•m
^*,
^
i
IH|
1
NHA
XUAT
BAN
VAN HOA
THONG
TIN
LA DANG BAT
Que: Hoa
Lir-
Ninh Binh
Cir nhan Van hoc
Hoi vien Hoi VHNT Ninh Binh
Nghe nghiep: Day hoc
Giai
thinmg
VHNT
Trmmg
Han Sieu
LADANGBAT
CHUA
NINH BINH
^
<^-
^^a^o;^
>

^
^•M
l^
I
z
'ca
I
z
z
I
z
1-
NHA XUAT BAN VAN HOA - THONG TIN

PHAN THir NHAT
KHAI LUAN
NGOICHUA
Cac lang que Viet Nam cho den ngay nay,
dirang
nhu
van
la noi
liru
dau nhieu nhat nhiing ngoi
chiia CO
kinh,
tich lang. Do la nhiing cong trinh kien
triic doc dao lam noi
thd
Phat. Dat dung

chiia
phai la
dat thieng. tuong doi cao. khong bi ngap lut. trong
sach, khong co mo ma, phong quang, thoang dang,
xung quanh co
it
nha dan
6.
Dac biet dat do phai tu
linh, tu
due,
thu
hiit
duoc sinh
lire tir
tren cao xuong
duoi thap va tao ra am duong doi dai.
Vi
the, trudc
chiia thuong co dong nuac chay qua, neu khong,
trong
chiia
phai dao gieng, dao ao hoac xay ho ban
nguyet. Chiia tren cao bieu hien cho duong,
nudc
d
dudi thap la am. Neu
chiia
cd reu phong
dugc

coi la
trong duong da cd am, cdn nudc chiia dugc anh sang
d tren trdi rgi xudng
tiic
la trong am da cd duang.
Am duang ddi dai la the. Ngoai nhiing
di(!u
ca ban
dd, chiia phai toa lac d mdt nai
xiing
dang vdi ca
khdng gian tirng
viing
que lang xa. NhQng ngdi
chiia
cd tieng tam thudng dung ben
niii,
hoac
lii'y
mii lam
chd dua, "tien thuy,
hcju scfn
". Dd cung la nai cay
cd, hoa la tuoi td't quanh nam, ludn bao
phii
mdt
mau xanh mudt mat, cd nhieu chim chdc den lam td,
la noi
"cMt
lanh, chim

dcni
".
Dau nha Tran, Viet Nam mdi cd
chCr
"tir"
dat
ttin
cho
chiia.
Dau cdng nguyen,
bang
dudng bien, dao Phat
tit
An Do du nhap vao Luy Lau (cdn
ggi
la Dau), nay thugc
Thuan Thanh, tinh Bac Ninh (ddng Nam Tdng). Den the
ky II
thi
dao Phat vao Viet Nam qua con dudng Trung
Qud'c (ddng Bac Tdng). Tdi the ky XI, dao Phat mdi phat
trien manh,
chiia
dugc xay dung nhieu. phan lam 3 hang:
Dai danh lam (chua do trieu
dinh
dung kiem Hanh cung
ciia
vua, xay tren ddi), Trung danh lam
(chiia

ldn ciia ca
mdt
viing),
Tieu danh lam
(chiia ciia
lang). Noi thd Phat
la mdt thap, trong dat mdt tugng Phat chinh va mdt sd
tugng phu. Thap chinh la
chiia.
Thap cd cao nha't cdn den ngay nay la thap Long
Dgi,
13
tang, xay dung d the ky
XII.
ddi vua Ly Nhan
Tdng (thudc huyen Duy Tien, tinh Ha Nam). Sang the ky
XIII,
thap dugc tach ra khdi Thugng dien, thanh hai kien
triic rieng: chiia va thap. Thap khdng cdn la
chiia
ma trd
thanh md su, nhu thap Phd Minh (Nam Dinh).
Thdi ky Ly - Tran, Phat giao dugc coi la qudc
giao,
nen
chiia
trd thanh trung tam van hoa cua
lang
xa,
VI

vay lang nao cung cd
chiia,
cd thap. Thdi ky nay nha
su dugc trgng vgng va dugc coi la ngudi hudng dan giao
due
ve van hoa, dao
diic.
Chiia
chfnh la dac trUng
ciia
van hoa Phat giao,
cung cd
the
dugc xem nhu van hoa dan tgc. Tren khap
mgi mien
ciia
da't nudc Viet Nam.
tir mien
xudi den
mien ngugc,
tir
thanh thi de'n ndng thdn. d dau cung cd
chua,
chiia
da gdn bd va trd nen than thiet vdi ngudi dan.
Chua la
ciia
lang,
ciia
dan,

la
mdt phan khdng the thieu
ddi vdi cdng ddng
lang.
Nhan dan thudng
la'y
ten
lang
dat ten cho
chiia.
Trudc mdi chuyen di xa hay trudc
nhitng cdng viec he trgng, ngudi dan thudng den chiia de
cau xin
sir
binh yen, dan dan viec ngudi dan di II chiia
da trd thanh mdt tuc Ie, mot sinh hoat van hoa.
Trong thdi ky
each
mang, nhiing nam khang
chien chdng Phap, chdng My, nhilu ngdi chiia da trd
thanh ca sd
each
mang, nudi giau, che chd cho can bd,
bd ddi, la dia diem hgp
ciia
nhieu hdi nghi quan trgng.
Vl vay, trong ca nudc cd den hang tram ngdi chiia da
dugc Nha nudc cdng nhan
la
Di

