Khoa hpc Xa hgi va Nhan vSn

Quan he dan tpc xuyen qudc gia cua mot sdtoc ngi/cli vung mien nui phfa Bac;
,5-,
thl/c trang va tac dong
dV'fi

Ly Hanh Son"
Vien Ddn toe hpc, Vipi Hdn Idm Khoa hpc Xa hpi Viet Nam
n bai 6.7.2015, ngay chuydn phan bien 10.7.2015, ngay nh^n phan bifn 6.8.2015, ngay chap nhgn dang 10.8.2015

H^u het cac dSn tdc if miSn nui phia Bic nuffc ta da co quan he lau ddi vol ngirdd dong tgc hoac khac tpc
ff qu6c gia khac co chung va kfaSng chung dirtmg bien gidi. Trong b^i canh hi^n nay, moi quan h^ ^y dirp^c
tang ciToug hffn tren cac hoat dgng kinh td, sinh ho^t xa hgi, giao iuu van hoa..., dem lai nguon thu nh^p
dang k6 cho hg gia dinh, Iam thay d6i ca cau kinh te, giiip bao t6n van hoa tgc ngiroi... Tuy nhien, ben c^nh
nhung tac dgng tich cue cung cd khong it anh huwng tieu cyc din on dinh xa hgi, an ninh quoc phong tai
dia phirong, nhat la cac quan hd hdn nhan Ididng dang ky, buon ban ma tiiy, phu nir va tre em, di cw tudo qua bidn gi6i.
Tir khoa: mien nui phia Bac, quan he ddn tpc xuyen qudc gia.
Chisd phan loai 5.4

Dat van At

Cross border relationship of some ethnic groups
in Vietnam's Northern Moutainous region;
current state and impact

Quan he dan tgc xuyen quoc gia von xuat hien tii lau
dai trong lich sii, bieu hi8n a hSu het cac linh vuc, tir
ngu6n goc lich su tgc nguai, boat dgng kinb te, sinh hoat
xa hgi, giao luu van hoa... den ton giao, tin nguong. Trong
boi canh toan cau boa, su gia tang cac moi quan h? ay

Summary
khong chi a pham vi hai quoc gia co chung bien gioi, ma
Most ethnic groups in Northern Moutainous
'^ con vuon toi nhieu quoc gia khac c6 ngucri dong tgc, d6ng
region of Vietnam have a longstanding
ton giao.
relationship with many similar or difl'erent
ethnic groups in other countries which share
Mien nui phia Bac nuac ta bao gom Dong BSc, Tay
or do not share the border. In globalization
Bac, ke ca tay Thanh Hoa, Nghe An, co duang bien gici
context, that relationship has been i\ chung voi Trung Quoc va Lao, vdi hon 30 dan tgc thl^u s6
strengthened in all the fields of economics, i| sinh sdng ma hSu hSt co ngudn g6c tii Trung Qu6c va Uo
social activities, culture... It not only brings
di cu den Viet Nam. Do nhi6u dan tgc a ben kia bien gioi
the benefits like making income, changing : CO dan so dong gap nhieu lan so voi nguoi ddng tgc ciia
economic structure, conserving culture... but i hg a Viet Nam, nen khong tranh khoi viec qua lai bien gioi
also affects negatively the social stability and .1 tronghoatdgngkinh te, vanhoa... giiia cac dan tgc.
national security, especially unregistered
Den nay, viing mien mil phia Bac, nhdt la cac tinh bien
marriage, illegal drug trade, child and
gidi van luon la phen dau vung chSc ciia T6 qu6c, dong
woman trafficking, free trans-border
vai tro chien luge ve an ninh, qu6c phong, trong viec bao
migration.
ve chu quygn qu6c gia, chdng am mim xam nhap, gay bao
Keywords: cross border relationship of some
loan lat do. Tuy nhien, frong bdi canh bgi nhap, cac th£ luc
ethnic groups. Northern mountainous region.
thu djch van khong tix bo am muu lgi d^ng cac moi quan

Classification number S.4
he dan tdc nai day dk gay can tro phat friln kmh t6 - xa hOi,
chia re doan ket dan tgc, tap hgp luc lugng chdng pha sir
nghiep each mang cua nudc ta.
*Email \

3^
SSSGIKHEViet Nam "•="

