h
a
d

i
n
s
tore. The trench lies relatively far offshore
,
maximizing the damping effects of distanc
e
o
n s
h
a
ki
n
g
at t
h
e coast. In a
ddi
t
i

on,
b
ecaus
e
the quake spent most of its energy in low
-
f
requency waves, it lacked the crackle an
d
p
op o
f
qua
k
es t
h
at
b
rea
k
stron
g
,
b
r
i
tt
l
e roc
k

.
To surv
i
vors, t
h
e seem
i
n
gly

f
ee
bl
e qua
k
e
—
if

i
t
was

fel
t
a
t
all
—
did

n’t r
ecall
t
he

ca
t
as
tr
o-
p
hes that followed offshore quakes to th
e
north in December 2004 and March 2005
,
a
ccor
di
n
g
to sc
i
ent
i
sts an
d

j
ourna
li

sts. Eve
n
t
h
e precursor
y
rece
di
n
g
o
f
ocean water
s
c
ame at low tide, masking the approach of
the first inundating wave crest
.
Al
t
h
ou
gh
t
h
e unusua
l
nature o
f
t

he
q
ua
k
e was wor
ki
n
g
a
g
a
i
nst coasta
l
res
i-
d
ents, they didn’t get much help from thei
r
government before the tsunami struck
.
“The messa
g
e from the 2004 disaster has
b
een
l
ar
g
e

ly

l
ost,” sa
y
s tsunam
i
researc
h
er
C
ostas Synolakis of the University o
f
Southern California in Los Angeles
.
“T
h
ere
h
as
b
een
li
tt
l
e or no e
d
ucat
i
on an

d
li
tt
l
e or no p
l
ann
i
n
g
” on t
h
e coast,
h
e a
dd
s
.
So
l
oca
l
s were on t
h
e
i
r own to
i
nter
p

ret t
he
u
nusually subtle signs of an impending
t
sunami. The Pacific Tsunami Warning
C
enter
i
n Hawa
ii

did

i
ssue a watc
h
17 m
i
nutes
af
t
er
t
h
e qua
k
e, not
i
n

g
t
h
e poss
ibili
t
y
o
f
a
l
ocal Java tsunami, but word did not
reach
t
he coast before the first wave hit 5 or
1
0 m
i
nutes
l
ater. Even w
h
en a
high
-tec
h
w
arn
i
n

g
s
y
stem arr
i
ves
i
n a
f
ew
y
ears, sa
y
r
esearchers, the best bet may still be to edu-
cate the public in the sometimes subtle way
s
of earthquakes and their tsunamis
.
–RICHARD A. KERR
11 A
UGUS
T 2006 V
O
L 313
SC
IEN
C
E
w

ww.sciencema
g
.or
g
74
4
NEWS OF THE WEEK
P
assa
g
es wr
i
tten
by
t
h
e anc
i
ent Gree
k
mat
h
e
-
matician Archimedes, hidden for nearly
800 years, returned to view over the pas
t
2
weeks
,

thanks to researchers at the Stanfor
d
S
y
nc
h
rotron Ra
di
at
i
on La
b
orator
y
(
SSRL
)

i
n Men
l
o Par
k,
C
alifornia. The scientists used the s
y
nchrotron’
s
h
a

i
r-t
hi
n
b
eam o
f
x-ra
y
s to
ligh
t up t
he
Arc
hi
me
d
es text, w
hi
c
h
was or
igi
na
lly
cop
i
e
d
b

b
y a 10th century scribe onto goatskin parch-
ment. Three centuries later, a monk scraped off
t
h
e Arc
hi
me
d
es text, turne
d
t
h
e pa
g
es s
id
ewa
y
s
,
a
n
d
cop
i
e
d
Gree
k

Ort
h
o
d
ox pra
y
ers onto t
he
recycled pages. Although Stanford’s analysis o
f
the text hasn’t yet revealed any obvious revolu-
t
i
onar
y
surpr
i
ses, researc
h
ers
did

fi
n
d
a new
g
eometr
i
c

d
raw
i
n
g
as we
ll
as sev
-
e
ral previously missing passages.
“
Nothing usually jumps out
with Archimedes,” says Willia
m
N
N
oe
l
, t
h
e curator o
f
manuscr
ip
t
s
a
n
d

rare
b
oo
k
s at t
h
e
W
a
l
ters Ar
t
M
useum in Baltimore, Maryland
,
who is leading the restoration
eff
ort. “It ta
k
es
bl
oo
d,
sweat
,
to
il,
a
n
d

tears to
g
et at w
h
at
i
s t
h
ere.”
N
N
evertheless, he adds, “
p
eo
p
le
will be talking about what we are
di
scover
i
n
g
now
i
n 100
y
ears’t
i
me
a

n
d
st
ill
ar
g
u
i
n
g
a
b
out
i
t.
”
Few dis
p
ute that Archimede
s
was one of the world’s greates
t
mathematicians. Today, he’s know
n
p
p
r
i
mar
ily


f
or t
h
e
l
e
g
en
d
ar
y
exc
l
a-
m
a
t
io
n
of
“E
u
r
eka!
”
whe
n
he
r

eal-
iz
ed
h
e

cou
l
d
m
easu
r
e
th
e

vo
l
u
m
e
o
f objects by figuring out how much wate
r
t
h
e
y

di

sp
l
ace. But
h
e a
l
so
h
e
l
pe
d
create a
ru
di
mentar
y

f
orm o
f

calculus

20

ce
n
-
t

u
ri
es

be
f
o
r
e
N
ew
t
o
n
a
n
d
L
e
i
b
ni
z

p
ut
q
uill t
o
p

p
aper. He came up with a way to calculate th
e
value of pi and was the first to tackle the
concept of infinity. And Archimedes’s under-
standing of physics helped him invent the cata-
pult and other defenses that his city-state o
f
Sy
racuse use
d
to repe
l
Roman
i
nva
d
ers unt
il
212 B.C.E., w
h
en t
h
e c
i
t
y
was
fi
na

lly
over
-
co
m
e

a
n
d
Ar
c
him
edes

was
kill
ed.
T
he 174-page hidden manuscript,
k
nown as t
h
e Arc
hi
me
d
es
p
a

li
m
p
sest, was
di
scovere
d

i
n 1906
by
Dan
i
s
h
c
l
ass
i
cs
p
rofessor John Heiberg, who used a
m
agnifying glass to painstakingl
y
d
eco
d
e t
h

e near
ly

i
nv
i
s
ibl
e un
d
er
lyi
n
g
te
xt
.
B
u
t m
uch
r
e
m
ai
n
ed

u
n

deci-
p
hered, and the book soon disa
p-
p
eared into a private collection. Th
e
manuscript resurfaced in Octobe
r
1998 w
h
en
i
t was so
ld
at auct
i
on to an
a
non
y
mous bu
y
er for
$
2 million. B
y
then it
had been severely damaged by mold. Forge
d

g
old leaf paintings, completely covering fou
r
p
a
g
es,
h
a
d
a
l
so
b
een a
dd
e
d
, pro
b
a
bly

i
n
h
opes o
f

i

ncreas
i
n
g
t
h
e pra
y
er
b
oo
k
’s v a
l
ue
.
T
h
e
d
ay a
f
ter t
h
e
b
oo
k
’s s a
l

e, Noe
l
rea
d
a
bout the auction in a New York Time
s
a
rticle
th
at ment
i
one
d
t
h
e
b
oo
k
’s
d
ea
l
er. Noe
l
e-ma
il
e
d

t
h
e
d
ea
l
er, w
h
o eventua
lly
put
hi
m
i
n
contact w
i
t
h
t
h
e owner, w
h
o
l
ater agree
d
t
o
l

end the book to the Walters Art Museum fo
r
restoration and ima
g
in
g
. Noel sa
y
s that the
owner
h
as pa
id

f
or t
h
e ent
i
re pro
j
ect, a
l
t
h
ou
gh
th
e amount s
p

ent
h
as not
b
een ma
d
e
p
u
bli
c
.
N
oe
l
an
d

hi
s co
ll
ea
g
ues
f
rom Jo
h
ns Hop
ki
n

s
U
n
i
vers
i
t
y

i
n Ba
l
t
i
more, Mar
yl
an
d
, an
d
t
he
Rochester Institute of Technology in New York
originally used multispectral imaging to revea
l
much of the underl
y
in
g
Archimedes text

