đại học cần thơ
đại học cần thơ đại học cần thơ
đại học cần thơ -

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tài liệu nghiên cứu khoa học
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đất hữu cơ và than bùn
(histosols)






Biên soạn bởi Võ-Tòng Anh, 1988
Dùng để giảng dạy cho các lớp Tập Huấn Ngắn Hạn Chuyên Đề

Âáút hæîu cå vaì than buìn (Histosols)
Voî-Toìng Anh, 1998
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Âáút hæîu cå vaì than buìn (Histosols)
Voî-Toìng Anh, 1998
4
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Âáút hæîu cå vaì than buìn (Histosols)
Voî-Toìng Anh, 1998
5
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ltWUVS+
.KQJFRPMDURVLWHPDXYDQJUPYLSKPDXKXH<YDVFPDXFKURPDOQ
KQKRFEQJ
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3. CHÇA KHOÏA PHÁN LOAÛI CHO NHOÏM ÂÁÚT CHÊNH VAÌ ÂÅN VË ÂÁÚT
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 &DFORDLWFRWQJ+KD\WQJ2GD\WLWKLXFPGD\WLWKLXFPQXWKDQK
SKQFDFYWOLXKXFFKX\XODVSKDJQXPKD\UXKD\FRGXQJWURQJQKRKQ0J
P
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SKQEGDLWURQJVXWGD\WPWWKRFFRWQJFKLXGDLWURQJYRQJFPWQJ
WPWFKLXGD\FXDWQJ+KD\WQJ2FRWKPRQJKQQXQPWUQDKRFFDFYW
OLXPDQKYNKDFPDWURQJRJLDFDFNHQWFOS\ELFKWKXF
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+,67262/6+6

+LVWRVROVFRSHUPDIURVWWURQJYRQJFPOSWPW*HOLF+LVWRVROV+VL

&DF +LVWRVROV NKDF FR WQJ VXOIXULF KD\ YW OLX VXOILGLF WURQJ
YRQJFPWQJPW7KLRQLF+LVWRVROV+VW

&DF+LVWRVROVNKDFWKRDWWKX\WWYDNKQJEDRJLEDRKRDQF
KQPWYDLQJD\WURQJQP)ROLF+LVWRVROV+VO

&DF+LVWRVROVNKDFFRFKWKXFWLKD\WESKQKX\WURQJ
RKDPOQJVLFKLPDVQVXFPKD\KQWPW
WWKRDWWKX\UWNHPKD\QJSXQJ)LEULF+LVWRVROV+VI


&DF+LVWRVROVNKDF&DF+LVWRVROVQD\FKDFDFYWOLXKXFFR
SKQKX\FDRYLPWOQJQKRFDFVLWKFYWFRQVRWODLFR
WK TXDQ VDW F YD FR PDX [DP UW P Q HQ WL  VX
FPKD\KQWPWWFRWKRDWWKX\NHPQUWNHP 7HUULF+LVWRVROV+VV

Âáút hæîu cå vaì than buìn (Histosols)
Voî-Toìng Anh, 1998
6
4. ÂÀÛC TÊNH VÀÕN TÀÕT CUÍA HISTOSOLS
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<vQJKDWKDQEXQO\WKXWWFKF+\/DSKLVWRVVL

0XFKW
YWOLXKXFSKQKX\FRQVRWODLFRKD\NKQJFDFYWOLXFSKDWFDW
WKWVHWNKRDQJ
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0LWUQJ
DV+LVWRVROVFKQKWKDQKYXQJEFEDQFXltQKQJYXQJNKDF
+LVWRVROVFJLLKDQWKXKHSODLWDLQKQJYXQJPWUXQJYDWKXQJOXQJYLVX
PFQFQJPJQPWWYDWUQQKQJYXQJFDRYLW\VOQJPDWUQEFWKRDW
KLQFFDR

