TRIET HQC, SO 11 (318), THANG 11-2017

QUAN mim CUA C.MAC V A P H . A N G G H E N V E Mdl QUAN H |

GIUA TAN TAI XA HOI VA Y THijrc XA HOI TRONG GIAI DOAN
HiNH THANH QUAN NI^M DUY VAT V i LICH SLT
Bao Th} Minh Thao'
' Tien sT, Vifn Triit hpc, Vi^n Hin lim Khoa hpc xi hpi Vift Nam.
Email:
Nh|n ngiy 25 thing 9 nim 2017. Ch^p nh$n ding ngiy 30 thing 10 nfim 2017.
Tom tflt: Quan dilm duy vdt vl ljch sft la mpt thanh tyu ly lugn cd y nghia vach thdi dgi md C.Mac
va Ph.Angghen da mang lgi cho nhan logi. Trong dd, vdn dl quan hf giua tin tgi xd hpi va y thuc
xa hgi Id mpt npi dung quan ttpng. Dupe dl xudt ngay tft giai dogn ddu hinh thanh chu nghta Mac
(1844 - 1848), qua nhimg tac pham quan ttpng, nha Gdp phan phi phdn triit hgc phdp quyin cua
Heghen - Ldi noi ddu, Gia dinh thdn thdnh. Hi tu tudng DOc,... nhihig quan nifm vl vai tro quyet
dinh cua ton tgi xa hpi dli vdi f thftc xd hfi cung nhu ve tinh df c lgp tuang dli cua y thftc xa hpi
ttong qud ttinh phan anh ton tgi xd hfi da gdp phan quan ttpng trong vifc ttift dk ching lgi chu
nghta duy tam tdn giao, tfnh chat sieu hinh ciia chu nghTa duy v|t cu, cung nhu nhftng biln tudng
cua chu nghTa duy tdm va duy kinh te hifn nay.
Tir khoa: Ton tgi xa hpi, y thftc xa hfi, moi quan hf giiia ton tgi xa hpi va y thftc xa hfi, quan
nifm duy vdt ve ljch su.
Tft gifta nhiing nam 40 cfta thi ky XIX,
khi dd hodn todn ehuyin sang l^p trudng
duy vdt chu nghta, CMde vd Ph.Angghen
da vdn dyng quan dilm duy v^t bifn chftng
ve moi quan hf gifta vat chdt vd f thftc dl
nghidn cftu vd lugn giai sy phdt triin xa
hgi, hinh thdnh nen quan nifm duy vgt vl
lieh sft ma d do, ttong linh vyc xd hgi, vgt
chdt Id ton tai xa hdi, cdn y thftc Id y thfte
xd hgi. Thgt ra, moi quan hf gifta tdn tgi xa

hfi vd f thfte xd hdi dd dugc CMde vd
Ph.Angghen khdng dinh ngay tft giai dogn
hinh thdnh nhung nguydn Iy ea bdn efta
chft nghta duy vdt bien ehftng vd chft nghta
duy v^t Ijch sft. Trong nhieu tae phdm d
giai dogn ndy, cac dng ludn khdng dinh:
Tdn tgi xa hfi cd trude vd quyit djnh y
thftc xa hgi; y thfte xa hgi la edi ed sau vd

Id sy phdn dnh ty gide, ti'eh eye it nhieu tdn
tai xd hgi; trong quan hf vdi tin tai xd hdi,
y thftc xd hgi cd tinh ddc ldp tuong dli vd
CO tac dfng trd lgi tdn tgi xd hgi (thdng qua
hogt dfng cfta con ngudi).
1. Vai trd quyet dinh cua ton t^i xa hfi
do! vdl y thvc xa hfi
Trong Ldi ndi ddu (nam 1844) viit cho
tde phdm Gdp phdn phi phdn triet hgc phdp
quyin cua Highen (nam 1843), CMdc da
khdng dinh rdng quan hf kmh tl Id cdi quyit
dinh quan hf chinh tri vd cae hinh thftc tu
tudng hf. Khi phe phdn Hdghen coi nhd
nude Id dgng lye efta ljch sft. Id edi sdn sinh
ra "xd hgi edng ddn", quy dinh chl df kinh
te eiia xd hgi, CMde cho rdng, khdng phdi
nhd nude sinh ra xd hdi cdng ddn, md ngugc
lai, xd hgi cdng ddn sinh ra nhd nude [Xem:

33



QUAN DIEM CUA C.MAC VA PH.ANGGHEN..,
1, tt.569-590]. Dilu ndy eho thay ngay tft tde
phdm nay, d CMde da bdt ddu cd sy hinh
tiianh ro ndt quan nifm duy vdt ve lieh sft.
Din Hi tu tudng Due, tac phdm ddt nin
mong cho nhiing nguyen ly ciia ehft nghta
duy vdt Heh sft efta CMde vd Ph.Angghen,
khi dl cap din mdi quan hf giiia tin tgi xa
hdi va f thfte xd hpi, eac dng dd tap trung
nhdn mgnh tinh thft nhdt cfta tdn tgi xd hdi,
chftng minh sy phy thugc cfta y thfte xd hdi
vdo tin tgi xa hgi vd sy edn thidt eung nhu
hifu lyc ciia y thftc cdeh mgng.
But ehiin quyit lift vdi cdc nhd duy tdm
chft nghta thuge phdi Hdghen tie vd quan
nifm eua tdn gido, CMac vd Ph.Angghen
dd dd xudt vd khdng dinh quan niem duy vat
Uch sft ve sy san xudt ra y thfte. Cae dng ehi
rd, ngay tft ddu, y thftc dd gdn bd mat thiet
vdi hogt dgng vat chat vd sy giao tiep cua
con ngudi: "Sy sdn xuat ra nhiing y nifm,
nhftng quan niem vd y thfte thi liic ddu id
true tiip gdn Uen mat thiet vdi hoat dgng
vdt ehdt vd su giao tiip vdt chdt eua eon
ngudi - ngdn ngft cua ddi sdng hifn thyc. 0
ddy, nhiing quan nifm, tu duy, su giao tidp
tinh thdn eua con ngudi xudt hifn ra con la
sdn phdm trye tiep eua cdc quan hf vat chdt
eiia hg..." [3, tt.37]. Do vdy, vd ban chdt, y

thuc eua con ngudi Id sdn pham cua ede
quan he vdt chdt cua hg, hay la sy tu y thftc
ve chinh ddi sing hifn thyc efta eon ngudi.
Rdng, "chinh con ngudi la ke sdn xudt ra
nhiing quan niem, y nifm, v.v., cua minh,
song day Id nhiing eon ngudi hifn thye,
dang hanh ddng, dung nhu hp bi quy ditih
bdi mgt sy phdt ttien nhdt dinh cfta nhiing
lyc lugng sdn xudt cua hg vd bdi sy giao
tiep phu hgp vdi sy phdt tridn dy, kl cd
nhiing hinh thftc rdng rdi nhdt eua nhftng sy
giao tiep do. Y thftc [.,.] khdng bao gid cd
the Id cdi gi khdc han Id sy ton tgi dugc y
thftc [...], vd sy tdn tai ciia con ngudi Id qua

trinh ddi song hien thyc efta eon ngudi" [3,
tt.37]. LuEta dilm nay khdng chi cho thdy
ngi dung ciia cdc khdi nifm tin tgi xd hpi
vd y thac xd hgi. md con cho thdy ed ngudn
gdc hinh tiidnh vd mdi lidn hf gifta chung.
Trong khi ban v l ngudn goc, bdn chat
eua y thftc, CMdc va Ph.Angghen dd ldm
rd f thftc mang tinh xa hOi- Y thftc eon
ngudi, ngay tft ddu, dd Udn he khdng khit
vdi sdn xudt vat ehdt, gdn vdi hoat ddng
thue tien lieh sft efta eon ngudi. Mgt khac, y
thftc edn ehju sy chi phoi ciia cdc quy luat
xd hdi, do nhu cdu giao tiep xd hfi vd cdc
dilu kifn sinh hogt hifn thye efta con ngudi
quy dinh. Do vdy, y thuc eiing Id mdt hifn

tugng xd hdi. V l dilu ndy, cdc dng khdng
djnh: "Ngay tft ddu, y thfte da la mgt sdn
phdm xd hgi, va vin la nhu v|iy, chftng nao
eon ngudi eon tdn tgi" [3, tt.43]. Con ngudi
vd xd hdi Ioai ngirdi bat ddu tft ddu tiu y
thftc efta hp eiing bat ddu tft dd va y thftc do
la sdn phdm tdt ydu efta ddi sdng hifn thyc
cua eon ngudi. Cae dng eiing eho rdng, sy
phong phu thyc sy ve tinh than cua ed nhan
la hoan todn phy thufc vao sy phong phii
cua nhiing mdi lien he hien thue ciia hg vd,
"ngay cd nhiing do tudng hinh thanh ttong
ddu 6c con ngudi cung Id nhiing vgt thdng
hoa tdt yeu eita qua ttinh ddi sing v£it chat
cfta hg, mft qud trinh eo thi xde djnh dupe
bdng kinh nghifm vd gdn lien vdi nhiing
tien dl vdt chdt. Nhu vgy thi dao dftc, tdn
gido, sieu hinh hge vd nhiing dgng khdc cua
hf tu tudng cimg vdi nhftng hinh thdi y thftc
tuong ftng vdi ehung, Udn mat ngay mgi ve
dfe Igp bl ngodi" [3, tr.38].
Nhu vgy, theo CMde va Ph.Angghen,
khdng phdi mgi quan hf ciia con ngudi diu
la sdn phdm cfta y thftc nhu phdi Heghen tre
quan nifm, ma Id ngugc lgi: "Khdng p h ^ f
tiiftc quyit dinh ddi sdng md chinh ddi sing
quyit dinh y tiiftc" [3, tt.38]. Vdi quan nifm


