Encyclopedia of
Nursing Research, Second Edition
Joyce J. Fitzpatrick, PhD, RN, FAAN
Editor-in-Chief
Meredith Wallace, PhD, APRN-BC
Associate Editor
Fitz ENR title pps 8/3/05 4:10 PM Page 2
J
OYCE
J
.
F
ITZPATRICK,
P
H
D
,
MBA, RN, FAAN,
is the Elizabeth Brooks Ford Professor of Nursing, Frances
Payne Bolton School of Nursing, Case Western Reserve
University in Cleveland Ohio where she was Dean from
1982 through 1997. She has received numerous honors
and awards including the American Journal of Nursing
Book of the Year Award 18 times. Dr. Fitzpatrick is widely
published in nursing and health care literature. She is
senior editor of the Annual Review of Nursing Research
series, now in its 23rd volume. In 1998 Dr. Fitzpatrick
was senior editor of the first volume of the classic Encyclo-
pedia of Nursing Research as well as a series of Research
Digests, including Nursing Research Digest, Maternal

Child Health Nursing Research Digest, Geriatric Nursing
Research Digest, and Psychiatric Mental Health Nursing
Research Digest. She has coedited four books focused on nurses and the internet: Internet
Resources for Nurses (2000) and Nurses Guide to Consumer Health Web Sites (2001), Essen-
tials of Internet Use for Nurses (2002) and Internet for Nursing Research (2004). Dr. Fitzpa-
trick has provided consultation on nursing education and research throughout the world,
including universities and health ministries in Africa, Asia, Australia, Europe, Latin America,
and the Middle East.
M
EREDITH
W
ALLACE,
P
H
D
,
APRN-BC, has been a
nurse since she completed her BSN degree Magna Cum
Laude at Boston University in 1988. Following this, she
earned an MSN in medical-surgical nursing with a spe-
cialty in geriatrics from Yale University and a PhD in
nursing research and theory development at New York
University. During her time at NYU she was awarded a
predoctoral fellowship at the Hartford Institute for Geriat-
ric Nursing. In this capacity she became the original author
and editor of Try This: Best Practices in Geriatric Nursing
series. In 2001, she won the Springer Publishing Company
Award for Applied Nursing Research. She was the Manag-
ing Editor of the Journal of Applied Nursing Research
and is currently the research brief editor for the journal.

She is the author of numerous journal articles and book
chapters. Dr Wallace published Prostate Cancer: Nursing Assessment Management and Care,
in April 2002, which won the American Journal of Nursing Book of the Year Award. Preceding
this, she was the Associate Editor of The Geriatric Nursing Research Digest, which also won
the American Journal of Nursing Book of the Year Award in 2002. She is the recent recipient
of the Eastern Nursing Research Society/John A. Hartford Foundation junior investigator
award. Dr. Wallace is currently an Associate Professor and the Elizabeth DeCamp McInerney
Chair in Health Sciences at Fairfield University School of Nursing, in Fairfield, CT.
Encyclopedia of
Nursing Research, Second Edition
Fitz ENR title pps 8/3/05 4:10 PM Page 1
Copyright © 2006 by Springer Publishing Company, Inc.
All rights reserved.
No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a re-
trieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, elec-
tronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without
the prior permission of Springer Publishing Company, Inc.
Springer Publishing Company, Inc.
11 West 42nd Street
New York, NY 10036
Acquisitions Editor: Ruth Chasek
Production Editor: Sara Yoo
Cover design by Joanne Honigman
Typeset by International Graphic Services, Inc., Newtown, PA
0506070809/54321
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Encyclopedia of nursing research / Joyce J. Fitzpatrick and
Meredith Wallace [editors]. — 2nd ed.
p. ; cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.

ISBN 0-8261-9812-0
1. Nursing—Research—Encyclopedias. 2. Evidence-based nurs-
ing—Encyclopedias. I. Fitzpatrick, Joyce J., 1944- . II. Wallace,
Meredith, PhD, RN.
[DNLM: 1. Nursing Research—Encyclopedias—English.
2. Evidence-Based Medicine—methods. WY 13 E5632 2006]
RT81.5.E53 2006
610.73'072—dc22 2005017674
Printed in the United States of America by Maple-Vail Book
Manufacturing Group.
C
ONTENTS
Advisory Board vii
Preface ix
Contributors xi
List of Entries xxxiii
Encyclopedia of Nursing Research A-Z 1
References 637
Appendix: Contributors to the First Edition 755
Subject Index 767
v

A
DVISORY
B
OARD
Patricia Archbold, PhD, RN, FAAN Joanne S. Stevenson, PhD, RN,
FAANProfessor
School of Nursing Professor Emerita
College of NursingOregon Health Sciences University

Portland, OR The Ohio State University and
Rutgers University
Marie J. Cowan, PhD, RN, FAAN
Columbus, OH and Newark, NJ
Professor and Dean
School of Nursing Diana Taylor, PhD, RN, FAAN
Professor EmeritusUniversity of California Los Angeles
Los Angeles, CA School of Nursing
University of California, San
Barbara Given, PhD, RN, FAAN
Francisco
Professor
San Francisco, CA
College of Nursing
Michigan State University Nancy F. Woods, PhD, RN, FAAN
Professor and DeanLansing, MI
School of Nursing
Angela Barron McBride, PhD, RN,
University of Washington
FAAN
Seattle, WA
Professor
School of Nursing
Indiana University
Indianapolis, IN