34

"•lin,*


Khoa hgc Xa hoi v^ Nhan vSn
Vdi dac diem va tinh chit quan frgng nhu da trinh
bay d fren, nghien ciiu quan he dan tgc d miln nui phia
Bac luon dugc cac nha khoa hgc quan tam. Cd thd ke
mgt sd cdng trinh do cac nha nghien cuu thudc Vi6n
Dan tdc hgc, Vien Han lam Khoa hgc Xa bgi Viet Nam
thuc hien, nhu: Mot so suy nghive ldnh tho toe nguai
vd cdc dm muu chinh tri cua bon ddn toe chit nghia
Soyanh tren vdn de bien gi&i quoc gia (Nguyen Nam
Tien, 1978) [l]; Nguon gdc lich su tpc ngirai viing bien
gi&i phia Bac Viet Nam (Nguyin Chi Huyen, Hoang
Hoa Toan va Luang Van Bao, 2000) [2]; Quan he ddn
tpc a vung bien gi&i Viet - Ldo (Ly Hanh Son, 2008)
[3]; Mpt so vdn de ca bdn ve ddn tdc duai tdc dong cua
suphat trien viing bien gi&i Viet - Trung (Nghien cim
ve ngu&i Hd Nhi & mpt ldng cua tinh Ldo Cai vd mpt

ldng thuoc chdu Hong Hd, tinh Vdn Nam, Trung Quoc)
(Vuang Xuan Tinh, 2011) [4]; Mot so van de ca bdn
ve kinh te - xd hpi & cdc vung bien gi&i Viet Nam (Biii
Xuan Dinh, 2013) [5]; Nghien cuu ddn tpc Hmong &
viing bien gi&i Ldo - Viet (Pham Quang Hoan, 20II)
[6]; Quan he ddn tpc xuyen quoc gia cua mpt so tpc
nguai viing mien nui phia Bac (Ly Hanh Son, Tran Thi
Mai Lan, 2015) [7]...
Tu nhiing nghien cuu da thuc hien, bai viet nay de
cap khai quat ve thuc trang vd tdc dpng tie quan he ddn
tpc xuyen quoc gia cua mpt so tpc nguai viing mien nui
phia Bac. Trong do, viec phan tich cac van de dugc
tilp can tir goc nhin dan tdc hgc; fren ca sd quan triet
tu tudng Hd Chi Minh va quan diem ciia Dang ta ve
dan tdc va quan he dan tgc; vdi phucmg phap chu dao
la dien da dan tgc bgc tai nai sinh sdng cua ngudi dan
de thu thap tu lieu, tai lieu qua phong van sau, thao
luan nhdm...; ket hgp ke thira nhirng thanh qua nghien
cum cua cac nha khoa hgc di trudc. Dia ban nghien ciiu
tap trung vao mgt sd huyen thudc cac tinh Cao Bang,
Dien Bien, Lao Cai..., vdi cac tgc ngudi dugc chgn
nghien ciiu la Nimg, Thai, Hmdng, Ha Nhi...
Vd khai niem, trong bai viet nay, quan he dan tgc
dugc hieu la cdc moi tuang tdc du&i nhieu hlnh thuc vd
cdch thuc v&i nhirng chieu canh, muc dich vd xu hu&ng
khde nhau, dien ra trong npi bp moi tpc nguai vd giUu
cdc tpc ngu&i, the hien tren cdc linh vm d&i song xa
hpi tpc ngu&i vd quoc gia nhu kinh te, chinh tri. xa hpi,
vdn hoa, tin nguong, ton gido, moi truang...; quan he
dan tgc xuyen qudc gia Id cdc moi quan he cua mpt

tpc ngu&i v&i ngu&i dong tpc hoac khac tpc a quoc gia
kkdc CO chung hodc khong chung du&ng bien gi&i.

isssssaL^'""-

Thuc trang quan he dan tfic xuyen qufic gia cua
mpt sfi' tfic nguoi vung mifin niii phia Bfic
Quan hp trong hoat dpng kinh te
Trong quan he kinh te xuyen qudc gia tai cac tinh
dugc khao sat, van de dien ra thudng xuyen doi vdi
hau het cac dan tdc d ca hai viing bien gidi Viet - Lao,
Viet - Trung la boat dgng thuang mai - frao ddi, budn
ban hang hda tai cac chg d hai ben dudng bien gidi,
nhat la viec budn ban luu dgng tai cac thdn/ban d Lao;
xuat hien tu thuang ngudi dan tgc thieu sd lien ket
vdi tu thuong ngudi Kinh thu gom hang bda va budn
ban xuyen qudc gia cac mat hang nong san, san vat
tu nhien... Ben canh d6, hinh thanh mang ludi ngudi
Hmdng tbu mua gia sue d Lao mang ve Viet Nam
ban. Chang ban, chi rieng xa Nam Can, huyen Ky Son
(Nghe An) vao nam 2006-2007 cd 10 ngudi Hmdng
chuyen sang Lao mua trau bd ve ban cbo tu thuang
ngudi Viet [3]; dien da vao cudi nam 2013 cho thay, co
tdi 8 ngudi Hmdng d hai ban Nam La va Nam San (xa
Mudng Nhe, huyen Mudng Nhe, tinh Dien Bien) van
hay sang Lao mua trau, bd, de... mang ve Viet Nam
ban lay lai [7]...
Van de noi len d bien gidi Viet - Trung la ngudi
Tay, Niing, Ha Nhi... sang Trung Quoc lam thue. Qua
ket qua dien da, chi 6 thang dau nam 2013, tdng sd