3KDWWULQSKXGLQKXKWWKXFQKRPSKXGLQ+KD\+&U6ELQLFXD[DFED
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F\WUQJTXDFDFWLQWUQKSKQKX\VLQKKRDKRFWDLFKFXQJQKVWKDQKOSFXDFDF
YWOLXKXFWDRUDPWWKDPWQJPWFKDWRDQWWL[S9WOLXKXFELQWQK
QD\FRWKWFKWXWKDQKQKQJWQJOSGD\YDPWSKQEUDWULYDRWURQJQQW
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6GXQJ
WWKDQEXQWKQJFVGXQJFKRQKLXGDQJOPQJKLSYDKRFQJFR

KD\JLQJX\Q

5. PHÁN BÄÚ CUÍA HISTOSOLS

 7KDQEXQEDRSKXPWGLQWFKSKRQJRDQWULXKDWUQWRDQWKJLL[HP
KQK.KRDQJWULXKDWWKDQEXQFSKQEEFEDQFXYLNKKXQL
QK%F0\&KXhXYD&KX$v3KQFRQODLFSKQEYXQJQKLWLYDDQKLW
LYLWQVXW[XWKLQFKX\XODKQKWKDQKWUQQKQJYXQJQJSWULXYHQELQFXD
iQJ1DP$vQLPDNKRDQJWULXKDWWKDQEXQEQKLPSKHQKLQGLQ

Âáút hæîu cå vaì than buìn (Histosols)
Voî-Toìng Anh, 1998
7

+QK+LVWRVROVWUQWKJLL

6. NGUÄÖN GÄÚC PHAÏT SINH CUÍA HISTOSOLS

 6WFKWXWKDQEXQOXQOXQFROLQTXDQQFDFLXNLQPDWURQJRYWOLX
KXFFWDRWKDQKELPWORDLWKDPWKFYWWKFKQJYDVSKQKX\VLQKKRDKRF
FXDFDF[DFEDWKFYWENPFKODLGR

 1KLWWKSYDKRF
 1JSQFYDKRF
 5WFKXDKD\NLWGLQKGQJГJLDX[\ROLJRWURSK\YDKRF
 &RVKLQGLQFXDTXDQKLXFDWLRQKD\FDFFFKWKXF

+QKGL\FKRWK\WQJOQJGWKDFXDFDFYWOLXKXFFRWKF
WFKWXWURQJFDFLXNLQQJSXQJQJD\FDWURQJPLWUQJNKKXQKLWL


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+QK &DFPFWDRWKDQK$YDSKQKX\%FXDFKWKXFELQWKLQWKHRQKLWWURQJQPYDWKQJ
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Âáút hæîu cå vaì than buìn (Histosols)
Voî-Toìng Anh, 1998
8
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Âáút hæîu cå vaì than buìn (Histosols)
Voî-Toìng Anh, 1998
9
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Âáút hæîu cå vaì than buìn (Histosols)
Voî-Toìng Anh, 1998
10
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FRQJXQJFGRPD+LRDQWKDQEXQWYDLSKQWQKREDQXFKX\XPO\
WURQJSKDPYLPWQJEQJVDXRVHFQLOLQWKDQKPWNKLWKDQEXQWKQJQKW
YDUQJOQ
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ltYXQJQLWKDQEXQFRQJXQJFDKQKQJKHRFKWKXFDSKQKX\FWP
WK\WURQJQKQJYXQJWKDQEXQWUQUQJJLDFXQJQKWKDQEXQKQKWKDQKWPO\
PDWKDPWKFYWODFRKRDQJ9XQJFRWKDQEXQYLYWOLXFKWKXFSKQKX\NKD
WUQYXQJWWKDQEXQFRQJXQJFWPDFKX\XODWKDQEXQGRUX6SKDJQXPWDR
WKDQK
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ltYXQJQKLWLKXKWWKDQEXQWUQDKQKWKSODWKDQEXQFRQJXQJFWPD
WKDQEXQEDRJPOXQFDFDFPDQKYXQJFXDUQJJLDltDKQKFDRFXQJQKYXQJ
EDQQKLWLWKDQEXQFKX\XFRQJXQJFWDKQKYDFKDKDPOQJPDQKYXQ