P
REFACE
This second edition of the Encyclopedia of Nursing Research (ENR), like the first, is a
comprehensive, yet concise and authoritative guide to existing nursing research literature. It

charts the course of nursing research since 1983 when the first edition of the Annual Review
of Nursing Research (ARNR) was published.
The original edition of ENR, published in 1998, grew from a long-standing commitment
of the publisher, Dr. Ursula Springer, to the field of nursing, and my commitment to nurse
scholars around the globe. The original encyclopedia followed 15 years of publication of the
ARNR series. This second edition of ENR follows publication of 22 volumes of ARNR and
incorporates the research topics included in the ARNR series. Through these formative years
of nursing science, I have had the privilege of serving as editor of the ARNR series and
witnessing the rapid growth of knowledge and expertise in nursing research. Having served
as editor for the first edition of ENR, I am joined in this edition by Meredith Wallace, the
Associate Editor.
Nurse researchers and graduate students in nursing will be the primary audience for this
edition of ENR. Yet, as with the first edition, nurses in all phases of education, from basic to
doctoral, from formal university and college-based programs to continuing education offerings,
within all health systems, will find this an important introduction to current nursing research
topics. The alphabetical list of entries is provided to assist the reader in quickly finding the
relevant term. While every effort was made to include the most comprehensive list of entries,
based on both a literature review of key terms in journals and the ARNR series and the expert
advice of the Advisory Board members, we are cognizant of the fact that some terms may
have been overlooked. Thus, we encourage readers to advise us of new terms that should be
added to the already extensive list.
This project has been one of the most rewarding endeavors of my professional career. It
has been met with a great deal of professional interest and, most importantly, an extra measure
of enthusiasm by students at all levels. The References section lists the most critical references
on each topic. It is this attention to key references that may be of most use to graduate students
who wish to pursue a topic in more depth.
This publication would not have been possible without the experts in nursing research who
authored the hundreds of entries. Each author, some of whom have contributed multiple
entries, deserves thanks for the written entries, for the willingness to respond to strict guidelines
and page and reference limitations, and, of course, for adhering to a very demanding time

line for publication. Distilling one’s life work into a few hundred words is often the most
difficult accomplishment.
We also are indebted to the colleagues who served as members of the Advisory Board for
both the first and second editions of ENR. I thank each of you for your input into the terms
to be included here, the suggestions of potential contributors, and your willingness to plunge
into yet another publishing project with me.
ix
x PREFACE
As with any large continuing project such as this, a true team effort is necessary for a
quality project. First, my thanks to Dr. Ursula Springer for conceiving the project and asking
me to undertake the editing at a time when my commitments were at a peak. I am glad that
I did not hesitate. To the Springer staff who facilitated the production at the many levels, I
owe a huge thank you, most especially to Ruth Chasek, Senior Nursing Editor, who saw the
project through its many stages. I also acknowledge the endless energy, dedication, and
expertise of Meredith Wallace, Associate Editor for this edition. There was never too daunting
a task for Meredith as we worked tirelessly over the past 2 years to complete the project. A
number of students assisted Meredith and me in our activities for this edition of ENR. I would
like to thank Ali Salman and Yi-Hui Lee, PhD candidates at Case Western Reserve University,
Frances Payne Bolton School of Nursing, and Kara Diffley, Lindsey Neptune, and Christine
McGurk, undergraduate students at Fairfield University School of Nursing. I am certain that
there are numerous other graduate students who assisted the authors in completing their
entries. We hope that this edition of ENR will continue to be rewarding to them in their
future academic and professional careers.
Joyce J. Fitzpatrick
Editor-in-Chief
C
ONTRIBUTORS
Lauren S. Aaronson, PhD, Donna L. Algase, PhD, Ida Androwich, PhD,
RN, FAAN
RN, FAAN RNC, FAAN

Professor
Josephine M. Sana Professor
University of Kansas
Collegiate Professor of School of Nursing
School of Nursing
Nursing Loyola University Medical
Kansas City, KS
University of Michigan Center
Maywood, ILSchool of Nursing
Data Analysis; Fatigue;
Ann Arbor, MI
Grantsmanship;
Nursing Informatics;
Sampling
Activities of Daily Nursing Information
SystemsLiving
Faye G. Abdellah, EdD,
ScD, RN, FAAN
Elaine J. Amella, PhD, Karen J. Aroian, PhD, RN,
Dean & Professor Emeritus
APRN, BC FAAN
Uniformed Services
Associate Professor and Katharine Faville Professor
University of the Health
Associate Dean for of Nursing Research
Sciences
Research Wayne State University
Graduate School of
Medical University of College of Nursing
Nursing

South Carolina Detroit, MI
Bethesda, MD
College of Nursing
Immigrant Women
History of Nursing
Charleston, SC
Research
Carol A. Ashton, PhD, RN
Dysphagia
Director of Nursing
Ivo L. Abraham, PhD, RN,
Gene Cranston Anderson, Research
FAAN
PhD, RN, FAAN LDS, Cottonwood, and
Visiting Professor
Edward J. & Louise Mellen Alta View Hospitals
University of Pennsylvania
Professor of Nursing Salt Lake City, UT
School of Nursing
Case Western Reserve
Philadelphia, PA
Research Utilization
University
Applied Research;
Frances Payne Bolton
Joan K. Austin, DNS, RN,
Experimental Research;
School of Nursing
FAAN
Quasi-Experimental

Cleveland, OH
Distinguished professor
Research
Indiana University
Kangaroo Care
Raeda Fawzi AbuAlRub,
School of Nursing
PhD, RN
Indianapolis, IN
Assistant Professor
Attitudes; Chronic
Jordan University of
Conditions in Childhood;
Science and Technology
Epilepsy
College of Nursing
Irbid, Jordan
Social Support
xi
xii CONTRIBUTORS
Kay C. Avant, PhD, RN, Suzanne Bakken, DNSc, Sandra C. Garmon Bibb,
DNSc, RN
FAAN RN, FAAN
Assistant Professor
Associate Professor Alumni Professor of
Uniformed Services
University of Texas Nursing & Professor of
University of the Health
School of Nursing Biomedical Informatics
Sciences

Austin, TX Columbia University
Graduate School of
School of Nursing
Concept Analysis;
Nursing
New York, NY
Nursing Diagnosis
Bethesda, MD
Formal Nursing
Cynthia Guerrero Ayres,
Leininger’s Theory of
Languages; SNOMED
Culture Care Diversity
PhD, RN
International; Unified
and Universality;
Director
Language Systems
Population Health
Health Systems and
Collaborations—New
Jane Barnsteiner, PhD, RN,
Carol E. Blixen, PhD, RN
Jersey
FAAN
Senior Nurse Researcher
American Cancer
Professor and Director
Cleveland Clinic
Society—Eastern

