TRlfiT HOC, SO 11 (318), THANG 11 - 2017

NGHIEN CUU VA HOC TAP.

QUAN DIEM CUA C.MAC VA PH.ANGGHEN VE LUC LUONG SAN XUAT
£1 GIAI DOAN HINH THANH QUAN NIEM DUY VAT VE LICH SO
NguySn Thi Van Anh^
' Th^c sT, Vi§n Triit hpc, Vi?n Hin lim Khoa hpc xi hpi Vi$t Nam.
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Nhin ngiylS thing9 nim 2017. Chip nhgn ding ngiy 28 thing 10 nim 2017.
Tom tdt: Trong bai viet nay, tac gia tgp ttung phan tich quan dilm ciia C.Mac va Ph.Angghen vl
lyc lugmg san xudt d giai doan hinh thanh quan nifm duy vdt vl ljch sft, the hifn trong cac tdc
phdm dugc viit d giai dogn nay, tieu bilu la "Hf tu tudng Due". Vdi cac dng, sy phat ttiln ciia lyc
lugng san xudt khdng chi ddn din sy phat trien cua nin san xuat xa hfi va con ngudi, md cdn tac
dfng manh me den quan hf san xudt, quan hf xa hfi, lam thay dli kiln tnic thugng tdng xa hfi va
qua do, ddn din nhiing bien dfng to ldn ttong lich su phat triin xd hfi Ioai ngudi.
Tft khoa: Quan niem duy vgt vl ljch sft, lyc lugng san xudt, quan hf san xudt.
Trong cdc tac pham dugc viet d giai
dogn hinh thdnh quan nifm duy vdt ve lieh
sft, tidu bidu Id He tu tudng Due, CMde vd
Ph.Angghen tgp trung luan giai quan diem
ma cac dng da dua ra trude dd vl lyc
lugng sdn xudt. Trong tde phdm ndy, hai
dng tiep tyc khang djnh vi tri vd vai ttd
quyit dinh cfta hogt dgng sdn xudt ra ddi
sdng vat ehdt trye tiep, dgc biet Id su "sdn
xudt ra nhftng tu lieu sinh hogt" vdi tu
cdeh yeu td, qud trinh ddu tien, cdn ban
nhdt quyit djnh vife tach con ngudi ra
khdi ddi sdng Iodi vat, phdn bift con ngudi
vdi eon vgt, quy djnh sy hinh thdnh vd phdt

triin lich sft nhdn Ioai. Vdi quan dilm ndy,
C.Mae vd Ph.Angghen dde bift nhdn mgnh
mii lien hf gifla lye lugng sdn xudt vd

"hinh thftc giao tiep" (quan he sdn xuat),
ma dgc trung co bdn eua nd Id sy phft hgp
vdi mft giai dogn phdt ttidn nhdt dinh eua
lyc lugng sdn xudt. Ben cgnh do, khi di sau
phdn tich cau tnic xd hdi, hai dng cdn ehi
ra vai trd quyit dinh eua "quan hf giao
tiep", phuang thftc san xuat, "xd hdi edng
ddn", hay todn bd nen sdn xudt vdt ehdt dli
vdi cac ITnh vyc sinh hoat xa hfi khae
nhau, nhu sdn xudt tinh thdn, co cdu xa hfi
(nhdt Id eo cdu giai edp), nhd nude vd kiln
trfle t h u ^ g tdng xd hgi,... Do vgy, dl ldm
r6 quan diem cfta cdc dng vd vai trd cfla
lyc lugng san xuat doi vdi sy phdt trien
eua lich sft nhan logi, ttong bai viet nay,
tde gid tap trung phan tieh mft sd ngi dung
ey thi sau:


NGUYEN THI VAN ANH
^u nhdt. quan diim cua CMdc vd
PhAngghen vi vai trd cua luc luang sdn
xudt ddi vdi sic phdt triin eda nin sdn xudt
xS hgi vd con ngudi.
Cling vdi sy phdt triin di len cfla nin sdn
xuat xa hdi, luc lugng sdn xuat khdng ngijmg