tich
Lich sir - Van hoa.
Kien triic
ciia
cac ngdi chiia Viet Nam deu
la
mdt
tang gidng nhu nhiing ngdi nha d
lang
que, nhung nd
la
mdt toa nha to, rdng hinh chir "dinh "
(')
(chii T), phan
ngang la Tien dudng, phan dgc la Chinh dien hay Thugng
dien - chd tham nghiem de thd Phat. Chiia cdn dugc
xay
dung theo kieu chii
Tam
(^
) vdi ba day nha chfnh: Tien
dudng, Thieu huang, Thugng dien, hoac theo kieu
mpi
cong
ngogi
quoc (ben ngoai
chu"
c/uoc, ben trong chir
cong (Han tu)).
Nhiing chiia Idn dugc

xay
dung bang
nhung
cot
gd lim cao to.
Vi,
keo, xa ngang, xa dgc cung bang gd
lim. Dieu ddc dao
la,
d nhu'ng chd Idi ldm cua vi keo,
tru, van nong, van
lung,
canh cira, cd khi cdn dugc
cham bong kenh, cham long, tao thanh nhiing tac
phaim
nghe thuat tren gd tuyet dep. Mdi bii:c cham nhu dugc
thdi mdt ludng sinh khf dem de'n ve dep sdng dgng, la
ky. Trudc Thugng dien, cd nai cira vong dugc cham
long, thep vang
lam
nen cho Phat dien, nhu
loe len
mdt
diem sang cua anh vang de hudng con ngudi vao cdi
Phat. Day dugc coi
la
nhiing tac pham nghe thuat cd gia
tri cao.
J
'

Ben tren cira vdng va d tren cao
ciia
cac gian hai
ben Bai dudng hay trong Thugng dien cdn treo nhirng
bu'c dai tu son son thep vang ndi ve ten chiia hoac ca
nggi Phat. Cac cdt trong chiia cung treo nhitng cau ddi
ca nggi cdng
diic ciia
Phat va canh dep
ciia
chiia. Dd
la
nhiing san pham
ciia
trf tue con ngudi, cung
la
di san
van hoa Phat giao, van hoa dan tdc cua nudc ta.
Nhin chung, cac ngdi chiia d Viet Nam deu thap
va cd xu hudng bi
"hiitxuong"
dat, an minh dudi nhiing
tan cay cd thu de ddn gigt suang va ciing chung nang gid,
hoa nhap trong khdng gian rdng Idn
ciia
thien nhien.
Nhiing ngdi chiia d mien Bac mang tfnh chat
chiia cd, vi kien tnic tren bd khung bang gd. Cdn d mien
Nam kien
true

theo kieu be tdng hoa, ggi
la
chiia
diic.
He thdng bd mai cua chiia thudng chiem hai phan
ba cdng trinh. Dd
la
dac trung kien triic
ciia
chua Viet
Nam. Mai chiia dugc udn cong,
Igp
bang ngdi ta, khdng
cd mau, mui
lugn
trdn, phfa dudi la ngdi chieu. Cac gdc
ciia
mai chiia deu cd dau dao xay cong len nhu hinh
ludi
dao hoac nhu hinh cai dudi chim phugng lam cho mai
udn lugn, uyen chuyen, hai hoa nhu sdng nudc thuy
trieu, nhu con thuyen trdi tren nudc, nhu hai canh chim
dang dang rdng de bay len. Dudng net nay da thay khac
tren mat trdng ddng Ddng Son, dd cung
la
net cua vudng
va trdn,
ciia
trdi va dat, bie'u tugng cho am duang hoa
hgp,

ndi len
chi
hudng va tam hdn ngudi Viet Nam, the
hien triet Iy nhan sinh phuang Ddng sau
sk.
Chua thudng dugc xay theo hudng nam (hudng ciia
trf tue) hay hudng tay (hudng duang - Yen tam mdt chd).
Trudc chiia bao gid ciing cd Tam quan, tren cd
gac chudng, hinh thiic la ba cira, cira Hiiu, cira Vd va cira
Dai (gdm ca Vd va Hiru), nhung ndi dung la mdt tuyen
ngdn cho ca ba Idi nhin
ciia
dao Phat: khdng quan, da
quan, trung quan. Khdng quan la nhin vao
sir
vat, that ra
cai gi cung
la
khdng. Da quan la
sir
vat gi cung cd bien
hoa, cd dil ca, cai gi ciing la cd. Trung quan la khdng
phai la khdng ma cung khdng phai la cd. Nd la giira, vira
cd vua khdng. Ngoai cira cua Tam quan thudng cd ddi
lan
d tren dinh tugng trung cho
siic
manh d tren cao,
sir
hieu bie't, kiem sat tam linh

ciia
cac chiing sinh khi budc
vao cira chiia. Sau Tam quan cd con dudng Nhat chfnh
dao.
.
,!(
Vao chiia
la
budc vao Bai dudng hay Tien dudng
(nha phfa trudc) nam ngay lien vdi dien thd Phat. Phai
vao cira ben trai
ciia
Tien dudng. Ben trai Tien dudng cd
ban thd rieng dat tugng
Diic
Ong. Tugng nhu mgt quan
van mat dd, ngdi budng chan, tay de tu nhien tren
diii.
Ll
Dire
Ong xong mdi den ll d Thugng dien. Bai dudng
dat 2
tirgng
to ldn
la
Hd Phap, cdn ggi la Kim Cuong,
mac ao giap,
ddi
mu tru, cam binh khf, hinh dang rat dir
tgn, chan di giay, cd khi diing hoac cudi tren con sau

