ENCYCLOPEDIA
STATISTICS IN BEHAVIORAL
SCIENCE
OF
ENCYCLOPEDIA
STATISTICS IN BEHAVIORAL
SCIENCE
OF
Volumes 1-4
A Z
Editors-in-Chief
BRIAN S. EVERITT
Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College, London, UK
DAVID C. HOWELL
University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
Copyright  2005 John Wiley & Sons Ltd,
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Library of Congress Cataloguing-in-Publication Data
Encyclopedia of statistics in behavioral science / editors-in-chief, Brian S. Everitt, David C. Howell.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN-13 978-0-470-86080-9 (hardcover : set)
ISBN-10 0-470-86080-4 (hardcover : set)
1. Psychometrics – Encyclopedias. I. Everitt, Brian. II. Howell, David C.
BF39.E498 2005
150

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5195 – dc22
2005004373
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
ISBN-13 978-0-470-86080-9 (HB)
ISBN-10 0-470-86080-4 (HB)
Typeset in 9
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Printed and bound in Great Britain by Antony Rowe, Chippenham, UK.
This book is printed on acid-free paper responsibly manufactured from sustainable forestry in which
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To
Mary-Elizabeth and Donna
Editorial Board
Editors-in-Chief
Brian S. Everitt
23, Hitherwood Drive
London
SE19 1XA
UK

David C. Howell
PO Box 770059
681 Sandhill Circle
Steamboat Springs
CO 80477
USA
Editors
BEHAVIORAL GENETICS
Shaun Purcell
Whitehead Institute
Cambridge, MA
USA
CATEGORICAL DATA ANALYSIS
Alexander von Eye
Department of Psychology
Michigan State University
East Lancing, MI
USA
CLASSICAL TEST THEORY/
I
TEM RESPONSE THEORY/
P
SYCHOLOGICAL MEASUREMENT
Ronald K. Hambleton
School of Education
University of Massachusetts
Amherst, MA
USA
DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS/GRAPHICAL
PROCEDURES

Pat Lovie
Department of Mathematics
Keele University
Keele
UK
DESIGN OF EXPERIMENTS AND SURVEYS
Roger Kirk
Department of Psychology and
Neuroscience
Institute of Statistics
Baylor University
Waco, TX
USA
FACTOR ANALYSIS AND STRUCTURAL
EQUATION MODELS
David Rindskopf
Educational Psychology
CUNY Graduate Center
New York, NY
USA
viii Editorial Board
HISTORICAL/INSTITUTIONAL
Sandy Lovie
Department of Psychology
University of Liverpool
Liverpool
UK
INTERVENTION STUDIES/OBSERVATIONAL
STUDIES
Patrick Onghena

Department of Educational Sciences
University of Leuven
Leuven
Belgium
LONGITUDINAL/MULTILEVEL MODELS
Sophia Rabe-Hesketh
Graduate School of Education
University of California
Berkeley, CA
USA
Anders Skrondal
Department of Statistics
London School of Economics and
Political Science
London
UK
MULTIVARIATE METHODS
Sabine Landau
Institute of Psychiatry
Department of Biostatistics and Computing
King’s College
London
UK
NONPARAMETRICS AND COMPUTATIONALLY
INTENSIVE METHODS
Cliff Lunneborg
Departments of Statistics and Psychology
University of Washington
Seattle, WA
USA

SCALING
Jan de Leeuw
Department of Statistics
University of California
Los Angeles, CA
USA
STATISTICAL MODELS
Jose Cortina
Department of Psychology
George Mason University
Fairfax, VA
USA
STATISTICAL THEORY
Ranald Macdonald
Department of Psychology
University of Stirling
Stirling
UK
TEACHING STA TISTICS,SOFTWARE
AND
OVERVIEWS
Chris Spatz
Department of Psychology
Hendrix College
Conway, AR
USA
Contents
VOLUME 1
A Priori v Post Hoc Testing 1
ACE Model 5

Adaptive Random Assignment 10
Adaptive Sampling 13
Additive Constant Problem 16
Additive Genetic Variance 18
Additive Models 22
Additive Tree 24
Additivity Tests 25
Adoption Studies 29
Age–Period–Cohort Analysis 33
Akaike’s Criterion 38
Allelic Association 40
All-X Models 43
All-Y Models 44
Alternating Treatment Designs 44
Analysis of Covariance 46
Analysis of Covariance:
Nonparametric 50
Analysis of Variance 52
Analysis of Variance: Cell Means
Approach 56
Analysis of Variance: Classification 66
Analysis of Variance: Multiple
Regression Approaches 83
Ansari–Bradley Test 93
Arbuthnot, John 94
Area Sampling 95
Arithmetic Mean 96
Ascertainment Corrections 97
Assortative Mating 100
Asymptotic Relative Efficiency 102

Attitude Scaling 102
Attrition 110
Average Deviation 111
Axes in Multivariate Analysis 112
Bagging 115
Balanced Incomplete Block Designs 118
Bar Chart 125
Battery Reduction 126
Bayes, Thomas 129
Bayesian Belief Networks 130
Bayesian Item Response Theory
Estimation 134
Bayesian Methods for Categorical
Data 139
Bayesian Statistics 146
Bernoulli Family 150
Binomial Confidence Interval 153
Binomial Distribution: Estimating
and Testing Parameters 155
Binomial Effect Size Display 157
Binomial Test 158
Biplot 163
Block Random Assignment 165
Boosting 168
Bootstrap Inference 169
Box Plots 176
Bradley–Terry Model 178
Breslow–Day Statistic 184
Brown, William 186
Bubble Plot 187

Burt, Cyril Lodowic 187
Bush, Robert R 189
Calculating Covariance 191
Campbell, Donald T 191
Canonical Correlation Analysis 192
Carroll–Arabie Taxonomy 196
Carryover and Sequence Effects 197
Case Studies 201
Case–Cohort Studies 204
Case–Control Studies 206
Catalogue of Parametric Tests 207
Catalogue of Probability Density
Functions 228
Catastrophe Theory 234
Categorizing Data 239
x Contents
Cattell, Raymond Bernard 242
Censored Observations 243
Census 245
Centering in Linear Multilevel
Models 247
Central Limit Theory 249
Children of Twins Design 256
Chi-Square Decomposition 258
Cholesky Decomposition 262
Classical Statistical Inference Extended:
Split-Tailed Tests 263
Classical Statistical Inference: Practice
versus Presentation 268
Classical Test Models 278