thay ddi, ngdy cdng ty khdng dinh vai ttd
quan tigng, quydt dinh dli vdi sy phdt triin
ndn sdn xudt xa hdi cfla todn nhan logi.
Lyc lugng sdn xudt bilu hidn mdi quan
hf giiia eon ngudi vdi ty nhien ttong qua
trinh sdn xudt vgt chdt. Trong qud trinh san
xudt, ngudi lao dgng la ehu thi ciia hogt
dfng lao d^ng san xuat. Vdi sue manh, ky
ndng cfla minh, ede ehu the hoat ddng ndy
sft dyng tu lieu sdn xuat, trude het Id edng
cy lao dgng, tac dfng vdo eac ddi tugng lao
ddng dd sdn xuat ra eiia edi vdt chdt. Theo
do, lyc lugng sdn xudt ehinh Id ndng lyc
thye tien edi bien gidi tu nhien ctia con
ngudi nhdm ddp ftng nhu cdu ddi sdng cfla
minh. Ndi ve xu hudng phdt trien cua lyc
lugng san xudt, CMdc va Ph.Angghen da
chi ra sy phdt trien efla nd vdi mft chuli
ede giai doan vd trinh dg khdc nhau, theo
hudng ngdy cdng cao hon, bdi nd khdng
nhiing ke thua sy phdt trien cfta nhiing giai
dogn trude, ma con dugc bd sung bdi sy
phdt triin eua thi hf mdi.
Ldy edng ey sdn xudt la dde trung cho
giai dogn phdt triin lyc lugng sdn xudt ve
mdt ky thugt, CMde vd Ph.Angghen dd chi
ra cdc giai dogn khac nhau efla no. Giai
dogn thft nhdt, eon ngudi sft dyng nhflng
"cdng ey sdn xudt ty nhien", nhu rugng,
nude... Giai doan thft hai, con ngudi sft

dyng nhflng "edng cy sdn xudt do ndn vdn
minh tao ra" [3, tt.93]. 0 giai dogn ndy, cd
hai giai "^ogn hgp thdnh: Giai dogn cfta
nhflng cdng cy sdn xuat thft cdng vd giai
doan edng cy Id mdy mdc. Kinh tl edng

nghidp ehft ylu dya vao vifc sft dyng mdy
mde va hogt dgng efta ngudi cdng nhan phy
thude vdo ydu cdu cfta mdy mdc: "Thft lao
dfng ngay tft dau gdn lien vdi may mde dft
cdn d dudi hinh thftc hit sftc thd sa, da
nhanh chdng td ra Id thft lao ddng cd khd
ndng phdt tiiin nhdt" [3, tt.79]. Hai dng
nhdn thdy, lyc lugng sdn xudt hien thdi
dang ehuyin sang mdt giai dogn, mdt trinh
df mdi, gdn lien vdi sy "tin tai cd tinh chdt
Uch sa thi gidi" [3, tt.49]. Nd dang dgt
dugc su phdt trien phd bien, do Id nen
"edng nghifp ldn" vd bdn than giai doan
nay eung chfta dyng ben ttong no mft ehuoi
qud trinh phdt triin.
Cftng vdi mat kJ thudt, tinh chdt xd hgi
cfta lyc lugng sdn xudt cung thi hifn xu
hudng phat trien ngdy cdng cao cua nd.
Theo CMdc vd Ph.Angghen, ddy Id qud
trinh ket tinh, vgt hda cdc mdi quan he ngdy
cdng sdu sdc, rdng ldn gifta eon ngudi vd
eon ngudi. Cdng cy lao dfng do con ngudi
tgo ra vd do Id "sftc manh ciia tri thftc dd
duge vdt thi hda", nd "nhdn" len sftc mgnh

cua con ngudi ttong qua trinh lao dfng sdn
xudt; dong thdi, eiing vdi qud trinh tich Ifty
kinh nghifm, nhiing phdt minh va sdng che
ky thudt cfta con ngudi da ldm eho cdng ey
sdn xudt khdng ngung thay ddi vd tftng
bude hodn thifn. Vd, chinh sy edi bien vd
hodn tiiifn khdng ngimg cdng cy lao dgng
dd ldm bien ddi todn bg tu lifu sdn xudt.
Trong qua trinh sdn xudt vgt chdt, eon
ngudi dd tao ra thi gidi sdn phdm ngdy
cdng phong phft, da dgng. The gidi sdn
phdm nay khdng chi mang f nghta Id nhflng
hinh thdi vgt thi cho sy tiida mdn nhftng
nhu cdu sdn xudt trye tiep, ma cdn cho phep
con ngudi khdng ngung phat tiien vd hodn
thifn ban thdn minh. Con ngudi vdi tu edch
chfl till hogt dgng lao dgng, tiidng qua qud

