NGHIEN CUU

Bao ve quyen lao ddng nu
theo quy dinh cua phap lu^t lao dong Viet Nam
Nguy^nThiThSo
Trucmg Dai hoc Kinh t l Nghg An

Nhflng dgc trung ridng vl x i hOi cung nhung die dilm vl tam sinh ly da lim can trd ngudi lao dOng, dae bl|E
la lao dOng nfl, trong tiln trinh giii phdng bin than, nang lyc d l ddng gdp cho xa hOi. Vi v^y, ein bio vl quyin
efla lao dOng nfl d l dim bio sy phin cOng hop ly lao dpng nu Uong cac nginh nghe, giup hp vuon Idn lim ehii
euOc sdng cua chinh minh.

I.Datvande
Lao ddng nfl (LDN) ngoii vide thyc hien nghia vy lao
dOng nhu nam gidi thi edn pbii dam nhin ehfle ning
iam me ndn ed nhflng dac dilm ridng vl sfle khde, tam
sinh ly. Viec bao vd quyin cua LDN la hit sue cin thilt,
diiu nay xuit phit tfl vide so v6i nam gidi, su khie bill
khi ldn vl lhl lye eflng nhu tim sinh ly giy khd khan
cho LDN, hon nfla do sflc khoe ylu hon lao dOng nam
nen ttong qua trinh Uiam gia lao ddng, LDN dl cd kha
nang bi dm, mic cic bdnh nghi nghl|p cao hon, nhit
li ddi vdi mdi truong lao dOng ddc hgi, nguy hilm.
Chinh ylu td niy cflng han chl sy lya chpn vide lam
trong nhflng nginh dde hgi - nhung nginh cd thu nhip
eao, hgn ehi eo hdi tuyin dung efla ddi tupng nay. Bdn
egnh dd, sy bit On dinh vl eOng vide efla LDN cung eao
hon lao ddng nam bdi do thidn ehfle lim me, ngudi
LDN phii nghi sinh, hoac chim sde con eii khi dau Om,
bdnh tit... diiu niy lim giin dogn qui trinh sin xuit
efla eic doanh nghidp nen NSDLD thudng mang tim ly

ngai sfl dung LDN.

2. Phap luat lao dong Viet Nam ve hao ve quyen
cua lao doitg nir
2.1. Bao dam quyen binh ding, khdng bi p h i n
biit ddi Xli
* Trong Hnh vyc viec lim, dao tgo lao ddng
Binh ding vide lim vi d i o tgo lao ddng cd nghia la
CO hdi ve vide lim vi dio tgo dupe dinh cho ca nam
vi nu, nguoi sfl dyng lao dOng (NSDLD) phii i p dyng
nhflng tidu ehi luyln dung Iao ddng ngang bing nhau.
Vide quy dinh quyin binh ding vide lam nhim dim
bio quyin Igi cho LDN dupe bao vd ehit che, trinh bi
phan bidt hoac bde lOt sflc lao dOng.
Dllu 35 Hiln phap 2013 quy dinh: "Cdng dan cO
quyin lim vide, lya ehon nghe nghiep, vi|e lam vi noi
lim vide". Diiu 5 Bd luit Iao ddng 2012 (BLLD) cflng
quy dinh: NLD eOquyIn "Lam vide, lydo lya chpn vide

90

6 CHAU A • T H A I I

lim, ngbl nghidp, hpe nghi, ning eao Uinh dp nghi
nghiep vi khdng bi phin bidl ddi xfl". Nhu vay.LDN
ndi ridng v i NLD ndi chung,eo quyin lya ehpn cdng
vide phu hpp vdi sue khde, hoan cinh, trinh di
chuyen mdn efla minh. Hp eflng cd quyin lya chpn
noi lim vide phfl hgp vdi diiu kien sinh sdng, sflc
khde vi sd thieh cua UJng ngudi, ed Uil lya chpn each