ngudi Hmdng va Ha Nhi d tinh Dien Bien vugt bien
di lam thue dai ngay lai Trung Qudc da la 36 trudng
hgp, chua ke so ngudi sang di qua dudng bien lam thue
den tdi lai ve nha; tai tinh Lao Cai, tir thang 1.2013
din thang 3.2014, cbi hai xa Si Ma Cai (huyen Si Ma
Cai) va Ta Gia Khau (huyen Mudng Khuong) cd 1.150
ngudi cac dan tgc Hmdng, Niing, Giay... sang Trung
Qudc lam thue; d tinh Cao Bang, tir 2010 den thang
9.2012 cd 2.755 lugt ngudi vugt bien trai phep sang
Trung Qudc lam thue, tir thang 10.2011 den thang
10.2013 da CO hem 8.308 lugt cdng dan, trong dd 5.629
lugt la cdng dan d khu vuc bien gidi cua tinh nay vugl
bien trai phep sang Trung Qudc lam thue, trong sd nay
cd khoang 1/4 sd lugt d lai Trung Quoc lam thue dai
ngay, 3/4 sd lugt ngudi di ve trong ngay [8].
Ngoai di lam thue, van de noi cdm tai bien gidi Viet
- Trung con the hien d mdt bd phan ngudi dan cac dan
tgc tham gia ganh vac hang thue qua dudng bien gidi,
mai moi cdng viec lam an... lam gia tang budn lau hang
hda, tang sd lugng ngudi qua lai bien gidi trai phep.
Van de d bien gidi Viet - Lao la viec ngudi dan Viet
Nam sang mugn hoac thue dat ben Lao de san xuat,

35


K h o a hQC X a hoi va N h a n van

lam dich vu, frdng cay thudc phien.,.
Ben canh do, cac hoat dgng kinh tl truyin thong

xuyen qudc gia vSn gia tang, nhu frao doi cay frdng
va vat nudi, hgc hdi kinh nghiem lam an, frg giiip san
xuSt, tieu thu san phim... giua cac hd ket nghia anh
em, cd hg hang. Dac biet, hoat dgng trdng trgt xuyen
qudc gia dang phat friln d nhilu noi thudc cac tinh
Cao Bang, Lang Son... ma diln hinh la d vimg bien
gidi Viet - Trung thudc cac huyen Mudng Khuong,
Bao ThSng (Lao Cai) - noi ngudi Hmdng va Dao
"trdng thue" chudi, dira tren dat cua minb de ban cho
ngudi Trung Qudc [9].
Quan he trong linh vuc xd hpi
Kit qua nghien cim cho thay, hau het cac dan tdc
vimg miln nui phia BSc co ddng tdc d ben kia bien gidi
diu duy tri cac mdi quan he hg hang, lang gieng. Vdi
mgt so dan tdc nhu ngudi Nung d huyen Ha Quang
(Cao BSng), ngudi Thai d huyen Dien Bien (Dign
Bien) hoac Mudng Lat (Thanh Hda)... cac quan he ay
da dien ra rat Iau ddi. Dac biet, quan he hg hang ddng
tgc d ngudi Hmdng cdn vugt ra ngoai pham vi cu tru
va xuyen qudc gia: tir Cao Bang, Ha Giang, Lao Cai,
Lai Chau, Dien Bien... din Nghe An - nai cd ngudi
Hmdng deu cd cac mdi quan he vdi ddng tgc d ben
kia bien gidi. Nhd tap quan di cu va quan he ddng tgc,
ngudi Hmdng d cac viing mien va cac nudc da tao
dugc mang ludi lien h$, frao ddi thdng tin vdi nhau tir
vimg nay den vimg khac, tir Viet Nam tdi Lao, Trung
Qudc, Thai Lan... Cac dan tgc nhu: Tay (Cao Bang,
Lang San), Ha Nhi (Dien Bien, Lai Chau)... deu co
quan he ddng tdc xuyen bien gidi, nhat la cac quan he
hg hang, thdng gia fren ca sd cac cudc hdn nhan,