69


QUAN DIEM CUA CMAC VA PH.ANGGHEN..
trinh lao ddng, da ddi tugng hda chinh bdn
thdn minh vdo thi gidi dli tugng, vdo sdn
pham lao dgng vd thdng qua qud tiinh ttao
ddi, hudng dyng sdn phdm dy, con ngudi
quan hf vdi nhau, tiip nhgn d nhau cdi tinh
ehdt ngudi da kit tinh trong san pham cfla
hg. CMdc vd Ph.Angghen viit: "Sdn xudt
ra nhflng tu lieu sinh boat cua minh, nhu

thi con ngudi dd gidn tiep sdn xudt ra chi'nh
ddi sing vdt ehdt efla minh" [3, tr.29]. Bdng
edeh do, eon ngudi ludn khdng ngftng sdn
xudt ra nhflng tu lifu sinh hogt mdi vd nhd
do, tgo ra tin tai xd hgi mdi cho minh.
Trong thdi dgi ngdy nay, nhiing thdnh
tyu cfta khoa hgc, khi duge ung dyng vao
ky thudt, da giflp eho eon ngudi cai bidn,
hifn dgi hoa edng cy lao ddng, cdng nghf
san xudt, tao ra cde cdng ey, edng nghf
mdi, hifn dgi ldm tang khdi lugng san
phdm, tdng ndng sudt lao dfng, tdng dd bin
sdn phdm, gidm lao dfng sdng va chi phi
eho sdn xudt. Den lugt minh, ehinh dieu
ndy lai ddi hdi phdi tdng lugng kien thfte
phye vy sdn xudt trye tiep cho ngudi lao
ddng, eung cdp kJ nang, kJ xdo lao dfng,
ndng cao trinh df efta ngudi lao dgng, tgo
nhan cdeh, tde phong, thdi do vd ldi sdng
edng nghifp hifn dai ddi vdi lao dfng. Viec
ehuyen phuang thftc lao dgng ehfl ylu bdng
the lye thdnh lao ddng tti tuf Id chu ylu dd
gdp phdn thftc day sy phdn tdng xd hdi theo
nhftng lat cdt mdi, ddn din su ra ddi cdc
tdng ldp xd hdi mdi, ldm thay dli vi thi cfta
ede giai tdng xd hgi cfl.
Cach day gdn hai thd ky, CMde dd viit:
"Theo dd phdt trien cfla dgi edng nghifp,
vifc tgo ra cua edi thyc tl trd ndn it phy
thuge vdo thdi gian lao dgng vd vdo mgt s l

lugng lao dgng dd chi phi..., ma... phy
thuge vdo trinh dg chung eua khoa hge vd
vdo sy tidn bg eua ky thudt, hay la phu
70

thuge vao vifc ung dyng khoa hgc dy vdo
sdn xudt... Thien nhien khdng che tao ra
mdy mdc" [4, tt.368-369] vd "tdt cd nhflng
edi do deu Id sdn pham lao dfng cfla con
ngudi..., diu Id sftc mgnh da vdt hda ciia tri
thftc. Sy phat tridn cfla tu ban c l dinh Id ehi
so eho thdy tri thftc xa hgi phd biln (Wissen
knowledge) dd chuydn hda den mfte do ndo
thdnh lice lugng sdn xudt true tiip, do dd nd
ciing Id ehi so eho thdy nhiing dieu kifn cfla
chinh qud trinh sdng cua xa hdi dd phye
tung din mfte dg nao su kiim sodt efla tri
tuf p h i biln" [4, tr.372].
Quan diem do cfta CMdc dd duge thyc
tidn Uch sft nhdn Ioai minh chftng. Trong
thdi dgi ngdy nay, tri thftc khoa hge khdng
chi duge vat hda, duge ket tinh vdo mgi yeu
td cua lyc lugng san xudt, ma con in dau dn
vdo mgi hinh thfte td chfte sdn xudt, kinh
doanh eua con ngudi nhanh ehdng nhu hifn
nay. Nhd do, ngudi lao ddng khdng nhiing
dugc giai phdng khdi cdc chfte ndng van
chuyen, nhu vgn ehuyen ndng lugng, cdng
nghe, md ed nhftng chfte ndng kiem tra
qudn ly, ehue ndng logic... CQng nhd do,