(ten mdt loai vat tudng tugng, gan gidng su tir). Tugng
Hd Phap phfa ben tay phai, ggi la vi Khuyen Thien, phfa
ben tay trai, ggi la vi Trirng ac (ggi la dng Thien, dng
ac).
Mdt sd chiia cd den 8 vi Kim Cuang nen ggi
la
Bdt
bp
Kim Cuang.
!.'
Ben trai Bai dudng gan tugng
Diic
Ong (trdng coi
lai san va cac khf vat trong chiia, khien ke gian khdng
xam pham),
la
ban thd Thd Dia (vi than coi giir cdi dat).
Canh ban thd Thd Dia, cdn cd ban thd Long Than (la
mdt Long Vuang da quy y Phat va cd cdng hd tri Phat
phap).
Ben phai Bai dudng, ddi
xiing
vdi tugng
Diic
Ong,
la
tugng Thanh Tang (Thanh Tang cd the thd d nha
Tang dudng). Tugng ngdi budng chan tren be, ddi mu ty
lu that Phat (bay
miii

cd hinh Phat), tay phai cam cai ly
dung nudc phep, tay trai ket an. Cac chiia ldn hai ben
nha
Tiin
dudng cd ddng Thap dien Diem Vuang hoac
tugng
10
vi vua cai quan dudi am phu. Cd chiia thi thay
ddng va tugng bang tranh ve tren gd hoac vai hay giay.
O Thugng dien cung ggi
la
nha Thieu huang - noi
thd Phat (nha dgc), mdt chiia ldn hoan chinh cd cac be
thd tir cao xudng thap, dat cac tugng Phat bang gd hoac
bang ddng va cac dd thd nhu dinh huong, cay den v.v
- Hang cao nhat: Bay ba pho tugng Tam The: Qua
khii,
Hien tai, Vi lai. Tugng Hien tai d giua, tugng Qua
khii
ben phai, tugng Vi Iai ben trai. Ba tugng nay
diu
ngdi tren toa sen.
- Hang thiir hai: Di Da Tam Tdn. Tugng A Di Da d
giiia, cd dang ngdi toa thien hay thuyet phap tren toa sen.
Tugng Dai The chf ben phai, tugng Quan The Am ben
trai,
la
tugng diing hoac ngdi cd nhieu mat, nhilu tay,
(cung cd the
la

tugng Phat Ba Quan Am, hoac Quan Am
Thi
Kinh
(mdt dang toa son
he diia
be va cd con vet).
- Hang
thii
ba: Hoa Nghiem Tam Thanh: Thfch Ca
Mau Ni d giua, ngdi tren toa sen, mac ao phap
de
hd vai,
tay cam hoa
sen.
Tugng Ca Diep d ben trai tugng Thich Ca,
cd tu the diing, tay khum trudc nguc. Tugng A Nam Da
ben phai tugng Thich Ca, ciing cd tu the dung, hai tay chap
trudc nguc.
- Hang
thii
tu: Di Lac Tam Tdn: Tugng Di Lac d
giua, ngdi de vai va minh tran, bung to beo, hd rdn, than
hinh day da, net mat rang rd, mieng cudi thoa man. Ben
trai tugng Di Lac la tugng Van Thii Bd Tat, tac ngdi tren
lung mdt con su tir mau xanh, tay ndm thanh guam
(tugng trung cho trf tue). Ben phai tugng Di Lac
la
Pho
Hien Bd Tat, da mat trdng, tay phai cam hoa sen tren cd
ludi

kiem, tay trai ndm chat va gia
len,
cudi tren con voi
trdng,
la
vi Phat
chii
tri cho chan ly.
- Hang thir
nam:
Thfch Ca Sa Sinh, cdn ggi la Thfch
Ca Cim Long diing giira. Tugng
la
mdt
chii
be bu bdm
dung tren dai sen, mac quan ngdn, tay trai chi trdi, tay phai
chi dat, xung quanh cd 9 con rdng. Sd 9 bieu hien cho
nhilu (tat
ca).
Rdng bieu tugng cho may. 9 con rdng
la
the
hien toan bd may nudc
linh
thieng de Phat tdm khi xuat
the.
Ben phai tugng Ciru Long
la
tugng Pham Vuang. Ben

trai tugng Cim Long
la
tugng De Thfch.
- Hang thii: sau: Nggc Hoang Thugng De d giua.
Tugng Nggc Hoang Thugng De ddi mii Binh Thien (cd
10
mat tren bdng), mac ao
long
bao, cham rdng, ngdi trong
ngai. Ben trai tugng Nggc Hoang Thugng De
la
tugng
Nam Tao cam sd dd ghi viec sinh. Ben phai tugng Nggc
Hoang
Thugng
De la tugng Bdc Dau cam sd
tir.
Hai tugng
nay khdng lien quan gi den
Riat
giao nhung cQng dugc thd
trong chiia.
Hang thir nam va hang thii' sau, cac tugng Phat cd
the ddi chd cho nhau.
(Mdt sd chiia bai trf hang
thii
tu: Di Lac Tam Tdn
(Di Lac, Phap Hoa Lam, Dai Dien Tudng); hang
thii
5:

Nggc Hoang, Nam Tao, Bdc Dau; hang
thii
sau: Thich Ca
Sa Sinh, Pham Thien, De Thfch. Tugng Quan Am dugc
dat trong gdc hai ben (tugng nhieu tay ben trai, toa san
ben phai). Khdng phai chiia nao cung cd day du cac hang
nhu the, cd chiia
chi
cd ba hoac bdn hang. Khi
ll
d
Thugng dien phai ngirng mat
len,
khdng dugc
ciii
mat.
Nhiing chiia ldn, cd nha hanh lang, giap tudng,
mdi ben dat 9 pho tugng, ggi
la
Thap bat La Han (18 vi
La Han). Cac tugng nay to nhu ngudi that, thudng cd hai
dang ngdi va diing. Mdi vi dugc tac theo mdt tu the khac
nhau, ngdi tren tang da hay gdc cay. Cac vi La Han nay
da tu hanh ddc dao, dugc len cdi Niet Ban, nhung chua
thanh Phat (dudi muc Bd Tat), d Iai the
gian
de phd bien
kinh Phat va
ciiu
vdt chiing sinh, tieu bieu nhat

la
chua
Tay Phuang thudc huyen Thach That,
tinh
Ha Tay cd
tugng
18
vi La Han tac bdng gd. Nhung pho tugng nay
dugc danh gia la nhung tac phdm dieu khdc nghe thuat
dep nhat d Viet Nam. Nha tha Huy Can da viet bai tha
11
"Cdc vi La Hdn chiia Tdy
Phuo'ng "
vao cudi nam
1960,
cd doan nhu sau:
Cdc vi La Hdn chiia Tdy Phuang
Toi den thdm ve ldng van vuang
Hd chdng phdi ddy
Id
xU Phdt
Md sao ai
ndy
mat dau thuang ?
Cac tugng Phat Viet Nam cung thudng cd hai
dang ngdi va diing, khudn mat mang dang ve nii nhilu
han, mieng thoang nu cudi ciin dg, tai to, mui thdng day
dan, tdc xodn dc, budu ndi tren dau (dl cao trf tue), mdt
nhin xudng, mac ao ca sa - nhdn nhuc y, dac biet la mdt
bao gid cung nhin xud'ng soi rgi ndi tam. (Phan biet

nhiing tugng d trong chiia: Mdt nhin xud'ng
la
tugng
Phat, cac tugng khac nhin rd mdt
la
tugng ngudi). Mat
cac tugng Phat thudng dugc son mau vang, bieu hien
sir
tdn kfnh
ciia
chiing sinh, tao cam giac hii'u hieu vl
nhung Idi cau
phde,
mong udc, mudn gat bd nhiing thdi
hu tat xau nai tran tuc, dd
la
mdt the gidi rieng
ciia
Phat
giao va cung la nhirng cdng trinh dieu khdc cd gia tri
mang dau an d tirng thdi ky
lich
sir. Cd the ndi, mdi pho
tugng Phat
la
mdt tac pham my thuat hoan hao. Cac
tugng Phat d
miin
Bdc
diu

tac bdng gd, cdn d
miin
Nam dugc dap bdng xi mang cdt thep, be tdng to ldn.
Nha Tang Dudng, ggi
la
nha thd Td, thudng xay
d sau Dien Phat, la nai thd cac vi su td. Day cung la nai
tiep khach, hdi hgp
ciia
nha chiia; trong nha Tang dudng
dat thd nhu sau:
12
•'->>-
Tugng Thanh Tang
la diic
An Nam Da;
- Tugng
diic
Td Tay cdn ggi la
due
To Dat ma,
mui cao, tdc quan, rau quai ndn,
la
ngudi An Do;
- Phd'i thd nhu'ng vi su tu hanh ddc dao thdi trudc
d chiia.
,j
Trong khudn vien chiia cd Dien Mdu dat tugng
thd Mdu Lilu Hanh hoac dat tugng thd Tam toa Thanh
Mdu gdm Mdu Thugng Ngan, Mdu Thoai, Mdu Lilu