University of Pennsylvania
Foundation
Division
School of Nursing
Department of Nursing
North Brunswick, NJ
Philadelphia, PA
Education and Research
Clinical Preventive
Cleveland, OH
Online Journal of
Services Delivery
Knowledge Synthesis for
Osteoarthritis
Nursing
Terry A. Badger, PhD,
Ella Blot, MA, RN, GNP
APRN, BC
New York University
Mara M. Baun, DNSc,
Division of Nursing
Professor
FAAN
New York, NY
University of Arizona
Lee & Joseph D. Jamail
College of Nursing
Urinary Incontinence
Distinguished Professor
Tucson, AZ

University of Texas Health
Rebecca J. Bonugli, MSN,
Depression in Families
Sciences Center at
RN
Houston
Clinical Instructor
Judith A. Baigis, PhD, RN,
School of Nursing
University of Texas Health
FAAN
Houston, TX
Science Center
Associate Dean for
Pet Therapy
School of Nursing
Research and Scholarship
San Antonio, TX
Georgetown University
Cheryl Tatano Beck,
Serious Mental Illness
School of Nursing and
DNSc, CNM, FAAN
Health Studies
Joan L. Bottorff, PhD, RN
Professor
Washington, DC
Professor and UBC
University of Connecticut
Distinguished University

Health Conceptualization
School of Nursing
Scholar
Storrs, CT
Tamilyn Bakas, DNS, RN
University of British
Meta-Analysis;
Associate Professor,
Columbia
Phenomenology;
Department of Adult
School of Nursing
Replication Studies
Health
Vancouver, British
Indiana University
Colombia
School of Nursing
Canada
Indianapolis, IN
Nurse-Patient
Stroke
Interaction; Nurse-
Patient Relationship
Contributors xiii
Meg Bourbonniere, PhD, Helen Kogan Budzynski, Jeeyae Choi, RN, MS
RN
PhD, FAAN Doctoral Student
Assistant Professor
Faculty Emeritus Columbia University

Yale University
University of Washington School of Nursing
School of Nursing
School of Nursing New York, NY
New Haven, CT
Seattle, WA
Formal Nursing
Physical Restraints
Biofeedback Languages
Diane K. Boyle, PhD, RN
Vern L. Bullough, PhD, Norma J. Christman, PhD,
Associate Professor
RN, FAAN RN, FAAN
University of Kansas
Distinguished Professor Associate Professor
School of Nursing
Emeritus Emeritus
Kansas City, KS
State University of New University of Kentucky
Job Satisfaction
York College of Nursing
Lexington, KY
Stony Brook, NY
Barbara Braden, PhD, RN,
Preoperative
Gender Research; Sex
FAAN
Psychological
and Gender
Professor and Dean,

Preparation for Surgery
Graduate College
Andrea Calaluce, BSN, RN
Creighton University
Deborah A. Chyun, PhD,
Yale New Haven Hospital
Medical Center
RN
New Haven CT
School of Nursing
Associate Professor
Adult Pulmonary Medicine
Omaha, NE
Yale University
Milford, CT
Computerized Decision
School of Nursing
Parkinson’s Disease
Support Systems
New Haven, CT
Sara L. Campbell, DNS,
Geraldine Britton, PhD,
Angina; Cardiovascular
RN, CNAA, BC
FNP
Disease
Associate Professor and
Assistant Research
Amy Coenen, PhD, RN,
Associate Dean

Professor
FAAN
Illinois State University
Decker School of Nursing
Associate Professor
Mennonite College of
Binghamton University
University of Wisconsin
Nursing
Binghamton, NY
College of Nursing
Bloomington, IL
Osteoporosis
Milwaukee, WI
Feminist Research
Dorothy Brooten, PhD,
International
Methodology
FAAN
Classification for
Professor
Suzanne Hetzel Campbell,
Nursing Practice
Florida International
PhD, APRN, IBCLC
(ICNP®)
University
Assistant Professor
Marlene Zichi Cohen, PhD,
School of Nursing

Fairfield University
RN, FAAN
Miami, FL
School of Nursing
John S. Dunn, Sr.,
Fairfield, CT
Clinical Trials;
Distinguished Professor
Transitional Care
Breast-feeding
in Oncology Nursing
Emma J. Brown, PhD, RN
Victoria Champion, DNS, University of Texas Health
Associate Professor and
RN, FAAN Science Center at
Chatlos Endowed Chair
Associate Dean of Research Houston
University of Central
Indiana University School of Nursing
Florida
School of Nursing Houston, TX
School of Nursing
Indianapolis, IN
Descriptive Research;
Orlando, FL
Breast Cancer Screening Nursing Assessment
Urban Health Research:
Nursing Research in
Urban Neighborhoods
xiv CONTRIBUTORS

Kathleen Byrne Colling, Barbara J. Daly, PhD, RN, Danielle Deveau, BS, MPS
PhD, RN
FAAN Research Analyst
Assistant Research Scientist
Associate Professor California State University,
University of Michigan
Case Western Reserve Fresno
School of Nursing
University Central California Center
Ann Arbor, MI
Frances Payne Bolton for Health & Human
ServicesSchool of Nursing
Middle-Range Theories
Cleveland, OH Fresno, CA
of Dementia Care
Critical Care Nursing HIV Symptom
Karen Corcoran, BSN, RN
Management and
Staff Nurse
Jennifer P. D’Auria, PhD,
Quality of Life
Greenwich Hospital
RN, CPNP
Greenwich, CT
Associate Professor Mary Jo Devereaux
Family Satisfaction With
University of North Hospital Librarian
End-of-Life Care
Carolina Chapel Hill Community Medical
Inge B. Corless, PhD, RN,

School of Nursing Center
FAAN
Chapel Hill, NC Scranton, PA
Professor
Bibliometrics Orem’s Self-Care Deficit
Massachusetts General
Nursing Theory
Hospital
Sabina De Geest, PhD, RN
Institute of Health
Director Elizabeth C. Devine, PhD,
Professions
University of Basel RN, FAAN
Boston, MA
Institute of Nursing Science Professor
Hospice; Terminal Illness
Basel, Switzerland University of Wisconsin-
Milwaukee
Applied Research;
Cynthia L. Corritore, PhD
College of Nursing
Medications in Older
Associate Professor
Milwaukee, WI
Persons
Creighton University
Patient Education
College of Business
Alice S. Demi, PhD, RN,
Administration