Viec gia tang hdn nhan xuyen qudc gia la yeu td
frgng tam de thiet lap, duy tri quan he hg hang, ddng
tgc d cac dan tdc. Tbeo bao cao ciia co quan chiic nang,
tinh Cao B5ng frr 1990 din 2009 cd hon 1.230 phu nii
(chil yeu la ngudi Tay va Niing) lay chdng d Trung
Qudc, hi 2010 din thang 9.2013 cd ban 200 trudng
hgp [10]; den nam 2011, chi rieng cac huyen bien gidi
tinh Lang San c6 tren 3,000 ngudi ket hon xuyen qudc
gia, hau het la phu nii Nung hoac Tay d Viet Nam sang
Trung Qudc lay chdng; con d tinh Dien Bien, chi frong
nam 2010, viec ket bdn qua bien gidi cua ngudi Thai
CO tdi 71 frudng hgp. Doi vdi ngudi Hmdng, tai hai
ban Nam La, Nam San thudc xa Mudng Nhe (Mudng
Nhe, Dien Bien) co 10 cap; ban Pu Lau, xa Mudng Nha
(huyen Dien Bien, tinh Dien Bien) co 2 cap; ban Bua

H M G N G W Viet Nain'

Hm, xa Mudng Hung (Sdng Ma, San La) co 7 cap; baa'
Keo Hugn, xa Pii Nhi (Mudng Lat, Thanh Hoa) c6 13
cap; ban Trudng San, xa Nam C4n (Ky San, Nghe An)
cd 8 cap; rieng xa Doge May (Ky Son, Nghe An) co it
nhat 50 trudng hgp lay vg la ngudi Hmdng d Lao va
khoang fren 100 ngudi frr xa nay di idy chdng la ngucri
Hmdng d Lao [3].
Quan he trong linh vuc vdn hda
Nghien ciiu t^i cac dia ban thuOc cac tinh Cao Bang,
Dien Bien va Lao Cai cho thay, cac moi quan he van
hda xuyen qudc gia van dang dien ra d ca hai vung
bien gidi Viet - Trung, Viet - Lao ddi vdi hku bet cac

dan tdc, dac biet la cac dan tdc Niing, Thai, Hmong,
Ha Nhi, Ld Ld... Trong do, viec qua l^i dudng bien
gidi dl viing tham, tham du cac nghi 16 cua gia dinh,
ddng hg va cac ll hgi cdng ddng... da dien ra tit lau dm,
nay cang cd dilu kien md rgng them khdng chi do co
su thuan lgi vl ha tSng giao tbdng va thdng tm tmyln
thdng, ma con do su gia tang cac cugc hdn nhan xuyen
qudc gia, ket nghla anh em va cac mdi lien ket frong
lam an...

ii.i.UI"**"'

Song, van de dat ra la gan day, ngudi dan cac dan
tdc viing mien niii phia Bac deu ua thich cac san pham
van hda dugc cai tien bSng cdng nghe mdi ciia dong
tdc phia ben kia bien gidi, nhu dd mac, dd frang sue,
bang dia phim anh hoac ca nhac. Dac biet, hau het cac
bang dia ay deu pbat bang tieng dan tgc vdi du loai
ndi dung ciing nhu chii de khong dugc bat ky co quan
chirc nang nao cua nudc ta kiem soat, dugc san xuat tai
Trung Qudc, My, Thai Lan va nhieu nudc khac. Chua
ke tinh frang ldp fre nhilu tdc ngudi thieu sd bien nay
cdn tai cac bai bat, nhac, phim... bang tieng dan tgc ve
dien thoai thdng qua ban be, intemet... [4]. Vdi sir mai
mdt cac ll hdi, dan ca dan vu truyen thdng cua hau
bet cac dan tdc d phia Viet Nam thi kho franh khdi su
tiep nhan van hoa ngoai lai tir ben ngoai. Song, van de
la am muu ciia nudc ngoai frong chiln luge bien gidi
mem ddi vdi cac dan tdc viing mien nui phia Bac frong
bdi canh nen van hda qudc gia/chinh thdng cua Viet

Nam van chua tham nhap on dinh frong ddi sdng cua
ddng bao dan tdc thieu sd, y thiic qudc gia Viet Nam
van chua hoan toan phd bien ddi vdi ngudi dan cac dan
tdc nai day.
'•tilo»

Quan he lien quan din an ninh, qudc phong
Day chinh la nhiing mdi quan he phat sinh hi van
de di cu tu do din viing bien gidi Viet - Lao va vugt

36

M


Khoa hpc Xa hgi va Nhan vSn
qua dudng bien cua cac nhdm cdng ddng tdc ngudi.
Chang ban, d huyen Mirdng Nhe (Dien Bien), nam
2007 da cd 92/124 ban cua huyen la dan di cu din.
Ca 11 xa cua huyen nay d thdi dilm do diu cd dan
di cu keo den, chu yeu la ngudi Hmdng. Viec ngudi
Hmdng di cu din Mudng Nhe lien quan tdi dao Tin
lanh va tin ddn v l "Vuang qudc Hmdng". Tai San La,
cung cd nhieu ngudi Hmdng trong 7 xa thudc huyen
Sdng Ma va nhieu xa thudc cac huyen Sdp Cgp, Thuan
Chau, Mgc Chau di cu sang Lao. Rieng Nghe An, tir
nam 1999 din 2010, cac huyen bien gidi da cd 1.211
hg, 5.631 nhan khau cac dan tdc thieu sd, chii yeu la
ngudi Hmdng, phan ldn di cu frr do sang Lao, sd it di
vao phia Nam. Vi du, d huyen Qui Phong trudc day,