Hanh. Cd
chiia
dat tugng thd Tir phu Thanh Mdu: Mdu
Thugng Thien (trdi - de nhat), Mdu Thugng Ngan (rirng
niii
- de nhi), Mdu Thoai
(nude
- de tam), Mdu Dia (dat
- de tir). Bd'n tugng
diu
gid'ng ngudi dan ba quyln quy,
tdc biii ngugc, cd vanh che. Thien quan (vanh trang trf
hinh hoa Id.
linh
vat d phfa tren tran), mac nhilu ldp do
dai,
yem hd cd, mdt chan chdng ty
gd'i
ke, mdt chan
khoanh, tay cdm quat, tay hd hiing nha ngdn de xac dinh
cuang vi. Cac yem cd son cac mau khac nhau; Thugng
Thien: dd, Thugng Ngan: xanh
la
cay, Thoai: trdng, Dia:
vang hoac xanh
lam
dam. Mdu Lilu Hanh dugc coi la
Mdu Thugng Thien.
-1'
;*.r::

1/
< v
Ngoai ra cdn cd nha Trai la nai tang chiing hdi
hgp,
nha d
ciia
cac su. Cd chiia xay rieng nha Hau thd
nhtfng ngudi mua hau chiia.
Ci khu vuc chiia cdn cd cac thap. Cd thap dugc
dung len
lam
nai thd Phat, ggi la thap Phat, nhu thap
chiia Long Dgi. Cd thap mang tfnh chat ky niem de thd
tro (xa Ii, cung ggi la xa Igi)
ciia
Phat hoac Bd Tat. Thap
Phd Minh (Nam Dmh) cao 14 tang de xa Igi vua Tran
13
Nhan Tdng. Thap Phat cao
13
tang. Thap ngudi dat qua
Phat sau Thfch Ca chi cd 11 tdng, rdi 9 tang, 7 tang, 5
tang (thap
ciia
Dai Bd Tat). Thap 4 tang
la
thap
ciia
cac
vi La Han. Mdt so thap

la
md cua cac nha su da vien
tich. Thap cd
ehdn
cat cac hoa thugng
la
3 tang. Thap I
tang
la
thap
ehdn
cat cac nha su tre chet. Cd thap I tang
nhung to Id thap
ehdn
cat dng hau, ba hau.
Chiia bao gid cung cd chudng, cd chua cdn
xay
rieng gac chudng, lau khanh.
_• i
Bia cung dugc dung d chiia, thudng ke vl Iai
lich
cua chiia, ca nggi Phat va canh dep chiia, ghi ten nhung
thien nam
tin
nii thap phuang da ddng gdp cdng
diic,
xay dung, tdn tao chiia.
Vudn chiia thudng trdng cac
loai
cay nhu:

cay
bd
dl (khuyen chiing sinh dep Idng trdn de lam dilu thien).
Cay bd dl nguyen d An Do.
Diic
Phat Thfch Ca da ngdi
dudi gdc cay nay va da thanh dao. Tir dd nhirng ngudi
sung md, tdn kinh
diu
den ll bai dudi cay bd dl. Cay
dai (cay thien menh,
hiit
sinh
lire
tir tang tren xudng
dudi),
cay gao
(la
bac thang nd'i trdi da't. Dd
la cay
vu tru
the hien trdi dat phai giao nhau), cay mudm (de cac
linh
hdn khdng nai nuang tua den nuang nhd), cay sen (bieu
tugng cho
am
- cdi niet ban),
cay cue
(bieu tugng cho
duang), cay mdu dan, cay

phii
dung,
Trong san chua dat cac chau trdng cac cay canh,
cay
hoa
lam
tang them ve dep cho chiia.
De'n II chiia, chiing ta cd the gap Sai,
la
ngudi dan
dng trdng coi,
quit
dgn chiia, hoac Vai la ngudi dan ba
M
trdng coi va
quit
dgn chiia. Cac su d chiia cd nhung
cS'p
bac nhu:
Chii Tieu
thudng
la
nhung ngudi cdn ft tudi, mdi
di tu (la ngudi vao chiia tu, sau mdt thdi gian 3 nam thi
dugc cao ddu, ggi Id xud'ng tdc (cdn ggi la Sa di)); su Bac
la
su tre thudc bac sa cap; su Ong la su dung tudi thudc
bac trung cap; su Cu Id su cao tudi, thudc bac cap cao, ggi
la
Thugng toa. Hod thugng Id chiic vi cao nha't cua su.

Neu la nir, Hoa thugng ggi Id Su trudng. Nhung mudn trd
thanh Thugng toa thi phai cd ft nhat 45 tudi ddi, 25 tuoi
ha; lam Hod thugng phai cd 60 tudi ddi va 40 tuoi ha. Ha
la
mdi nam mdt Ian tir
15
thang 4 (am
lich)
hoac
15
thang
5 (am
lich)
den 15 thang 7 hoac 15 thang 8 (am
lich).
Mdt sd chiia chi cd Ni tru tri, khdng cd tang.
Ni Cd hay su Cd
la
ten ggi chung cho cac su nu d
chiia
dd.
;
i
•
i.
;
Chiia chfnh la chd'n tinh vien (vudn tmh mich),
la
nai con ngudi den gan vdi chd'n tam
linh,

