MOT SO VAN DE VE XUNG DOT
Tpc NGl/dl, TON GIAO 6 DONG NAM A
LE HAI DANG '

Tom tdt: Xung dot tpc ngddi, tdn gido luon la moi ban tdm cua nhiiu quoc gia trong
khu vdc Ddng Nam A. Cdc nddc trong khu vdc ndy deu cd bdc tranh chung Id da tdc
ngudi. Cdc tpc ngidri trong mdi nudc cd so luang vd trinh dp phdt trien kinh ti - xd hdi
khdc nhau. Han thi nda, mdi tpc ngddi deu didfc khu biet vdi cdc dac diem ddn tgc hoc,
ngon ngd, tin ngUdng vd ngogi hinh chdng tgc rieng. Xudt phdt td thuc te phdc tgp nhd
vgy nin gida cdc tdc ngddi, tdn gido khdc nhau de ndy sinh mdu thudn. Trong lich sd,
nhieu cupc xung dpt tpc ngudi, tdn gido da di lgi nhdng hdu qud rdt ndng ni, thgm chi
gdy ra nhdng cupc chiin tranh vdi danh nghia bdo ve sU ton nghiem cua ton gido. Bdi
viet tap trung tong quan cdc nguyen nhdn eda xung dpt tpc ngUdi, ton gido tgi khu vdc
ndy nham muc dich giup ngddi dge hiiu sdu sdc han bdn chdt cua vdn di neu tren.
Tit khod: xung dpt, xung dot tpc ngUdi, xung dot tdn gido.

T

ai Bdng Nam A, xung dot tdc ngudi,
tdn giao dien ra het stfc phijfc tap. 0
Myanmar da xay ra xung dot tdn giao giiJa
ngudi theo Ph§t giao da sd' va ngudi theo
Islam giao thieu so, gay ra nhieu vu bao
dpng, cudp di sinh mang cua nhieu ngUdi
trong nhieu nam trd lai day. TUdng tif, d
Thai Lan, tinh hinh xung dot giOfa ngUdi
thieu so theo Islam giao va nhUng ngUdi da
so' theo Phat giao da khien ba tinh mien
Nam Thai Lan ludn trong tinh trang cang
thang. 0 Malaysia xay ra xung dot giifa
nhUng ngudi theo Islam giao va nhUng

ngudi theo Cdng giao, giiJa nhCfng ngUdi

theo Islam giao qua khieh vdi nhUng ngUdi
theo Islam giao Ahmadiyah; hp da dd't pha
nhieu nha thd, thanh dUdng, cd scf tdn
giao. Vdi Indonesia, cac cudc xung dot giufa
nhUng ngudi theo Islam giao va nhdng
ngudi theo Cdng giao cung didn ra het sCfc
gay gat, gay ra nhiVng hau qua nhat dinh
cho da't nUdc van dao nay, v.v... De giai
quye't td't van de xung dot, can thiet phai
tim ra nhCfng nguyen nhan gay nen xung
dot; day luon la nhiem vu quan trpng, cap
bach. Qua cac tai lidu da cdng bd, chung tdi
cd' gang tim hid'u, tong hpp va khai quat
thanh mdt s6' nguyen nhan ca ban nhU sau:

* PGS.TS L& Hai Dang, Vi$n Thong tin Khoa hpc xa hpi.


58
1. Nguyfen n h a n Uch suf
Dd la nhOfng mfiu thuIn tich tu tU hang
thap ky trUdc day, cung cd the la nhiftig
han thti sau xa tUxUa de lai. Cac cupc xung
dot d Myanmar didn ra gitfa ngUdi Mid'n
theo Phat giao va ngUdi Robingya theo
Islam giao, cf Indonesia la giOra nhCfng
ngUdi Ambon theo Ki-td giao va ngUdi theo
Islam giao khu vUc quan dao Maluku, v.v...