FXDJWKQ
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.KLFKLXGD\FXDYDWKDQEXQFRQPRQJWKDPWKFYWFRQFRWKUXWFKWGLQK
GQJWOSWNKRDQJEQGL.KWKDQEXQWLSWXFSKDWWULQQNKLDWGD\
QKWQKQDRROXFQD\UWKFYWNKQJFRQFRWKYLFOSWNKRDQJEQGL
PWVF\WUQJJLDPLURUWGRGLQKGQJWURQJOSWKDQEXQQD\EUDWULLKD\E
FQK&KFRQKQJORDLWKFYWWKFKQJFYLLXNLQQD\FRQWQWDL7KDQK
SKQFDFORDLFXQJJLDP+LQWQJFKXQJQKWFRWKJKLQKQFODPWUQJGD\
PO\YLKQKSQKLXORDLWKFYWEDQXWKRDLKRDWKDQKUQJFKJPPWORDL
KD\PWVUWWORDLQKWQKQDRRYDVDXRQQKLPFXDPWUQJFQFL
NKQJFRQVDQVLQKUDXYWOLXKXFFKRVSKDWWULQWKHRFKLXGRFFXDWKDQEXQ
*LLKDQQD\NHPWKHRYLVSKDWWULQNKQJQJQJWKHRFKLXQJDQJJLDLWKFKNLX
KQKGDQJYRPQQJFDROQFXDPWORDLWKDQEXQFRQJXQJFWPD
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7FSKDWWULQGRWFKWXWKHRFKLXGRFFXDWKDQEXQWX\WKXFYDRWKDPWKF
YWYDRWXLSKDWVLQKFXDYDWKDQEXQYDYDRQKLX\XWNKDFEQQJRDL7FSKDW
WULQFRFKLXKQJJLDPWKHRWKLJLDQWKHRWFFSVQKQ&DFSKQWFKQKWXL
WKHRSKQJSKDSQJYSKRQJ[D&
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WUQFDFYWOLXWKDQEXQ6DUDZDNYD,QGRQHVLD
FKRWK\WFSKDWWULQEDQXDWQPPQP
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YDVDXRJLDPWKHRWKLJLDQ
VDXQWKN\[XQJQPPQP
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YDGD\FXQJJLDPWKHRQP
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7KDQEXQFRQJXQJFDKQKWKQJFRPFSKQKX\WWWURQJVXWGD\
WQJWKDQEXQ6SKQWQJWKHRORDLWKFYWWURQJYDWKDQEXQFRQFRWKSKQELW
FQKQJKXKWFDFPWKFYWESKQUDGLWDFQJQKH&DFYWOLXVDSULFQK

Y\WDRUDPWYWWKFKRFDFORDLWKDQEXQWKX\FSQKQJFRQKLXQJRDLONKDFQKDX
Âáút hæîu cå vaì than buìn (Histosols)
Voî-Toìng Anh, 1998
11
5QJQJSPQEDRJPFDFYWOLXKXFFKDSKQKX\ILEULFJLRQYDWKODPWY
GX7UDQJWKDLWUXQJJLDQKHPLFFXQJWKQJJSWKDQEXQFRQJXQJFDKQK
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7. ÂÀÛC TÊNH CUÍA HISTOSOLS
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5RUDQJODFDFFWQKFXDPW+LVWRVROF[DFQKELORDLWKDQEXQFKLXGD\
WKDQKSKQORDLWKFYWWDRWKDQKWKDQEXQV[SOSQJQKWQHQGHKDP
OQJJKDPOQJNKRDQJYDPFSKQKX\FXDYWOLXWKDQEXQYDTXDYLFDQK
JLDFDF\XWEQQJRDLNKDF'RRFKFRQKQJPWDNKDLTXDWYFWQKWWKDQ
EXQFRWKFDUD
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+XKWFDF+LVWRVROVXFRWQJ+GD\KQFPWUQPWOSWNKRDQJEQ
GLENKTXDQKQPSKXGLQ++&UYD+FUODFXKQKWKQJWK\QKWiWYL
WQJPWRQJPXQPRQJKQFPFXQJFJRLODPW+LVWRVROFKNKLFDFYWOLX
KXFQPQJD\EQWUQWKPDFQJQKQJEQKWKQJFKXQJOD)OXYLVROV*OH\VROV
KD\*OH\LF3RG]ROVFDFQKRPWFKQKWKQJKLQGLQFKXQJYDFROLQTXDQPW
WKLWYL+LVWRVROV6FKPLGW/RUHQ]
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QJPJQPWW9XQJWUXQJWPFXDWKDQEXQFRQJXQJFDKQKYDFDFKQKWKDQK
GRQFPDVDXRWKQJ[X\QEQJSQF9XQJYDQKDLFXDFDFYDWKDQEXQO
WKLQWKNKKQPWWGRWKRDWQFWURQJOF
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iFWQKO\KRF