eon ngudi ngdy cdng dugc giai phdng khdi
qud trinh san xudt true tiep vd tft chl Id
ngudi thyc hifn gian don cdc thao tdc mdy
mde, con ngudi trd thdnh ehfl thd cua sdn
xudt vdi ehue ndng chft yeu vd quan tigng
nhat la sdng tao. Din l u ^ mlnh, dieu nay
cho phep mft lugng ldn lao dfng chuyen
dich ddn sang cac Itnh vyc sdn xuat dich vu
vd tinh thdn, lam eho lao dgng tri tuf,
ngudn lyc tri tuf ed khd ndng thay the lao
dgng ehdn tay vd nguin lye vgt chdt hiru
lunh, ddn ehilm v; tri chft dgo, quyet dinh
dli vdi sy phdt triin cfla nen sdn xudt xd
hdi. Vd do vgy, sy phdt tridn todn difn eua
lyc lugng sdn xudt, dae bift la eon ngudi vd
nhiing ndng lyc sang tgo eua tri tuf dd ttd


NGUYEN THI VAN ANH
thdnh myc tieu hang ddu cho sy phdt trien
cfla ndn sdn xuat xd hfi.
Tha hai. quan diim cua CMdc vd
Ph Angghen vi vai trd cua lire lugng sdn xudt
ddi vdi sir phdt triin cua quan h$ sdn xudt
Sy biln doi cfla lye lugng sdn xudt keo
tiieo sy thay ddi ttong quan hf sdn xudt.
Quan hf sdn xudt Id quan hf gifta ngudi vdi
ngudi trong qud trinh san xudt vdt chdt.
Quan hf sdn xudt bao gdm ba mdt: Quan hf
gifta ngudi vdi ngudi ttong vifc sd hftu tu

lifu sdn xudt, quan hf ttong td chfte vd qudn
ly sdn xudt, quan hf trong phdn phdi sdn
phdm xd hfi, ttong do quan hf gifta ngudi
vdi ngudi ttong vifc sd hthi tu lifu sdn xudt
la quan ttgng nhdt, ddng vai tto quyet djnh.
Theo CMdc vd Ph.Angghen, quan hf sdn
xudt, chl df sd hihi tu lifu sdn xudt Id co sd
dl phan bift cde giai cdp, quy dinh tinh chdt
cua mgt hinh thai kinh td - xd hgi. Sy phdt
tiiin cua cdc Wnh thdi kinh tl - xd hgi, xet
din cftng, la sy phat hiin eua lyc lugng sdn
xudt. Song hdnh vdi mdt ehuli cac giai dogn,
ttmh do khdc nhau efta lye lugng san xudt Id
mgt chuli cdc trinh dO khac nhau efta "hinh
thfte giao tiip" duge dde trung bdng ede hhih
tiiftc sd hflu. Tuong iing vdi cdc giai dogn,
trinh do khde nhau cfla lue lugng sdn xuat Id
sy tin tgi cfta ede hinh thfte sd hflu, nhu sd
hihi bg lac, sd hftu edng xd, nhd nude hoae
sd hfln ddng cdp hay sd hftu phong kiln gdn
liln vdi vife dat dai duhiiu tu nhdn hifn dgi" hay sd huu tu nhdn tu
bdn chft nghia.
Ndi din quan hf sdn xudt Id phdi ndi din
hinh thfte, ehe do sd huu thdng tri, tftc la
phdi ndi din lye lugng sdn xudt xa hdi ed
lgi ieh kinh t l co bdn, chi phdi kit edu kinh
tl, ddi sing xd hgi ndi chung. Quan hf sdn
xudt quy djnh myc dich xd hgi cua nin san