DAO THI MINH THAO

nay, cdc dng dd dua ra mgt nhdn dinh hodn
todn mdi khdng chi doi vdi tu tudng duy
tdm tftng thdng tri trude do, ma cdn mdi ddi
vdi cd cdc nhd triit hpc duy vdt tiln bli, kl
cd Phoiobde, vl nguin gic cfta f thfte. Tu
tudng khdng phdi Id sdn pham thy dfng
duge tao ra tft vdt chdt nhu Phoiobde quan
nifm, ma nd duge sinh ra tft tdn tgi xa hgi
vdi tu each mgt qud trinh hidn thyc ciia ddi
sdng con ngudi, trong do hoat dgng tiiyc
tien vgt chdt cfta hg Id cai ddng vai trd quyet
dinh. Ngoai ra, edn cdn phdi xem xet tdt cd
nhihig hinh thdi vd san phdm cfta y thftc xd
hfi da phdt sinh, phdt trien tu ea sd vdt chdt
vd tu nhiing mau thuan eiia co sd dd.
Trong khi khdng djnh tdn tai xd hgi
quyet djnh y thftc xd hdi, CMdc vd
Ph.Angghen ludn nhdn manh phai xdc djnh
tidn de dau tien cho mpi sy tdn tgi eua eon
ngudi, vd do do. Id tien de cfta mgi Uch sft
Id ngudi ta phdi cd khd ndng sdng rdi mdi
cd the "ldm ra lieh sft". Nhung mudn sdng
dugc thi trude hit edn phdi eo thue dn, thue
uing, nhd d, qudn do vd mdt vai thft khdc
nfta [3, tt.39-40]. Hdnh vi lich sft ddu tidn
eiia eon ngudi la vife sdn xuat ra bdn thdn
ddi sing vdt ehdt. Dd la dieu kifn ea bdn
efta mpi Ijch su, cua mgi sy ton tai ngudi
tnrde ddy, hien nay ciing nhu ve sau. 6 ddy,
can luu y rang, cdc ong coi vife sdn xudt ra

ddi song vdt ehdt Id dilu kifn eo bdn, ddu
tien, nhung tuyft dli khdng phdi Id duy
nhdt vd do khdng phdi Id mgt dang efta
thuylt quyit dinh lugn v l kinh tl nhu
nhung ngudi phe phan chu nghta Mdc dd vd
dang xuyen tgc.
Thdy ro tinh thft nhdt vd quyit djnh cua
ddi song hifn thyc, CMdc vd Ph.Angghen
nhan manh: Phdi "xudt phat tft xd hOi cdng
ddn md gidi thich todn bf nhftng sdn phdm
ly ludn khac nhau va mpi hinh thdi y thftc,
tdn gido, tridt hge, dgo dftc, v.v. vd theo ddi

qud trinh phdt sinh ciia chftng tien co sd do"
[3, tt.54].
Nhu vdy, khae vdi quan nifm duy tdm,
quan nifm duy vgt vl Uch sft ludn xudt phdt
tft chfnh vifc sdn xudt ra ddi sing vdt chat
vd ludn dftng tren mdnh ddt hifn thyc eua
lieh su; nd khdng edn eft vdo tu tudng dd
gidi thfch thye tidn, md ngugc lgi, nd gidi
thieh sy lunh thdnh cfta tu tudng edn eu vdo
thue tiln vdt chdt. Trong Uch sft, nin sdn
xudt vdt chdt khdng ehi dl lgi ddu dn ttong
nhftng cufc khai thde tdi nguydn, chidn
ttanh vd mpi phuang didn khdc eua ddi
sdng xa hgi, md edn ehi phdi ehiiih tri, ludt
phdp, vdn hda hay tu tudng ciia mdi thdi
dai. Bao gid ciing vdy, tten nen tdng tdn tgi
xa hgi, ttong do edt loi Id nen sdn xudt vdt