thanh thien,
cau mong trir dugc dilu ac, lam dugc nhilu dilu thien
de sd'ng thu thai, td't
lanh
han.
Nhilu chua td chiic ll hdi theo thdi gian
ciia
tirng
chiia. d chiia thudng chi cd II. Dd Id cac II nhu tung
kinh niem Phat hang ngay, hang khoa
ciia
cac nha tu
hanh; II cdu sieu cau vong cho linh hdn ngudi chet tren
chua gdn vdi timg gia dinh; II Vu Lan rdm thdng bay xa
tdi vong nhan. Cdn hdi d chiia Id phat
sinh
do nhu cdu
cdng cam
ciia
con ngudi, mud'n dung nap nhilu hinh thai
tin
ngudng khien cho gid day hdi thudng di
lien
vdi II.
Hdi chiia rnd rat ddng vui va nhdn nhip han cd vao dip
15
ddu xuan. Dau xuan, nhan dan cd phong tuc di vao chua
II Phat, cdu may, cdu phiic, do dd hdi chiia da dan tiep
nhan chiic nang
ciia

hdi lang. Dd
la
nai de ngudi dan
giao
luu
tinh cam, hod cai
"toi"
vao cai "ta " rdng ldn
trudc cira Phat, cung la noi nhiing net dep van hoa ddc
dao
ciia
dan tdc dugc bieu hien, nang niu, giii gin va
phat trien, con ngudi den chua de thdp nen huong ll
Phat, nhung ciing la de hudng tdi dieu td't dep trong cdi
tam
linh,
cau mong
lam
them dugc nhung dilu thien,
tranh dilu ac trong ddi.
Chiia ciing la mdt net van hoa mang tfnh dan tdc
cao,
khdng the thieu dugc trong ddi sd'ng van hoa
lang
xa, chiem mdt vi trf kha dac biet va quan trgng trong di
san van hoa Viet Nam; gdn
liln
vdi nilm tu hao vl
lang
xdm, que huang mdi ngudi, dd cung

la
mdt tac pham
nghe thuat cd kfnh, trang nghiem
ciia
con ngudi nhdm
hoa nhap vdi khung cdnh thien nhien tuai xanh
tinh
lang,
gdp them cho
biic
tranh loan canh
ciia
lang que
dugc hoan my.
iiv-;j r
(,/.
'•• •;•
!./ J U
iJJi'J !;
.•y idv
''••h
ijii'-
16
NENHirONG
Chdc rdng khdng mdt ngudi Viet Nam nao khdng
biet de'n nen huang (nen nhang), va cung khdng mdt ai
trong cugc ddi chua tirng thdp mdt nen huong.
Tir thud au tha, khi bdt ddu nhan biet, ban da thay
dng ba, bd me thdp nhung nen huang tren ban thd ciing
td tien. Rdi nhung ngay miing mdt, ngay rdm hang

thang, cac ngay gid trong nam, nhung ngay hdi cudi
hanh phiic, nhirng ngay tet, nhiing ngay tu sira md ma,
nhirng ngay cd cdng viec he trgng nhu
lam
nha, di xa,
di thi, ll d chiia, hdi he dinh dam d cac
din,
te ll d dinh
mieu
diu
phdi thdp huang:
- Thdy me
de'n
dien thd
Trdm huang khoi tod
m
Huang nhu
Id
sao
lqc
Lap song ngudi
16
nho
L
(Em di
eMa |[u(|fng Co
- Nguyen
Nhirgc-f'hap)
- Di ngang nghe khoi huang bay
Nghe

thdy tung niem a ddy co chua.
, •• •
- Vdo chua thap mot nen nhang
' '
Mieng khdn tay vdi bdn phuang chua ndy.
•
(Ca
dao)
Giua giao thira,
tiin
nam cu di de ddn nam mdi,
ngUdi ta cung thdp huang.
17
Den khi con ngudi nhdm mdt xudi tay tir gia cdi
ddi,
ngudi ta ciing thdp nhirng nen huang de
vinh
biet.
Cd the ndi, nen huang nhu mdt nhan chirng chiing kien
biet bao su thang tram, budn vui, theo sud't cudc ddi
ciia
mdt con ngudi.
Khi thdp huang
len,
khdng khf linh thieng bao
triim
ta't cd. Su dn ao xd bd tan bien
hit.
Con ngudi
chi

cdn thanh thien, tam
linh
hudng vl nhirng dang vd hinh
ky do, mau nhiem. Mdt su tmh
lang
trong tam hdn, de
den vdi than linh va ngudi da mat giao thoa, hoa nhap.
Nen huang
la
sgi nd'i giiia cdi
am
va cdi duang, giiia cai
hiiu hinh va cai vd
hinh,
tiic la
giiia ngudi sd'ng va ngudi
chet. Dd
la
ldi kfnh can, thdng bao, mdi ngudi chet, than
linh
vl vdi cdi trdn. Nd ciing td Idng ta hudng vl cdi
ngudn, td tien nhu vat chuyen tai tinh cam, chuyen tai
nhung Idi cdu khan, khat vgng cua con ngudi de'n thdn
linh
va ngudi chet. Ngudi ta cdn cau mong
sir ciiu
giiip
ciia than
linh,
cua hdn ngudi chet d ngay hien tai. Su ddi

thoai ba chilu dd
am
vang trong Ian khdi huang menh
mdng vd han. Trong "Truyen Kieu
",
Nguyin Du mieu
ta canh di thanh minh cua chi em Thuy Kilu, khi biet
dugc nam "mo vo
chii
"
ehdn
cat Dam Tien, Thuy Kilu
cung da "Sdn ddy ta thap mot vdi nen huang
"
thi huang
hdn
ciia
Dam Tien da hien vl ndi chuyen vdi Thuy Kilu.
Trong bai tha "Me Tam ", To Hun viet:
.'••hiil
. "Dot nen huang tham, mdt da
Ngudi
Hdy ve vui
chiit,
me Tam
ai!"
18
Nha tha thdp huang de the hien tinh cdm biet an
ciia
minh vdi me Tom.