.
Al
t
h
ou
gh

l
ar
g
e
ly
success
f
u
l
, t
h
e v
i
s
ibl
e an
d
u
ltraviolet light were unable to peer beneath th
e
f
or
g

ed paintin
g
s or to resolve other passa
g
es in
t
h
e
f
a
i
nt text. In 2003, Uwe Ber
g
mann, a p
hy
s
i-
c
ist at SSRL, came up with the idea of scannin
g
s
ynchrotron x-rays over the document to reveal
e
lements such as iron and calcium in the resid-
k
u
a
l

i

n
k
. T
h
e ener
gy
o
f
t
h
e x-ra
y
s
i
s tune
d
to
ki
c
k
o
ut
i
nner e
l
ectrons
f
rom t
h
ose e

l
ements,
B
ergmann explains. That disruption triggers
o
uter electrons to drop into the vacancies, giv
-
i
n
g
up t
h
e
i
r excess ener
gy
as x-ra
y
s w
i
t
h
a c
h
ar
-
a
cter
i
st

i
c ener
gy

f
or eac
h
e
l
ement, w
hi
c
h
ar
e
then captured by a detector. Computer pro-
f
grams then convert the steady stream o
f
d
etected x-rays into gray-scale or color-
e
n
h
ance
d

i
ma
g

es to revea
l
t
h
e
hidd
en text
.
Th
e current roun
d
o
f

i
ma
gi
n
g
was suc-
c
essful, Noel says, and revealed numerous
p
reviously hidden passages, which can b
e
v
i
ewe
d
at www.arc

hi
me
d
espa
li
mpsest.or
g
. In
o
ne sect
i
on on mat
h
emat
i
ca
l

p
ro
p
os
i
t
i
ons
i
n a
tr
ea

ti
se
titl
ed
Method of Mechanical Theorems
,
f
or example, Archimedes used infinite num-
b
ers to
h
e
l
p
hi
m ca
l
cu
l
ate vo
l
umes o
f
part
i
cu
-
d
l
ar o

bj
ects. A
l
t
h
ou
gh
muc
h
o
f
t
h
at text
h
a
d
b
een revea
l
e
d

b
y mu
l
t
i
spectra
l


i
mag
i
ng,
“there have been gaps in our reading,” say
s
R
eviel Netz
,
a historian of ancient science a
t
Stan
f
or
d
Un
i
vers
i
t
y

i
n Pa
l
o A
l
to, Ca
lif

orn
i
a
.
“It seems t
h
e new [x-ra
y
]
i
ma
g
es w
ill

d
e
fi-
nitely contribute to settling the reading.
”
Th
e new x-ra
y
tec
h
n
i
que “
i
s a

b
so
l
ute
ly
f
abulous” for recovering palimpsest texts
,
d
s
ays Nigel Wilson, a classics scholar at Oxfor
d
Un
i
vers
i
t
y

i
n t
h
e U.K. It’s part
i
cu
l
ar
ly
exc
i

t
-
i
n
g
,
h
e sa
y
s,
b
ecause man
y
pa
li
mpsests
r
e
m
ai
n t
o

be

s
t
udied.
–
ROBERT F. SERVICE

B
rilliant X-rays Reveal Fruits o
f
a Brilliant Min
d
IMAGING
R
are f
i
nd
.
val prayer book conceals seven
This Med
t
t
reatises
by
Arc
h
ime
d
es, two o
f
t
h
em uni
q
ue
.
Eure

k
a.
Sy
nchrotron x-ra
y
s tuned to reveal calcium brou
g
ht to life text and drawin
g
s
(
l
e
f
t
)
that multis
p
ectral ima
g
in
g
had
shown to be lurking beneath later writings by Byzantine scribes
(
r
igh
t
)
.

CREDITS: (BOTTOM RIGHT) PRODUCED BY RIT AND JHU; ALL IMAGES ARE COPYRIGHT OF THE OWNER OF THE ARCHIMEDES P
A
LIMP
S
E
S
T
P
P
w
ww.sc
i
encemag.org
SC
IEN
C
E V
O
L 31
3
11 AU
G
U
S
T 2006
7
4
5
C
REDIT:

JU
LIA B
UCK
Now Available:
H5N1 Sequences
In
d
onesia
l
ast wee
k
reverse
d
itse
lf
an
d
announce
d
t
h
at it wou
ld
put a
ll
sequence
d
ata
from human H5N1 influenza
p

atients into th
e
p
ublic domain. Scientists sa
y
the move will hel
p
th
em un
d
erstan
d

h
ow t
h
e
d
isease is sprea
d
ing.
Indonesia
’
s samples had been sequence
d
by
World Health Or
g
anization collaboratin
g

labs at the Universit
y
of Hon
g
Kon
g
and the
U
.
S
.
C
enters for Disease
C
ontrol and Preven
-
t
ion in At
l
anta, Georgia, an
d
p
l
ace
d
in
a
p
asswor
d

-protecte
d
in
fl
uenza
d
ata
b
ase at
Los A
l
amos Nationa
l
La
b
oratory in New
Me
xi
co
wi
t
h
l
imi
ted
access.
In
do
n
es

i
a
w
as
o
n
e

o
f
se
v
e
r
al

cou
n
t
ri
es

t
h
at
r
es
i
sted
wi

de
r
c
ircu
l
ation o
f
t
h
e
d
ata, a position t
h
a
t
angere
d
in
fl
uenza researc
h
ers
(
S
cience, 3 March, p. 1224)
.
Last week, the Indonesian
g
overnment
reversed its

p
osition and had the
p
asswor
d
protection remove
d
, reporte
dl
y a
f
ter pressur
e
f
rom t
h
e In
d
onesian Aca
d
emy o
f
Sciences.
“I’m very happy,” says Ilaria Capua, an Italian
bird flu researcher cam
p
ai
g
nin
g

for broade
r
access. “I ho
p
e this will stimulate other coun-
tries to move in the same direction.
”
–MARTIN ENSERIN
K
Taiwan Pours It On
T
aiwan
’
s National Science Council (NSC) ha
s
a
pp
roved a $2.6 billion science bud
g
et fo
r
2007 that
p
uts the countr
y
on a tra
j
ector
y
to

m
atch
g
lobal leaders in its level of research
spending.
“
Being a small island without natu-
r
a
l
resources, Taiwan is in great nee
d
o
f
R&
D
[
for] the knowled
g
e-based econom
y
,” sa
y
s
NSC’s Chien-Jen Chen, an e
p
idemiolo
g
ist a
t

A
cademia Sinica, the nation’s to
p
researc
h
institution. C
h
en
h
as ca
ll
e
d

f
or a 10.8
%
increase next year, w
h
ic
h
is expecte
d
to
b
e
ado
p
ted this fall b
y

national le
g
islators
.
Recent research s
p
endin
g
increases have
o
ut
p
aced overall
g
overnmental s
p
endin
g
an
d
e
conomic growt
h

f
or t
h
e past 6 years, pro
-
p

elling Taiwan
’
s research investment to 3% o
f
t
he countr
y
’s
g
ross domestic
p
roduct b
y
2008
.
“We all feel ver
y
hi
g
hl
y
su
pp
orted,” sa
y
s
Chen
g
-Tin
g