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7KDQEXQFRQJXQJFGRPD)LEULF+LVWRVROVFRQHQGHWKSWURQJLX
NLQWQKLQYLGXQJWURQJLQKQKWURQJNKRDQJQ0JP
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SKQEQWUQ
YQFRQFKDFDFYWOLXUQVRYLSKQEQGLSKXGLQYDFRGXQJWURQJWQ
0JP
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9LFNKDLWKDFWKRDWWKX\YDWUQJWURWWWKDQEXQRLKRLJLDWUGXQJWURQJ
FDR KQ  0JP
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 VDX PW YDL QP WKDQ EXQ E SKQ KX\ WKP YD NW FKW 7HUULF
+LVWRVROV
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7\WURQJFXDYWOLXWKDQEXQYLKDPOQJYWOLXNKRDQJWKSWKQWKHR
WURQJ OQJOXQ OXQQP WURQJNKRDQJ 0JP
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iLXQD\ FKQJWR UQJSKQ W
NKQJ GXQJWURQJW\WURQJFXDWKDQEXQILEULFFRQJXQJFWPDODP
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3KQ[DFEDFDFWQJEQGLFKFKLPWQWKHRWKWFKSKQUQ

Âáút hæîu cå vaì than buìn (Histosols)
Voî-Toìng Anh, 1998
12
7KDQEXQWQKLQFRWKJLFKDPOQJQFFDR7X\QKLQQXWENK
LQJLLKDQSKQQFKXWJLFENLWVDXRQXEQJSWUODLFDFSKQWNHR