FAAN Nancy Diekelmann, PhD,
Omaha, NE
Professor RN, FAAN
Computerized Decision
Georgia State University Helen Denne Schulte
Support Systems
Byrdine F. Lewis School of Professor
Colleen Corte, PhD, RN
Nursing University of Wisconsin-
Postdoctoral Research
Atlanta, GA Madison
Fellow
School of Nursing
Delphi Technique; Grief;
University of Michigan
Madison, WI
Suicide
School of Medicine
Hermeneutics
Ann Arbor, MI
Karen E. Dennis, PhD, RN,
Self-Concept
FAAN Rose Ann DiMaria-Ghalili,
Disturbances and Eating
Professor PhD, RN
Disorders
University of Central Assistant Professor
West Virginia UniversityFlorida
Jessica Shank Coviello,
School of Nursing Robert C. Byrd Health

MSN, RN
Orlando, FL Science Center
Lecturer
School of Nursing
Yale University
Obesity as
Charleston, WV
School of Nursing
Cardiovascular Risk
New Haven, CT
Factor Nutrition in the Elderly
Angina; Cardiovascular
Disease
Contributors xv
Fabienne Dobbels, MSc Jacqueline Dunbar-Jacob, Janet Enslein, MA, RN
Assistant Professor ofKatholieke Universiteit PhD, RN, FAAN
Dean and ProfessorLeuven Nursing
St. Ambrose UniversityCenter for Health Services University of Pittsburgh
School of Nursingand Nursing Research School of Nursing
Davenport, IALeuven, Belgium Pittsburgh, PA
Adherence/Compliance;Medications in Older Ethnography
Persons Behavioral Research
Carol Diane Epstein, PhD,
RN, FCCM
Joanne McCloskey Patricia C. Dykes, DNSc,
Associate Professor
Dochterman, PhD, RN, RN
Fairfield University
FAAN Senior Nurse
School of Nursing

Professor Informatician
Fairfield, CT
University of Iowa Partners HealthCare
Critical Care Nursing
College of Nursing Wellesley, MA
Iowa City, IA
Clinical Judgment
W. Scott Erdley, DNS, RN
Nursing Interventions
Clinical Assistant Professor
Karen L. Elberson, PhD,
Classification (NIC);
University at Buffalo
RN
Taxonomy
School of Nursing
Associate Professor and
Buffalo, NY
Moreen Donahue, DNP, Associate Dean
Electronic Network
RN Uniformed Services
University of the HealthSr. Vice President Patient
Lois K. Evans, DNSc, RN,
Care Services Sciences
FAAN
Greenwich Hospital Graduate School of
Viola MacInnes/
Greenwich, CT Nursing
Independence Professor
Bethesda, MD

in Nursing
Clinical Judgment
University of Pennsylvania
Capitation; Health
Sue K. Donaldson, PhD,
School of Nursing
Indicators
RN, FAAN
Philadelphia, PA
Dean and Professor Jennifer Harrison Elder,
Physical Restraints
Johns Hopkins University PhD, RN, FAAN
Melissa Spezia Faulkner,
School of Nursing Associate Professor
DSN, RN
Baltimore, MD University of Florida
Associate Professor
College of Nursing
Basic Research
Department of Maternal-
Gainesville, FL
Child Nursing
Dianna Hutto Douglas,
Child Abuse and Neglect
University of Illinois at
DNS, RN, CNS
Chicago
Associate Professor Marsha L. Ellett, DNS,
Chicago, IL
Louisiana State University RN, CGRN

Associate ProfessorSchool of Nursing
Diabetes
New Orleans, LA Indiana University
Jacqueline Fawcett, PhD,
School of Nursing
Empathy
RN
Indianapolis, IN
Professor, College of
Annemarie Dowling-
Enteral Tube Placement
Nursing & Health
Castronovo, MA, APRN,
Sciences
BC Veronica F. Engle, PhD,
University of
Assistant Clinical Professor GNP, APRN, BC, FAAN
Massachusetts-Boston
New York University Professor
College of Nursing &
Division of Nursing University of Tennessee
Health Sciences
New York, NY School of Nursing
Boston MA
Memphis, TN
Gerontological Advanced
(Dorothy) Johnson’s
Practice Nursing Newman’s Theory of
Behavioral System Model
Health

xvi CONTRIBUTORS
Suzanne L. Feetham, PhD, Ellen Flaherty, PhD, Emily Fox-Hill, PhD, RN
APRN, BC
Associate Professor
RN, FAAN
Director of Quality
University of Tennessee
Professor Emeritus
Improvement
College of Nursing
University of Illinois at
Village Care of New York
Memphis, TN
Chicago
New York, NY
College of Nursing
Newman’s Theory of
Chicago, IL
Geriatric
Health
Director of Division of
Interdisciplinary Teams
Clinical Quality
Maureen A. Frey, PhD, RN
Robin Fleschler, PhD,
Bureau of Primary Health
Director of Research and
RNC, CNS, NP
Care Advanced Practice
Assistant Professor

Children’s Hospital of
Health Resources and
University of Texas
Michigan
Services Administration
Medical Branch
Detroit, MI
Bethesda, MD
School of Nursing Medical
(Imogene) King’s
Family Care; Family
Branch
Conceptual System and
Health
Galveston, TX
Theory of Goal
Evidence-Based Practice
Donna Fick, PhD, RN
Attainment
Beverly C. Flynn, PhD,
Associate Professor of
RN, FAAN Sara T. Fry, PhD, RN,
Nursing, College of
Professor
FAAN
Health and Human
Indiana University
Henry R. Luce Professor of
Development
School of Nursing

Nursing Ethics
Associate Professor of
Indianapolis, IN
Boston College
Medicine, Department of
School of Nursing
Psychiatry
Community Health
Chestnut Hill, MA
The Pennsylvania State
Marquis D. Foreman, PhD,
University
Research in Nursing
RN, FAAN
University Park, PA
Ethics; Rights of Human
Professor
Subjects
Ageism
University of Illinois at
Chicago
Terry Fulmer, PhD, RN,
Joseph M. Filakovsky,
College of Nursing
FAAN
MSN, APRN, CCNS,
Chicago, IL
The Erline Perkins McGriff
CS, FAHA
Delirium