Chien, de
p
ut
y
director of Acade-
m
ia Sinica
’
s Institute of Molecular Biology.
T
h
e new
b
u
d
get
b
ene
f
its a
ll
sectors, wit
h
s
p
ecial attention to mission-oriented
p
ro
g
rams

in re
g
enerative ener
gy
, earth sciences and
astronom
y
, industrial-academic collaborations
,
avian an
d
pan
d
emic
fl
u, an
d
stem ce
ll
s. C
h
e
n
says a
ll
projects wi
ll

b
e su

b
ject to peer review
.
–DENNIS NORMILE
SCIENCESCOPE
W
hen an invasive species arrives, many ecol
-
o
gists fear the worst: a new creature runnin
g
a
mo
k
t
h
rou
gh
an ecos
y
stem an
d

d
r
i
v
i
n
g

nat
i
ve s
p
ec
i
es ext
i
nct. “Peo
pl
e
h
ave t
h
e
id
e
a
that it’s a bloodbath,” says Geoffrey Trussell
,
a
n evolutionary ecologist at Northeastern
Un
i
vers
i
t
y

i

n Boston, Massac
h
usetts. “T
he
a
ssumpt
i
on
h
as
b
een t
h
at pre
y

j
ust pass
i
ve
ly
s
ubmit to their fate on the dinner
p
late.”
S
ome species refuse to roll over, how
-
e
ver, an

d
even
i
mprove t
h
e
i
r
d
e
f
enses. On pa
g
e 831, Aaren
Freeman, a Ph.D. student in zool-
o
gy at the University of New
Hampshire, Durham, and hi
s
ad
v
i
ser James B
y
ers
d
escr
ibe
h
ow a nat

i
ve musse
l
o
f
New En
g-
land has rapidly evolved the abil-
ity to shield itself from an inva-
si
ve cra
b
. “It
d
oesn’t mean t
h
a
t
we ou
gh
t to
ig
nore t
h
e t
h
reats o
f
t
h

ese
i
ntro
d
uct
i
ons,
b
ut
i
t
d
oe
s
s
how that native species are not
h
e
l
p
l
ess,” sa
y
s Geor
g
e Cox, a
ret
i
re
d


bi
o
l
o
gi
st
i
n Santa Fe, New
Mex
i
co, an
d
aut
h
or o
f
A
lien
Species and Evolutio
n
.
T
he invader in this case is the Asian shore
c
ra
b

(
H

emi
g
rapsus san
g
uineu
s
)
, w
hi
c
h
turne
d
up on t
h
e New Jerse
y
coast
i
n 1988.
S
ince then, it has bred prolifically an
d
s
pread to North Carolina and midway up the
c
oast o
f
Ma
i

ne. T
h
e 4-cent
i
meter-w
ide
mar
i
ne cra
b
, w
hi
c
h

h
as a
b
roa
d

di
et,
h
as
acquired a taste for the blue mussel (
Mytilus
(
(
edulis

)
, which people eat as well. These mus-
s
els already have to deal with anothe
r
i
nva
d
er, t
h
e
g
reen cra
b

(
C
arcinus maena
s
)
,
w
hi
c
h
arr
i
ve
d


f
rom Euro
p
e
i
n t
h
e 1800s an
d
has established itself along the East Coast.
Mussels, of course, can’t flee predators.
S
o w
h
en
y
oun
g

bl
ue musse
l
s sense t
h
at t
he
g
reen cra
b
s are near t

h
e
i
r part
i
cu
l
a
r
p
p
atch—no one knows the telltale signal,
b
b
ut it’s likely a hormone or other chemi-
c
a
l
—t
h
e
y

b
e
gi
n to t
hi
c
k

en t
h
e
i
r s
h
e
ll
s.
Af
ter severa
l
mont
h
s
,
t
h
e s
h
e
ll

i
s 5% to
10
%
thicker than it would otherwise hav
e
b

b
een. This seems to help, as crabs nee
d
5
0% more time to open mussels wit
h
t
hi
c
k
er s
h
e
ll
s. “Cra
b
s o
f
ten w
ill

gi
ve up
if
t
h
e
y
can’t open a musse
l

an
d
move on t
o
e
asier prey,” Freeman says. If crabs don’
t
happen to be around, the mussels don’
t
b
b
ot
h
er ma
ki
n
g
t
hi
c
k
er s
h
e
ll
s, per
h
ap
s
b

ecause
i
t
di
verts ener
gy

f
rom ot
h
er act
i
v
i-
t
i
es, suc
h
as repro
d
uc
i
n
g
.
Freeman and Byers wanted to know
t
whether the mussels were also able to detec
t
r

the recently arrived Asian shore crab. For thei
r
e
xper
i
ment, t
h
e
y
co
ll
ecte
d

bl
ue musse
l
s
f
ro
m
f
s
evera
l

l
ocat
i
ons a

l
on
g
t
h
e nort
h
ern coast o
f
M
aine—still beyond the range of Asian shor
e
c
rabs—and others deep within their souther
n
terr
i
tor
y
. In 2002, t
h
e
y
expose
d
var
i
ous
g
roups to pre

d
ator s
ig
na
l
s
i
n t
h
e
l
a
b

f
rom
ei
t
h
er
g
reen or As
i
an cra
b
s, or no cra
b
s at a
ll
.

d
T
hree months later, both the southern an
d
r
the northern mussels had thickened thei
r
sh
e
ll
s
i
n response to t
h
e
g
reen cra
b
, as
e
xpecte
d
. But on
ly
t
h
e sout
h
ern musse
l

s
respon
d
e
d
to t
h
e As
i
an s
h
ore cra
b
.
(
Freema
n
a
nd Byers got the same results when the
y
repeated the experiment in the wild, with the
musse
l
s an
d
cra
b
s
i
n ca

g
es o
ff
a
d
oc
k

in
W
oo
d
s Ho
l
e, Massac
h
usetts.
)
T
hi
s means
th
a
t th
e

sou
th
e
rn m

usse
l
s
h
ave

evo
l
ved
th
e
a
bility to detect Asian shore crabs in perhaps
a
s
li
tt
l
e as 15
y
ears a
f
ter
fi
rst encounter
i
n
g
t
h

em. “It’s
bli
n
ki
n
g

f
ast,” sa
y
s Trusse
ll
, w
ho
i
s

o
n Fr
ee
m
a
n’
s

d
i
sse
rt
a

ti
o
n
co
mmitt
ee.
Given the many invasions under way, evo
-
l
ut
i
on o
f

d
e
f
enses cou
ld

b
e qu
i
te common
,
f
s
a
y
s mar

i
ne eco
l
o
gi
st James Car
l
ton o
f
Willi
ams Co
ll
e
g
e an
d
M
y
st
i
c Seaport
i
n M
y
st
i
c
,
d
C

onnecticut. What’s novel about Freeman an
d
d
B
yers’s research, he says, is that they happene
d
to catc
h
t
h
e musse
l
s
i
n t
h
e act. A
l
t
h
ou
gh

i
t’s
too soon to sa
y
w
h
at ot

h
er evo
l
ut
i
onar
y
or eco-
logical effects the Asian shore crabs might
have, the finding is good news for fans of blue
musse
l
s—
i
nc
l
u
di
n
g
t
h
ose w
h
o want t
h
em o
n
t
h

e
i
r own
di
nner
pl
ates
.
–
ERIK STOKSTAD
Native Mussel Quickly Evolves
F
ear of Invasive Crab
EVOLUTION
M
usse
l
s t
h
at
g
row a t
h
ic
k
er s
h
e
ll


h
ave a
b
etter c
h
ance
of
survivin
g
an attac
k

by
t
h
e invasive Asian s
h
ore cra
b
.
11 A
UGUS
T 2006 V
O
L 313
SC
IEN
C
E
w

ww.sciencema
g
.or
g
74
6
NEWS OF THE WEEK
T
h
e U.S. Department o
f
Ener
gy

(
DOE
)

h
as a
r
eputation for bureaucratic stodginess. But
last week, its science office demonstrated that
it is capable of changing its mind quickly
w
h
en s
h
own a
b

etter wa
y
to procee
d.
Late
l
ast
y
ear, DOE unve
il
e
d
a p
l
an to
e
xpand its genomics program from essen-
tially a $70-million-a-year sequencing opera-
t
i
on to a
b
roa
d
er e
ff
ort
i
n s
y

stems
bi
o
l
o
gy.
T
h
e
k
e
y

i
n
g
re
di
ent wou
ld

b
e
f
our
l
ar
g
e cen-
ters, each focusing on a specific area such as

large-scale characterization of proteins o
r
i
ma
gi
n
g
o
f
comp
l
ex mo
l
ecu
l
es. Pres
id
ent
G
eor
g
e W. Bus
h
requeste
d
—an
d
Con
g
ress