ehdt, tat ed ddi sdng tu tudng, vdn hda, tinh
thdn, ehinh tri, ludt phdp hay vdn hgc, nghf
thudt cfta con ngudi vd cgng ddng dugc
hinh thdnh vd diu bj quy djnh, chi phdi bdi
nen tdng vdt ehdt do.
Trong khi ddu tranh chdng lgi nhftng
quan diem duy tam vd khdng dinh ldp trudng
duy vdt vl ljch sft, CMde vd Ph.Angghen
ciing chi ro ngudn gdc giai cdp cua chft
nghta duy tdm. Dd la do sy phdn edng lao
dgng tao ra su phdn bift gifta "lao dgng vdt
chdt" vd "lao dgng tinh thdn". Cimg vdi sy
xudt hifn giai edp, hogt dgng tri 6c, tinh
thdn ttd thdnh hinh thftc hoat dgng chft ylu
tuydt dli cfta mgt s l nhdm ngudi (nhd triit
hgc, tdng 1ft) vd giai edp thing tii: "Bdt ddu
tft Iftc dd y thftc cd thi thgt su tudng tugng
rdng nd Id mgt cdi gi khae chft khdng phdi
Id y thue vl thye tiln hien co, rdng nd cd
the thuc SIC dgi bieu cho cdi gi dd, md khdng
dgi bieu eho mft cdi gi hifn thyc ed; bdt ddu
tft lue do, y thftc cd khd ndng ty gidi thoat
khdi till gidi vd chuyin sang xdy dyng ly
ludn "tiiudn tiiy", tiidn hgc, triit hge, dao
dftc, v.v." [3, tt.45]. Tft eho tdeh rdi y thftc
35


QUAN DIEM CUA C.MAC VA PH.ANGGHEN...
vdi thi gidi v^t chdt, tuyft doi hda mat hinh

thftc cfta qud trinh nhdn thfte dd din cae nha
duy tdm chft nghta din nhung do tudng vl
sftc mgnh ciia tu tudng, tinh than.
CMdc vd Ph.Angghen eon ehi ra nguydn
nhdn phdt smh, phdt triin efta hf tu tudng
cdeh mang. Chfnh sy xung ddt gifta lye
lugng sdn xuat mdi vd quan hf san xudt cu
dd bdc trdn tinh khong ben viing, tinh do
tudng vd gid dli eiia nhiing tu tudng ehinh
trj, M t phdp, tdn gido... efta giai edp thong
tri, tir do tdt ylu san sinh ra nhftng tu tudng
mdi tien bg hon va thieh iing vdi hien thyc
mdi, ddng thdi bilu hifn d tinh trgng cdc
giai edp bj hoc 1ft khdng the ehiu dyng
duge dilu kifn suih hogt cu nfta, do vgy, hg
phai dftng len ddu ttanh chdng lgi giai cdp
bdc Idt. Vd, mgi mdu thuan, bien ddi cfta tu
tudng diu ed nguyen nhdn tft nen tdng vgt
chat cfta xa hdi, "ngay ed khi ly luan do,
thdn hpe do, tiilt hgc dd, dao dftc do, v.v.,
mdu thuan vdi nhiing quan he hifn cd thi
dieu dd ciing ehi co the xdy ra do cho
nhiing quan hf xa hdi hien cd dd mdu thuan
vdi nhihig lye lugng sdn xudt hien cd" [3,
tt.45]. Tft dd hinh thdnh f thftc ddn tgc, y
thuc edch mang vd sy chin mudi cua hien
thye cdeh mgng quyit djnh sy phdt sinh,
phdt triin eiia tu tudng edch mgng.
Nhihig tu tudng tren ciing vdi nhung
nghien cftu ve mdi quan hf gifta lyc lugng

sdn xudt va quan he sdn xudt, giua co sd hg
tdng vd kiln true thugng tdng... Id nhiing
dilm xudt phdt de din tdc phdm Sic khdn
ciing cua triil hgc (nam 1847), CMdc khdi
qudt mdt cdeh day du bdn chdt cua quan
niem duy vgt vl ljch sft: "Nhihig quan he xd
hgi ddu gdn lien mat thilt vdi nhftng lye
lirgng sdn xudt. Do cd dugc nhung lyc
lugng sdn xuat mdi, Iodi ngudi thay doi
phuang thftc sdn xuat cua minh, vd do thay
ddi phuong thfte sdn xudt, each kiim sdng
36

cfta minh, Ioai ngudi thay doi tdt cd nhflng
quan hf xa hpi cua ntinh" [4, tt.I87].
Nhu v§y, theo quan diem cfta CMdc vd
Ph.Angghen, vai trd quyet dinh cfta ddi
song vdt chdt dli vdi ddi sing y thfte, tinh
thdn ciia con ngudi dugc thi hifn khdng ehi
ttong Itnh vye sdn xudt vdt ehdt, md edn cd
ttong ddi sing tu tudng, tinh thdn cua moi
cd nhdn va c§ng ddng. Todn bf cdc hinh
thdi f thftc, tft chfnh tri, phdp li4t din dgo
dftc, tdn gido hay nghe thugt, ddu nay sinh
tirdn mdt eo sd hifn thye Id ^ n tgi xd hfi,
deu phdn dnh ton tgi xd hgi vd do t i n tgi xd
hdi dd quyit dinh. Sy phong phu, da dgng
hay ngheo nan cfta ddi sdng tinh thdn diu
do sy phong phu hay nghdo ndn cua hifn
thye tao nen.