Professor and Division
Doctoral Student
Head
Case Western Reserve Frances Foster, MS, RN,
New York University
CS
University
Division of Nursing
Adult Health Nurse
Frances Payne Bolton
New York, NY
Practitioner
School of Nursing
Massachusetts General
Cleveland, OH
Acute Care of the
Hospital
Elderly; Elder
Computer-Aided
Boston, MA
Mistreatment
Instruction
Functional Health
Carol D. Gaskamp, PhD,
Patterns
Mary L. Fisher, PhD, RN,
RN
CNAA, BC
Jeanne C. Fox, PhD, RN
Assistant Professor

Associate Professor
Professor Emeritus
University of Texas Austin
Indiana University
School of Nursing
School of Nursing
School of Nursing
University of Virginia
Austin, TX
Indianapolis, IN
School of Nursing
Quality of Life
Charlottesville, VA
Cost Analysis of Nursing
Care; Health Services
Mental Health Services
ResearchAdministration
Contributors xvii
Rauda Gelazis, PhD, RN, Patricia A. Grady, PhD, Hurdis M. Griffith, PhD,
CS
RN, FAAN RN, FAAN
Associate Professor
Director Professor and Dean
Ursuline College
National Institutes of Emeritus
Breen School of Nursing
Health Rutgers University
Pepper Pike, OH
National Institute of College of Nursing
Newark, NJNursing Research

Individual Nursing
Bethesda, MD
Therapy
Clinical Preventive
Services Delivery;National Institutes of
Deborah L. Gentile, MSN,
Health; National Current Procedural
RN
Institute of Nursing Terminology-Coded
Doctoral Student
Research Services
University of Wisconsin-
Milwaukee
Judith R. Graves, PhD, Deborah Gross, DNSc,
College of Nursing
RN, FAAN RN, FAAN
Milwaukee, WI
Professor, College of Professor
Patient Education
Nursing Rush University
College of NursingAdjunct Associate Professor
Phyllis B. Giovannetti, ScD,
Department of Medical Chicago, IL
RN
Informatics
Mother-Infant/Toddler
Professor
School of Medicine
Relationships
University of Alberta

University of Utah
Faculty of Nursing
Salt Lake City, UT
Sheila Grossman, PhD,
Edmonton, Alberta
APRN
Bibliographic Retrieval
Canada
Professor
Systems; Representation
Nursing Workload
Fairfield University
of Knowledge for
Measurement Systems;
School of Nursing
Computational Modeling
Patient Classification
Fairfield, CT
in Nursing: The Arcs©
Program; Secondary
Barbara Given, PhD, RN
Genetics; Mentoring
Data Analysis; Sigma
Professor
Sarah Hall Gueldner, DSN,
Theta Tau International
Michigan State University
RN, FAAN
Nursing Research
College of Nursing

Dean and Professor
Classification System;
East Lansing, MI
Binghamton University
Virginia Henderson
Family Care
Decker School of Nursing
International Nursing
Barbara A. Goldrick,
Binghamton, NY
Library
MPH, PhD, RN, CIC
Osteoporosis
Nurse Consultant
Bobbe Ann Gray, PhD,
Chatham, MA
RNC
Linda C. Haber, DNS, RN,
Assistant Professor
Nosocomial Infections
CS
Wright State University
Clinical Specialist
Marion Good, PhD, RN,
College of Nursing and
Veterans Affairs
FAAN
Health
Northern Indiana Health
Professor

Dayton, OH
Care System
Case Western Reserve
Fort Wayne, IN
Childbirth Education
University
Family Theory and
Frances Payne Bolton
Research
School of Nursing
Cleveland, OH
Music Therapy; Pain;
Pain Management: A
Mid-Range Theory
xviii CONTRIBUTORS
Barbara K. Haight, DrPH, Emily J. Hauenstein, PhD, Martha N. Hill, PhD, RN,
FAANLCP, APRN, BC
RNC, FAAN
Associate Professor Professor and Dean
Professor Emeritus
University of Virginia John Hopkins University
Medical University of
School of Nursing School of Nursing
South Carolina
Charlottesville, VA Baltimore, MD
College of Nursing
Charleston, SC
Depression in Women; Hypertension
Mental Health in Public
Reminiscence and Life

Mary Angelique Hill,
Sector Primary Care
Review
MSN, RN, CPN
Associate Professor ofLaura Hayman, PhD, RN,
Edward J. Halloran, PhD,
FAAN Nursing
RN, FAAN
Professor Lake City Community
Associate Professor
New York University College
University of North
Division of Nursing Lake City, FL
Carolina Chapel Hill
New York, NY
Boykin & Schoenhofer:
School of Nursing
Cardiovascular Risk The Theory of Nursing
Chapel Hill, NC
Factors: Cholesterol; as Caring
Henderson’s Model;
Nutrition in Infancy and
Marilyn Hockenberry,
Nurse Staffing; Nursing
Childhood
PhD, RN-CS, PNP,
Studies Index
Marion Hemstrom- FAAN
Charlene M. Hanson, EdD,
Krainess, DNSc, RN, CS Professor of Pediatrics

RN, CS, FAAN
Assistant Professor Baylor College of Medicine
Professor
Case Western Reserve Nurse Scientist, Director
Center for NursingUniversity
Georgia Southern
Frances Payne Bolton Research
University
School of Nursing Texas Children’s Hospital
Center for Rural Health
Cleveland, OH Houston, TX
and Research
Statesboro, GA
Wellness Cancer in Children
Advanced Practice
Eileen M. Hermann, RN, Diane Holditch-Davis,
Nurses
BSN, MHS PhD, RN, FAAN
ProfessorCritical Care Nurse
Gail A. Harkness, DrPH,
Educator, Cardiovascular University of North
RN, FAAN
Services Carolina at Chapel Hill
Professor Emeritus
Hartford Hospital School of Nursing
University of Connecticut
Hartford, CT Chapel Hill, NC
School of Nursing
Bowel Elimination Parenting
Storrs, CT