Vao nhirng ngay ky niem ldn cua dat nudc, tir
nhirng vi lanh dao cao nhat
ciia
Dang va Nhd nudc, den
ngudi dan thudng, dudng nhu ai cung den Dai tudng
niem
liet
sy
ciia
Td qud'c
xay
dung tai quang trudng Ba
Dinh. Ha Ndi de thdp huang. Dd la bat huang to nha't,
cao nha't, linh thieng nhdt de cho nhirng ngudi dan Viet
Nam giao hod tinh cdm, bill on den cac bac
tiin
bdi,
anh hiing. liet sy da hy sinh vi da't nudc.
Phai chang, nen huang la dao ly, Idng hieu thao,
nghTa thuy chung, tinh cam "Udng nudc nhd nguon "
ciia
con ngudi, cua ca dan tdc.
Huang thdp bao gid cung cd
miii
tham. Con
ngudi quan niem
miii
tham
la
mui cua

linh
thieng,
huyin bf.
Miii
tham
ciia
huang cung lam cho quy dir,
ma thieng phai xa
lanh.
Nd cung khir dugc
miii
ue tap
trong nhimg dam tang
lanh
leo, budn dau.
Miii
tham
ciia
huang cdn
lam
thu gian khiiu giac va
lam
cho hai thd
tram Iai, em a, khdng nhiing the,
miii
tham
ciia
huang se
lam cho khdng khf nhu diu mat them, trong Idnh han.
Nd thoang thodng nhu

miii
hoa nhai, hoa cau, hoa budi,
hoa thien ly d quanh nha - mdt su khac biet trong nhirng
ngay thudng.
Khi
huang nghi ngiit tod bay nhu thau tdi
cim triing, lam cho ngudi ta tin vao
sir
cdu mong
ciia
minh se thanh dat, la diem tua cho tam ly
ciia
con ngudi
trong cudc sd'ng.
19
0 Viet Nam, cd Ie huang bdt dau dugc diing vao
khoang ddu the ky thu II sau Cdng nguyen,
tiic la
tir khi
dao Phat da du nhap vao nudc ta,
liic
ddu ngudi Viet
Nam diing huang de II Phat, sau dd mdi diing trong gia
dinh va cac cdng viec khac. Cung tir dd, nudc ta xua't
hien
nghi lam
huang.
Huang cd cac
loai
nhu: huang xa, tdng bai, tram,

den, vdng Nguyen
lieu
chfnh de
lam
huang gdm:
tam, huang
lieu
va chat
kit
dinh.
Tam dugc lam bdng
niia
ngd banh te. Huang
lieu la
cac thiir: xa, tram, nhua
tram, thdo qua, xuyen khung, sa nhan. Chat ket dinh
lam
bdng vd cay re rdt. Dem huang
lieu
tan nhd trdn
diu
vao
chat ke't dinh. Sau dd dem nd bgc
lay
tam, khdng bgc
het, de Iai mdt doan nhudm pham mau (dd, xanh, vang)
la
chan huong. Mud'n cho huang khdng
dinh
vao nhau

khi bd cho vao the thi xoa them ft bdt vd
cay
dd, bd dl.
Khi thdp huong, ngudi ta thudng chi thdp
1,
3 hoac
-
5 nen,
tiic
Id dimg sd Ie, thudc vl duang, thudc vl ngudi
dang sd'ng.
Di II chiia,
din,
dinh, mieu mao
chi
thdp mdt
nen huang. So 1
la
so trdn, hgp bdi am duang, dugc coi
la
bao trum tat cd. Thdp huang mdt nen ggi
la
tam
huong, cd y nghia 5 sdc huong tham, gdm: gidi huong
(tu nhdc nhd minh giu viing gidi
luat
kieng ki), dinh
huang (giii cho ldng yen dn trudc cam dd), tue huang
(Idm cho trf tue minh mdn), gidi thoat huong (giiip Idng
thoat khdi vdng hiem hoa cua nhiing ac nhan, nhiing

ham mud'n tdi ldi), tri kien huang (virng tin tien de'n
sir
20
giai thoat). Chi khi nao mud'n cd
sir
thay chuyen hoac
hoang mang trudc mdt bie'n cd, thi mdi thdp 3 nen
huang d chiia. Sd 3
la
sd Ie. Khuynh hudng Ie bao gid
cung mud'n chuyen thanh ehdn, thfch ddng,
phii
hgp vdi
sir
chuyen ddi. Nhiing ngay gid, tet d gia dinh, cung thdp
3 nen
huong.
Din
va chiia nao cd thd Thanh Mdu
Thugng Ngdn (rimg) thi thdp 5 nen huang, vd d nhung
nai thd ngu hd tudng quan, cung thdp 5 nen huong. Cdn
7 nen huong chi dugc thdp vao ngdy rdm thang 7 (am
lich).
Cling ngoai trdi, cdm huang vao cay um
tiim
nhu
cay
da chang han, khdng cdm huong vao
cay
bd dl,