is
set to a
pp
rove—
$
119 million for the effort i
n
2
007, and in January, DOE solicited propos
-
a
ls for the first center
,
which would focus on
p
p
rote
i
n
p
ro
d
uct
i
on
.
But a mont
h

l

ater, a
p
ane
l
o
f
t
h
e Nat
i
ona
l
Academies’ National Research Counci
l
(
NRC) that had been reviewing the program
f
or DOE s
h
arp
ly
cr
i
t
i
c
i
ze
d
t

h
e p
l
an. It su
g
-
g
este
d
a
f
ocus on app
li
cat
i
ons, suc
h
as
bi
o
-
r
eme
di
at
i
on or
bi
o
f

ue
l
s, rat
h
er t
h
an on t
h
e
underlying science (
S
cienc
e
(
(
, 3 March, p. 1226)
.
In response, DOE cance
l
e
d
t
h
e so
li
c
i
tat
i
on

f
o
r
t
h
e
fi
rst center an
d
went
b
ac
k
to t
h
e
d
raw
i
n
g
b
b
oar
d
, a ste
p
t
h
at

pl
ant
bi
oc
h
em
i
st C
h
r
i
s
Somerville of Stanford University in Palo
Alto, California, called “kind of amazin
g
.
”
Last wee
k,
DOE announce
d
a new
a
pproac
h
t
h
at
h
ews c

l
ose
ly
to t
h
e NR
C
p
p
anel’s recommendations. It
p
lans to creat
e
t
wo centers, both focused on biofuels. Th
e
centers, each funded at
$
25 million a year fo
r
5 years, would use leased space, begin work
qu
i
c
kly
, an
d
mars
h
a

l
mu
l
t
idi
sc
i
p
li
nar
y
team
s
o
f
proteom
i
cs experts,
bi
oc
h
em
i
sts, an
d
en
gi
-
n
eers

i
n a
f
r
i
en
dly
compet
i
t
i
on to expan
d
k
now
l
e
d
ge o
f
ex
i
st
i
ng an
d
emerg
i
ng
bi

o
f
ue
l
s.
T
heir scope would range from basic studie
s
of microbes that digest cellulose to the devel-
opment of transgenic plants that would be
eas
i
er to
b
rea
k

d
own an
d
t
h
e
d
es
ig
n o
f
new
f

f
ermentat
i
on
p
rocesses. DOE sc
i
ence c
hi
e
f
Raymond Orbach said at a DOE advisor
y
r
b
oard meeting last week that the centers, fo
r
f
examp
l
e, m
igh
t stu
dy
t
h
e meta
b
o
li

c secrets o
f
the
m
ic
r
obes

wi
t
hi
n
vo
r
acious
F
o
rm
osa
t
e
r
-
mites, which break down cellulose.
f
T
he new plan has won over critics o
f
DOE’s earlier plan. “The vertical integratio
n

i
s t
h
e r
igh
t t
hi
n
g
,” sa
y
s Somerv
ill
e, w
h
o as a
r
DOE
g
rantee oversaw t
h
e NRC rev
i
ew ear
li
e
r
t
his year. “There’s a reasonable expectation
a

l
ot of progress can be made” with an invest
-
ment o
f
t
hi
s s
i
ze
i
n a
fi
e
ld
t
h
at
h
as
b
een
hi
s-
t
or
i
ca
lly
un

d
er
f
un
d
e
d
,
h
e ar
g
ues.
Some
b
ureaucrats m
i
g
h
t
h
ave tr
i
e
d
t
o
downplay the reversal. But Orbach say
s
f
DOE’s a

bili
t
y
to c
h
an
g
e course
i
s a s
ig
n o
f
s
tren
g
t
h
. “We comp
l
ete
ly
reor
i
ente
d
t
h
e
s

olicitation in 4 months and
g
ot it out,” he
crowed to his advisory board. White Hous
e
r
officials encoura
g
ed DOE to place
g
reate
r
emp
h
as
i
s on ener
gy
researc
h
, sa
y

d
epartment
d
o
ffi
c
i

a
l
s, w
h
o were t
h
emse
l
ves conv
i
nce
d
t
hat a focused, nimble attack on s
p
ecific chal-
l
enges could yield results faster than a sys
-
t
emat
i
c attempt to tac
kl
e a
ll
t
h
e o
b

stac
l
es
hi
n-
d
er
i
n
g

g
enome sc
i
ent
i
sts. Researc
h
ers
h
av
e
until February to assemble interdisciplinary
t
eams and submit proposals, with the firs
t
awards next fall
.
–
ELI KINTI

SCH
B
iofuels to Be Focus of New DOE Centers
GENOMICS
DOEOli T Rd R li S Fl
DOE

O
ut
li
nes
T
wo
R
oa
d
s to
R
ecyc
li
ng
S
pent
F
ue
l
S
ix months into a Department of Energ
y
(DOE) program to recycle spent nuclear fuel

by
means o
f
an exper
i
menta
l
met
h
o
d
, t
he
ag
enc
y

h
as announce
d
p
l
ans to use more
e
stablished technology to help reach its objec
-
tive. Critics say the change would only exacer
-
b
ate a

d
an
g
erous an
d

i
ne
ffi
c
i
ent approac
h
t
o
t
h
e
p
ro
bl
em.
I
n February, DOE announced the Globa
l
Nuclear Energy Partnership, a central part o
f
w
hi
c

h
was to recyc
l
e muc
h
o
f
t
h
e 2000 tons o
f
highly
ra
di
oact
i
ve spent
f
ue
l
t
h
at t
h
e U.S. pro-
d
uces each
y
ear. The proposed
$

250 million
p
rogram included reprocessing facilities that
would employ an experimental method called
U
REX+1a t
h
at
b
rea
k
s
d
own use
d

f
ue
l

i
nto
reusa
bl
e c
h
em
i
ca
l

parts. Rec
y
c
li
n
g

f
ue
l

is
needed to reduce a heat-buildu
p

p
roblem
c
aused by waste products such as plutonium a
t
s
torage facilities including the proposed Yucca
M
ounta
i
n repos
i
tor
y


i
n Neva
d
a. T
h
e
f
ue
l
rec
y-
cl
e
d

f
rom
U
REX+1a cou
ld

b
e
b
urne
d

i
n reac-
tors, reducing waste and producing power.

But after months of pressure from Cong
r
es
s
g
g
to find a quicker solution, DOE last week
a
nnounced it would make
$
20 million avail
-
abl
e
f
or s
i
te stu
di
es
f
or new rec
y
c
li
n
g
p
l
ants

a
n
d
r
eac
t
o
r
s.
Th
e

so
-
ca
ll
ed
t
wo
-tr
ack
a
pproach would continue long-term studies
o
n UREX+1a
b
ut a
l
so exam
i

ne separat
i
o
n
tec
h
n
i
ques a
ki
n to t
h
ose current
ly

i
n use
by
t
h
e
F
rench and Japanese governments. The strat-
e
gy seeks technologies “that have been … i
n
use
f
or
d

eca
d
es,” DOE nuc
l
ear ener
gy

h
ea
d
D
enn
i
s Spur
g
eon sa
id
.
Th
e move comes a
f
ter House a
pp
ro
p
r
i
a
-
tors cut

$
96 million from the
$
243 million that
D
OE had requested and complained that it
was “unclear why the UREX+1a process was
q
u
i
c
kly
c
h
osen as t
h
e rec
y
c
li
n
g
process o
f
t
he
f
uture.” Meanw
hil
e, outs

id
e cr
i
t
i
cs
q
uest
i
one
d
whether the
p
rocedure rendered s
p
ent fuel suf
-
f
iciently radioactive that potential terrorists
c
ou
ld
not sa
f
e
ly
stea
l

i

t, as DOE c
l
a
i
me
d
.
Pr
i
nceton Un
i
vers
i
t
y
p
hy
s
i
c
i
st Fran
k
von
H
i
pp
el warns that
p
lutonium would not b

e
technically difficult for malefactors to sepa-
r
ate from the kind of fuel conventional separa
-
t
i
on met
h
o
d
s pro
d
uce. DOE
i
s a
b
an
d
on
i
n
g
“en
h
ance
d

p
ro

lif
erat
i
on res
i
stance
i
n t
h
e
i
nter
-
e
st of building a reprocessing plant quickly,”
says von Hippel, who actually prefers keepin
g
spent
f
ue
l
a
b
ove
g
roun
d
. But DOE o
ffi
c

i
a
ls
sa
y
t
h
at
h
e
igh
tene
d
secur
i
t
y
measures ca
n
k
eep recycled materials safe and that the coun-
try will benefit by the boost recycling will giv
e
to nuc
l
ear power.
–
ELI KINTISCH
NUCLEAR REPROCESSING
C