dan tgc Hmdng chi sdng d xa Tri Le, nhung tir nam
1995 din thang 3.2011 da cd 169 hd, 933 nhan khau
ngudi Hmdng d day di cir sang Lao, va cbi trong 2 nam
2009-2010, chinh quyen Lao da frao fra cho huyen nay
115 hg vdi 946 nhan khSu ngudi Hmdng [11]. Trong
khi do, d viing mien nui nay dang gia tang cac mdi
quan he ton giao xuyen qudc gia. Vdi ngudi Hmong,
nhiing gia dinh cimg hg tdc khdng theo Tin lanh, theo
phong tuc truyen thdng, hg vEn thudng xuyen tu tap tai
nha tnrdng hg d ben nay hay ben kia bien gidi de lam
mdt sd nghi le. Song, cd su phirc tap frong quan he dan
tgc d nhiing ngudi Hmdng theo Tin lanh, do tao ra di
cu tu phat, gay chia re frong ndi bd cgng ddng ngudi
Hmdng va mau thuan vdi nhieu dan tgc khac d hai ben
bien gidi; va dac biet la dang tiem an sy bung pbat ta
dao Duang Van Minh. Chua ke, nhiing van de khac,
nhu ngudi dan xam canh qua bien gidi, xuat canh frai
phep gia tang d noi nay nai kia, nhat la te nan budn
ban ma tiiy d viing bien gidi Viet - Lao, budn ban hang
lau va phu nir, tre em tai vimg bien gidi Viet - Trung.
Cac van de ay tuy khac biet gitia viing bien gidi Viet
- Trung va \^et - Lao, giiia cac dan tdc va giira cac
dia phuang..., song deu cd nhiing tac ddng den boat
dgng san xuat, ddi sdng xa hgi ciia ngudi dan cac tdc
ngudi, va den su dn dinh cbinh tn - xa hdi, an ninh
quoc pbdng d cac viing nay va cua qudc gia.
Tac dfing cua quan he dan tfic xuyen quo'c gia de'n
phat trien kinh te' - xa hoi, an ninh, qufi'c phfing a
vung mifin niii phia Bac va nhung van dfi dat ra
Tdc dpng tich cue

Quan he dan tdc xuyen qudc gia dua tren ca chl thj
trudng hien dang tao ra nhieu quan he mdi trong boat
dgng kinb te nhu: thuang mai, tin dung, thue mudn lao

KHOAHOC
iKkUAUAU

/ipl mm 4(5)5.2016

ddng... Day la nhiing yeu td mdi lam thay ddi tu duy
sinh ke cd truyen d hau het cac dan tdc vimg mien mii
phia Bac, tao ra nhu cau san xuat hang hda, kich thich
phat frien cac djch vu. C) nhirng nai cd ca hgi budn ban
thi ngudi dan da biet ket hgp md cac dich vu, phat trien
nghe thil cdng gia dinh, thu gom hang hda... Tren ca
sd quan he ddng tgc xuyen qudc gia, nhieu tu thuang
ciia cac dan tgc tai chd dang tang cudng budn ban qua
dudng bien gidi. Nhd cac quan he do, ngudi dan cdn
chil ddng trong viec hudng dung cac chinh sach phat
frien ciia Nha nudc, nhat la chii ddng vay vdn de san
xuat hoac tra chi phi qua lai dudng bien gidi de tim
kiem viec lam.,.
Quan he dan tdc xuyen qudc gia khdng chi gdp phan
tao ra thu nhap mdi, ma cdn giup ngudi dan thay ddi ca
cau san xuat, chuyen ddi gidng cay trdng, vat nudi cd
gia tri hang hda, tang ca hgi tieu thu san pham.,. Ket
qua nghien ciiu tai cac tinh Cao Bang, Dien Bien, Lao
Cai da chi ra rang, nhieu gia dinh d phia Viet Nam cd
dieu kien md rdng quan he xuyen qudc gia deu kha gia
hem, nhat la bd phan ngudi Hmdng, Tay, Niing, Ha Nhi