thuc true Ulp hoie thdng qua e i c td ehfle gidi thieu
vide iam d l tim kilm viec iam... (Dllu lOBLLD 2012).
Khoan 2 diiu 153 BLLD 2012 eflng ndu rP: "Khuyin
khich ngudi sfldyng lao dpng tgo diiu kidn dl Iao
dOng nfl ed viec lim thudng xuyen, i p dyng rdng r5i
c h l do lim vide theo thdi gian bllu linh hogt, lim vide
khdng trpn Uiol gian, giao vide lim tgi nhi.". Nhu viy,
phapluit lao dpng efla nudc ta eflng ed nhflng khuyin
khich ridng cho NSDLD di LDN cd dupe vide lim
thudng xuyen vdi thdi gian Iinh hoat dl thuc hien
nhflng trich nhidm rieng cua minh.
* Trong Hnh vyc luyln dyng, su dyng Iao ddng:
Khoin 1 Diiu 154 BLLD 2012 quy dinh chfl su dyng lao
ddng phii "1. Bio dam Uiyc hidn binh ding gidi vi
cic bien phap thuc diy binh ding gidi trong tuyin
dyng, su dyng, d i o tgo, thdi gian lam vi|c, thdi gian
nghi ngoi, tten Iuong va eac che dp khae."
Khoin 1 Diiu 152 BLLD 2012 ed quy dinh: "Ngudi
sfl dyng Iao ddng phiican cu vio Udu chuin sflc khde
quy dinh eho tung logi cdng vi|e dl tuyen dyng va sip
xip lao dOng.". LDN de bi bdnh hon nam gidi, hp eCing
khdng eO kha nangmang vie dd nang nhu nam gidi,
cflng vdi thiln chuc cfla minh, sflc khde cfla hp eflng
se giim di khi hp mang Uiai vi sinh eon. Do viy, phip
luit lao ddng eflng ed quy dinh d l NSDLD phii dya
vao khi nang eung nhu sue khde cfla LDN dl tuyin
dyng hp vio nhiing vi tti phfl hpp eung nhu sip xip
eac cdng vide dip ung dupe nhu eiu eua c i bai ben.
* Thdi gid lim vide, ttidi gid nghi ngoi: Khoin 1,2
Diiu 155 BLLD 2012 quy dinh:

"1. NSDLD khdng duoe sfl dyng Iao dOng nu lam


vide ban dem, lim them gio vi di cOng tie xa trong thing ddng BHXH ttong vdng 12 ttiing trude khi sinh.
eie ttudng hpp sau diy:
Quy dinh niy tgo dllu kien eho nhflng ngudi vi H do
a, Mang Uiai tfl ttiing Uifl 7 hoie Kr Uiing Uifl 6 nlu benh li phii nghi vide dudng thai vin cd dfl diiu kiln
hudng
c h l dp thai sin khi sinh con, vfla hgn c h l dupe
lim viee d vung cao, vung sau, vflng xa, bien gidi, hai
tinh ttgng true Ipi e h i dp thai sin.
dio;
* Nghi Uiai sin; Dllu 157 BLLD 2012 quy dinh khi
b, Dang nuOi con dudi 12 thing luoi
2. Lao dpng nu lim cdng vide ning nhpc khi mang mang thai hoac ttiuc hidn c i c bidn phip ttanh ttiai,
chim
sdc con 6m, LDN dupe nghi Uong khoing ttiOi
thai lu thing thu 07, dupe chuyin lam edng vide nhe
hon hoae dupe giam bdt 01 gid lim viec hing ngay gian nhit dinh tfly Uing Uudng hpp eu thI.Ddi vdi
trudng hpp sinh eon, thdi gian LDN dupe nghi ttudc vi
ma vin hudng dfl Iuong"
sau khi sinh eon li 6 thing, trudng hpp sinh ddi trd ldn
Quy dinh nay mpt mat bio vd LDN trong giai dogn thi mdi con, LDN dupe nghi thdm 1 tiling, khoing thdi
Uiai sin vi nudi con nhd, dOng ttiol eflng la cie uu dai gian niy lao dpng nu dupe hudng c h l dO Uiai sin theo
giflp LDN dn dinh thu nh§p. Nhi nudc cflng khuyin quy dinh. Ngoai ra, d l dam bio quyin lam me - thidn
khieh NSDLD tgo diiu kidn dl LDN ed vide lim ehfle cao quy cua ngudi phy nfl, phip luit eflng eho
tiiudng xuyln, i p dyng rpng rii c h l dO lim vi|c ttieo phep LDN dupe nghi thdm mdt thdi gian khdng hudng
Uicri gian biiu linh hogt, lim vide khdng trpn thdi gian, luong theo thda thuin vdi NSDLD, thdi gian nghi niy
giao viec lim tgi nhi.
khdng hi gidi ban miln la cd sy ddng f cfla NSDLD.