cay
dai.
Nhiing
cay
um
tiim
Id noi hdi tu
ciia linh
hdn chiing
sinh thap phuong. Thdp huong ca bd khdng the hien dilu
gi.
Neu td chitc II dang huong, thi thdp 3 nen huang,
ciii
minh
lay
5
lay.
Con so 3 va 5 d day
la
theo cac dao
Giao,
dao Phat: Tam quy (Phat, Phap, Tang), Ngu gidi
(tranh sat sinh, ndi dd'i, trdm cudp, ta dam, rugu); dao
Khdng: Tam cuong (quan than, phu tir, phu phu), Ngii
thudng (nhan, nghia, ll, trf, tfn); dao Lao: Tam nguyen
(trdi, da't, ngudi), Ngu hanh (kim, mdc, thuy, hod, thd).
Khi thdp, cam huong dua dau nen huang vao
lira
nen hoac den cho chay dd. Sau dd, dimg hai tay dang
huong

len
ngang tran, vai 3 vdi, rdi diing ca hai tay cdm
vao bat huang tren ban thd.
Chi
dugc cam vao chan
huong va phai de chay het tudn huong mdi tien hanh
ha ll.
Nen huang cdn tugng trung cho kiep sdng
ciia
ngudi
phu nir trong xa hdi phong kien, sd'ng khep minh trong ndi
nilm bep niic, minh biet phan minh tu chay, tu tan:
21
-
Chdng buon co
ehdn
thd than,
,^
.
"
Thiep buon nhu ngon nhang tdn dem khuya.
,
', .,.,
,
,
- Dem khuya, den tat, nhans, tdn
,;.,, ,,,. ,
Dekeu
ru ri, da cdng sdu rieng.
li'-f,':

(Cadao)
Trong dem td'i,
chi
cdn minh hg ddi mat vdi nen
huong loe sang de budn
tiii,
trach than phan minh:
Dem qua ddt dinh huang trdm
'
'"' '
Khoi len nghi
ngiit,
dm thdm ldng ai.
(Ca
dao)
Mac
dil
vay,
cd
Iiic
nen
huong nhdc
den
chi la
cai
cd
de trai thanh
gai
lich ngay
xua

giai
bay
tinh
yeu:
Bao
gid cho
huang
hen hoa
Khdn
ddo ben
tiii
thi ta lay
minh.
Di
ll
chiia phai
cd
huong
va hoa.
Nhung mudn
cho huang chay
thi
phai
cd
lira.
Su gdn bd nay
cung
ben
chat, thuy chung:
-'''" "•" ''^ "- -'•

- Bien tinh chim
ndi, bdi rdi tu
luang
\
.
•
Thiep
vdi
chdng
nhu
lira
vdi
huang
;1,^.,
Mgt
mai te
dii
huang
tdn
Ufa
tdt,
'•f .i'j Dgo ngliTa
cuang thudng
chd bo
nhau.
\\n<'.(\
-
Lira huang hucmg
lua man md
De

cho Chu
Cdc lurp
nhd
Xitdn
Lan.
^ '• n
f.'
-
Lira nhen vira
mdi ben
trdm
Trdch long
cha me nd cdm
duyen
con.
"
'
••
(Ca
dao)
22
Nen huong trong ca dao da chiia bao y nghTa la vay!
Mdt tac pham van hgc ma ndi den nen huang
nhilu nha't la "Truyen Kieu "
ciia
Nguyin Du.
"Truyen Kieu " viet vl than phan cua ngudi phu
nir "Thanh ldu hai lU0, thanh y hai ldn ", nen da cd tdi
khoang 20 ldn ndi de'n nen huong.
Dd la nhu'ng nen huang thdp de II Phat:

Nen hucmg den trudc Phdt ddi.
Cd nen huong thdp de ggi hdn, thd ciing:
Huang hoa hom sdm phung thd.
Cung cd nen huong thdp de
thi
nguyen:
Tdi sinh chua
di(t
huang the.
Nen huong thdp ddu tien trong "Truyen Kieu " la
nen huong cdm tren ma Dam Tien. Nen huang cudi
ciing la nen huong thdp trong dem tai hgp giira Kim
Trgng va Thuy Kilu sau
15
nam xa each - nen huong
CLia
nilm vui:
Khoi trdm cao thdp, tieng huyen gdn xa.
Tran Te Xuong cung cd viet bdi tha Ndm "Mot
nen tdm huang" ca nggi nen huong:
Chl ben mgt nen tdm huang nguyen,
Thudc thdnh bUa tien dt chdng chdy !
Nha tho cam ddng vi tam ldng ben bi san sdc ngay
dem
ciia
ba Tii dem dem ddt nen huong. bat nudc cdu
kha'n cho chdng khdi benh - nen nen huong cd tdc dung
manh nhu thud'c thanh,
biia
tien.

'23