d nhiing noi cd chuyen ddi ca cau ndng nghiep sang
trdng chudi, diia, thao qua, mia dudng, frdng dau nudi
tam... de ban sang Trung Qudc,
Sy md rgng cac moi quan he kinh te xuyen qudc
gia ciing lam tang tan suat qua lai dudng bien gidi cua
ngudi dan cac dan tgc vdi nhieu myc dich nhu: tham
than, trg giiip san xuat, kiem viec lam, budn ban... Dieu
nay khien cho mang ludi xa hdi cua hg phong phu hem.
Ddng thdi, dem lai cho cac dan tdc d viing nay c6 sy
hda hgp ban ve ddi sdng vat chat, sir dyng song ngii
va da ngii, tao ca hdi de nhiing ngudi ddng tdc va khac
tdc d hai ben bien gidi md rdng giao luu van hda, phat
huy tinh doan ket hiiu nghi vdn cd, ciing tham gia bao
ve dudng bien, giii gin tai san va an ninh bien gidi.
Tdc dpng tieu cue
Tir ket qua nghien ciiu dien da va qua mgt sd cdng
trinh nghien cim cho thay, ngudi dan mdt sd dia phuang
d phia Viet Nam, nhat ia viing bien gidi Viet - Trung,
ddi khi it chii trgng phat trien tii' ngi lyc ma phy thudc
vao cac dan tgc va doanh nghiep phia ben kia bien gidi
ve gidng cay trong, vat nudi, thi trudng tieu thy san
pham, ke ca thu nhap tu viec lam thue. Tinh trang mgt
bd phan nhd ngudi dan phia Viet Nam klidng cbii trgng
phat trien kinh te cho gia dinh ma phu thudc vao cac
khoan thu nhap bap benh tir boat ddng kinh te xuyen
qudc gia, tham chi bi lgi dung budn ban hang lau, budn


K h o a h p c X a hQi va N h a n vSn


ban ma ttiy, phu nir va fre em [5]... la thyc fr^ng dang
lo ngai. Hoac nhu, su hap dan ve dat san xuat d Lao;
ddi sdng kinh tl, van hda, viec lam... d Trung Qudc, da
lam gia tang mdt bd phan ngudi dan cac dan tdc thieu
sd frr Viet Nam sang Lao thue dSt lam an hoac di cu ttJ
do sang do sinh sdng, dac biet la ngay cang nhieu phu
nii Viet Nam sang Trung Quoc lay chdng khdng dang
ky kit hdn. Nhiing vkn dk nay dang gay phiic tap cho
an ninh qudc gia, nhat la frong viec quan ly nhan khau,
hg khau va quan ly cac mdi quan he dan tgc ngay cang
phat trien d day.
Tinh frang xam nhap nhieu san pham van boa ngoai
lai tir ben kia bien gidi ciing tac ddng tieu cue den viec
giu gin ban sac van hda tdc ngudi va van hda qudc gia
nudc ta, anh hudng tdi nhan thirc cua ngudi dan ddi
vdi chinh sach ciia Dang ta ve bao tdn va pbat huy cac
gia tri van hoa truyen thdng. Chua ke, cac phan tir va
cac td chiic chdng ddi d trong va ngoai nudc ludn tim
mgi each khai thac triet de cac mdi quan he dan tdc
xuyen qudc gia ciia cac dan tdc nham pha hoai khoi
doan ket, gay bat dn dinh xa hgi, nhat la viec tuyen
truyen xay dyng "Vuong qudc Hmdng",
Nhirng vdn de dat ra
Qua phan tich ket qua nghien cihi ve quan he dan
tdc xuyen qudc gia cua mdt sd tdc ngudi vimg mien
mii phia Bac, cd the thay ro mdt sd van de can giai
quylt nhu sau:
Thu nhdt, tinh frang gia tang cac mdi quan he dan
tdc xuyen qudc gia ciia cac tdc ngudi d mien niii phia
Bac dang dien ra tbeo nhieu chieu hudng phiic tap,

nay sinh nhieu van de can dugc giai quyet. Tuy nhien,
chinh quyen va cac ca quan chiic nang d dia phuang
va ca sd van td ra thy dgng, dac biet la chua cd giai
phap thu hiit va gan ket cac quan he nay vdi hoat dgng
kinh te phii hgp vdi dilu kien ciia dia phuang dl tao
them ngudn thu cho ngudi dan.
Thir hai, y thuc qudc gia chu yen dugc xay dyng
thdng qua giao due va myen fruyin, song vice Iam nay
cdn ban che. Trong khi do, dang hien hthi nguy ca suy
giam y thiic qudc gia d mdt bg phan ngudi dan, do
quan he dan tgc xuyen quoc gia trong hoan canh ngudi
ddng tgc d nudc ngoai khdng chi ddng diic ma cdn cd
cudc sdng tdt ban phia Viet Nam.