REDIT: D
O
E
JO
INT
G
EN
O
ME IN
S
TIT
U
T
E
C
hew on this
.
D
OE
h
o
p
es its centers can
l
earn more
ab
out
h
ow termites
d

o t
h
eir t
h
in
g
.
w
ww.sc
i
encemag.org
SC
IEN
C
E V
O
L 31
3
11 AU
G
U
S
T 2006
7
47
Polish Your Stethoscopes
Sin
g
a
p

ore has s
p
ent $1 billion over the
p
ast
6 years to
b
ecome a
b
ioscience researc
h
pow
-
e
rhouse
(
S
c
i
enc
e
, 30 August 2002, p. 1470
).
Now it is turning to clinical research and drug
d
evelo
p
ment, with a 5-
y
ear, $1.5 billio

n
s
p
endin
g

p
lan. The effort, to be vetted nex
t
wee
k

b
y t
h
e new Biome
d
ica
l
Sciences Execu-
t
ive Committee,
d
raws in t
h
e Ministry o
f
Health, extendin
g
the basic research initiativ

e
t
o dia
g
nostic tests, dru
g
s, medical treatments
,
a
n
d
v
acc
in
es.
“W
e
wi
ll

bu
i
ld

o
n
t
h
e


bas
i
c

sc
i-
e
nces,
”
vows Andre Wan, director of A*STAR
’s
Biomedical Research Council. Singapore
’
s uni-
ve
r
s
i
t
i
es

a
n
d

a
n
e
w N

at
i
o
n
al
R
esea
r
c
h F
ou
n
da-
t
ion are
p
lannin
g
their own s
p
endin
g
boosts
.
–DENNI
S
N
O
RMILE
Tax Credit Languishes

For the second time this
y
ear, Con
g
ress has
f
ai
l
e
d
to exten
d
a popu
l
ar tax cre
d
it meant t
o
stimu
l
ate corporate spen
d
ing on researc
h
an
d
d
eve
l
opment. Legis

l
ators remove
d
it
f
rom
a
p
acka
g
e of tax cuts in Ma
y
but
p
romised to
c
onsider it later. But last week, Senate Re
p
ub
-
l
icans
f
ai
l
e
d
to pass a tri
f
ecta o

f

b
i
ll
s t
h
a
t
inc
l
u
d
e
d
ot
h
er cuts an
d
a
h
ig
h
er minimu
m
wage. The latest defeat has businesses
“
feel-
in
g

burned,” sa
y
s Monica Ma
g
uire of the
N
at
i
o
n
al
A
ssoc
i
at
i
o
n
o
f M
a
n
u
f
actu
r
e
r
s.
In

dus-
t
ry p
l
ans to try again,
h
owever, w
h
en Con
-
g
ress returns next mont
h

f
rom its Augus
t
r
ecess,
h
eartene
d

b
y Presi
d
ent George W.
Bush’s stron
g
backin

g
of the tax credit as a
k
e
y
to his American Com
p
etitiveness Initiativ
e
(
S
c
i
enc
e
,
17 February, p. 929).
“
While there
’s
n
ot a lot of time, it
’
s not over,
”
Maguire says.
–ELI KINTISC
H
Gavel Falls on Biolab
Al

oca
l
ju
d
ge wants Massac
h
usetts an
d
Bosto
n
U
niversit
y
to do a more thorou
g
h review o
f
t
he environmental im
p
act of its
p
lanned
b
iosafet
y
level 4 lab in downtown Boston.
Last wee
k
, Su

ff
o
lk
Superior Court Ju
d
ge
Ra
l
p
h
Gants conc
l
u
d
e
d
t
h
at previous assess
-
m
ents hadn’t
p
ut enou
g
h wei
g
ht on alterna
-
t

ive sites or worst-case scenarios for the lab
,
which would handle hi
g
hl
y
toxic substance
s
o
n Boston University
’
s medical campus in th
e
c
ity
’
s South End.
O
pp
onents of the lab, who ar
g
ued in a
lawsuit that the area is too densel
y

p
o
p
ulated
f

or suc
h

b
io
l
o
g
ica
l
wor
k
, were e
l
ate
d
. But
th
e decision won
’
t halt construction of the
$178 mi
ll
ion
b
ui
ld
ing, t
h
e

f
uture o
f
w
h
ic
h,
Gants noted, the rulin
g
does not address
.
T
h
e

u
niversit
y
intends to a
pp
eal
.
–
ANDREW LAWLER
SCIENCESCOPE
PARI
S
—
Y
ou never saw passengers runnin

g
f
or the bathroom on The Love Boat. But in th
e
r
ea
l
wor
ld,
more an
d
more cru
i
se vacat
i
on
s
are
b
e
i
n
g
ru
i
ne
d

by
severe

b
outs o
f

g
astro
-
i
ntestinal disease. They are usually caused by
n
oroviruses, a diverse group that cause
s
r
omance-
killi
n
g
s
y
mptoms suc
h
as
di
arr
h
ea,
v
om
i
t

i
n
g
, an
d
stomac
h
cramps. T
hi
s
y
ear, a
n
etwork of European scientists studyin
g
food-borne viruses has already recorde
d
45 out
b
rea
k
s on s
hi
ps
i
n European waters,
whi
c
h
t

h
e
y
sa
y

i
s a s
h
arp
i
ncrease
f
rom prev
i
-
ous years. A similar burst occurred on U.S.
ships a few years ago.
A meetin
g
is scheduled in September at
th
e Euro
p
ean Centre
f
or D
i
sease Prevent
i

o
n
an
d
Contro
l

(
ECDC
)

i
n Stoc
kh
o
l
m to
di
scus
s
Europe-wide investigation and control strate-
g
ies. In some cases, more than 40% of all pas
-
sen
g
ers on a cru
i
se
h

ave
g
otten
ill
, an
d
severa
l
s
hip
s
h
ave ex
p
er
i
ence
d
out
b
rea
k
s on t
h
ree or
m
ore su
b
se
q

uent tr
ip
s,
d
es
pi
te ster
ili
zat
i
on
attempts in between.
R
esearc
h
ers aren’t rea
lly
sure w
h
at’
s
b
b
e
hi
n
d
t
h
e upsur

g
e
i
n norov
i
rus out
b
rea
k
s
,
whi
c
h

h
ave
b
ecome a ma
j
or
h
ea
d
ac
h
e
f
or
cru

i
se
li
nes. Most
lik
e
ly
,
i
t’s a resu
l
t o
f
a
n
i
ncreased level of norovirus activity in th
e
g
eneral population following the emergence
o
f
new stra
i
ns, sa
y
s ECDC ep
id
em
i

o
l
o
gi
s
t
Den
i
s Cou
l
om
bi
er. An
d
cru
i
se s
hi
ps—
fl
oat
i
n
g
m
inicities with ever-changing populations o
f
h
undreds or thousands of people in a confine
d

space—are a v
i
ra
l
mecca,
j
ust
lik
e man
y
h
osp
i
ta
l
s an
d
nurs
i
n
g

h
omes
.
Norov
i
ruses can
b
e transm

i
tte
d
t
h
roug
h
contaminated food, person-to-person con
-
t
act
(
includin
g
a handshake
)
, and contami
-
nated surfaces such as door handles and ele-
v
ator
b
uttons. T
h
e
y
can even
b
ecome
a

eroso
li
ze
d
an
d

i
n
f
ect
by
stan
d
ers w
h
e
n
s
omeone throws up in public, which is why
r
s
ome ships have special “vomit squads” fo
r
rap
id
c
l
eanup. T
h

orou
gh

di
s
i
n
f
ect
i
on a
f
ter a
tr
i
p can
g
et r
id
o
f
t
h
e v
i
rus, a
l
t
h
ou

gh
crew
members can also carry the virus from one
f
c
ruise to the next, says Ben Lopman o
f
Imper
i
a
l
Co
ll
e
g
e Lon
d
on, an
d
new passen-
g
ers can re
i
ntro
d
uce
i
t
.
d