Classical Test Score Equating 282
Classification and Regression Trees 287
Clinical Psychology 290
Clinical Trials and Intervention
Studies 301
Cluster Analysis: Overview 305
Clustered Data 315
Cochran, William Gemmell 315
Cochran’s C Test 316
Coefficient of Variation 317
Cohen, Jacob 318
Cohort Sequential Design 319
Cohort Studies 322
Coincidences 326
Collinearity 327
Combinatorics for Categorical
Variables 328
Common Pathway Model 330
Community Intervention Studies 331
Comorbidity 333
Compensatory Equalization 337
Compensatory Rivalry 338
Completely Randomized Design 340
Computational Models 341
Computer-Adaptive Testing 343
Computer-based Test Designs 350
Computer-based Testing 354
Concordance Rates 359
Conditional Independence 359
Conditional Standard Errors of

Measurement 361
Confidence Intervals 366
Confidence Intervals: Nonparametric 375
Configural Frequency Analysis 381
Confounding in the Analysis of
Variance 389
Confounding Variable 391
Contingency Tables 393
Coombs, Clyde Hamilton 397
Correlation 398
Correlation and Covariance Matrices 400
Correlation Issues in Genetics
Research 402
Correlation Studies 403
Correspondence Analysis 404
Co-twin Control Methods 415
Counterbalancing 418
Counterfactual Reasoning 420
Counternull Value of an Effect Size 422
Covariance 423
Covariance Matrices: Testing
Equality of 424
Covariance Structure Models 426
Covariance/variance/correlation 431
Cox, Gertrude Mary 432
Cram
´
er–von Mises Test 434
Criterion-Referenced Assessment 435
Critical Region 440

Cross-classified and Multiple
Membership Models 441
Cross-lagged Panel Design 450
Crossover Design 451
Cross-sectional Design 453
Cross-validation 454
Cultural Transmission 457
Data Mining 461
de Finetti, Bruno 465
de Moivre, Abraham 466
Decision Making Strategies 466
Deductive Reasoning and Statistical
Inference 472
DeFries–Fulker Analysis 475
Demand Characteristics 477
Deming, Edwards William 478
Design Effects 479
Development of Statistical Theory
in the 20th Century 483
Differential Item Functioning 485
Direct and Indirect Effects 490
Direct Maximum Likelihood
Estimation 492
Directed Alternatives in Testing 495
Direction of Causation Models 496
Discriminant Analysis 499
Contents xi
Distribution-free Inference, an
Overview 506
Dominance 513

Dot Chart 514
Dropouts in Longitudinal Data 515
Dropouts in Longitudinal Studies:
Methods of Analysis 518
Dummy Variables 522
VOLUME 2
Ecological Fallacy 525
Educational Psychology: Measuring
Change Over Time 527
Effect Size Measures 532
Eigenvalue/Eigenvector 542
Empirical Quantile–Quantile Plots 543
Epistasis 545
Equivalence Trials 546
Error Rates 547
Estimation 549
Eta and Eta Squared 553
Ethics in Research 554
Evaluation Research 563
Event History Analysis 568
Exact Methods for Categorical Data 575
Expectancy Effect by Experimenters 581
Expectation 582
Experimental Design 584
Exploratory Data Analysis 586
External Validity 588
Face-to-Face Surveys 593
Facet Theory 595
Factor Analysis: Confirmatory 599
Factor Analysis: Exploratory 606

Factor Analysis: Multiple Groups 617
Factor Analysis:
Multitrait–Multimethod 623
Factor Analysis of Personality
Measures 628
Factor Score Estimation 636
Factorial Designs 644
Family History Versus Family Study
Methods in Genetics 646
Family Study and Relative Risk 647
Fechner, Gustav T 649
Field Experiment 650
Finite Mixture Distributions 652
Fisher, Sir Ronald Aylmer 658
Fisherian Tradition in Behavioral
Genetics 660
Fixed and Random Effects 664
Fixed Effect Models 665
Focus Group Techniques 666
Free Response Data Scoring 669
Friedman’s Test 673
Functional Data Analysis 675
Fuzzy Cluster Analysis 678
Galton, Francis 687
Game Theory 688
Gauss, Johann Carl Friedrich 694
Gene-Environment Correlation 696
Gene-Environment Interaction 698
Generalizability 702
Generalizability Theory: Basics 704

Generalizability Theory: Estimation 711
Generalizability Theory: Overview 717
Generalized Additive Model 719
Generalized Estimating Equations
(GEE) 721
Generalized Linear Mixed Models 729
Generalized Linear Models (GLM) 739
Genotype 743
Geometric Mean 744
Goodness of Fit 745
Goodness of Fit for Categorical
Variables 749
Gosset, William Sealy 753
Graphical Chain Models 755
Graphical Methods pre-20th Century 758
Graphical Presentation of Longitudinal
Data 762
Growth Curve Modeling 772
Guttman, Louise (Eliyahu) 780
Harmonic Mean 783
Hawthorne Effect 784
Heritability 786
Heritability: Overview 787
Heteroscedasticity and Complex
Variation 790
Heuristics 795
Heuristics: Fast and Frugal 795
Hierarchical Clustering 799
Hierarchical Item Response Theory
Modeling 805

Hierarchical Models 810
High-dimensional Regression 816
xii Contents
Hill’s Criteria of Causation 818
Histogram 820
Historical Controls 821
History of Analysis of Variance 823
History of Behavioral Statistics 826
History of the Control Group 829
History of Correlational Measurement 836
History of Discrimination and
Clustering 840
History of Factor Analysis:
A Psychological Perspective 842
History of Factor Analysis:
A Statistical Perspective 851
History of Intelligence Measurement 858
History of Mathematical Learning
Theory 861
History of Multivariate Analysis of
Variance 864
History of Path Analysis 869
History of Psychometrics 875
History of Surveys of Sexual
Behavior 878
Hodges–Lehman Estimator 887
Horseshoe Pattern 889
Hotelling, Howard 889
Hull, Clark L 891
Identification 893

Inbred Strain Study 896
Incidence 898
Incomplete Contingency Tables 899
Incompleteness of Probability Models 900
Independence: Chi-square and
Likelihood Ratio Tests 902
Independent Component Analysis 907
Independent Pathway Model 913
Index Plots 914
Industrial/Organizational Psychology 915
Influential Observations 920
Information Matrix 923
Information Theory 924
Instrumental Variable 928
Intention-to-Treat 928
Interaction Effects 929
Interaction Plot 933
Internal Consistency 934
Internal Validity 936
Internet Research Methods 937
Interquartile Range 941
Interrupted Time Series Design 941
Intervention Analysis 946
Intraclass Correlation 948
Intrinsic Linearity 954
INUS Conditions 955
Item Analysis 958
Item Bias Detection:
Classical Approaches 967
Item Bias Detection:

Modern Approaches 970
Item Exposure 974
Item Response Theory (IRT): Cognitive
Models 978
Item Response Theory (IRT) Models
for Dichotomous Data 982
Item Response Theory (IRT) Models
for Polytomous Response Data 990
Item Response Theory (IRT) Models
for Rating Scale Data 995
Jackknife 1005
Jonckheere–Terpstra Test 1007
Kendall, Maurice George 1009
Kendall’s Coefficient of
Concordance 1010
Kendall’s Tau – τ 1011
Kernel Smoothing 1012
k-means Analysis 1017
Kolmogorov, Andrey Nikolaevich 1022
Kolmogorov–Smirnov Tests 1023
Kruskal–Wallis Test 1026
Kurtosis 1028
Laplace, Pierre Simon (Marquis de) 1031
Latent Class Analysis 1032
Latent Transition Models 1033
Latent Variable 1036
Latin Squares Designs 1037
Laws of Large Numbers 1040
Least Squares Estimation 1041
Leverage Plot 1045

Liability Threshold Models 1046
Linear Model 1048
Linear Models: Permutation
Methods 1049
Linear Multilevel Models 1054
Linear Statistical Models for Causation:
A Critical Review 1061
Linkage Analysis 1073
Logistic Regression 1076
Log-linear Models 1082
Contents xiii
Log-linear Rasch Models for Stability
and Change 1093
Longitudinal Data Analysis 1098
Longitudinal Designs in Genetic
Research 1102
Lord, Frederic Mather 1104
Lord’s Paradox 1106
VOLUME 3
M Estimators of Location 1109
Mahalanobis Distance 1110
Mahalanobis, Prasanta Chandra 1112
Mail Surveys 1114
Mallows’ C
p
Statistic 1119
Mantel–Haenszel Methods 1120
Marginal Independence 1126
Marginal Models for Clustered Data 1128
Markov Chain Monte Carlo and

Bayesian Statistics 1134
Markov Chain Monte Carlo Item
Response Theory Estimation 1143
Markov, Andrei Andreevich 1148
Markov Chains 1149
Martingales 1152
Matching 1154
Mathematical Psychology 1158
Maximum Likelihood Estimation 1164
Maximum Likelihood Item Response
Theory Estimation 1170
Maxwell, Albert Ernest 1175
Measurement: Overview 1176
Measures of Association 1183
Median 1192
Median Absolute Deviation 1193
Median Test 1193
Mediation 1194
Mendelian Genetics Rediscovered 1198
Mendelian Inheritance and Segregation
Analysis 1205
Meta-Analysis 1206
Microarrays 1217
Mid-P Values 1221
Minimum Spanning Tree 1223
Misclassification Rates 1229
Missing Data 1234
Model Based Cluster Analysis 1238
Model Evaluation 1239
Model Fit: Assessment of 1243

Model Identifiability 1249
Model Selection 1251
Models for Matched Pairs 1253
Moderation 1256
Moments 1258
Monotonic Regression 1260
Monte Carlo Goodness of Fit Tests 1261
Monte Carlo Simulation 1264
Multidimensional Item Response
Theory Models 1272
Multidimensional Scaling 1280
Multidimensional Unfolding 1289
Multigraph Modeling 1294
Multilevel and SEM Approaches to
Growth Curve Modeling 1296
Multiple Baseline Designs 1306
Multiple Comparison Procedures 1309
Multiple Comparison Tests:
Nonparametric and Resampling
Approaches 1325
Multiple Imputation 1331
Multiple Informants 1332
Multiple Linear Regression 1333
Multiple Testing 1338
Multitrait–Multimethod Analyses 1343
Multivariate Analysis: Bayesian 1348
Multivariate Analysis: Overview 1352
Multivariate Analysis of Variance 1359
Multivariate Genetic Analysis 1363
Multivariate Multiple Regression 1370

Multivariate Normality Tests 1373
Multivariate Outliers 1379
Neural Networks 1387
Neuropsychology 1393
New Item Types and Scoring 1398
Neyman, Jerzy 1401
Neyman–Pearson Inference 1402
Nightingale, Florence 1408
Nonequivalent Group Design 1410
Nonlinear Mixed Effects Models 1411
Nonlinear Models 1416
Nonparametric Correlation (r
s
) 1419
Nonparametric Correlation (tau) 1420
Nonparametric Item Response Theory
Models 1421
Nonparametric Regression 1426
Nonrandom Samples 1430
Nonresponse in Sample Surveys 1433
Nonshared Environment 1436
Normal Scores and Expected Order
Statistics 1439
xiv Contents
Nuisance Variables 1441
Number of Clusters 1442
Number of Matches and Magnitude
of Correlation 1446
Number Needed to Treat 1448
Observational Study 1451

Odds and Odds Ratios 1462
One Way Designs: Nonparametric and
Resampling Approaches 1468
Optimal Design for Categorical
Variables 1474
Optimal Scaling 1479
Optimization Methods 1482
Ordinal Regression Models 1491
Outlier Detection 1494
Outliers 1497
Overlapping Clusters 1498
P Values 1501
Page’s Ordered Alternatives Test 1503
Paired Observations, Distribution Free
Methods 1505
Panel Study 1510
Paradoxes 1511
Parsimony/Occham’s Razor 1517
Partial Correlation Coefficients 1518
Partial Least Squares 1523
Path Analysis and Path Diagrams 1529
Pattern Recognition 1532
Pearson, Egon Sharpe 1536
Pearson, Karl 1536
Pearson Product Moment
Correlation 1537
Percentiles 1539
Permutation Based Inference 1540
Person Misfit 1541
Pie Chart 1547

Pitman Test 1548
Placebo Effect 1550
Point Biserial Correlation 1552
Polychoric Correlation 1554
Polynomial Model 1555
Population Stratification 1557
Power 1558
Power Analysis for Categorical
Methods 1565
Power and Sample Size in Multilevel
Linear Models 1570
Prediction Analysis of
Cross-Classifications 1573
Prevalence 1579
Principal Component Analysis 1580
Principal Components and
Extensions 1584
Probability: Foundations of 1594
Probability: An Introduction 1600
Probability Plots 1605
Probits 1608
Procrustes Analysis 1610
Projection Pursuit 1614
Propensity Score 1617
Prospective and Retrospective
Studies 1619
Proximity Measures 1621
Psychophysical Scaling 1628
Qualitative Research 1633
Quantiles 1636

Quantitative Methods in Personality
Research 1637
Quartiles 1641
Quasi-experimental Designs 1641
Quasi-independence 1644
Quasi-symmetry in Contingency
Tables 1647
Quetelet, Adolphe 1650
VOLUME 4
R & Q Analysis 1653
R-squared, Adjusted R-squared 1655
Random Effects and Fixed Effects
Fallacy 1657
Random Effects in Multivariate Linear
Models: Prediction 1661
Random Forests 1665
Random Walks 1667
Randomization 1669
Randomization Based Tests 1674
Randomized Block Design:
Nonparametric Analyses 1681
Randomized Block Designs 1686
Randomized Response Technique 1687
Range 1687
Rank Based Inference 1688
Rasch Modeling 1691
Rasch Models for Ordered Response
Categories 1698
Rater Agreement 1707
Rater Agreement – Kappa 1712