Khoin 5 Dllu 155 BLLD 2012 v i Nghi dinh Ngupc lal, phip luit cflng eho phip LDN di lim trd Igl
85/2015/ND-CP, d l bio vd sfle khde sinh sin efla LDN, ttudc thdi han nghithai sin nlu cd nhu eiu nhung
phip luit lao dpng quy dinh: "Lao ddng nfltrong thdi phii dim bio sue khoe eho LDN vi it nhit LDN da
gianhinh kinh dupe nghi moi ngay 30 phut; trong thdi nghi td'i thilu 4 thing. Bdn egnh dd, LDN mang thai
gian nudi eon dudi 12 Uiing ludi, dupe nghi mOi ngiy nlu cd xie nhgn cfla eo so kham bdnh, chfla bdnh ed
60 phflt trong thdi gian lim vi|e. Thdi gian nghi vin thim quyin ehflng nhan tilp lue lam vi|e sd anh
dupe hudng dfl tiln luong theo HDLD".Xuit phit hudng xiu tdi thai nhi ed quyin don phuong chim dflt
ifltiu tgo sinh hpc die bi|t, LDNdupe phip luit uu hop ddng lao ddng (HDLD) hoie tgm hoin thye hi|n
tien nghi thdi gian nhit dinh giflp hp eo thdi gian vi HDLD. Thdi han ma LDN phii bao ttudc cho NSDLD
tuy thupc vao thdi hgn do eo sd khim b|nh, chfla
sinh sgeh se dl dim bio sfle khde sinh sin.
bdnh ed tham quyin ehi dinh.
2.2. Bio d i m quyin cfla lao dpng mi mang thai,
sinh con v i nudi con nhd
* Ky Iuat Iao dpng: Khoin 4 Dllu 123 BLLD 2012 lgi
* VI vi|c lim: Khoin 3 Dllu 155 BLLD 2012 quy quy dinh: KhOng dupe xfl ly kyiuit Iao dpng ddi vdi
dinh: "Ngudi sfldyng lao dOng khOng dupe sa thai NLD dang ttong thdi gian "Lao dOng nflcd thai,
hoie donphuong chim diit hpp dOng lao dOng ddi vdi nghithaisin; ngudi Iao dOng nudi con nhd dudi 12
lao ddng nfl vi ly do kll hdn, mang thai, nghi thai sin, tiling tudi". CyUil hda diiu niy, Dllu 29 Nghi dinh
nudi eon dudi 12 thing tuOi...". Nhu vay, NSDLD khdng cfla Chinh phu sd 05/2015/ND-CP d i quy dinh: "1.
dupeliy ly do LDN kit hdn, ed thai, nuOi con nhd d l Ngudi sfldunglao ddng khdng dupe xfl ly ky luit lao
sa thai hp. Cd lhl ndi, quy dinh nay eua phip luit vfla ddng dd'i vol ngudi lao dpng li cha de, me d l hoae
cd y nghia Irong vide bio ve thien chflc cua LDN, vfla cha nudi, me nudi hpp phap dang nudi con nhd dudi
cd y nghia trong viec bio dim sy binh ding gidi; trinh 12 thing tudi." Dllu dded nghia dfl nguoi LDN cd hanh
tinh Irgng vi thyc hidn thien chflc efla minh m i LDN bi vi vi phgm ky Iuat (kl c i mfle bi sa thii) thi khi LDN
dang nudi con nhd dudi 12 thing tuOi cung khdng b!
mil viec Iam.
xfl ly ky luit. Khi LDN hit thdi gian mang thai, nghi thai
* VI b i o hilm xa hpi Khoin 2 Diiu 157 BLLD 2012 sin, nudi eon nhd dudi 12 thing tuoi, NSDLD vin cd
quy dinh "Ngudi Iao ddng quy dinh tgi dilm b v i dilm quyin xu ly ky luit ddi vdi hp. Diiu 9 Nghi <3!nh