Quan dao Maluku (Indonesia) dUpc chia
thanh hai tinh Maluku va Bac Maluku,
nam d phia Ddng Indonesia, giiJa Sulawesi
va Papua, cd thij phu Ambon'". NhCttig
ngudi Ambon theo Ki-to giao thdi thUc dan
Bo Dao Nha (ttf nam 1513) va tiep de'n la
Ha Lan (nam 1605) d Indonesia trd thanh
mpt tang ldp dac biet cd pham ham, dia vi
trong xa hdi. Khi dd, ngUdi Ki-td giao dUpc
hudng nhieu Uu dai, con ngUdi Islam giao
tM khdng. Tuy nhien, sau khi Indonesia
gianh dUpc dpc lap (nam 1949), do chUtfng
trinh thu hut ngudi Islam giao tdi day nhap
cu nen dd'n thap ky 70 ciia thd' ky XX, ngUdi
Islam giao da chie'm Uu the han so vdi
ngudi Ki-to giao va ngUdi Ki-to giao cam
thay bi dd'i xijf lanh nhat. Hd qua tat yeu
cua sU phan tang va Uu dai khong cdng
hkng la mau thuan gay g&t va sif chia re
gida ngudi theo Ki-td giao vdi ngUdi theo
dao Islam tai Ambon'^', Hiep Udc hoa binh
gida hai nhdra ton giao nay, do chinh phu
tai trp, dupc ky vao nam 2002, gan day hcfn
la vao thang 3-5/2012 va thang 7-8/2014,
tuy van cdn hieu lUc nhiftig cung khdng
ngan ehan dUpc triet de xung dot xay ra'^'.
Tai bang Rakhine (Myanmar), xung dot
gida ngUdi Mien theo Phat giao va ngUdi
Robingya theo Islam giao ciing xua't phat


Nghien cdu Dong Nam A.

sdJ/201^

tti lich sLf. Cd the Phat giao vao Myanmar
ttf nhCtng nam dau Cdng nguyen, nhUng
phai den trieu dai Bangan (1044 - 1278)
dudi thdi vua Anorath mdi phat tri^n, bdi
de vUcfng la ngUdi mp dao. Ki ttf dd, PhM
giao tiep tuc dUpc md mang, nha't la trong
giai doan tri vi cua vua Kyanditha (1084 1112). Hien nay, chinh phii luon cd chinh
sach Uu tien phat trien Phat giao mac dti
cd sU hien dien cua nhi^u tdn giao khac,
day la nguyen nhSn tao ra xung dot dUdi
vd hpc tdn giao. Bang Rakhine cung la ndi
cd da so' ngudi Mien theo Phat giao. Trong
khi dd, nhieu ngudi Rohingya sinh song d
Rakhine cd the cd nguon gd'c to tien d mdt
vUcfng quo'c dpc lap gpi la Arakan hang
tram nam trUdc (thanh phd' Sittwe - thudc
bang Rakhine cua Myanmar - cdn cd ten
gpi la Akyab), nay da trd thanh bang
Rakhine, Myanmar. Vao nam 1826, ngUdi
Anh thang ngUdi Mien trong cudc chie'n
Anh - Mien dau tien va sap nhap viing
Arakan - mpt dai dat mau md ben bd vinh
Bengale - vao thupc dia Mien Dien cua hp.
Vting da't nay co mdt bd phan dan cU g6m
ca nhu'ng ngUdi Phat giao va ngUdi Islam
giao da sinh sd'ng tupng dd'i on hda it nhat

ttf khoang the ky XIV de'n the ky XVIII.
NhUng ngudi Arakan theo Islam giao dUpc
gpi la Rohingya, dUa tren cai ten lich sif
ciia vting dat hp cU tru la vting Rohang. Khi
dd, ngudi Anh cung dUa ve manh dat nay
hang tram nghin ngUdi gd'c An Dd (theo
Phat giao). Nam 1930 va 1937, nhieu cudc
truy sat da dien ra nhkm vao ngudi gd'c An
tai Rangoon. Nam 1942, khi ngudi Nhat
chie'm Mie'n Dien, nhUng hau due cua
ngudi gdc An Dp (theo Phat giao) v i n
trung thanh vdi ngUdi Anh, trong khi dd


Li Hai Ddng - Mot sd vdn di vi xung dot tgc ngudi, ton gido...
ngUdi Arakan theo ngudi Nhat, dan de'n
cupc dung dd giiJa nhiilig ngUdi theo Phat
giao (d Rakhine) va ngudi Rohingya'*'.