xudt, ttong dd myc dich chft dgo thd hifn led
ich kinh t l eo bdn duge y thftc bdi cac cd
nhdn sd hihi nhiing tu lieu sdn xuat co bdn
efla xd hgi.
Sy phdt tiiin efla lye lugng sdn xudt, dde
bidt la cdng ey lao ddng, keo theo sy thay
ddi cfla quan he san xudt. Khi nhdn td ddng
vai trd quyit dinh ddi vdi sy phdt trien cfta
nen sdn xudt xd hdi la tdi nguydn thien
nhidn, ttong do chft yeu Id ddt dai vd dieu
kien tu nhidn thudn lgi, thi khi do, theo
CMde vd Ph.Angghen, "vdi nhiing edng eu
sdn xuat ty nhien" nay, " cdc cd nhdn bi phy
thude vdo ty nhidn..."; vd do vdy, "sd hiiu
(sd hflru mdng ddt) ciing xudt hien ra Id sy
thing tri trye tiip vd ty nhien" [3, tt.93].
Cdn d giai dogn da co sy xudt hifn eua
"nhiing edng cy sdn xuat do nen vdn minh
tao ra", thi "sd hiiu xudt hifn ra Id su thdng
tri cua lao ddng, dde biet la efta lao ddng
tich Ifly, cfla tu bdn" [3, tt.93].
Cugc each mang khoa hgc - ky tiiudt the
ky XVIII vdi mdy hoi nude ldm dgi difn dd
"dem" nhiing thao tac do ban tay eon ngudi
trong edng cu thft cdng "giao cho" mdy
mde thyc hifn. D ^ trung efta giai dogn
kinh t l edng n ^ f p nay Id cong cu sdn xuat
CO khi hay thudng ggi Id mdy moc. Sy xudt
hifn mdy moc vd ede cdng trudng thu cdng
dd Idm cho nhiing quan he sd huu lap tftc

biln dli. Tuang ung vdi giai dogn ndy Id
"hinh thftc sd hiiu tu nhdn hien dgi" hay sd
hiiu tu nhdn tu bdn chft nghta vl tu lifu sdn
xudt ma cy thd Id mdy mdc, phuang tifn vd
tiln tf...; tft do, nhftng bifn phdp bde lot
mdi dli vdi sftc lao ddng efta ngudi cdng
nhdn dd xuat hifn nhdm khai thde tdi da cde
ngudn tdi nguydn thien nhien, ndm quyen
quyit dinh trong sdn xudt vd ehi phii su
phdt tridn efta xd hgi.

71


QUAN DIEM CUA C M A C VA PH.ANGGHEN..,
Trong bli eanh do, lyc lugng sdn xudt
khdng the phdt triin d ngodi quan hf sdn
xudt tuong ftng vdi no. Chmh hoat dfng theo
dudi lgi ich kinh tl, lgi Ieh ehi eo thi hinh
thdnh trong quan hf giiia ngudi vdi ngudi
ttong sdn xudt, dd thfle ddy sy phdt tiiin efla
lyc lugng san xudt. Khi quan he san xudt
phu hgp vdi tiinh dg phdt trien efla lye lugng
sdn xudt, thi lye lugng san xudt ehinh Id lyc
lugng cua cdc ed nhdn dang sd hflu nd, cdn
quan hf san xudt, hlnh thfte sd hiiu thdng tri
chinh la hinh thftc tdt yeu ma ttong dd, lyc
lugng san xudt dang phdt trien.
Trong hinh thdi kinh te tu bdn ehu nghta,
cdc cd nhdn sft dung sd hiiu tu nhdn de ty

do kinh doanh dudi hinh thfte ede edng ty
tu nhdn nhdm thu lgi nhugn thdng qua cgnh
tranh ttong ede dieu kifn eua thi trudng ty
do. Mgi sy phdn chia cua cdi xa hgi deu
thdng qua qua trinh mua bdn cfta eac thdnh
phdn tham gia vdo qua trinh kinh te. Cdc
cdng ty tu nhan tao thanh thanh phdn kinh
te tu nhdn Id thanh phdn kinh te chft yeu efta
nen kinh te tu ban chft nghta. Cdc yeu to,
nhu quyen tu huu, thdnh phdn kinh te tu
nhdn, kinh doanh ty do, canh ttanh, dgng
lye lgi nhudn, tinh tu dinh hudng, ty t l
ehftc, thi trudng lao dfng, dinh hudng thj
trudng, bdt binh ddng trong phdn phii eua
cdi xd hgi Id cae khdi nifm gdn lien vdi nen
kinh td tu bdn ehu nghta.
Nhu vdy, vdi sy phdt tiiin cua lyc lugng
sdn xudt, ddc bift Id sy tac dfng eua nd din
cong ey sdn xudt dd ldm cho quan hf sdn
xudt xd hgi thay dli mdt cdeh ea bdn. Giai
cdp ndo trong xd hgi ndm quyen sd hiiu vl
tu lieu sdn xudt (ttang thilt fai, mdy moc,...
thi giai cdp dd la giai cdp thing tii v l m | t
kinh t l va cftng vdi dd la sy thing tii vl m§t
xa hdi. Ve dieu ndy, CMde vd Ph. Ang