ciia mdt sd tgc ngudi. chang han nhu Niing, Ha Nhi,
Hmdng... da khien cho khdng it ngudi dan duy tri,
tham chi tang cirdng lion y thii'c hudng ve phia ben kia
bien gidi.
Thutu, tai bicn gidi, cac inOi quan he duac quan ly
kha tdt bdi lire lucmg bien phong va chinh quyen, doan
thl dia phuang. nhung nguac lai, d ndi dja, viec nim
b&t tinh binh lai chua tdt, chua theo kip su gia tang
quan he giiia cac dan tdc a dia phuang, nhat la quan
he giiia cac td chirc, than tdc. ddng tgc xuyen qudc gia,
Thic ndm, nang lyc ciia dgi ngu can bd cap thdn/ban
cdn ban che, gap nhicu khd khan trong viec phat trien,
Hien nay, luang can bg thdn/ban con it. trinh do hoc
vdn thap, chua qua dao tao, bdi dirdng ve kien thiic lam
kinh te, tham chi chira thao tieng Viet, chua ke den dia
ban xa mien mii rgng idn, thdn/ban each xa tru sd xa.

dudng sa di lai khd khan.
Ket luan va mpt so kien nghi, giai phap
Ket luan
Tu lau ddi, cac dan tgc a mien nui phia Bac c6
nhiing mdi quan he xuyen qudc gia vdi nhung ngucri
ddng tdc va khac tdc, dien ra hau khap cac linh wc, tir
tinh cam hg hang, lang gieng. hdn nhan.. den cac hoat
ddng kinh te, giao luu van hoa. thuc hanh tin ngudng.
tdn giao. Cac quan he ay da gdp phan dang ke cho vice
tang thu nhap cua hd gia dinh, lam thay ddi ca cau kmh
te, thu hiit vdn dau tu nudc ngoai, qua do. cd ddng gop
nhat dinh cho su phat tnen mgt sd lmh \TJC kinh te - xa
hgi cua viing. Ddng thdi, mang lai cho cac dan tdc a
nhiing qudc gia khac nhau su gan bd tinh cam than tpc
va ddng tgc, du\ tri su da dang \ an hoa. tang cudng
mang ludi lien ket vdi nhau.,. Tuy nhien, quan he dan
tgc xuyen qudc gia ciia cac dan tdc thieu sd nai day
ciing Iam nay smh nhieu \an dl phirc tap. Dd la tinh
frang kinh te cua nhicu gia dinh cac dan tdc phu thuoc
vao ddng tgc hoac doanh nhan d Tmng Qudc: van de
di cu tir do qua bien gidi, thuc dat lam an. budn ban san
vat tu nhien va ma tiiy .. a vimg bien gidi Viet - Lao.
gia tang sd nguai qua lai bien gidi de lam thue, budn
hang Iau, budn ban phu nir va tre em d viing bien gidi
Viet - Trung. Dac biet la sy cau kel cua cac phan tu a
trong nudc vdi ddng tdc tai nudc ngoai dc mu'u toan
thanh lap "Vuong qudc Hmdng"

Thu ba, van de phu thudc it nhilu vao thi trudng
budn ban, Iao ddng, viec lara va cac dich vy van hda

d ben kia bien gidi, dac biet la tti phia Trung Quoc

WNG NGHE viS Nam 4(5)5.2016

Kien nghi, giai phdp
(i) Tao dieu kien tdt htm nCra cho cac dan tdc phat

38

-Ucf


Khoa hoc x a hoi va NhSn vSn

Hi

tnen sSu rdng cac quan he kinh tl d ngi viing va xuyen
qudc gia, phat huy cac quan he truyin thong tdt dep,
kien quyet dau franh vdi cac quan he gay anh hudng
tieu cyc den an ninh qudc gia. Ddi mdi chinh sach
nham nSng cao dan cac ca sd ha tang, phat friln san
xuat hang hda, tieu thy san phim...; cd cbinb sach thu
htit dau tu xay dung cac khu cdng nghiep, tao viec lam
tai mdt sd tinh; cho con em cac dan tgc hgc hit phd
thdng, dugc dao tao nghe nghiep tai cac trudng nghl...
(ii) Tang cudng va md rdng hem nira cac hoat dgng
giao lim van boa qudc gia nhim nang cao y thirc qudc
gia cbo mgi ngudi dan, ddng thdi, chii frgng bao tdn
va phat huy, tham chi khdi phuc co chgn lgc nhiing
dac diem van hda, tin ngudng tdt dep ciia mdi dan tdc