QD\VHNKQJKXWQFWUODLQDPDOXFQD\FDFYLQGDQJEWVHNKQJFRQFR\QJKD
QDFKRFDQKWDFQQJQJKLSYDQKD\FDPFDRYL[RLPRQ
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iFWQKKRDKRF
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6ELQQJOQFXDFDFFWQKO\KRFFXD+LVWRVROVQKDQXWUQNHRWKHRV
ELQQJNKQJNHPYFDFFWQKKRDKRF+XKWFDFORDLWWKDQEXQXFRWQK
DFLGWKDQEXQFRQJXQJFWPDWKUWFKXDSKQYDFKDWKQYWOLX
NKRDQJ 3KQYWOLXKXFEDRJPOLJQLQFHOOXORVHKHPLFHOOXORVHYDPWWSURWHLQ
VDSWDQLQUHVLQVXEHULQYY7KDQEXQYLWKDQKSKQODURQJFRQJXQJFWPDQ
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,QGRQHVLDFKDNKRDQJODOLJQLQYLKDPOQJFHOOXORVHYDKHPLFHOOXORVHFKFKLP
Q WURQJOQJ NK+DP OQJFHOOXORVH WUQWKDQ EXQFRQJXQJFDKQK
YXQJQKLWLFDRKQKDPOQJOLJQLQQKODWKDQEXQYXQJQLQKQJQQD\
YQFKDFRFDFRDFQKOQJFXWKWUQWWKDQEXQFRQJXQJFDKQKYXQJ
QKLWL
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[DFEDWKFYWWLPDFWQJKSWURQJTXDWUQKFKX\QKRDFXDYLVLQKYWYWOLX
KXPLFPWKQKSJLDFDFDFLGKXPLQKXPLFYDIXOYLF&DFYWOLXKXPLFWDRWKDQK
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WULUDNKRLWKDQEXQEQJQFVQJQJRLDQ+DPOQJFDFQJX\QWFDRKQ
WQJPWSKDQDQKFKXWUQKGLFKX\QFXDFDFQJX\QWELWKFYW&KX\UQJPW
SKQOQFDFQJX\QWYLOQJWURQJKWKQJFWUWURQJWKDPWKFYWKDPOQJ
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OQJWUQWWKDQEXQQJX\QWKX\FDFQJX\QWKLQGLQYLKDPOQJFDRQKW
FPWQJPW9LFQF\KRDWQJFXDTXDWUQKNKDLWKDFWUQWWKDQEXQSKDY
WKFWQD\GRFKXWUQKGLFKX\QGLQKGQJEJLDQRDQYLFSKRQJWKFKGLQKGQJ

WFDFYWOLXSKQKX\YDVLQKNKLODPJLDWQJYLFUDWULFKWGLQKGQJFXQJQK
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VDFKLWURQJNKLKDPOQJ&D2YD0J2FR[XKQJJLDWQJ+DPOQJ1D&OYD62
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WX\WKXFUWOQYDRLXNLQFXWKQKNKRDQJFDFKQEELQYDVKLQGLQFXD
S\ULWHWURQJWKDQEXQ

Âáút hæîu cå vaì than buìn (Histosols)
Voî-Toìng Anh, 1998
13
+DPOQJ1WURQJWKDQEXQGDRQJWURQJNKRDQJQNJ1KD
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WUQ
FPFKLXGD\QKQJFKFRPWSKQQKRGDQJGWLX
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8. QUAÍN LYÏ VAÌ SÆÍ DUÛNG HISTOSOLS
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7KDQEXQWQKLQFQFWKRDWWKX\FRWKWUQJWURWFFDFORDLF\WUQJ
FDQ&DFGDQNKDLWKDFFRTX\KRDFKKLQQD\UWWYXQJQLQLPDKDQJWULXKD