ghen ehi rd: " Giai cdp ndo Id lyc lugng vgt
ehdt tiling tri ttong xd hfi tiii eflng Id lye
lugng tinh thdn thing tti ttong xa hfi".
Rdng, "giai edp ndo chi phoi nhihig tu lifu

sdn xudt vgt chdt thi ciing ehi phii ludn cd
nhihig tu lifu san xudt tinh thdn, thanh thft
ndi chung tu tudng cua nhflng ngudi khdng
cd tu lifu sdn xudt tinh thdn ciing ddng thdi
bj giai cap thdng tri do ehi phii" [3, tt.66].
Theo da tdng ldn cfla ty If lao ddng tti
dc, su phdt ttiln cua khoa hgc vd ky tiiu|it
san xuat, cung nhu mue dg tu dgng hoa san
xuat, nen sdn xudt xd hgi se ed nhieu ddo
ldn. Nhdn thdy sy xudt hifn cua hifn tugng
ndy ttong tuong lai, C.Mac da dua dy bdo
ve mgt nen sdn xudt khdng cdn dya ttdn gia
tri trao ddi ma d dd, se ed nhirng ddo Ign
ldn: "Mdt khi lao ddng dudi hinh thdi trye
tiep efla nd khdng eon la ngudn efta edi vt
dgi nfla thi thdi gian lao ddng khdng edn Id
vd phdi khong cdn la thude do ciia cai nfla,
do do gid tri tiao ddi khong edn Id thude do
gid tri sft dyng niia. Lao dgng thdng du eua
qudn ehung edng nhdn khdng cdn Id dieu
kifn de phdt trien efla edi pho bien... Do
do, nen sdn xudt dya tten gid tii tiao ddi syp
dd" [4, tt.370]. Nghta Id, neu trude kia, con
ngudi trye tiip tham gia vao qua trinh sdn
xudt vdt ehdt, vdi vai ttd to ldn efla nguon
lue sftc lao ddng, lao ddng chdn tay Id phi
biln, till khi nin san xudt khdng cdn dya
ttdn gid tri ttao dli xudt hifn, con ngudi se
dugc gidi phdng hodn todn khdi ehfte ndng
sdn xudt trye tiip, cd dilu kifn d l phdt triin

lao dfng tri tuf vd sft dyng chdt xdm cfla
minh dl van hdnh mgi qud trinh san xudt xd
hdi. Lao dgng tii tuf sd frd thdnh lao dgng
p h i biln ttong xd hgi. Vdi sy thay ddi quan
trgng do, thude do gid tti efta sftc lao dfng
tnrde kia khdng edn phu hgp dl ldm thude


NGUYEN THI VAN ANH
do gia tri hdm lugng ehdt xdm vd tri tue md
ngudi lao dfng bdy gid tgo ra.
C.Mdc da chi ra co chl hoc Ift gia tri
tiidng du ttong nin sdn xuat tu ban chft
nghia Id nha tu bdn mua sftc lao dgng cfta
ngudi cdng nhdn vd hodn toan cd quyin sft
dung sftc lao dgng cfta hg ttong mgt khodng
tiidi gian nhdt dinh. Phdn thdi gian thfta ra
sau khi ngudi cdng nhdn dd hodn thdnh
edng vide vdi lugng gid tii du dd ttd luong
cho minh vd eho nhd tu bdn, nhd tu ban
mua them nguyen Iidu vd ttd them hao phi
mdy mde de tiep tue sdn xuat, hoc Idt phdn
gid tri thgng du do. Khi d6, sy chiem huu tri
thfte ed the dugc gidi thieh nhu la chiem
hftu sftc lao dgng efta ngudi lao dgng, tftc la
ngudi lao dgng thoa thugn ban quyen ldm
ehu cdc san phdm tri tue cfta minh eho nhd
tu bdn. Nhu vdy, ttong yeu td sftc lao dgng
d ddu vdo cfta qud tiinh sdn xuat phai bao
ham cd sftc lao dgng true tiip cfta ngudi lao