Among Older Adults
Infection Control
Barbara J. Holtzclaw, PhD,
RN, FAANPatricia A. Higgins, PhD,
Gretchen Harwood, MS,
RN Professor Emeritus
RN
Assistant Professor University of Texas Health
Doctoral Student
Case Western Reserve Science Center
The Ohio State University
University School of Nursing
Columbus, OH
Frances Payne Bolton San Antonio, TX
School of Nursing
Smoking Cessation
Fever/Febrile Response;
Cleveland, OH
Shivering; Thermal
BalanceFailure to Thrive (Adult)
Contributors xix
William L. Holzemer, PhD, Ann Hurley, DNSc, RN, Michele Freeman Irwin,
BSN, RNRN, FAAN FAAN
Executive DirectorProfessor and Associate New York University
Division of NursingDean Center for Excellence in
Nursing PracticeUniversity of California New York, NY
San Francisco Brigham and Women’s
Neuroleptic Use in
School of Nursing Hospital
Nursing Homes

San Francisco, CA Brookline, MA
Sharol F. Jacobson, PhD,
Nursing Education; Mental Status
RN, FAAN
Substruction Measurement: The Mini-
Associate Dean for
Mental State
June Andrews Horowitz,
Research and Practice
Examination
RN, PhD, FAAN
and Professor
Professor Sally A. Hutchinson, PhD,
University of Alabama
Boston College RN, FAAN
School of Nursing
William F. Connell School Professor
Tucsaloosa, AL
of Nursing University of Florida
Cultural/Transcultural
Chestnut Hill, MA College of Nursing
Focus
Jacksonville, FL
Postpartum Depression
Ada Jacox, PhD, RN,
Grounded Theory;
Carol Noll Hoskins, PhD,
FAAN
Research Interviews
RN, FAAN

Director, Clinical Practice
(Qualitative)
Professor
Guidelines Program
New York University
Kathleen Huttlinger, PhD, University of Virginia
Division of Nursing
RN Charlottesville, VA
New York, NY
Professor
Pain
Kent State University
Breast Cancer:
Loretta Sweet Jemmott,
College of Nursing
Psychosocial Adjustment
PhD, RN, FAAN
Kent, OH
to Illness
van Ameringen Professor in
Content Analysis;
Susan Houston, PhD, RN,
Psychiatric Mental
Exploratory Studies;
CNAA, FAAN
Health Nursing, and Co-
Participant Observation
Professor
Director of the Center
University of Texas at

for Health Disparities
Gail L. Ingersoll, EdD, RN,
Austin
Research
FAAN
School of Nursing
University of Pennsylvania
Professor & Director of
Austin, TX
School of Nursing
Clinical Nursing
Philadelphia, PA
Managed Care
Research
University of Rochester
Urban Health Research:
Heddy Bishop Hubbard,
School of Nursing
Nursing Research in
MPH, RN, FAAN
Rochester, NY
Urban Neighborhoods
Staff Member
Evaluation; Health
Agency for Healthcare
Carole P. Jennings, PhD,
Systems Delivery;
Quality and Research
RN, FAAN
Organizational Redesign

Rockville, MD
Associate Professor and
Deputy Director
Health Services Research
Pamela Magnussen
Center for Health Policy,
Ironside, PhD, RN
Ronda G. Hughes, PhD,
Research and Ethics
Assistant Professor
MHS, RN
College of Nursing and
University of Wisconsin-
Senior Health Scientist
Health Science
Madison
Administrator
George Mason University
School of Nursing
Agency for Healthcare
Fairfax, VA
Madison, WI
Research and Quality
Health Policy
Hermeneutics
Rockville, MD
Patient Safety
xx CONTRIBUTORS
Jean E. Johnson, PhD, RN, Maureen Keckeisen, RN, Mary E. Kerr, PhD, RN,
FAAN

MN, CCRN FAAN
Professor Emeritus
Clinical Nurse Specialist Professor and
University of Rochester
Transplant/Surgical UPMC Health System
School of Nursing
Specialties ICU Chair of Nursing Science
Rochester, NY
UCLA Medical Center University of Pittsburgh
School of NursingDepartment of Nursing
Surgery
Los Angeles, CA Pittsburgh, PA
Marion Johnson, PhD, RN
Hemodynamic
Cerebral Ischemia;
Professor Emeritus
Monitoring
Nursing Diagnosis
University of Iowa
College of Nursing
Gwen Brumbaugh Keeney,
Shake
´
Ketefian, EdD, RN
Iowa City, IA
PhD, RN, CNM
Professor
Clinical Assistant Professor
Benchmarking in Health
University of Michigan

Care; Nursing Outcomes
University of Illinois at
School of Nursing
Classification
Chicago
Ann Arbor, MI
College of Nursing
Dorothy A. Jones, EdD,
Research in Nursing
Chicago, IL
RNc, FAAN
Ethics
Primary Health Care
Professor
Boston College
HaeSook Kim, RN, BSN
Lisa Skemp Kelley
William F. Connell School
Graduate Student
University of Iowa
of Nursing
University of Michigan
College of Nursing
Chestnut Hill, MA
School of Nursing
Iowa City, IA
Functional Health
Ann Arbor, MI
Qualitative Research
Patterns; Nursing

Activities of Daily Living
Practice Models
Susan J. Kelley, PhD, RN,
FAAN
Hesook Suzie Kim, PhD,
Josette Jones, PhD, RN,
Dean and Professor
RN
BC
College of Health and
Professor Emerita
Assistant Professor
Human Sciences
University of Rhode Island
Indiana University
Georgia State University
Kingston, RI
School of Nursing and
Atlanta, GA
Professor
School of Informatics
Grandparents Raising
Buskerud University
Indianapolis, IN
Grandchildren
College
Telehealth
Kongsberg, Norway
Alice R. Kempe, PhD, CS
Evanne Juratovac, RN,