khd khan. Su phat trien cua khoa hpc cdng nghe lam cho kinh te' cd nhUng budc
phat trien vUpt bac nhung no cung tao ra sif
Ngoai ra, mpt lan sdng di cU cija hang phan tang xa hdi; do doang giau - ngheo
tram nghin ngUdi Rohingya khac ttf mpt ngay cang ldn va khd cd the san lap dUpc.
vting dat CO ten la Bengal sang thanh phd Chinh dieu nay tao ra raau thuSn giUa
cang Akyab de tim kid'm viec lam khi ngudi ngheo va ngUdi giau; do la mau thuan
ngUdi Anh chid'm dong d day ttf nhiJng ma khdng the giai quye't bang nhifng bien
nam 1820 lai cang cung co' dinh kien rang phap nhat thdi, do vay xung dot cdn thudng
ngUdi Rohingya Islam giao d Rakhine la xuyen xay ra, nhat la d nhiing vimg co ty lg
"nhtftig ngudi ngoai b^t hpp phap" va hp bi chenh lech giau ngheo cao, sU khac biet Idn
gpi miet thi la "Bengali". NhOfng ngUdi ve van hda va tdn giao.

Rakhine theo Phat giao tai diy phan ddi
Lich sii da chUng minh, nguyen nhan
viSc nhap cU hang loat cua ngUdi sau xa ciJa tinh trang cang thang trong
Rohingya, bdi hp cho rang nhOftig ngUdi van de dan tpc la nhOfng mau thuIn kinh
mdi den chi gay ra nhOftig van de xa hdi te - xa hpi, dia vi va quyen lpi ve kinh te'
'tren dat nUdc Myanmar. Chinh vi vay, chinh tri, xa hpi khac nhau giCfa cac tap
mau thuan giOfa hai nhdm dan tdc nay d doan ngudi, m§u thuIn giOfa gidi chop bu
Myanmar ngay cang leo thang va dan de'n cua tpc ngudi thd'ng tri va quan chung cua
tpc ngUdi bi ap hUc, hoac la mau thuan giUa
nguy CO khiing hoang van de di cU.
cac to chiic lanh dao ciia cac tpc ngUdi khac
Cung nhin ttf gdc dd lich sd, khu vUc
nhau (gida cac phe canh phong kie'n trong
mien Nam Thai Lan da ttfng thudc ve
mpt xa hdi phong kien da tpc ngUdi; giffa
Sultanate Pattani xUa kia vdi mpt lich s^
tu san dan tdc trong xa hdi tU ban). Mot
ve vang chd'ng ngoai xam, tie'p thu Islam
nguygn nhan khac nffa d i n tdi bung no
td rat sdm va la cai ndi cua n^n van hda
xung dot tdc ngUdi chinh la sU phan biet
Melayu. NgUdi Melayu Mushm luon y thdc
dd'i xijf ve kinh te - sU chu c§^p kinh phi, dau
cho tdi tan ngay nay rang minh thupc ve
tu phat trien kinh tg' thidn lech d cac bang
vuong qud'c Melayu - Pattani mpt thdi. Su
hoac giffa nhCfng vung cd cac cpng dong tdc
phan chia, tan vd lanh tho va sU sap nhap
ngUdi khac nhau sinh sd'ng"^'.
vao Vuong qud'c Thai Lan Phat giao la mdt

Chang han nhU d Philippines, sau khi
phan nguyen nhan khid'n ngUdi Melayu noi
day, dtjfng Ign cam sung de bao ve sU vinh gianh dUdc dpc lap vao nam 1946,
quang trong qua khuf va tim lai ban sac Philippines da thi hanh hang loat chinh
sach hpp nhat ve hanh chinh, kinh td' cf
rieng cua minh'^'.
cac tinh mien Nam nhfim dUa khu vUc nay
2. Nguyen n h a n k i n h t e - x a hOi
hda vao sif phat trien chung cua dat nUdc.
Xung dot tpc ngUdi, tdn giao cung xuat Tuy nhien, chinh sach do khdng cd lpi cho
phat ttf t i n g ldp dan ngheo, dieu kien sd'ng ngUdi More theo dao Islam. NgUdi Moro coi