ddng (the luc vd tri lye) vd sftc lao dgng tri
tuf ket tinh ttong nhung phdt minh cdng
nghe cd khd nang tao ra gid tri thdng du vd
sftc lao dgng kit tinh ttong hang hda dang
ngay edng tang trong thdi dai ngdy nay.
Phan tich ndy cua CMac cho ehftng ta thdy,
ttong thdi dai hifn nay, each thftc td chfte,
qudn Iy va phdn eong lao dgng trong nin san
xudt xd hdi can phdi dugc thay ddi manh me
dl phu hgp vdi vai tto ngdy edng gia tang
cfta ylu td tri thftc trong luc lugng sdn xudt,
dl CO thi ftng dyng duge nhung phat minh
cdng nghf co hdm lugng tri thftc cao.
Thu ba, q^ari diem cita CMde vd
PkAngghen yi vai trd tdc dgng cua luc
lugng sdn xudt doi vol kien true thugng tdng.
Theo C.Mdc va Ph.Angghen, kiln tiiie
thugng tdng la bf phgn ehiu su tdc ddng
mdt edch gidn tiip tft nhflng thay dli cfla
lyc lugng sdn xuat. Kiln tnic thugng tdng

bao gom toan bd nhftng quan didm chinh
tri, phdp quyin, triet hge, dgo dftc, vdn
hda,... cftng vdi nhflng thilt xa hgi tuong
ftng cfla ehftng nhu nhd nude, ddng phai,
gido hgi, cde dodn thd xa hfi..., do vdy md
sy bien doi cua co sd hg tdng ddn din sy
bien ddi cfla kien true thugng tang Id mft
qud ttmh hdt sftc phftc tgp. Them nfta, sy
thay ddi cfta quan he sdn xudt cdn Id ylu t l

trye tiep quy dinh kiln true thugng tdng cua
xa hdi. Den luat minh, kien tnie thugng
tdng trye tiep xde lap tinh todn ven efla ddi
sdng xa hgi, bieu hidn quan he sdn xudt
dudi hinh thue cdc quan hf chinh tii, phdp
quyen vd tinh thdn xa hgi noi ehung.
Cude edch mgng khoa hge eudi the ky
XVIII dd lam thay ddi quan hf sdn xudt vdi
su xudt hidn cua sd hflu tu nhdn hien dgi sd huu tu nhdn tu bdn ehu nghta, tuong ftng
vdi nd la nha nude tu san hifn dai. C.Mdc
vd Ph.Angghen khdng dinh: "Nha nude nay
bi nhiing ngudi tu hftu ndm ldy ddn ddn
bang thul khda vd hodn todn roi vdo tay hg
qua edng trai; ban thdn su tdn tgi cfla nhd
nude do duge dilu tilt bdi sy len xudng efla
thi gia chung khoan nha nude, d Sd giao
dich, sy tdn tgi dy hodn todn phy thugc vdo
tin dyng thuang nghiep ma nhflng ngudi tu
hflu, nhung nhd tu san, edp cho nha nude"
[3, tr.89-90]. Khdng dinh do eua CMac va
Ph.Angghen eho tiidy, dudi tdc ddng cua
khoa hgc - ky thudt, edeh thftc qudn ly vd
phong cdeh ldm viec cua nha nude tu san
cung da it nhiiu huge phai thay ddi.
Noi ve dde trung ciia nhd nude, CMac
vd Ph.Angghen viit: "Do cho sd hiiu tu nhdn
dugc giai thodt khdi cdng ddng (Gemeinwesen)
nen nhd nude da t i n tgi dgc lap ben cgnh vd
ben ngodi xd hdi edng dan, nhung thyc ra
nha nude ay ehdng phdi Id edi gi khdc md

chi la hinh thftc td chfte ma nhflng ngudi tu


QUAN DIEM CUA CMAC VA PH.ANGGHEN...
sdn buf e phdi dflng din dl bdo ddm ldn cho
nhau sd hfln vd lgi ieh eua hg, d ngodi nude
ciing nhu d ttong nude" [3, tt.90]. Bdn chdt
cfta nhd nude khdng ^ khdc ngodi bdo vf
quydn vd Igi ich efla mgt giai cap trong xd
hfi, cy the ttong xd hgi tu bdn Id efla giai
edp tu san vdi sd hiiu tu nhdn.
CMac vd Ph.Angghen cdn eho rang, sy
tin tai cua nhd nude khdng tdeh rdi giai
cap, nhdt Id giai cdp thdng tij, vd sy hinh
thdnh, phdt triin cua luat phdp (tu phdp)
khdng tdeh rdi sd hiiu tu nhdn. Bdi le, "nhd
nude Id Wnh thftc md cde cd nhdn thude mdt
giai cdp thing tri dftng dl till hifn lgi ich
chimg ciia hg vd Id lunh thfte dudi do todn
bf xa hdi cdng ddn cua mgt thdi dgi duge
bieu hifn mgt each tdp trung, nen tft do cd
thi rftt ra kit ludn Id mgi thiet ehe edng
cfng diu thdng qua nhd nude vd mang mdt
hinh thfte ehinh tri" [3, tt.90]. Vd, "moi khi
sy phdt trien ciia edng thuang nghiep tao ra
nhiing hinh thftc giao tiip mdi, chdng han
nhu nhiing cdng ty bao hilm, v.v., thi luSit
phdp huge phdi ludn ludn chdp nhgn do Id
nhflng hinh thfte mdi efta vife ehilm hflu sd
hflu" [3, tt.93].