Rater Agreement – Weighted Kappa 1714
Contents xv
Rater Bias Models 1716
Reactivity 1717
Receiver Operating Characteristics
Curves 1718
Recursive Models 1722
Regression Artifacts 1723
Regression Discontinuity Design 1725
Regression Model Coding for the
Analysis of Variance 1727
Regression Models 1729
Regression to the Mean 1731
Relative Risk 1732
Reliability: Definitions and
Estimation 1733
Repeated Measures Analysis of
Variance 1735
Replicability of Results 1741
Reproduced Matrix 1743
Resentful Demoralization 1744
Residual Plot 1746
Residuals 1750
Residuals in Structural Equation,
Factor Analysis, and Path Analysis
Models 1754
Resistant Line Fit 1756
Retrospective Studies 1758
Reversal Design 1759
Risk Perception 1760

Robust Statistics for Multivariate
Methods 1764
Robust Testing Procedures 1768
Robustness of Standard Tests 1769
Runs Test 1771
Sample Size and Power Calculation 1773
Sampling Distributions 1775
Sampling Issues in Categorical Data 1779
Saturated Model 1782
Savage, Leonard Jimmie 1784
Scales of Measurement 1785
Scaling Asymmetric Matrices 1787
Scaling of Preferential Choice 1790
Scatterplot Matrices 1794
Scatterplot Smoothers 1796
Scatterplots 1798
Scheff
´
e, Henry 1799
Second Order Factor Analysis:
Confirmatory 1800
Selection Study (Mouse Genetics) 1803
Sensitivity Analysis 1805
Sensitivity Analysis in Observational
Studies 1809
Sequential Decision Making 1815
Sequential Testing 1819
Setting Performance Standards:
Issues, Methods 1820
Sex-Limitation Models 1823

Shannon, Claude E 1827
Shared Environment 1828
Shepard Diagram 1830
Sibling Interaction Effects 1831
Sign Test 1832
Signal Detection Theory 1833
Signed Ranks Test 1837
Simple Random Assignment 1838
Simple Random Sampling 1840
Simple V Composite Tests 1841
Simulation Methods for Categorical
Variables 1843
Simultaneous Confidence Interval 1849
Single-Case Designs 1850
Single and Double-blind Procedures 1854
Skewness 1855
Slicing Inverse Regression 1856
Snedecor, George Waddell 1863
Social Interaction Models 1864
Social Networks 1866
Social Psychology 1871
Social Validity 1875
Software for Behavioral Genetics 1876
Software for Statistical Analyses 1880
Spearman, Charles Edward 1886
Spearman’s Rho 1887
Sphericity Test 1888
Standard Deviation 1891
Standard Error 1891
Standardized Regression Coefficients 1892

Stanine Scores 1893
Star and Profile Plots 1893
State Dependence 1895
Statistical Models 1895
Stem and Leaf Plot 1897
Stephenson, William 1898
Stevens, S S 1900
Stratification 1902
Structural Equation Modeling:
Categorical Variables 1905
Structural Equation Modeling:
Checking Substantive
Plausibility 1910
xvi Contents
Structural Equation Modeling:
Latent Growth Curve Analysis 1912
Structural Equation Modeling:
Mixture Models 1922
Structural Equation Modeling:
Multilevel 1927
Structural Equation Modeling:
Nonstandard Cases 1931
Structural Equation Modeling:
Nontraditional Alternatives 1934
Structural Equation Modeling:
Overview 1941
Structural Equation Modeling:
Software 1947
Structural Equation Modeling and
Test Validation 1951

Structural Zeros 1958
Subjective Probability and Human
Judgement 1960
Summary Measure Analysis of
Longitudinal Data 1968
Survey Questionnaire Design 1969
Survey Sampling Procedures 1977
Survival Analysis 1980
Symmetry: Distribution Free Tests
for 1987
Symmetry Plot 1989
Tau-Equivalent and Congeneric
Measurements 1991
Teaching Statistics to Psychologists 1994
Teaching Statistics: Sources 1997
Telephone Surveys 1999
Test Bias Detection 2001
Test Construction 2007
Test Construction: Automated 2011
Test Dimensionality: Assessment of 2014
Test Translation 2021
Tetrachoric Correlation 2027
Theil Slope Estimate 2028
Thomson, Godfrey Hilton 2030
Three Dimensional (3D) Scatterplots 2031
Three-mode Component and Scaling
Methods 2032
Thurstone, Louis Leon 2045
Time Series Analysis 2046
Tolerance and Variance Inflation

Factor 2055
Transformation 2056
Tree Models 2059
Trellis Graphics 2060
Trend Tests for Counts and
Proportions 2063
Trimmed Means 2066
T-Scores 2067
Tukey, John Wilder 2067
Tukey Quick Test 2069
Tversky, Amos 2070
Twin Designs 2071
Twins Reared Apart Design 2074
Two by Two Contingency Tables 2076
Two-mode Clustering 2081
Two-way Factorial: Distribution-Free
Methods 2086
Type I, Type II and Type III Sums of
Squares 2089
Ultrametric Inequality 2093
Ultrametric Trees 2094
Unidimensional Scaling 2095
Urban, F M 2097
Utility Theory 2098
Validity Theory and Applications 2103
Variable Selection 2107
Variance 2110
Variance Components 2110
Walsh Averages 2115
Wiener, Norbert 2116

Wilcoxon, Frank 2117
Wilcoxon–Mann–Whitney Test 2118
Winsorized Robust Measures 2121
Within Case Designs: Distribution Free
Methods 2122
Yates’ Correction 2127
Yates, Frank 2129
Yule, George Udny 2130
z Scores 2131
Contributors
Ackerman, Terry A. University of North
Carolina, Greensboro, NC, USA
Aiken, Leona S. Arizona State University,
Tempe, AZ, USA
Airoldi, Mara London School of
Economics and Political Science,
London, UK
Andrich, David Murdoch University,
Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia
Ayton, Peter City University, London,
UK
Banks, Adrian University of Surrey,
Guildford, UK
Barrett, Paul University of Auckland,
Auckland, New Zealand
Bartholomew, David J. London School
of Economics and Political Science,
London, UK
Beaubien, J. Matthew Aptima Inc.,
Washington, DC, USA

Beins, Bernard C. Ithaca College, Ithaca,
NY, USA
Bekele, B. Nebiyou University of Texas,
Houston, TX, USA
Beller, Michal Educational Testing
Service, Princeton, NJ, USA
Berge, Jos M.F. Ten University of
Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
Berger, Martijn P.F. University of
Maastricht, Maastricht, The Netherlands
Berger, Vance W. University of Maryland,
Baltimore, MD, USA
Besag, Julian University of Washington,
Seattle, WA, USA
Billiet, Jaak Katholieke Universiteit,
Leuven, Belgium
Bock, Hans-Hermann RWTH Aachen
University, Aachen, Germany
B
¨
ockenholt, Ulf McGill University,
Quebec, Montreal, Canada
Bogartz, Richard S. University of
Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
Bogat, G. Anne Michigan State University,
East Lansing, MI, USA
Boik, Robert J. Montana State University,
Bozeman, MT, USA
Boker, Steven M. University of Notre
Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA

Bolt, Daniel University of Wisconsin,
Madison, WI, USA
Bookstein, Fred L. University of
Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
Boomsma, Dorret I. Vrije Universiteit,
Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Borg, Ingwer Center for Survey Research
and Methodology, Mannheim, Germany
& University of Giessen, Giessen,
Germany
Boulet, John R. Educational Commission
for Foreign Medical Graduates,
Philadelphia, PA, USA
Brockwell, P.J. Colorado State University,
Fort Collins, CO, USA
Brown, Bruce L. Brigham Young
University, Provo, UT, USA
Bub, Kristen L. Harvard University,
Cambridge, MA, USA
Buchanan, Roderick D. University of
Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
Buchner, Axel Heinrich-Heine-Universit¨at
D¨usseldorf, D¨usseldorf, Germany
Burke, Ailbhe MRC SGDP Centre, King’s
College, London, UK
Busk, Patricia L. University of San
Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
Byrne, Barbara M. University of Ottawa,
Punta Gorda, FL, USA
xviii Contributors

Cade, Brian S. Fort Collins Science
Center, U. S. Geological Survey, Fort
Collins, CO, USA
Canter, David University of Liverpool,
Liverpool, UK
Canty, A.J. McMaster University,
Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
Cardon, Lon R. University of Oxford,
Oxford, UK
Chaplin, William F. St. John’s University,
New York, NY, USA
Chechile, Richard A. Tufts University,
Medford, MA, USA
Chen, Chun-Houh Institute of Statistical
Science, Academia Sinica, Taiwan
Chen, Gilad Texas A&M University,
College Station, TX, USA
Cherny, Stacey S. University of Oxford,
Oxford, UK
Christensen, Ronald University of New
Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
Clark-Carter, David Staffordshire
University, Stoke-on-Trent, UK
Clauser, Brian E. National Board of
Medical Examiners, Philadelphia, PA,
USA
Coad, D.S. University of London, London,
UK
Cohen, Arthur Rutgers University,
Piscataway, NJ, USA

Cohen, Patricia New York State
Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA
Colman, Andrew M. University of
Leicester, Leicester, UK
Congdon, Peter Queen Mary University of
London, London, UK
Conrad, Karen M. University of Illinois,
Chicago, IL, USA
Conrad, Kendon J. University of Illinois,
Chicago, IL, USA
Corcoran, Chris Utah State University,
Logan, UT, USA
Corley, R.P. University of Colorado,
Boulder, CO, USA
Corter, James E. Columbia University,
New York, NY, USA
Cortina, Jose George Mason University,
Fairfax, VA, USA
Cortina, Lilia M. University of Michigan,
Ann Arbor, MI, USA
Cotton, John W. University of California,
Santa Barbara, CA, USA
Cowles, Michael York University, Toronto,
Ontario, Canada
Cribbie, Robert A. York University,
Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Cussens, James University of York, York,
UK
Cutler, Adele Utah State University,
Logan, UT, USA

D’Agostino Jr, Ralph B. Wake Forest
University, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
D’Onofrio, Brian M. University of
Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
Daniels, Richard University of Georgia,
Athens, GA, USA
Darlington, Richard B. Cornell
University, Ithaca, NY, USA
Davey, Tim Educational Testing Service,
Princeton, NJ, USA
Davison, Anthony C.
´
Ecole Polytechnique
F´ed´erale de Lausanne (EPFL),
Lausanne, Switzerland
de Boeck, Paul Katholieke Universiteit
Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
de Champlain, Andre F. National Board
of Medical Examiners, Philadelphia, PA,
USA
Dehue, Trudy University of Groningen,
Groningen, The Netherlands
Delaney, Harold D. University of New
Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
de Leeuw, Edith D. Utrecht University,
Utrecht, The Netherlands, and
MethodikA, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
de Leeuw, Jan University of California,
Los Angeles, CA, USA
de Munter, Agnes Katholieke Universiteit,

Leuven, Belgium
DePuy, Venita Duke Clinical Research
Institute, Durham, NC, USA
Dick, Danielle M. Washington University
School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
Dickins, David University of Liverpool,
Liverpool, UK
Donner, Allan University of Western
Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
Doyle, James K. Worcester Polytechnic
Institute, Worcester, MA, USA
Contributors xix
Dracup, Chris Northumbria University,
Newcastle, UK
Drasgow, Fritz University of Illinois,
Champaign, IL, USA
Driskell, Robyn Bateman Baylor
University, Waco, TX, USA
Durkalski, Valerie Medical University of
South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
Dykacz, Janice Marie Johns Hopkins
University, Baltimore, MD, USA
Eley, Thalia C. King’s College, London,
London, UK
Elston, Robert C. Case Western Reserve
University, Cleveland, OH, USA
Enders, Craig K. University of Nebraska,
Lincoln, NE, USA
Engelhard, George Emory University,
Atlanta, GA, USA

Erdfelder, Edgar Universit¨at Mannheim,
Mannheim, Germany
Evans, David M. University of Oxford,
Oxford, UK
Everitt, Brian S. Institute of Psychiatry,
King’s College, London, UK
Faber, Diana University of Liverpool,
Liverpool, UK
Fabrigar, Leandre R. Queen’s University,
Kingston, Ontario, Canada
Fahoome, Gail Wayne State University,
Detroit, MI, USA
Faul, Franz Christian-Albrechts-
Universit¨at, Kiel, Germany
Faux, Robert B. University of Pittsburgh,
Pittsburgh, PA, USA
Ferron, John University of South Florida,
Tampa, FL, USA
Fidalgo,
´
Angel M. Universidad de Oviedo,
Oviedo, Spain
Field, Andy P. University of Sussex,
Brighton, UK
Fieller, Nick University of Sheffield,
Sheffield, UK
Finch, Susan J. University of Melbourne,
Parkville, Australia
Fischer, Gerhard H. University of Vienna,
Vienna, Austria

Fischer, Mary University of Washington,
Seattle, WA, USA
Fisher, Dennis G. California State
University, Long Beach, CA, USA
Fitzmaurice, Garrett M. Harvard School
of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
Fox, John McMaster University, Hamilton,
Ontario, Canada
Fraley,R.Chris University of Illinois,
Champaign, IL, USA
Freedman, D.A. University of California,
Berkeley, CA, USA
Gable, Philip A. Ouachita Baptist
University, Arkadelphia, AR, USA
Garthwaite, Paul H. The Open University,
Milton Keynes, UK
Gentle, James E. George Mason
University, Fairfax, VA, USA
Gessaroli, Marc E. National Board of
Medical Examiners, Philadelphia, PA,
USA
Gierl, Mark J. University of Alberta,
Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
Gillespie, Nathan A. Virginia Institute of
Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics,
Richmond, VA, USA
Glas, Cees A.W. University of Twente,
Enschede, The Netherlands
Goldberg, Jack University of Washington,
Seattle, WA, USA