The
U
.
S
.
C
enters for Disease
C
ontrol an
d
Prevention (CDC) in Atlanta, Georgia, ha
s
o
perated the Vessel Sanitation Pro
g
ram sinc
e
1
973, w
hi
c
h
resu
l
te
d

i
n a stea
dy


d
ec
li
ne
in
n
o
r
ovi
r
us

ou
t
b
r
eaks

u
nt
il
2
000.
B
e
t
wee
n
2001 and 2004, how

e
r
v
er, the numbe
r
i
ncreased almost 10-fold, according to CDC
r
esearc
h
ers. Aroun
d
2002
,
n
orov
i
ruses a
l
so
b
e
g
an
s
tr
iki
ng w
i
t

h

i
ncreas
-
ing frequency in
h
osp
i
ta
l
s
i
n Europe
.
I
n a
2004

t
L
ance
t
paper, a
l
ar
g
e
g
roup

o
f European resear
-
c
hers blamed bot
h
ph
enomena on a ne
w
s
tra
i
n w
i
t
hi
n
g
eno
g
ro
u
p
I
I4, the dominant group of noro-
viruses
,
that took over in 2002. Th
e
stra

i
n, t
h
e
y
su
gg
este
d
, m
igh
t
be
mo
r
e

vi
r
ule
nt
o
r m
o
r
e

e
n
vi

r
o
n-
m
enta
ll
y sta
bl
e, or
f
ew peop
l
e may
h
ave had resistance to it, leading t
o
m
ore widespread disease.
Thi
s
y
ear, two new stra
i
n
s
w
i
t
hi
n t

h
e same
g
eno
g
roup
h
ave
m
ade their debut, says virologis
t
H
arry Vennema of the National
Inst
i
tute
f
or Pu
bli
c Hea
l
t
h
an
d
t
he
E
nv
i

ronment
(
RIVM
)

i
n B
il
t
h
oven,
the Netherlands. He sus
p
ects that noroviruses
,
like influenza, may evade their hosts’ immun
e
sy
stems t
h
rou
gh

f
requent
g
enet
i
c c
h

an
g
es, tr
ig-
g
er
i
n
g

f
res
h
out
b
rea
k
s a
l
on
g
t
h
e wa
y
. T
h
at t
h
e-

o
ry
i
s
h
ar
d
to test,
h
owever,
b
ecause, un
lik
e
flu
viruses, noroviruses can’t be cultured in the la
b
a
nd there is no animal model
.
Al
t
h
ou
gh
cru
i
se compan
i
es are ea

g
er t
o
c
ooperate, sa
y
s RIVM ep
id
em
i
o
l
o
gi
st L
i
n
d
a
Verhoef, studying outbreaks is often logisti
-
c
ally difficult, because by the time loca
l
a
ut
h
or
i
t

i
es
h
ear a
b
out a pro
bl
em, t
h
e cru
i
s
e
ma
y

b
e on
i
ts wa
y.
–
MARTIN ENSERIN
K
G
astrointestinal Virus
S
trikes
European Cruise Ships
INFECTIOUS DISEASES

C
ruise s
h
ips are exce
ll
ent
b
ree
d
ing groun
d
s
f
o
r
noroviruses
(
i
nse
t
)
.
11 A
UGUS
T 2006 V
O
L 313
SC
IEN
C

E
w
ww.sciencema
g
.or
g
74
8
NEWS OF THE WEEK
Optical microscopes gave birth to cell biology
,
revealing a Lilliputian world of mitochondria
,
ch
romosomes
,
an
d
muc
h
more. Yet as
bi
o
l
o
-
gi
sts
g
rew more a

d
ept at
ill
um
i
nat
i
n
g
t
he
c
ell’s interior, light’s physical properties
s
topped their progress dead in its tracks. Th
e
s
o-ca
ll
e
d

diff
ract
i
on
b
arr
i
er

li
m
i
ts reso
l
u
-
t
io
n t
o
2
00
n
a
n
o
m
e
t
e
r
s

i
n t
he

case


of

visible
light, or half the wavelength used
to make an image. To see mor
e
d
eta
il,
sc
i
ent
i
sts
h
a
d
to turn to t
h
e
sh
orter wave
l
en
g
t
h
s o
f
e

l
ectron
microsco
p
es
.
N
ow
,
two research teams have
independentl
y
developed li
g
ht
m
i
croscop
y
tec
h
n
i
ques t
h
at
reso
l
ve o
bj

ects on t
h
e nanomete
r
sca
l
e.
“Th
e

d
iffr
ac
ti
o
n
ba
rri
e
r i
s
not only gone in theory. It’s reall
y
g
one,” sa
y
s p
hy
s
i

c
i
st Ste
f
an He
ll
o
f
t
he
M
a
x P
la
n
ck
In
s
t
i
t
u
t
e

fo
r B
io-
p
ph

ys
i
ca
l
C
h
em
i
stry
i
n Gött
i
ngen
,
Germany, the leader of one of the
g
roups. He an
d
ot
h
ers expect t
he
new met
h
o
d
s to ena
bl
e
bi

o
l
o
gi
sts
to v
i
sua
li
ze
h
ow
p
rote
i
ns
i
nterac
t
with one another and the cell mem-
b
b
rane, and to solve numerous m
y
s
-
ter
i
es a
b

out
h
ow ce
ll
s
f
unct
i
on.
“
I see a whole array of applications,” say
s
Sh
um
i
n
g
N
i
e, a
bi
omo
l
ecu
l
ar en
gi
neer at
Emor
y

Un
i
vers
i
t
y

i
n At
l
anta, Geor
gi
a
.
One o
f
t
h
e new tec
h
n
iq
ues
,
described online in
S
cience thi
s
wee
k


(
www.sc
i
encema
g
.or
g/
c
gi/
content
/
a
b
stract
/
1127344
)

by
p
hysicists Eric Betzig, Haral
d
H
ess, and colleagues, began with a devic
e
a
ssembled in Hess’s living room while both h
e
d

a
n
d
Betz
ig
were unemp
l
o
y
e
d
. Betz
ig

h
a
d
d
pi
oneere
d
a tec
h
n
iq
ue ca
ll
e
d
near-

fi
e
ld
microscopy at Bell Labs in the 1990s, but he
then went to work at his father’s machine tool
c
ompany in Michigan. “I was going through
m
y
m
idlif
e cr
i
s
i
s, [an
d
] I
did
n’t want to
d
o
microscop
y
,” sa
y
s Betzi
g
. Leavin
g

th
e
m
achine company in
2003, he began talking
mi
croscop
y
a
g
a
i
n w
i
t
h
d
Hess, a
l
on
g
t
i
me
f
r
i
en
d
fr

o
m B
e
ll L
abs.