2. Val tro cua f thirc xd hfi trong qua
trinh phSn dnh t i n t^i xa hfi
Khdng dinh tdn tgi xa hdi quyet dinh y
thftc xd hgi, nhung CMde vd Ph.Angghen
khdng tuyft dli hda vai ttd cua ddi sing vdt
ehdt ddi vdi ddi sdng tinh than cfta eon
ngudi. Khdng chi thd, cac dng cdn nhdn
thdy tinh ddc l^p tuong dli cfta f thfte xd
hgi ttong qud trinh phdn dnh tdn tgi xa hdi,
ciing nhu sftc mgnh cai tgo cua nd dli vdi
t i n tgi xa hgi.
Bdn ve hf tu tudng cftng vdi nhiing hhih
thdi y thftc xa hgi, C.Mae da vgch ro ban
chdt giai cap cfta thugng tdng kiln true tu
tudng. 6 n g khdng djnh; Trong mgi thdi dgi,
nhung tu tudng eua giai cap thing trj Id
nhSng tu tudng thing tri, nd cd tdc dyng la
vu khi tinh thdn dli vdi sy thdng tri cua giai
cdp nay. Rdng, "giai cap ndo Id lyc lugng
vgt chdt thing tri trong xa hfi thi cung Id
lye lugng tinh thdn thdng trj ttong xd hgi.
Giai cdp nao ehi phdi nhung tu lifu sdn
xudt vdt chdt thi eiing ehi phii ludn cd
nhihig tu lifu sdn xudt tinh tiidn, tiidnh tiift
ndi chung tu tudng cfta nhung ngudi khdng


DAO THI MINH T H A O

cd tu lifu sdn xudt tinh thdn ciing ding thdi

bj giai cap thing tri dd chi phii" [3, tr.66].
Ndi mpt cdeh cu the la, nhftng ngudi ndm
gift sftc mgnh kinh te eiing se c6 dnh hudng
ldn ddn ddi sdng tinh than cfta xd hOi. Sy
thdng tri cfta hf tu tudng chinh tri, phdp
ludt efta giai cdp thdng tri chfnh Id sy ddm
bdo viing ehde cho sy thing tii vl kinh t l
efta hg. Dieu do cdng ttd nen ro net hon khi
md ttong giai doan hidn nay, cac dng triim
ciia ede tap doan kinh td ldn, ngodi vifc cd
the tdc ddng true tiip tdi san xudt xd hgi,
ean thifp didu khiln cac ddng hdng hda hay
thi trudng tien tf,... hg cdn ed the gdy dnh
hudng den ehinh tri, vdn hda, tu tudng cfta
todn xd hdi, tham chi ed thi ehi phdi cd gidi
truyen thdng the gidi,... vd sde manh do la
khdng the xem thudng.
Theo C.Mae vd Ph.Angghen, mdc du ddi
song vdt chdt gift vai ttd quyet dinh, nhung
f thftc, tinh than, tu tudng ciing cd tinh dfe
lap nhdt dinh. Khi phdn tieh vl quan hf
bifn ehftng gifta lyc lugng san xudt vd hinh
thfte giao tiep, C.Mac dd ehi ro sy tdn tgi
dai ddng nhung quan he Igi ieh, hay vdn dd
quyen lyc truyen thdng ttong ede egng dong
ngudi: "Nhiing giai doan vd Igi ieh khac
nhau khdng bao gid bi hoan todn vugl qud
md ehi bj If thuge vdo nhiing Igi ich dang
chiin thdng, va chung vin tiep tue tdn tgi
lay Idt ben cgnh nhiing lgi feh d6 ttong hdng

the ky" [3, tt.l04]. Vd, "dilu do eiing gidi
thfch rdng tai sao tixjng mdt sd vdn de eho
phep chftng ta trinh bdy khai qudt hon thi f
tiiftc ddi khi dudng nhu di trude nhthig quan
hf kinh nghifm duong thdi, den nii ttong
nhiing cufc chiin ddu cua mdt thdi dgi sau,
ngudi ta cd thi dya vao quydn uy cfta nhiing
nhd I^ ludn cua thdi dgi trude" [3, tt.l05].
Nhu vdy, mde dii ehju sy quy dinh efta ton
tai xd hdi, song tu tudng, ly lugn, suy rpng ra
la ddi sing y thftc, tinh thdn, eung e6 quy