mien mii phia Bac. Tang cudng chat lugng giao due
phd thdng va thdng tin truyin thdng; dky manh hieu
qua boat dgng ciia cac trung tam va nha van bda; ddi
mdi chinh sach ddi vdi viec bao ton va pbat huy cac gia
tri van hda tdc ngudi.
(iii) Nang cao trinh do can bd cdp thdn/ban d l cd
du nang lyc chi dao ngudi dan phat trien kinh tl, giam
dan ch6nh lech giau ngheo... Cd chinh sach dac thii boi
dudng nang cao kien thiic ve phat trien kinh te cbo cac
tnrdng thdn/ban la ngudi dan tgc thieu sd d nhiing noi
vimg sau, vung xa, vung cao bien gidi.
(iv) Phat huy ban niia vai frd nhiing ngudi cd uy tin
d cdng ddng dan cu, cac tdn giao va cac td chirc xa hdi
tham gia quan ly cac mdi quan he dan tdc. Ddi mdi va
thyc hien tdt Chi thi 06/200 8/CT-TTg cua Thu tudng
Chinh phu ve phat buy vai trd cua nhiing ngudi co uy
tin frong ddng bao cac dan tgc thieu sd trong sy nghiep
xay dyng va bao ve Td qudc.
(v) Giai quyet van de quan he dan tdc xuyen qudc
gia hien nay khdng chi bd hep d pham vi dia phuang
m^ phai gan ket giiia cac viing mien ciia ca nudc va
dat frong ddi sanh vdi nhiing tac ddng tir nudc ngoai.
Phat huy mgi ngudn lyc cho phat frien; tan dung tdi da
nhiing lgi the cua viing, ciia cac dan tdc va nhung tac
ddng tich cyc tir chinh sach ciia cac nudc lang gieng;
dac biet, can cd mdt chien luge xay dyng vimg bien
gidi Viet Nam, frong do trgng tam la phat tnen kinh
te - xa hdi, nang cao ddi sdng va y thiic qudc gia - dan
tdc cho ngudi dan d khu vyc bien gidi.


KHOAHOC
ISMUANGHI

Mal m

4(5)5.2016

Tai lieu tham hhao
[1] Nguyen Nam T1611 (1978), "Moi s6 suy nghT ve lanh th6 toe
nguoi va cac am miru chinh In ciia bpn dan toe ehii nghTa Sovanh tren
van de bien gioi qu6c gia", Tgp cki Ddn tgc hpc, so 4, tr.52-64.
[2] Nguyin Chi Huyen, Hoang Hoa Toan va Luong Van Bao
(2000), Nguon goc ljch su loc ngu-oi viing hien gi&i phia Bac yiet
Nam, Nxb Van hoa dan toe.
[3] Ly Hanh Son (2008), Quan he ddn lpc a vitng bien giai Vi^t
- Ldo, Bao cao kgt qua nghien cuu de tai cap bo, luu trQ tai Thu vi?n
Dantfichoe, tr.60-65,78
[4] ViroTig Xuan Tinh (2011), Mpi so van de ca bdn ve ddn tgc
dudi tdc dong cua sif phdt trien vitng hien giai Viet - Trung (Nghien
ciht ve ngucn Hd Nhi & mpt ldng cua tinh Ldo Cai vd mgt Idng thuoc
chdu Hong Hd, linh Vdn Nam, Trung Quoc), Bao cao ket qua nghien
ciju de tai cap bp, Iuu trir tai Thu vi$n Dan tgc hoe, tr.44
[5] Biii Xuan Dinh, Nguyin Nggc Thanh (ddng chii bien) (2013),
Mpt so vdn de ca bdn ve hnh te - xa hoi a cdc vitng bien gi&i Viet Nam,
Nxb Khoa hoc xa hoi, tr.97-101.
[6] Pham Quang Hoan [IHW), Nghien cini ddn tgc Hmong a viing
bien gi&i Ldo - Viet, Bao cao ket qua nghien ciru de tai cap bo, !im tru
tai Thu vien Dan toe hgc.
[7] Ly Hanh Son, Tr^n Thi Mai Lan (2015), Quan he ddn tpc
xuyen quoc gia ciia mot so tgc nguai vitng mien mii phia Bac, Bao

eao ket qua nghien cuu de tai cap bp, lim tru tai Thu vien Dan toe hgc.
[8] Ly Hanh Son (20!4), "Quan he dan tge xuyen bien gioi trong
boat dgng kinh te cr mgt s6 tge nguoi vung mien nui phia BSe", Tap
chi Ddn ldc hgc, 4(187), Ir 25-37.
[9] Bill Xuan Dinh (20U), Suy nghi vS su-Sn dinh ciia bien giai
tu thuc te phdt irien kinh te a hai viing bien gl&i Viel- Trung, Bao cao
tham luan t^i Hgi nghi thong bao dan tgc hoc nam20il.
[10] Le Thl Hucmg (2014), "Thuc tr^ng hon nhan xuyen bien gioi
ciia cac toe ngudi Nung, Thai va Hmong o hai tinh Cao Bang va Dien
Bien", Tap chi Ddn tdc hgc, 4(187), tr 38-45
[ 11 ] Ly Hanh Son (2012), f^ot so vdn de ca bdn ve ddn tgc - lon
gido Irong phdt Inen ben vung cdc linh bien gi&i Viel Nam, Bao eao
ket qua nghien cuu de tai cap bo, luu tru lai Thu vien Dan toe hge,
tr 143-144.

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