DFWKRDWWKX\7KDQEXQYXQJQKLWLWKQJFNKDLNKQODFDFELQQJ
GQFXQJQKPWWGLQWFKNKDOQGRFKQKSKXWKFKLQ1XNKQJNQNLQKSK
XWQQJGQWKQJWKXOLFDRKQFKQKSKXGRYLFFKRQFKGGDQJKQYD
WKQJFRNLQKQJKLPWDLFKQKLXKQPDNKQJSKDLWKQJKLPQKLXOQ
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&DLWDRWWKDQEXQWKQJOXQOXQEWXWYLF[\GQJFDFNLQKQKR
WKRDWQF1KODPWTX\OXWWKDPWKFYWFFKDODLYWKDPWKFYWQD\JLXS
YLFUXWQFFQKDQKKQ7KRDWQFFNKRDQJPVX[HPQKDW\XFX+
WKQJWKRDW QFWQJ KSNKQJ FNKX\QFDRGRDQKKQJQDKQKYDFDR
WUQKFKXQJ7URQJWKFWVWKRDWQFQD\ODPWYLFODPRLKRLNLQKQJKLPYDFDF
FQJWKFFKXQJDSGXQJFKRWNKRDQJWKNKQJFRJLDWU
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6DXPWWKLJLDQVGXQJKWKQJWKRDWQFSKDLFLXFKQKODLYFDFF
WQKFXDWKDQEXQWKD\LiWKPQFFXDWKDQEXQFRWKJLDPGRVQHQGHFXDFDF
WNKQJ OQV KQKWKDQK FXDWQJ WFKWX VHW KD\DQK KQJEL TXDWUQKFD\[L
1JFODLWFRWKWUQQFRWQKWKPWWKQGRVSKQKX\FXDFDF[DFEDWKFYW
GDQJJODPFDFNKRDQJWUQJFKDQFKD\GRVJLDWQJKRDWQJFXDYLVLQKYW
UQJYWKD\VKQKWKDQKFDFYWQW1QJGQYXQJQKLWLWKFKFDFKWKQJ
UDQKPQJWKRDWQFFDQFDREQJWD\YDFRWKFYHWVXWKPNKLFQWKLW
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7KWNKRDQKJLDFKQK[DFQNKLQDR
WKDQEXQDFFDLWDR[RQJ9LFFDLWDR
YDWUQJWURW[HQOQQD\OXQ[D\UDYDLNKLYLFWUQJWURWODPWSKQFXDVFDLWDR
7URQJPWYDLQPXVDXNKLNKDLKRDQJFDFORDLF\WUQJFRWKFKRQQJVXWWWGR
GLQKGQJEDQXFRQVRWODLWQJPWYDWURQJSKQWURFXDWKDQEXQVDXNKLEW
L6SKQENKQJXFDFFKWGLQKGQJQD\WUQQJUXQJJLDLWKFKVVLQK
WUQJNKQJQJXFXDFDFNKXUXQJPLFDLWDRWURQJPWYDLQPX6DXYDL
QPNKLTXDWUQKWKRDWWKX\WUQPWWWQJLDW\XFXF\OXQPYDF\EXL
FRWKFWUQJ&KXQJFRWKVLQKWUQJWUXQJEQKWURQJPWWKLJLDQQKQJQQJ
VXW VH JLDP QX NKQJ ERQ SKQ 1L PD SKQ ERQ OD \X W KDQFK QQJGQ FR

NKX\QKKQJWWKDQEXQSKRQJWKFKGLQKGQJYDWQJSKWQJPW
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iWWKDQEXQDEWQJODKRDWQJFRWDFGXQJNFKWKFKF\WUQJSKDWWULQWW
KQQKQJFDFO\GRFKQKDQJFXDWFXQJQKFDFDQKKQJFKLWLWFXDQRFRQDQJ
Âáút hæîu cå vaì than buìn (Histosols)
Voî-Toìng Anh, 1998
14
ODYQFQWKDROXQ1KQJQJLXQJKFKRJLDWKLWQD\FKRUQJTXDWUQKWQD\
NKQJWDFKDLKQODTXDWUQK[\KRDWURQJWKLJLDQGDLEQFDQKYLFSKRQJWKFKGLQK
GQJ13.&D0J6YDYLFKRDQODLFKWGLQKGQJQD\FKRF\WUQJKLXTXD
KQ1KQJQJLNKQJXQJKFKRJLDWKLWQD\FKRUQJTXDWUQKWSKRQJWKFKDP
YDVXOIXUYDRNKTX\QYDFDFGLQKGQJNKDFEUDWULYLPWOQJOQUDNKRLWQJ
PW9LFODPPWJLDWUFXLFXQJPDDLFXQJFRWKWK\FODVPWLFXWUXFW
WQJDFKD\WKQJODSKQWWQKWFXDSKXGLQYDNWTXDODPWWNKQJEQJ
SKQJODPW\XWSKXDQJFRQFWUDQKOXQWUQWKJLL[XQJTXDQKYLFWWKDQ
EXQQD\
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%RQYLYDSKQERQDWQQJVXWWLDWUQWKDQEXQFRQJXQJFWPDOD
WLFQWKLW7KPYDRYLFERQQKLXYLFDFORDLSKQ13YD.SKDLFERQYDRFXQJ
YLPWOQJQKRVXOIXU&X=Q0Q0RYD)H
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