c khoin I Diiu niy phai dong bio hilm xa hpi Ifl dfl 05/20I5/ND-CP quy dinh; "2. Khihit thoi gian nudi con
siu thing tro Idn Uong thdi gian mudi hai thing tnroc nhd dudi 12 thing tudi, m i thdi hidu xfl ly ky luit da
khi sinh con hoac nhan nudi con nudi". Do vay cd kho hit thi duoc klo dii thdi hieu xu ly ky luit lao ddng,
khan ddi vdi LDN cho tmong hpp ehua ddng BHXH dfl nhung td'l da khOng qui 60 ngiy, kl tfl ngay hit Uidi
6 thang trong vdng 12 thing m i trudc dd ed thdi gian gian nudi con nhd dudi 12 Uiing tudi."
dii d i ddng BHXH ndn Luit BHXH nam 2014 ed hieu
lyc ngiy 01/1/2016 da eO nhflng quy dinh vl dllu kien
2.3. Bao dam diiu kidn lam vide phil hpp vdi lao
hudng c h l dO thai san khi sinh con dOi vdi LDN khi d p n g n u
mang thai phai nghi dudng thai theo chi dinh efla co
* Quy djnh eae eOng vide hoie dllu kiln lam vide
sd khim chfla bdnh cd thim quyin dupe ndi long
khdng dupe su dyng LDN: Diiu 160 BLLD 2012 nhu sau:
hon. Vdi ddi tupng niy cin ed du 12 thing ddng
" 1 - Cdng vide ed inh hudng xiu tdi chflc nang sinh de
BHXH, ttong dd cd dfl 3 thang ddng BHXH trong vdng
12 thing trudc khi sinh thay vi trudc diy phii cd dfl 6 vi nudi con theo danh myc do Bp Lao ddng — Thuong
binh vi Xa hdi ehfl Ui phdi hpp vdi Bd Y tl ban hinh.
H Tt C H A u A -THAI

91


NGHliN cuu
2. Cdng vide phii ngim minh tiiudng xuyen dudi
nude.
3. Cdng vi|e Iam Ihudng xuydn dudi him md."
Cy lhl hon li Thdng ttr 26/2013/BLDTB&XH quy
dinh khdng dupe sfl dyng LDN lim vide ttong dllu
kien Iao dOng cd hgi, 38 loai cdng vide trong danh myc

eim va khdng dupe su dyng LDN ed thai hoac dang
nudi eon dudi 12 thang tuOl va 39 logi cdng vide khic
da dupe quy dinh.
* Dim bao dllu kien vl co so vit ehit tgi ncri lim
viec phfl hpp vdi LDN: BLLD 2012 eflng da cy lhl trach
nhiem cfla NSDLD Irong cdng tie vd sinh lao dOng ddi
vdi LDN nhu: Be dim bao mdi trudng Iao ddng thuan
lpi cho LON, NSDLD cd Uich nhidm "Bao dim cd
dflbudng tim vi buOng vdslnh phflhpp tai noi lim
vide" (khoin 6, Diiu 154 BLLD 2012), diy li quy dinh
bit bupe dd'i vdi bit kydoanh nghidp n i o ed sfl dyng
LDN. Truong hpp nlu sfl dyng nhilu LDN thi NSDLD
phii cd trich nhidm giup dd, hO tro xiy dyng nhi trd,
Idp miu giio hoac h6 trp mpt phin kinh phi cho LDN
d l gui ttd (khoin 6, Dllu 154 BLLD 2012).
* Bio dim chdng quay rdi ttnh dye ddi vdi Iao
ddng nfl: BLLD 2012 d i ed nhflng quy dinh vl hinh vi
quiy rdi ttnh dye (QRTD) tgi noi lim vide, gOm khoin
2 Diiu 8 nghiem cim "ngupc dai ngudi lao ddng, quiy
rdi ttnh dye tgi noilim vide"; dilm c khoin 1 Diiu 37
quy dinh "ngudi Iao ddng bi ngupe dai hoac bi quiy
rdi ttnh dye ed quyin don phuong ehim dflt hpp ddng
Iao ddng"; khoin 4Dilu 182 quy djnh lao ddng giflp
vide gia dinh ed nghia vy "tdcio vdi co quan edthim
quyen neu nguoi sfl dung Iao ddng ed hinh vi ngupe
dai, quiy rdi ttnh dye, cuong bfle Iao ddng hoac cd
nhirng hinh vi khic vi pham phap luit"; v i khoin
IDilu 183 nghidm eim ngudi su dyng lao dOng
"ngupe dai, quiy rdi ttnh dye,eudng buc Iao dpng,
dflng vu Iyc ddi vdi lao dpng li ngudi giflp viec gia