ludt ndi tai ridng cua no, cd sy kl thira, tiep
nii gifta cdc thdi dai, cd cd sy bdo thd, Igc
hdu vd tinh vuprt trude eiia no trong qud
trinh phdn dnh tdn tgi xa hpi.
Tfnh ddc ldp tuong dli cfta y thftc xd hfi
duge till hifn dgc biet ro qua sy tdc dfng
ttd lgi eua y thfte xd hdi ddi vdi tdn tai xd
hgi. Vdi tinh ehdt ndy, y thftc xd hdi cd thi
ddng vai trd ddy nhanh hoge kun hdm sy
phdt ttiln efta t i n tgi xa hgi. Trong Gdp
phdn phe phdn triet hge phdp quyin cua
Highen - Ldi ndi ddu, CMde viet: "Vii khi
ciia sy phe phdn ed nhien khdng the thay
thd duge sy phe phdn eua vu khi. Lye lugng
vdt chdt ehi cd the hi ddnh do bdng lye
lugng vat ehdt; nhung ly ludn ciing sS trd
thdnh lyc lugng vat chat, mgt khi n6 thdm
nh^p vdo qudn ehung" [1, tt.580]. Khdng

ehi thd, CMde edn dde bift ehft y den sftc
manh efta tri thfte ly ludn dli vdi hifn thyc,
chi rd vai ttd to ldn efta Iy ludn ttong dinh
hudng phong ttdo edeh mgng: "Gidng nhu
triit hge thdy giai cdp vd sdn Id vii khi vgt
ehdt cfta minh, giai cap vd sdn ciing thdy
triit hpc Id vu khf tinh thdn ciia minh, vd
chi cdn sdm set ciia tu tudng ddnh mgt edch
triet dd vdo cdi mdnh ddt nhdn ddn edn
nguyen vpn dy la vife gidi phdng ngudi
Due thanh con ngudi se hodn thdnh" [1,
tt.589]. Ddu nao cfta su gidi phdng eon
ngudi, theo CMdc, la triet hgc. Nhung triet
hge chi thyc hien duge vai tto cfta nd khi
ddp ftng dugc nhu cau thyc tiln each mgng
vd dugc thdm sdu vdo giai cdp edeh mang,
dft sftc ldi cudn hg. Ong viet: "Nhftng nhu
edu if ludn lifu cd trye tiip tid thdnh nhihig
nhu cdu thye tien hay khdng? Tu tudng c l
sftc bien thanh hifn thye vin chua du; bdn
thdn hien thye eung phdi e l sue hudng tdi
tu tudng" [1, tt.582]. Didu do cho thdy, sy
phft hgp bifn ehung giiia tu tudng vd hifn
thyc, gifta f thftc xa hgi vd tin tai xd hpi sg

37


QUAN DIEM CUA C M A C VA PH.ANGGHEN..,
Id mdt dgng lyc thfte ddy sy phdt triin cd

ddi sdng vdt chat ldn ddi sdng tinh thdn cfta
con ngudi. Dft l^ lugn, xdt ddn cimg, khdng
thodt ly khdi ddi sing vgt chat, nhung
khdng thi phu nhfn vai trd dinh hudng, din
dudng efta nd trong sy phdt triin cfta xa hgi.
Trong khi nhan mgnh mgi sy thay ddi xd
hpi phdi tuan theo quy ludt khdeh quan cfta
Uch sft, CMdc van ludn tin rdng, tti thftc vd
y chi con ngudi ed thi thftc ddy qud trinh do
tien nhanh hon.
Han thi nfta, CMdc vd Ph.Angghen cdn
dde bift nhdn mgnh: Y thue, tu tudng chi
till hifn sftc mgnh cfta nd thdng qua hogt
dfng th^c tien efta eon ngudi. Ve vdn de
ndy, trong tdc phdm Gia dinh thdn thdnh
(nam 1844), cac dng khdng dinh: "Tu tudng
cSn ban khdng thi thuc hien dugc cdi gi
het. Muln thyc hifn tu tudng thi cdn cd
nhiing con ngudi sft dyng lyc lugng thyc
tiln" [2, tr.181]. Dilu dd co nghta la, chinh
hdnh dgng thyc tidn cfta con ngudi cd y
thftc mdi CO sftc mgnh cdi tgo hifn thye. Tft
dd, cdc dng cho rdng "khdng the dap tan
dugc mgi hinh thai va san phdm eua y thftc
bdng sy phe phdn tinh thdn, bdng vifc quy
ehung thanh "ty y thfte" hay biln ehung
thdnh nhung "u hdn", "bdng ma", "tinh ky
quae", v.v. md chi bdng vifc lat dd mft
cdeh thyc tien nhflng quan hf xa hdi hifn
thyc da sdn sinh ra tdt ca nhiing dilu nhdm