Goldsmith, L. Jane University of
Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
Goldstein, Harvey University of London,
London, UK
Good, James University of Durham,
Durham, UK
Goodman, Karen J. University of Texas,
Houston, TX, USA
Gottfredson, Gary D. University of
Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
Gower, John The Open University, Milton
Keynes, UK
Greenacre, Michael Universitat Pompeu
Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
Grietens, Hans Katholieke Universiteit
Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
Groenen, Patrick J.F. Erasmus University,
Rotterdam, The Netherlands
Guti
´
errez-Pe
˜
na, Eduardo National
University of Mexico, Mexico City,
Mexico
xx Contributors
Hagger-Johnson, Gareth University of
Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
Hambleton, Ronald K. University of
Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA

Hand, David J. Imperial College London,
London, UK
Hardin, James W. University of South
Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
Harold, Crystal M. George Mason
University, Mason, VA, USA
Harris, Richard J. American Society of
Radiologic Technologists, Albuquerque,
NM, USA
Hartung, Joachim University of
Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany
Hatch, John P. University of Texas, San
Antonio, TX, USA
Hayes, Andrew F. Ohio State University,
Columbus, OH, USA
Hazelton, Martin L. University of Western
Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
Hedeker, Donald University of Illinois at
Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
Heerwegh, Dirk Katholieke Universiteit
Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
Henderson, Norman Oberlin College,
Oberlin, OH, USA
Hendrickson, Amy B. University of
Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
Hendrix, Kent A. NPS Pharmaceuticals,
Salt Lake City, UT, USA
Hendrix, Suzanne B. Myriad Genetics
Inc., Provo, UT, USA
Herrera, Gina Coffee University of

Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
Hershberger, Scott L. California State
University, Long Beach, CA, USA
Hettmansperger, T.P. Pennsylvania State
University, University Park, PA, USA
Hewitt, John K. University of Colorado,
Boulder, CO, USA
Hoffrage, Ulrich University of Lausanne,
Lausanne, Switzerland
Holford, Theodore Yale University, New
Haven, CT, USA
Holland, Burt Temple University,
Philadelphia, PA, USA
Holland, Paul W. Educational Testing
Service, Princeton, NJ, USA
Hopper, John L. University of Melbourne,
Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
Horsten, Leon Katholieke Universiteit
Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
Howell, David C. University of Vermont,
Burlington, VT, USA
Hox, Joop Utrecht University, Utrecht, The
Netherlands
Huang, Guan-Hua National Chiao Tung
University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
Huberty, Carl J. University of Georgia,
Athens, GA, USA
Huitema, Bradley E. Western Michigan
University, Kalamazoo, MI, USA
Indurkhya, Alka Harvard University,

Boston, MA, USA
Irtel, Hans University of Mannheim,
Mannheim, Germany
Jackson, J. Edward Retired, Rochester,
NY, USA
Jacobson, Kristen C. Virginia
Commonwealth University, Richmond,
VA, USA
Jaffe, Adi California State University,
Long Beach, CA, USA
Johnson, Matthew S. City University of
New York, NY, USA
Jolliffe, Ian University of Aberdeen,
Aberdeen, UK
Judd, Charles M. University of Colorado,
Boulder, CO, USA
Junker, Brian W. Carnegie Mellon
University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
Kaplan, David University of Delaware,
Newark, DE, USA
Kaplan, Seth A. Tulane University, New
Orleans, LA, USA
Karabatsos, George University of Illinois,
Chicago, IL, USA
Kay, Jim W. University of Glasgow,
Glasgow, UK
Kazdin, Alan E. Yale University School of
Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
Keller, Lisa A. University of
Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA

Kenny, David A. University of
Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
Contributors xxi
Kenward, Michael G. London School of
Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London,
UK
Keselman, H.J. University of Manitoba,
Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
Khamis, Harry J. Wright State University,
Dayton, OH, USA
Kim, Jee-Seon University of Wisconsin,
Madison, WI, USA
Kirk, Roger E. Baylor University, Waco,
Texas, TX, USA
Klar, Neil Cancer Care Ontario, Toronto,
Ontario, Canada
Knapp, Guido University of Dortmund,
Dortmund, Germany
Kolen, Michael J. University of Iowa,
Iowa City, IA, USA
Kornbrot, Diana University of
Hertfordshire, Hatfield, UK
Kovtun, Mikhail Duke University,
Durham, NC, USA
Kratochwill, Thomas R. University of
Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
Kreft, Ita G.G. California State
University, Los Angeles, CA, USA
Kroonenberg, Pieter M. Leiden
University, Leiden, The Netherlands

Krzanowski, Wojtek J. University of
Exeter, Exeter, UK
Kulikowich, Jonna M. Pennsylvania State
University, University Park, PA, USA
Kuncheva, Ludmila I. University of
Wales, Bangor, UK
Laming, Donald University of Cambridge,
Cambridge, UK
Lance, Charles E. University of Georgia,
Athens, GA, USA
Landau, Sabine Institute of Psychiatry,
King’s College, London, UK
Landis, Ronald S. Tulane University, New
Orleans, LA, USA
Langeheine, Rolf Bordesholm, Germany
Langholz, Bryan University of Southern
California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
Lee, Peter M. University of York, York,
UK
Leese, Morven Institute of Psychiatry,
King’s College, London, UK
Lemeshow, Stanley Ohio State University,
Columbus, OH, USA
Lesaffre, Emmanuel Katholieke
Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
Levy, Paul S. RTI International, Research
Triangle Park, NC, USA
Lewis, Robert Michael College of William
& Mary, Williamsburg, VA, USA
Lewis-Beck, Michael S. University of

Iowa,IowaCity,IA,USA
Lindstrom, Mary J. University of
Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
Lipsey, Mark W. Vanderbilt University,
Nashville, TN, USA
Little, Roderick J. University of Michigan,
Ann Arbor, MI, USA
Little, Todd D. University of Kansas,
Lawrence, KS, USA
Li, Shuhong University of Massachusetts,
Amherst, MA, USA
Li, Zhen University of Maryland,
Baltimore, MD, USA
Liu, Li Aventis Pharmaceuticals,
Bridgewater, NJ, USA
Lix, Lisa M. University of Manitoba,
Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
Longford, Nicholas T. SNTL, Leicester,
UK
Lovie, Pat Keele University, Keele, UK
Lovie, Sandy University of Liverpool,
Liverpool, UK
Lowrimore, Gene Duke University,
Durham, NC, USA
Luce, R. Duncan University of California,
Irvine, CA, USA
Ludbrook, John University of Melbourne,
Melbourne, Victoria, and University of
Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia,
Australia