dinh".
2.4. Bao dam quyin cua lao dOng nu ve tiln luong
Tgi khoin 2 Diiu 85 Hiln phip nam 2013 quy
dinh;"Ngudi Iam edng an luong dupe bio dam eie
dllu kien lim vide cdng bing, an toin; dupe hudng
luong, chl dp nghi ngoi". BLLD nam 2012 tai khoin 3
Diiu 90 cflng quydinh: "NSDLD phal bio dim tri
Iuong binh ding, khdng phin bidt gidi Unh dOivdi NLD
Iam cdng viec cd gii tri nhu nhau". Mit khie tgi khoin
2, 5 Dieu 155 BLLD 2012 quy dinh nhung truong hpp
hudng nguydn Iuong nhu cho eon bfl, eon dudi 12
thing... Diiu niy giflp LDN khie phye dupe nhung
khd khan do dae dilm vl gidi, tgo diiu kien cho hp
thyc hien bdn phin lim me cfla minh.
2.5. Bio d i m quyen cfla lao ddng nfl vl tudi
nghi him
Diiu 187 BLLD 2012 d i ed quy dinh Hnh hogt theo
hudng md vl dO tudi nghi huu cfla LDN. Theo dd, LDN
khi dfl cic diiu kien vl Uidi gian ddng BHXH vi dfl 55
y ^

K I N H Tt CHAu A - T H A I B I N H DuaNQ

(THAMS a / z n I g)

tuOi sd dupe hudng Iuong huu. Tuy nhidn, tfly tflng diiu
kidn, hoan einh lim vi^c m i NLD cd Uil nghi huu fl
tudi sdm hon hay eao hon so vdi quy dinh v i mue toi da
li khdng qui 5 nam. Cy ttil: ngudi LDN lim viec ttong
dllu ki|n binh thudng thi tuOi nghi huu Ii 55 tudi. 06i

vdi ngudi LDN bi suy giim khi nang lao dpng; iam eOng
viec dae bi|t ning nhpc, ddc hgi, nguy hilm; lim cdng
vi|e ning nhpc, ddc hgi, nguy hilm; lim vi|c 0 vflng
cao, vflng siu, vflng xa, bidn gidi, hii dio thuOe danh
myc do Chinh phfl quy dinh cd thd nghi huu d tudi thip
hon so vdi tudi 55... Nhu vay, LDN nlu cd nhu ciu vi dO
diiu kiln vl huu sdm hon hoac nhilu hon so vdi tu6i
chuin d l vl huu thi piiip luit vin eho phip hp lya
chpn ma khdng quy djnh eflng nhic.

3. Ket luan
Qua phan ttch c i c quy dinh efla phip luit hien
hinh neu trdn, cd lhl thiy nhin ehung phip Iuat vl
b i o ve quyin cua LDN d nudc la vl co bin d i bio v^
quyin lpi efla LDN trong hiu hit cic Hnh vyc. Bd luit
lao dOng 2012 efla nude ta d i ed quy dinh cy lhl vl
nhung quyin ridng cd cua LDN qua nhflng Nghi dinh
vi Thdng tu nhim hoin thi|n hon vl vi^c bio v0
quyin cfla LDN. Phip luit cfla nudc ta cung dam bao
LDN khdng bi bdc Ipt, xim hgi vi ddi xfl bit edng qua
e i c bien phip xu phgt d l giup LDN bio v | dupe
quydn efla minh nhu bdi thudng thidt hgi, xu ly vi
phgm hinh ehinh, tmy cflu ttich nhidm hinh sy vi
giii quylt TCLD thdng qua hda giii v i Tda in, trong d6
khdng lhl thilu dupe vai trd cfla COng doan trong vi^c
dim b i o quyin Igi cfla LDN v i xiy dyng md'i quan h$
tdt dep gifla NSDLD va LDN. Tuy nhidn, viec tilp tuc
nghien euu cic quy dinh cua BO luit lao dOng dl phfl
hpp vdi Unh hinh thyc tiln bao vd quyin efla Lao dOng
nfl d Viet Nam se giflp hd thdng phip luat lao ddng vl

bio ve quyin eua LDN dupe hoin thidn hon, giup
ngudi LDN ydn tam cdng tie va On dinh euOe sOng./.

Tai lieu tham khao
D6 Ngin Binh (2006) "Bio vd quyen Ipi efla Iao
dpng nfl theo Cdng udc qudc t l vl xda bd hinh thuc
phan biet ddi xfl vdi phy nfl vi phip luit lao dOng Vl^t
Nam",Tgp ehi Luit hpe, tr.76-77.
Bui Thi Kim Ngin (2013), "Mdt sd f kiln vl Iao
ddng nu theo BLLD nim 2012", Tap chi Nhi nudc vi
phip Iuat (10).
Ding Thi Thorn (2015), "Bio vd quyin lao dpng nfl
theo Phip luit laoddng Vilt Nam", Tap ehi TAND ky 11
(6).
HO Thanh Vin (2017), "Bao ve quyin eua lao ddng
nfl theo phip luit lao ddng Viet Nam", Luin van thgc
sy lu^t hpe.