nhi duy tdm do; rdng khdng phdi sy phe
phdn md edch mang mdi Id ddng lye eua
lieh sft, eiia tdn gido, ciia triit hpe vd eua
mpi ly ludn khdc" [3, tt.54]. Nhan mgnh
tinh tdt yeu efta vifc cdi tao thi gidi hifn
thyc, cdc dng cdn da phd mgnh me cdi do
tudng tiidng trj cho rdng tu tudng ed tae
dyng quyet dinh ttong tien trinh Uch sft.
Dieu do hoan toan khdng mdu thuan vdi
viee khdng dinh vai ttd, sftc manh cdi tao
cfta y thfte xd hgi ddi vdi tin tai xd hgi.
38

Sau ndy, ttong Ldi tya viet cho tae phdm
Gdp phdn phi phdn khoa kinh ti chinh tri
(nam 1858 - 1859), CMde dd ty ddnh gid
nhiing quan nifm duy vdt v l Uch sft, ttong
dd c6 quan dilm ve mii quan hf giiia tin
tai xa hgi vd y thue xd hgi eiia dng trong
giai dogn ddu nhu sau: "Nhflng edng vifc
nghien cftu cfta tdi da din tdi din kit qua la:
Khdng the lay bdn thdn nhfltig quan hf phdp
quyin ciing nhu nhftng hinh thai nhd nude,
hay ldy cdi ggi la sy phdt triin chung eiia
tinh thdn cfta con ngudi, d l gidi thich nhiing
quan he vd hinh thai do, md ttdi lai, phdi
thdy rdng nhftng quan he vd hinh thdi do bdt
ngudn tft nhiing dilu kifn sinh hogt vdt
chdt, md todn bg da duge Heghen, theo
edch cfta ngudi Anh va ngudi Phdp the ky

XVIII, ggi gdp chung lai la "xd hgi edng
ddn" vd vife gidi phau xa hdi cdng ddn ndy
thi phdi tim d trong khoa kinh te ehinh tri"
[5, tr.l4]. Sy nhat qudn, chudn xdc ttong
quan diem duy vdt do v l ljch su dd dua
CMde den ket ludn ve tinh tdt yeu ljch sft
ciia cugc cdeh mang vd sdn vd tgo ra ca sd
if luan eho hgc thuylt v l chft nghia cgng
sdn khoa hpc.
Tdm lgi, trude nhiing ydu edu bftc thiet
cua eupe ddu tranh chong lai chft nghta duy
tdm gifta thi ky XIX va khdng djnh ldp
trudng duy vgt ttong vifc nghien cftu lich
sft xd hdi, d cdc tdc phdm ttong giai doan
hinh thdnh hgc thuylt cfta minh, CMde va
Ph.Angghen da phe phdn quydt lift nhiing
do tudng ve tinh quyit dinh cua y thftc, tu
tudng ddi vdi tiln trinh phdt ttiln cfta Ijeh
sft nhdn Ioai. Cdc dng dd tgp trung nhdn
mgnh vai ttd quyit djnh cua ton tai xd hgi,
ciia ddi sing sdn xudt vgt ehdt doi vdi f
thfte xd hfi cung nhu tinh tdt ylu cua vife
edi tgo thi gidi hifn thyc bdng sue manh vgt
chdt, ddng thdi eung khdng xem nhp vai ttd
cfta y thftc, tu tudng ttong tiln trinh Hch sft.


DAO THI MINH THAO
Nhihig phan tich ciia ede dng ve vai trd
quyet dinh efta ton xd hdi vd tfnh dde Idp