Luecht, Richard M. University of North
Carolina, Greensboro, NC, USA
Luellen, Jason K. University of Memphis,
Memphis, TN, USA
Lunneborg, Clifford E. University of
Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
Macdonald, Ranald R. University of
Stirling, Stirling, UK
xxii Contributors
Maes, Hermine H. Virginia
Commonwealth University, Virginia, VA,
USA and Katholieke Universiteit, Leuven,
Belgium
Magidson, Jay Statistical Innovations Inc.,
Belmont, MA, USA
Mair, Patrick University of Vienna,
Vienna, Austria
Mangione, Thomas W. John Snow, Inc.,
Boston, MA, USA
Manton, Kenneth G. Duke University,
Durham, NC, USA
Marcoulides, George A. California State
University, Fullerton, CA, USA
Marden, John I. University of Illinois,
Champaign, IL, USA
Margolis, Melissa J. National Board of
Medical Examiners, Philadelphia, PA,
USA
Marks, Michael J. University of Illinois,
Champaign, IL, USA

Martin, Nicholas G. Queensland
Institute of Medical Research, Herston,
Queensland, Australia
Massaro, Joseph M. Quintiles Inc.,
Cambridge, MA, USA
Mattern, Krista University of Illinois,
Champaign, IL, USA
Maxwell, Scott E. University of Notre
Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA
McArdle, John J. The University of
Virginia, Virginia, VA, USA
McGuffin, Peter Institute of Psychiatry,
King’s College, London, UK
McKean, J.W. Western Michigan
University, Kalamazoo, MI, USA
McKenzie, Dean P. Monash University,
Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
Mead, Alan D. Economic Research
Institute, Lockport, IL, USA
Mechelen, Iven Van Katholieke
Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
Meijer, Rob R. University of Twente,
Enschede, The Netherlands
Meiser, Thorsten University of Jena, Jena,
Germany
Mellenbergh, Gideon J. University of
Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Michailidis, George University of
Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
Michell, Joel University of Sydney, Sydney,

New South Wales, Australia
Miles, Jeremy University of York, York,
UK
Miller, Richard University of Nebraska,
Kearney, NE, USA
Mislevy, Robert J. University of
Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
Mitchell, Dayton C. University of
Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
Molenaar, P.C.M. University of
Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Molenberghs, Geert Limburgs
Universitair Centrum, Diepenbeek,
Belgium
Moore, Kris K. Baylor University, Waco,
TX, USA
Moors, Guy Tilburg University, Tilburg,
The Netherlands
Mulaik, Stanley A. Georgia Institute of
Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
Muller, Dominique University of Paris,
Paris, France
Mun, Eun Young University of Alabama,
Birmingham, AL, USA
Mu
˜
niz, Jos
´
e University of Oviedo, Oviedo,
Spain

Murphy, Kevin R. Pennsylvania State
University, University Park, PA, USA
Murray, David M. University of Memphis,
Memphis, TN, USA
Murtagh, Fionn Royal Holloway College,
University of London, Egham, UK
Myung, Jay I. Ohio State University,
Columbus, OH, USA
Navarro, Daniel J. Ohio State University,
Columbus, OH, USA
Neale, Ben Institute of Psychiatry, King’s
College, London, UK
Neale, Michael C. Virginia Commonwealth
University, Richmond, VA, USA
Neiderhiser, Jenae M. George Washington
University, Washington, DC, USA
Nickerson, Raymond S. Tufts University,
Medford, MA, USA
Onghena, Patrick Katholieke Universiteit
Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
Contributors xxiii
Pardy, Susan A. Queen’s University,
Kingston, Ontario, Canada
Pattison, Philippa University of
Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria,
Australia
Patton, Michael Quinn Union Institute
and University, Saint Paul, MN, USA
Pettit, Lawrence Queen Mary, University
of London, London, UK

Phillips, Carl V. University of Texas,
Houston, TX, USA
Phillips, Lawrence D. London School
of Economics and Political Science,
London, UK
Plake, Barbara S. University of Nebraska,
Lincoln, NE, USA
Ployhart, Robert E. University of South
Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
Posthuma, Danielle Vrije Universiteit,
Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Prentice, Ross L. Fred Hutchinson Cancer
Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
Press, Jim University of California,
Riverside, CA, USA
Price, Thomas S. University of Oxford,
Oxford, UK
Prinzie, Peter Leiden University, Leiden,
The Netherlands
Pruzek, Robert State University of New
York at Albany, NY, USA
Putt, Mary E. University of Pennsylvania,
Philadelphia, PA, USA
Rabe-Hesketh, Sophia University of
California, Berkeley, CA, USA
Ramsay, James McGill University,
Montreal, Quebec, Canada
Ramsey, Philip H. Queens College of
CUNY, Flushing, NY, USA
Ranyard, Rob University of Bolton,

Bolton, UK
Rasbash, Jon University of London,
London, UK
Raykov, Tenko Fordham University,
Bronx, NY, USA
Read, Daniel University of Durham,
Durham, UK
Reichardt, Charles S. University of
Denver, Denver, CO, USA
Rende, Richard Brown Medical School,
Providence, NY, USA
Rendina-Gobioff, Gianna University of
South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
Rhee, S.H. University of Colorado,
Boulder, CO, USA
Rigdon, Edward E. Georgia State
University, Atlanta, GA, USA
Rijsdijk, Fr
¨
uhling Institute of Psychiatry,
King’s College, London, UK
Rindskopf, David CUNY Graduate
Center, New York, NY, USA
Robin, Frederic Educational Testing
Service, Princeton, NJ, USA
Rodabough, Tillman Baylor University,
Waco, TX, USA
Rodgers, Joseph Lee University of
Oklahoma, Norman, OK, USA
Rogers, H. Jane University of Connecticut,

Storrs, CT, USA
Rose, Richard J. Indiana University,
Bloomington, IN, USA
Rosenbaum, Paul R. University of
Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
Rosenthal, Robert University of
California, Riverside, CA, USA
Ross, Helen University of Stirling, Stirling,
UK
Rovine, Michael J. Pennsylvania State
University, University Park, PA, USA
Rudas, Tam
´
as E¨otv¨os Lor´and University,
Budapest, Hungary
Rupp, Andr
´
eA. University of Ottawa,
Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
Sampson, Paul D. University of
Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
Sanders, Piet F. Cito (Dutch National
Institute for Test Development), Arnhem,
The Netherlands
Saudino, Kimberly J. Boston University,
Boston, MA, USA
Sawilowsky, Shlomo Wayne State
University, Detroit, MI, USA
Schalkwyk, Leonard C. Institute of
Psychiatry, King’s College, London, UK