Action Science;
Associate Professor
MSN, CS
Discourse Analysis;
Ursuline College
Lecturer and Project
Narrative Analysis
Breen School of Nursing
Coordinator
Pepper Pike, OH
Prentiss Care Networks
Karin T. Kirchhoff, PhD,
University Center on Aging
Family Caregiving and
RN, FAAN
and Health
the Seriously Mentally
Professor
Case Western Reserve
Ill; Homelessness and
University of Utah
University
Related Mood Disorders
College of Nursing
Frances Payne Bolton
Salt Lake City, UT
School of Nursing
Cleveland, OH
Nurse Researcher in the
Clinical Setting

Disparities in Minority
Mental Health
Contributors xxi
Kenn M. Kirksey, PhD, Marjorie Thomas Lawson, Wendy Lewandowski, PhD,
RN, CSRN, APRN, BC
PhD, APRN, BC, FNP
Associate Professor of Assistant Professor
Associate Professor
Nursing Kent State University
University of Southern
California State University, College of Nursing
Maine
Fresno Kent, OH
College of Nursing and
Department of Nursing
Health Professions
Community Mental
Fresno, CA
Portland, ME
Health
HIV Symptom
Interpersonal
Irene Daniels Lewis, DNS,
Management and
Communication: Nurse-
APN, FAAN
Quality of Life
Patient
College of Applied Sciences
and Arts

Mia Kobayashi, MSN, RN,
Regina Placzek Lederman,
San Jose State University
CNM
RN, FAAN
School of Nursing
Doctoral Candidate
Professor
San Jose, CA
New York University
University of Texas
Division of Nursing
Ethnogeriatrics
Medical Branch
New York, NY
Judith A. Lewis, PhD,
School of Nursing
End-of-Life Planning and
RNC, FAAN
Galveston, TX
Choices; Unlicensed
Professor
Maternal Anxiety and
Assistive Personnel
Virginia Commonwealth
Adaptation During
University
Katharine Kolcaba, PhD,
Pregnancy
School of Nursing

RN, C
Richmond VA
Associate Professor
Yi-Hui Lee, MSN, RN
Genetics
University of Akron
PhD Candidate
College of Nursing
Patricia Liehr, PhD, RN
Case Western Reserve
Akron, OH
Professor and Director of
University
Comfort
Doctoral Program
Frances Payne Bolton
Florida Atlantic University
School of Nursing
Heidi V. Krowchuk, PhD,
College of Nursing
Cleveland, OH
RN, FAAN
West Palm Beach, FL
Associate Professor
HIV Risk Behavior
Middle-Range Theories
University of North
Carolina at Greensboro
Elizabeth R. Lenz, PhD,
Deborah F. Lindell, ND,

School of Nursing
RN, FAAN
APRN, BC
Greensboro, NC
Dean and Professor
Assistant Professor of
Ohio State University
Child Lead Exposure Nursing
Case Western ReserveEffects; Failure to Thrive
College of Nursing
(Child) University
Columbus, OH
Frances Payne Bolton
Doctoral Education
Helen Lach, PhD, RN
School of Nursing
Assistant Professor
Cleveland, OH
Eugene Levine, PhD
St. Louis University
Grounded Theory
Professor Emeritus
School of Nursing
Uniformed Services
St. Louis, MO
Ada M. Lindsey, PhD, RN,
University of the Health
FAAN
Dizziness in the Elderly
Sciences

Dean and Professor
Cheryl A. Larson, MS, RN
Graduate School of
Emeritus
Doctoral Candidate
Nursing
University of Nebraska
University of Arizona
Bethesda, MD
Medical Center
College of Nursing
College of Nursing
Quantitative Research
Tucson, AZ
Omaha, NE
Spirituality
Research Careers
xxii CONTRIBUTORS
Adrianne D. Linton, PhD, Marilyn J. Lotas, PhD, RN Kiran Mangrola, MSN,
Associate Dean for Student
RN RN, CS-GNP
Services and Director
Associate Professor New York University
BSN Program
University of Texas Health Division of Nursing
Associate Professor
Science Center at San New York, NY
Case Western Reserve
Antonio
Acute Care of the

University
School of Nursing
Elderly
Frances Payne Bolton
San Antonio, TX
School of Nursing
Anne Manton, PhD,
Wandering
Cleveland, OH
APRN, FAAN
Psychiatric Mental HealthTerri H. Lipman, PhD,
Prevention of Preterm
and Low-BirthweightCRNP, FAAN Nurse Practitioner
Births
Associate Professor Cape Cod Hospital
University of Pennsylvania
Emergency Nursing
Courtney H. Lyder, ND
School of Nursing
University of Virginia
Pediatric Nurse Practitioner
Lucy N. Marion, PhD, RN,
Medical Center
Division of Endocrinology
FAAN
Professor of Nursing
Children’s Hospital of
Professor and Dean
Professor of Internal
Philadelphia

Medical College of Georgia
Medicine and Geriatrics
Philadelphia, PA
School of Nursing
University of Virginia
Augusta, GA
Clinical Decision Making
School of Nursing
Charlottesville, VA
Primary Care
Doris Troth Lippman,
Pressure Ulcers
PhD, APRN
Patricia A. Martin, PhD,
Brenda L. Lyon, DNS, RN
Professor
RN
Professor
Fairfield University
Dean and Professor
Indiana University
School of Nursing
Wright State University
School of Nursing
Fairfield, CT
College of Nursing and
Indianapolis, IN
Health
Psychosocial
Job Stress; Stress; Stress

Dayton, OH
Interventions (PSI)
Management
Nurse Researcher in the
Jane Lipscomb, PhD, RN,
Meridean Maas, PhD, RN,
Clinical Setting;
FAAN
FAAN
Organizational Culture;
Associate Professor
Emeritus Professor and
Research Dissemination
University of Maryland
Director of the John A.
School of Nursing
Linda J. Mayberry, PhD,
Hartford Center of
Baltimore, MD
RN, FAAN
Geriatric Nursing
Associate Professor
Excellence
Workplace Violence
Director, Muriel and
University of Iowa
Juliene G. Lipson, PhD, Virginia Pless Center for
College of Nursing
Iowa City, IA
RN, FAAN Nursing Research