tuong ddi cfta y thftc xd hpi md ra mdt cdeh
nhin mdi ttong vife nhdn thftc Ijeh sft tren
tinh than duy vdt bifn chftng vd duy vat Uch
sft Id:
Thu nhdt. mgi hifn tugng trong ddi sdng
tinh than, xet din cung, diu cd ngudn gle
tft ddi sdng v^t chdt, vd do vdy, de nhdn
thftc cae hien tugng cua ddi sdng tinh thdn
xd hdi, cdn phdi cdn cu vdo tdn tai xa hdi da
nay sinh ra nd. Mdt khdc, cung edn phai giai
thi'eh ede hifn tugng do tft nhiing phuong
dien khde nhau, nghta Id, phdi chft y den
tfnh ddc lap tuong ddi cfta chung, thdy duge
tinh chat phftc tap ttong sy van dgng cfta
ddi sdng y thftc, tu tudng. Can ttdnh sa vdo
quan nifm eho rdng, trinh do phdt ttien kinh
t l thdp kem cfta xd hgi sS ddn din sy ylu
kem vd ly ludn, hode tuyft ddi hoa sftc
mgnh cfta ly lugn ma bdt ehdp dieu kien vdt
ehdt hien ed. Ca hai khuynh hudng ndy deu
dan den hilu va van dung sai Ifch tu tudng
bifn chftng ciia chft nghta Mdc ve mdi quan
hf giua tdn tai xd hgi vd y thfte xa hgi.
Thu hai. dh xdy dyng xa hgi mdi, can
phdi tiln hdnh edi tao cd hai mgt tdn tai xd
hdi vd y thftc xa hfi, ttong do su thay ddi
tin tgi xa hdi Id cdn bdn dl dan den thay dli
f thftc xa hgi. Dong thdi, cdn tiidy rdng,
khdng ehi nhftng biln ddi ttong tdn tai xa
hgi mdi tdt ylu din den nhung thay doi to

ldn ttong ddi sing tinh than eua xd hdi md
ngugc lgi, nhihig tdc ddng cua ddi sdng tinh
thdn xd hgi, vdi nhftng dilu kien nhdt dinh,
cung ed thi tao ra nhiing bien ddi mgnh me,
sdu sdc tiong ton tgi xd hgi.
Tha ba, f thftc, tu tudng mudn phdt huy
vai tid ciia nd ttong ddi song phdi thdng
qua hoat dgng thye tien efta eon ngudi. Do
do, y thftc, tu tudng dung ddn Id chua du,
cdn thyc sy n3 lyc chuyen hda y thftc, tu

tudng thdnh sftc mgnh vgt ehdt thdng qua
hogt dpng thye tiln mpt each khoa hpe.
Vdd nhiing tdc ddng cfta each mgng khoa
hpc vd cdng nghe hifn dgi, ddi sing kinh tl xd hOi cdng phdt trien, giao luu vd hgp tdc
quic td ngdy cdng tang. Tdt ed nhiing dilu
do dang dua ddi sdng tinh thdn din eho ngdy
cdng phong phft hon, cung vdi dd eiing xudt
hifn nhidu xu hudng tam ly, y thftc, tu tudng
phftc tgp. Vi the, ddi hdi phdi cd nhiing nhgn
dinh khdeh quan, khoa hpc ve sy bien ddi
ndy de ed nhung dinh hudng phu hgp. Trong
bdi ednh dd, quan dilm ciia CMde vd
Ph.Angghen vl mdi quan hf bifn ehftng
giiia tdn tai xa hdi vd y thftc xd hgi edn phdi
duge eoi Id nhiing chi dan phuang phdp lu$n
quan ttgng, khdng thd thilu trong vifc djnh
hudng nhdn tiiftc vd thyc tien efta eon ngudi
dd tft do dua ra nhiing quyet sdeh diing ddn,
phu hgp tiiftc ddy sy phat triin xd hfi tiieo

chidu hudng khach quan efta Ueh sft.
Tai lifu tham khao
[I] C.Mic vi Ph.Angghen (1995), Todn tdp, t.l,
Nxb Chinh trj Qu6c gia, Hi N^i.
[2] C.Mic vi Ph.Angghen (1995), Todn igp, t.2,
Nxb Chinh tn Qu6c gia, Hi N[3] C.Mic vi Ph.Angghen (1995), Todn Igp, t.3,
Nxb Chinh trj Qu6c gia. Hi Ngi.
[4] C.Mic vi Ph.Angghen (1995), Todn tdp, t.4,
Nxb Chfnh trj Quoc gia, Hi NOi.
[5] C.Mic vi Ph.Angghen (1995), Todn Igp, t.l3,
Nxb Chfnh trj Quoc gia. Hi NOi.
[6] CMic vi Ph.Angghen (2000), Todn Igp, t.42,
Nxb Chfnh trj Qu6c gia. Hi NOi.
[7] Ph^m Vin Diic (2008), Quan niim duy vgt Uch
su ciia CMdc vdy nghTa thai dgi cua nd, Tgip
chf Triit hpc, so 6.
[8]

Ding Httu Toin (2006), "H? lu tuang DOc " Ide phdm ddnh ddu su ra dai mgt thi gi&i quan
m&i. mgi quan niim duy vgt ve Ifch su, T^p chf
Triit hgc, s6 1.