Schmitt, Neal Michigan State University,
East Lansing, MI, USA
Schumacker, Randall E. University of
North Texas, Denton, TX, USA
xxiv Contributors
Schuster, Christof Justus-Liebig-
Universit¨at Giessen, Giessen,
Germany
Scott, Heather University of South
Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
Segal, Nancy L. California State
University, Fullerton, CA, USA
Senn, Stephen University of Glasgow,
Glasgow, UK
Serlin, Ronald C. University of Wisconsin,
Madison, WI, USA
Shadish, William R. University of
California, Merced, CA, USA
Shafran, Randi University of Minnesota,
Duluth, MN, USA
Sham, P. Institute of Psychiatry, King’s
College, London, UK
Shavelson, Richard J. Stanford University,
Stanford, CA, USA
Sheather, S.J. Texas A&M University,
College Station, TX, USA
Shi, Dailun Fudan University, Shanghai,
China
Sijtsma, Klaas Tilburg University, Tilburg,
The Netherlands

Silver, N. Clayton University of Nevada,
Las Vegas, NV, USA
Singer, Judith D. Harvard Graduate
School of Education, Cambridge, MA,
USA
Sireci, Stephen G. University of
Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
Skrondal, Anders London School of
Economics and Political Science,
London, UK
Slegers, David W. University of Kansas,
Lawrence, KS, USA
Slomkowski, Cheryl Brown Medical
School, Providence, NY, USA
Smith, David University of Notre Dame,
Notre Dame, IN, USA
Smith, Laurence D. University of Maine,
Orono, ME, USA
Smith, Philip T. University of Reading,
Reading, UK
Smith, Randolph A. Kennesaw State
University, Kennesaw, GA, USA
Snijders, Tom A.B. University of
Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
Spence, Ian University of Toronto,
Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Spilich, George Washington College,
Chestertown, MD, USA
Spinath, Frank M. Saarland University,
Saarbruecken, Germany

Stallings, M.C. University of Colorado,
Boulder, CO, USA
Steele, Fiona University of London,
London, UK
Stefanescu, Catalina London Business
School, London, UK
Steinley, Douglas University of Missouri,
Columbia, MO, USA
Stewart, David W. University of Southern
California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
Stoel, Reinoud D. University of
Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Stone, James V. Sheffield University,
Sheffield, UK
Stuetzle, Werner University of
Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
Suchy, Yana University of Utah, Salt Lake
City, UT, USA
Swaminathan, Hariharan University of
Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
Szabat, Kathryn A. LaSalle University,
Philadelphia, PA, USA
Takane, Yoshio McGill University,
Montreal, Quebec, Canada
Thach, Chau Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway,
NJ, USA
Thomas, Roger University of Georgia,
Athens, GA, USA
Thompson, Bruce Texas A&M University,
College Station, TX, USA

Thorndike, Robert M. We stern
Washington University, Bellingham, WA,
USA
Thum, Y.M. University of California, Los
Angeles, CA, USA
Tidd, Simon T. Vanderbilt University,
Nashville, TN, USA
Tisak, John Bowling Green State
University, Bowling Green, OH, USA
Tisak, Marie S. Bowling Green State
University, Bowling Green, OH, USA
Tong, Ye University of Iowa, Iowa City,
IA, USA
Contributors xxv
Toone, Leslie Utah State University,
Logan, Utah, USA
Toothaker, Larry E. University of
Oklahoma, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
Tourangeau, Roger University of
Maryland, College Park, MD, USA and
University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI,
USA
Towers, Hilary George Washington
University, Washington, DC, USA
Treat, Teresa A. Yale University, New
Haven, CT, USA
Trosset, Michael W. College of William &
Mary, Williamsburg, VA, USA
Tweney, Ryan D. Bowling Green State
University, Bowling Green, OH, USA

van de Geer, Sara A. University of
Leiden, Leiden, The Netherlands
van de Pol, Frank Heerlen, The
Netherlands
van de Velden, Michel Erasmus
University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The
Netherlands and Groningen University,
Groningen, The Netherlands
van den Noortgate, Wim Katholieke
Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
van den Oord, Edwin J.C.G. Virginia
Commonwealth University, Richmond,
VA, USA
van der Maas, H.L.J. University of
Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Vandenberg, Robert J. University of
Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
Veldkamp, Bernard P. University of
Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
Verbeke, Geert Katholieke Universiteit
Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
Vermunt, Jeroen K. Tilburg University,
Tilburg, The Netherlands
Victoria-Feser, Maria-Pia HEC –
University of Geneva, Geneva,
Switzerland
Visser, Penny S. University of Chicago,
Chicago, IL, USA
von Eye, Alexander Michigan State
University, East Lansing, MI, USA

von Weber, Stefan Fachhochschule
Furtwangen, Furtwangen, Germany
Vorperian, Houri K. University of
Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
Vos, Hans J. University of Twente,
Enschede, The Netherlands
Wade, Claire Whitehead Institute for
Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA,
USA
Wagenmakers, E J. University of
Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Wagner-Menghin, Michaela M.
University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
Wainer, Howard National Board of
Medical Examiners, Philadelphia, PA,
USA
Wakefield, Jon University of Washington,
Seattle, WA, USA
Walwyn, Rebecca Institute of Psychiatry,
King’s College, London, UK
Wang, Molin Harvard School of Public
Health and Dana-Farber Cancer
Institute, Boston, MA, USA
Wasserman, Stanley Indiana University,
Bloomington, Indiana, USA
Webb, Noreen M. University of
California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
Weber, Erik Ghent University, Ghent,
Belgium
Weersing, V. Robin Yale Child Study

Center, New Haven, CT, USA
Weidman, Nadine Harvard University,
Cambridge, MA, USA
Welkenhuysen-Gybels, Jerry Katholieke
Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
Well, Arnold D. University of
Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
Wermuth, Nanny Chalmers/Gothenburg
University, Gothenburg, Sweden
West, Stephen G. Arizona State
University, Tempe, AZ, USA
Whitaker, Christopher J. University of
Wales, Bangor, UK
Wiggins, Lacey Baylor University, Waco,
TX, USA
Wight, Randall D. Ouachita Baptist
University, Arkadelphia, AR, USA
Wilcox, Rand R. University of Southern
California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
xxvi Contributors
Willett, John B. Harvard University
Graduate School of Education,
Cambridge, MA, USA
Williams, Si
ˆ
an E. University of Sussex,
Brighton, UK
Wishart, David University of St. Andrews,
St. Andrews, UK
Wixted, John T. University of California,

San Diego, CA, USA
Wothke, Werner Research Department,
CTB/McGraw-Hill, Monterey, CA, USA
Wright, Daniel B. University of Sussex,
Brighton, UK
Wuensch, Karl L. East Carolina
University, Greenville, NC, USA
Yashin, Anatoli Duke University, Durham,
NC, USA
Zenisky, April L. University of
Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
Zhang, Jialu University of Maryland,
Baltimore, MD, USA
Zhao, Yue University of Massachusetts,
Amherst, MA, USA
Zhou, YanYan Florida International
University, Miami, FL, USA
Zumbo, Bruno D. University of British
Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia,
Canada