Sy phdt trien cua cugc each mang khoa
hgc - ky thudt da ldm cho nin sdn xudt tu
bdn chu nghta tdng nhanh vd keo theo do la
sy thay dli ve kien tnic thugng tdng, ddc
bift Id vai trd cfta qudn l^ nhd nude. Chinh
ddc dilm kinh t l co bdn Id quyin tu hfln dli
vdi tu lieu sdn xudt vd kinh tl thj trudng ty
do dd dan den sy xudt hifn cdc dde diem
khdc ve mdt ludt phdp, tiilt hgc vd tdm ly
cfla xd hgi tu bdn ehfl nghta. Trong x5 hgi
tu bdn, quydn tu hiiu dli vdi tu lifu san
xudt Id tiiieng lieng, duge xd hfi, nhd nude
vd phdp ludt bdo vf, sy ehuyin dli quyin sd
hChi phai thdng qua giao dich dan su duge
phdp ludt vd xd hfi quy dinh. Chi khi ndo.

CMde va Ph.Ang ghen nhan manh, "nhftng
cd nhdn lien hgp md ehilm hihi todn bd ting
the nhihig lyc lugng sdn xuat thi ehe dd tu
hfln eflng bj thfl tieu" [3, tt.98].
Nhu vgy, theo C.Mdc va Ph.Angghen, sy
phdt triin cfla lye lugng sdn xuat ludn dnh
to ldn den ddi sing kinh tl - xd hgi; nd tac
dfng den mgi mdt eua ddi sdng kinh tl - xd
hOi. Dde bift, sy xudt hien ciia cugc cufc
mgng khoa hgc - ky thugt euli thi ky XVIII
vd cuoi the ky XIX dan din sy thay ddi sdu
sde todn bg nen sdn xudt xa hfi, chuyin xd
hgi tft hinh thdi kinh t l - xa hfi phong kiln
sang hinh thai kinh t l - xd hdi tu bdn chii

nghta, ddnh ddu mgt bude ngodt quan ttgng
ttong lieh sft nhdn Ioai.
Nhu vdy, ed thd ndi, d giai dogn hinh
thdnh quan nifm duy vdt vd lich sft C.Mdc
vd Ph.Angghen ludn gift quan dilm cho
rdng, sy phdt triin cfta lye lugng sdn xudt
khdng chi dan ddn sy phdt ttiln cua ndn
sdn xudt xd hfi va con ngudi, md cdn tac
dfng mgnh md den quan hf sdn xudt, quan
hf xd hfi lam thay ddi kien true thugng
tdng xd hgi vd qua dd, din din nhiing bien
dfng to ldn trong ljch sft phdt triin xd hfi
Ioai ngudi.
Tdi lifu tham khao
[ I ] Phgm Vin Chung (2007), Triit hgc Mde vi lfch
sir. Nxb Chfnh trj Quoc gia. Hi Nfi.
[2] Nguyin Cinh H6 (2003), Ve mdi quan hi giUa
khoa hgc vd lire lugng sdn xudt Infc tiep, Tgip
chi Triit hpc, s l 7 (146).
[3]

C.Mic v i Ph.Angghen (1995), Todn lgp. t.3,
Nxb Chfnh trj Quic gia. H i N0i.

[4]

C.Mic v i Ph.Angghen (2000), Todn tgp, t.46,
p h k II, Nxb Chinh trj Quic gia. Hi N^i.

[5]


Ph^m Ngpc Quang (2003), Kinh ti tri thuc Xet lit gide dg lifc luting sdn xudt vd quan hi
sdn xuit, T9P chl Triit hpc, s l 3 (142).