New York UniversityProfessor
Nursing Outcomes
University of California Division of Nursing
Classification
San Francisco New York, NY
Linda Manfrin-Ledet, DNS,
School of Nursing
Postpartum Depression
APRN
San Francisco, CA
Assistant Professor of
Immigrant Women
Nursing
Nicholls State University
Department of Nursing
Thibodaux, LA
Violence
Contributors xxiii
Angela Barron McBride, Susan H. McCrone, PhD, Mary L. McHugh, PhD,
RN, BC
PhD, RN, FAAN RN
Associate Professor and
Distinguished Professor and Associate Professor
Director, Professional
University Dean Emerita West Virginia University
Development and
Indiana University Robert C. Byrd Health
Extended Studies
School of Nursing Science Center
University of Colorado

Indianapolis, IN School of Nursing
Health Sciences Center
Morgantown, WV
Feminist Research
School of Nursing
Methodology; Women’s Coronary Artery Bypass
Denver, CO
Health Graft (CABG) Surgery
Artificial Intelligence;
Melen R. McBride, PhD, Deborah Dillon McDonald,
Nursing Intensity
RN PhD, RN
Mary J. McNamee, PhD,
Stanford University Associate Professor
RN
Stanford Geriatric University of Connecticut
Associate Professor and
Education Center School of Nursing
Director
School of Medicine Storrs, CT
Office of Student Equity
Palo Alto, CA
Health Care
and Multicultural Affairs
Ethnogeriatrics Communication
University of Nebraska
Medical Center
Maureen P. McCausland, Graham J. McDougall, Jr.,
Omaha, NE
DNSc, RN, FAAN PhD, RN, FAAN

Homeless Health;
Senior Vice President, Chief Professor
Research Careers
Nursing Officer and University of Texas at
AustinPatient Care Services
Barbara Medoff-Cooper,
University of Wisconsin- School of Nursing
PhD, RN, FAAN
Madison Hospital and Austin, TX
Helen M. Shearer Professor
Clinic
Cognitive Interventions;
in Nutrition
Madison, WI
Self-Efficacy University of Pennsylvania
School of Nursing
Primary Nursing
Beverly J. McElmurry,
Philadelphia, PA
Sandee Graham McClowry, EdD, RN, FAAN
Neurobehavioral
PhD, RN, FAAN Professor and Associate
Development and
Professor Dean
Nutritive Sucking
New York University University of Illinois at
Paula M. Meek, PhD, RN
Division of Nursing Chicago
Assistant Professor
New York, NY College of Nursing

University of Arizona
Chicago, IL
Mental Disorders
College of Nursing
Prevention Primary Health Care
Tucson, AZ
Instrumentation;
Ruth McCorkle, PhD, Elizabeth McGann, DNSc,
Reliability; Validity
FAAN RN, CS
ChairpersonFlorence S. Wald Professor
Sue E. Meiner, EdD,
of Nursing Quinnipiac University
APRN, BC, GNP
Yale University Department of Nursing
Assistant Professor
School of Nursing School of Health Sciences
University of Nevada, Las
New Haven, CT Hamden, CT
Vegas
Chronic Illness Pulmonary Changes in
School of Nursing
Elders
Las Vegas, NV
Gastroesophageal Reflux
Disease
xxiv CONTRIBUTORS
Janet C. Meininger, PhD, Koen Milisen, PhD, RN Ethel L. Mitty, EdD, RN
Adjunct Clinical ProfessorRN, FAAN Center for Health Services
and Nursing ResearchProfessor of Nursing

New York UniversityUniversity of Texas Health Katholieke Universiteit
LeuvenSciences Center at Division of Nursing
New York, NYHouston Leuven, Belgium
School of Nursing
Medications in Older End-of-Life Planning and
Houston, TX
Persons Choices; Unlicensed
Observational Research
Assistive Personnel
Nancy Houston Miller,
Design
Wanda K. Mohr, PhD,
BSN, RN
RN, FAAN
Afaf Ibrahim Meleis, PhD,
Associate Director
Associate Professor
FAAN
Stanford Cardiac
University of Medicine and
Dean of Nursing
Rehabilitation Program
Dentistry of New Jersey
University of Pennsylvania
Stanford University
School of Nursing
School of Nursing
Medical Center
Newark, NJ
Philadelphia, PA

Palo Alto, CA
Children Exposed to
Immigrant Women;
Smoking/Tobacco as a
Intimate Partner
International Nursing
Cardiovascular Risk
Violence; Intimate
Research; Transitions
Factor
Partner Violence
and Health
Peggy A. Miller, MS, RN
Mary Moller, MSN, RN
Victoria Menzies, PhD, RN
Research Coordinator
Doctoral Student
Center for the Study of
University of Kansas
Case Western Reserve
Complementary and
School of Nursing
University
Alternative Therapies
Kansas City, KS
Frances Payne Bolton
University of Virginia
Job Satisfaction
School of Nursing
School of Nursing

Cleveland, OH
Charlottesville, VA
Susan M. Miovech, PhD,
Schizophrenia
Complementary and
RNC
Alternative Practices and
Assistant Professor Rita Monsen, DSN, MPH,
Products (CAPPs)
Holy Family University RN
Interim Executive DirectorSchool of Nursing & Allied
Bonnie L. Metzger, PhD,
Health Professions Genetic Nursing
RN, FAAN
Philadelphia, PA Credentialing
Professor
Commission, Inc.
Fetal Monitoring
University of Michigan
Keuka Park, NY
School of Nursing
Merle H. Mishel, PhD,
Genetics
Ann Arbor, MI
RN, FAAN
Kristen S. Montgomery,
Time Series Analysis
Kenan Professor of Nursing
PhD, RN
University of North

Margaret Shandor Miles,
Assistant Professor
Carolina, Chapel Hill
PhD, RN, FAAN
University of South
School of Nursing
Professor
Carolina
Chapel Hill, NC
University of North
College of Nursing
Uncertainty in Illness
Carolina at Chapel Hill
Columbia, SC
School of Nursing
Fitzpatrick’s Rhythm
Chapel Hill, NC
Model; Pregnancy;
Parental Response to the
Watson’s Theory of
Birth and Hospitalization
Human Caring
of a High-Risk Infant;
Parenting