Together, the two
arr
i
ve
d
at a wa
y
t
o
b
r
eak
t
he

diff
r
ac
t
ion
barrier. Using ne
w
t
echnologies for label

-
i
n
g
cellular mach-
inery with light-activ
d
ated
v
v
fl
uorescent mar
k
ers
,
they could “turn on
”
j
ust one molecule at a time. Such
p
i
npo
i
nts o
f

ligh
t can
b
e

l
ocate
d
muc
h
more prec
i
se
ly
t
h
an w
h
en
all are glowing at once. By
slowly mapping the cell mole-
d
cu
l
e
by
mo
l
ecu
l
e, t
h
e
y
cou

ld
p
i
ece to
g
et
h
er a
high
-reso
l
ut
i
on
p
i
cture o
f
t
h
e w
h
o
l
e t
hi
ng.
They constructed a microscope
t
hat flashes a violet li

g
ht at pro
-
r
t
e
i
ns
d
es
ig
ne
d
to act
i
vate un
d
e
r
s
uc
h
ra
y
s. B
y

k
eep
i

n
g
t
h
e
light
New Optics Strategies Cut
T
hrou
g
h Diffraction Barrie
r
MOLECULAR IMAGING
NSF W PI M Th i P d
NSF

W
ants
PI
s to
M
entor
Th
e
i
r
P
ost
d
oc

s
U.S.
f
un
di
n
g
a
g
enc
i
es
h
ave tra
di
t
i
ona
lly
s
teered clear of micromanaging the rela-
tionships between principal investigator
s
(PIs) and their postdocs, although federal
g
rants t
y
p
i
ca

lly
pa
y
t
h
e sa
l
ar
i
es o
f
t
h
es
e
unsun
g

l
a
b

h
eroes. Post
d
ocs sa
y
t
hi
s

h
an
d
s
-
o
ff policy encourages PIs to treat them a
s
s
killed laborers rather than apprentice sci-
e
nt
i
sts. Last wee
k,
t
h
e Nat
i
ona
l
Sc
i
ence
Foun
d
at
i
on
(

NSF
)
too
k
a sma
ll
step towar
d
a
ddressing that complaint with a directive
a
imed at getting scientists to take their men
-
tor
i
n
g
ro
l
e more ser
i
ous
ly
.
A
2 Au
g
ust
l
etter

f
rom t
h
e a
g
enc
y
’s
g
eo
-
s
ciences directorate asks grantees and gran
t
a
pplicants to spell out their mentoring
a
ctivities in both grant proposals and annual
a
n
d

fi
na
l
reports
(
www.ns
f
.

g
ov
/
pu
b
s
/
2006
/
ns
f
06038
/
ns
f
06038.
j
sp
)
. T
h
e
g
oa
l
, sa
y
NS
F
o

fficials, is to make sure that
p
ostdoc
s
a
cquire vital skills such as grant writing,
l
a
b
mana
g
ement, researc
h
et
hi
cs, an
d
teaching at the same time they are advanc
-
ing the frontiers of science. The words ar
e
more o
f
a carrot t
h
an a st
i
c
k
, sa

y
s J
i
m
Ligh
t
b
ourne, a sen
i
or a
d
v
i
ser
i
n t
he
a
gency director’s office, who says h
e
hopes the initiative “will serve as a model
f
or other NSF directorates.”
Th
e
l
etter as
k
s t
h

at PIs re
p
ort s
p
ec
ific
tra
i
n
i
n
g
e
ff
orts an
d

d
escr
ib
e t
h
e
i
r
i
mpact
.
NSF is particularly interested in “highly
e

ffective or innovative ways” of molding the
next
g
enerat
i
on o
f
sc
i
ent
i
sts, notes
g
eo
-
s
c
i
ences
h
ea
d
Mar
g
aret Le
i
nen, w
h
o too
k

the idea from a 2004 NSF worksho
p
o
n
p
ostdoc training. Leinen’s letter includes
a
none-too-su
b
t
l
e rem
i
n
d
er t
h
at suc
h
act
i
v
i-
t
i
es
f
a
ll
w

i
t
hi
n t
h
e sco
p
e o
f
one o
f
t
h
e tw
o
c
r
i
ter
i
a use
d
to
j
u
d
ge grant proposa
l
s
.

A
lthough the letter does not mandat
e
mentoring, it’s “an important first step
”
toward making PIs more accountable, says
Alyson Reed, executive director of th
e
National Postdoctoral Association (NPA)
.
“
We s t
ill

h
ear stor
i
es o
f
PIs
di
scoura
gi
n
g
t
h
e
i
r post

d
ocs
f
rom atten
di
n
g
wor
k
s
h
ops
b
ecause it’ll take time out of their day,” she
s
ays. NPA plans to press the other NS
F
di
rectorates an
d
t
h
e Nat
i
ona
l
Inst
i
tutes o
f

H
ea
l
t
h
to a
d
opt s
i
m
il
ar
g
u
id
e
li
nes
.
Giuseppe Petrucci, a geochemist at the
University of Vermont in Burlington
,
would have liked to see NSF use mor
e
f
orce
f
u
l


l
an
g
ua
g
e: “R
igh
t now,
i
t mere
ly
rea
d
s
lik
e a su
gg
est
i
on t
h
at
g
rantees can
e
asily ignore.” The problem, says Petrucci
,
a
n assistant professor, is that “academi
c

researc
h
ers un
d
erstan
d
t
h
at
g
ra
d
uate stu
-
d
ents nee
d
to
b
e tra
i
ne
d
. But t
h
e
y
ta
k
e post-

d
ocs as being independent. It’s difficult to
c
hange that mindset.”
–YUDHI
J
IT BHATTACHAR
J
E
E
CAREER DEVELOPMENT
CREDITS: HARALD HESS; (INSET) E. BETZIG
ET

AL.
,
SC
IEN
C
E
U
p close. A high-tech microscope, assembled in a living room
(
abo
v
e
),
revealed
m
olecules (red,

i
n
se
t
)
nanometers apart inside a cell’s mitochondria
.
▲
fl
as
h

b
r
i
e
f
an
d
t
h
e
ligh
t extra
di
m, t
h
e sc
i
ent

i
st
s
ensured that just some molecules activate
.
T
hen, the pair zapped the molecules with
a
y
e
ll
ow
ligh
t t
h
at ma
d
e t
h
em
gl
ow
b
r
igh
t
ly

f
or

up to a
f
ew secon
d
s
b
e
f
ore
fl
ar
i
n
g
out. B
y
repeating the process over and over again
—
roughly 10,000 times in all over 2 to 12 hours—
th
e researc
h
ers cou
ld
gat
h
er enoug
h

i

n
f
orma-
ti
on to com
pil
e a “su
p
erma
p
” o
f
t
h
e ce
ll
,
di
s-
ti
n
g
u
i
s
hi
n
g
mo
l

ecu
l
es
j
ust 2 to 25 nanometers
apart in regions with up to 100,000 molecule
s
p
er square micrometer. For example, the
y
assem
bl
e
d

d
eta
il
e
d

i
ma
g
es o
f
t
h
e Go
lgi

appa
-
ratus an
d
t
h
e retrov
i
ra
l
prote
i
n Ga
g

b
oun
d
to
t
he cell’s membrane. “They are, in a sense
,
p
ushing the power of single molecules a
s
nanosca
l
e
ligh
t sources to t

h
e
li
m
i
t,” sa
y
s
W
. E. Moerner, a p
hy
s
i
ca
l
c
h
em
i
st at Stan
f
or
d
U
niversity in Palo Alto, California.
The new technique, dubbed photo-
a
ct
i
vate

d

l
oca
li
zat
i
on m
i
croscopy, current
ly
has a resolution similar to that of electro
n
microscopy. But scientists say that it ha
s
p
otent
i
a
l

f
or even
b
etter reso
l
ut
i
on an
d


f
o
r
e
xam
i
n
i
n
g
prote
i
n-prote
i
n
i
nteract
i
ons, par-
ticularly if fluorescent labels of different
c
olors can be applied to proteins.
He
ll
’s
b
arr
i
er-

b
ust
i
n
g
tec
h
n
i
que, w
hi
c
h
h
e
fi
rst s
k
etc
h
e
d
out
i
n 1994, ta
k
es t
h
e o
pp

o-
s
ite approach from Betzig’s. Instead of turn
-
ing on fluorescently labeled molecules on
e
by
one, He
ll
turns t
h
em o
ff
, us
i
n
g
a
h
o
ll
ow
nee
dl
e o
f

ligh
t t
h

at
d
ar
k
ens a r
i
n
g
o
f
mo
l
e-
c
ules but leaves the ones in the very cente
r
g
lowing. In 2000, Hell tested the tech-
nique—known as stimulated emission
d
ep
l
et
i
on m
i
croscop
y
—on ce
ll

s an
d

f
oun
d
t
h
at
i
t wor
k
e
d
. Last
y
ear
i
n P
hy
sica
l
Review
Lette
r
s
, Hell and colleagues reported eve
n
b
etter resolution in

n
onbiological sam
-
p
les. Now, in the 1 August Proceedings
of the National Academ
y of Sciences
m
,
Hell
a
n
d
co
ll
ea
g
ues report
i
ma
gi
n
g
mo
l
ecu
l
es
15 to 20 nanometers a
p

art
i
n
d
ea
d
ce
ll
s
.
One challenge now is to apply the new
techniques to living cells, whose parts ar
e
of
ten
i
n rap
id
mot
i
on. T
h
e Betz
ig
tec
h
n
i
qu
e

ma
y

f
ace more
h
ur
dl
es
b
ecause
i
t re
li
es o
n
hours of snapshots before building a picture o
f
a
cell’s static state. Still, says Moerner, there’
s
hope that scientists will find ways around the
roa
dbl
oc
k
s. “T
h
e
i

n
g
enu
i
t
y
o
f
peop
l
e a
l
wa
ys
s
urpasses w
h
at we sa
y
can
b
e
d
one,”
h
e sa
y
s.
Fortunately, Hess’s living room won’t b
e

needed anymore. Both Hess and Betzig
h
ave
b
een recru
i
te
d
to
l
ea
d

g
roups at Jane
lia
F
arm, t
h
e new V
i
r
gi
n
i
a campus o
f
t
h
e

H
oward Hughes Medical Institute devote
d
to developing new research techniques.
–J
ENNIFER
CO
UZIN
w
ww.sc
i
encemag.org
SC
IEN
CE
V
O
L 31
3
11 AU
G
U
S
T 2006
7
4
9
NEWS OF THE WEEK
A
stronomers stu

dyi
n
g

g
amma ra
y

b
ursts
(
GRBs
)

h
ave stum
bl
e
d
upon a m
y
ster
y
.
A
pparently, these hugely energetic explo-
sions in the distant universe prefer to go off
i
n p
l

aces w
h
ere at
l
east one
g
a
l
ax
y

li
es
b
b
etween t
h
em an
d
Eart
h
. But
q
uasars, w
hi
c
h
are a
l
so very remote,

d
on’t s
h
are t
h
at pre
f
er-
ence—and nobody can explain why. “It’s a
v
ery puzz
li
ng resu
l
t,” says Krzyszto
f
Stane
k
o
f
O
hi
o State Un
i
vers
i
t
y

i

n Co
l
um
b
us.
Ea
rli
e
r
obse
r
va
ti
o
n
s

o
f th
ousa
n
ds

of
quasars (the luminous nuclei of
distant galaxies) showed tha
t
a
b
out a

q
uarter o
f
t
h
em
b
or
e
th
e spectroscop
i
c
fi
n
g
e
r
p
r
i
nt
s
of foreground galaxies. But when
a team led by Jason Prochask
a
an
d
Ga
b

r
i
e
l
Proc
h
ter o
f
t
h
e Un
i
-
v
ers
i
t
y
o
f
Ca
lif
orn
i
a, Santa Cruz,
did the same analysis fo
r
1
4 GRBs with known distances
,

t
he
y
found one or more fore
-
g
roun
d

g
a
l
ax
i
es
i
n a
l
most ever
y
case. In a
p
a
p
er acce
p
te
d

f

or
p
u
b
-
l
i
ca
ti
o
n i
n
Astrophysical Journal
L
L
etter
s
,
they describe the find as
“aston
i
s
hi
n
g
.”
P
r
ochaska


a
n
d

his

col
-
l
eagues have studied severa
l
p
p
ossible explanations for th
e
fi
n
d
. Dust a
b
sorpt
i
on
i
n t
h
e
f
ore
g

roun
d
g
a
l
ax
i
es m
igh
t
b
e
diff
erent
f
or quasars
an
d
GRBs,
i
n ways t
h
at o
b
scure mor
e
quasars. Large-scale gravitational lensin
g
b
b

y the intervening galaxies might boost
th
e
b
r
igh
tness o
f
GRBs an
d
so ma
k
e t
h
e
m
easier to detect. Finally, the galaxylike
features in the GRB spectra might come
f
rom t
h
e “
h
ome
g
a
l
ax
y
” o

f
t
h
e
b
urst, not
a
f
ore
g
roun
d

g
a
l
ax
y
. But, sa
y
s cosmo
l
o
gi
st
Mart
i
n Rees o
f
Cam

b
r
id
ge Un
i
vers
i
ty
in
t
he U.K.
,
“as the authors themselves real
-
i
ze
d
, none o
f
t
h
e
i
r su
gg
este
d
exp
l
anat

i
ons
w
or
k
s ver
y
we
ll
.”
I
n an as-
y
et-unpu
bli
s
h
e
d
paper,
h
ow
-
ever
,
a team of Ohio astronomers includ-
i
n
g
Stane

k
an
d
Step
h
an Fran
k
c
l
a
i
m t
h
e
y
can ex
pl
a
i
n Proc
h
as
k
a’s resu
l
t
i
n a
p
art

i
c-
ular set of circumstances: if the gas in th
e
foreground galaxies is clumpy and the
ligh
t-em
i
tt
i
n
g
re
gi
on o
f
a quasar
i
s
bigg
e
r
t
h
an t
h
e correspon
di
ng reg
i

on o
f
t
h
e
fi
re
-
b
all of a GRB. Stanek concedes that this i
s
j
ust the reverse of common astroph
y
sica
l
w
i
s
d
om,
b
ut,
h
e sa
y
s, “
i
t’s at
l

east a p
l
aus
i-
d
bl
e ex
pl
anat
i
on t
h
at s
h
ou
ld

b
e
l
oo
k
e
d
into.” However, the Ohio proposal has me
t
with quite a bit of criticism, says Frank.
Cou
ld
t

h
e resu
l
t
b
e
d
ue to c
h
ance?
A
f
ter a
ll
, t
h
e num
b
er o
f
GRBs use
d

i
n t
he
f
s
tu
d

y
i
s re
l
at
i
ve
l
y sma
ll
. Ken Lanzetta o
f
k
Stony Brook University in New Yor
k
t
hi
n
k
s so. “I
f
I
h
a
d
to
b
et
,


I
wou
ld
sa
y
t
hi
s
i
s t
h
at one-
i
n-
t
10,000 stat
i
st
i
ca
l

fl
u
k
e t
h
a
t
happens every now and then,

”
he says. “It will probably go
a
wa
y
w
h
en more o
b
servat
i
ons
b
ecome ava
il
a
bl
e.
W
e’
ll

h
ave to
wa
it
a
n
d


see.
”
r
I
f the puzzle remains afte
r
15 or 30 more
G
RBs are ana
-
ly
ze
d
,
h
owever, t
h
en “some
-
thing very strange must b
e
t
going on,” Lanzetta says. Bu
t
r
c
osmologist Jeremiah Ostrike
r
of
Pr

i
nceton Un
i
vers
i
t
y

i
s con-
fide
nt t
ha
t
a

solu
t
io
n
will

be
found. Meanwhile, Pr
o
c
h
as
k
a

s
ays he would welcome any
s
u
gg
est
i
ons. “I’m
d
esperat
e
e
nou
gh
to cons
id
er out-o
f
-t
h
e-
b
ox
id
eas,
”
he says. “I’m stuck at the moment.”
–
GO
VERT

SC
HILLIN
G
Govert Schillin
g
is an astronom
y
writer in Amersfoort
,
th
e Net
h
er
l
an
d
s.
Do
G
amma Ray Bursts Always Line Up With
G
alaxies
?
ASTRONOMY
Quasars
Gamma Ray Bursts
F
ore
g
roun

d

g
a
l
axies
Sp
oo
ky
, or w
h
at
?
L
i
gh
t
f
rom most
g
amma ra
y

b
ursts seems to
p
ass t
h
rou
gh


a
g
a
l
ax
y
en route to Eart
h
, un
l
i
k
e
l
i
gh
t
f
rom simi
l
ar
ly

d
istant
q
uasars
.