60
viec xay dUng va md rdng he thong cac
trUdng hpc mien Nam la nham xoa bd ton
giao va ban sac dan tpc, cUdng bdc hp phai
chap nhan van hda Ki-td giao. Viec chinh
phu khuye'n khich di dan mot each 6 at tff
cac tinh phia Bac xuo'ng phia Nam de dinh
cd va xay dUng kinh td' mdi vdi nhffng Uu
tien dac biet cho ngUdi Ki-td giao hay viec
sung cdng nhifng khu vUc da't dai ngUdi
Islam giao dang canh tac do khong co giay
td chiing minh quydn sd hffu diu vap phai
su" phan khang cua ngffdi Moro... Trffde tinh
hinh dd, ngUdi Moro bat dau doi tU tri va
sau nffa la trien khai phong trao phan lap,
hp ddi tach ra khdi Philippines. Xung dot
keo dai va chinh phu da cd nhffng bien

phap giam thieu bSng ca chinh sach kinh
te' - xa hpi va bien phap cdlig ran"'.
Tai Indonesia, hat cdng trong viec phan
phd'i thu nhap tff tai nguyen thign nhien
cung nhu viec dieu tie't nguon thu nhap
giffa cac giai tang xa hdi la mpt trong
nhffng nguygn nhan gdp phan gay xung
dot. N i n kinh tg' "new order" trong thdi ky
dng Suharto cam quyen da xda bo nen
kinh td' ke' hoach, thUc hien nen kinh te' thi
trUdng, tig'n hanh tra lai cac tai san tU ban
ciia nudc ngoai va trong nUdc da bi qud'c
hffu hda, khuye'n khich dau tU nUdc ngoai,
thUc hien chinh sach dd'i ngoai than
phuang Tay. Hau qua ldn nha't cua hcfn 30
nam thuc hien nen kinh te "new order" d
Indonesia la sU bat cdng trong phan phd'i
nguon thu nhap tff tai nguyen"". Dieu nay
the hien rd d ca hai khu vffe deu ton tai
nhffng xung dot gay gat, dd la Aceh va
Irian Giaya. Ca Aceh va Irian Giaya deu cd
ngudn tai nguyen giau cd: Aceh cung cap
dau Ida va khi do't cho xua't khau va tieu

Nghien cdu Dong Nam A, 50^jggjj_
dung trong ca nUdc; trong khi dd I n a n
Giaya cung cap vang va ddng cho nen cong
nghiep khai khoang dung cho xua't khau va
san xuat.
Tai Aceh, 80% nguon thu nhap tff thug'

danh vao tai nguyen tai day danh ndp
ngan sach trung Udng, cdn lai ngan sach
dia phuang chi duac nhan 20%, dan den
viec khong du kha nang cai tao ha tang co
sd, khdng nang cao phuc ldi xa hpi, thu
nhap chi tang 4-5% so vdi tang trffdng san
xua't dau lifa 15-20%^, tham chi ldn tdi 2040% trong giai doan 1966-70, tff dd gay ra
ba't binh cho ngUdi dan noi day^'.
H n h trang bat cdng cung didn ra tUcttig
tu d khu vUc Irian Giaya, tham chi cdn toi
te hcfn khi khu vifc nay dUdc danh gia la
mpt trong nhCfng khu vUc ngheo nh&
Indonesia. Thu nhap binh quan dau ngUdi
chi hon 100 USD so vdi hinh quan ca nUdc
la 1.100 USD (tCfc chi bang 1/10). Gan
40,8% ngan sach nha nUdc dau tU cho khu
vUc Tay Java va cac khu vUc duac nhan dau
tu it nhat lan lUpt la: Irian 2,1%, Aceh va
Maluku diu chi nhan 1,2%. Ba't dong vl
kinh te' cung la ban chat gay mau thuIn
giffa ngUdi Hoa va ngUdi han dia Indonesia,
khi ngudi Hoa thieu so' nam trong tay 70%
nguon tu ban tU nhan, ca nUdc cd 17 tap
doan tu ban raanh nhat cung do ngUdi Hoa
nam giff, kiem soat tdi 85% mi sdi, 45%
tong so' xi mang cua ca nUdc, nam 4 ngan
hang ldn nhat ca nudc'"".
Cd the ndi Thai Lan cung la mpt nUdc
CO tinh trang bat on d phia Nam do sU
quan tam khdng hop ly cua Nha nUdc.

Nhieu chuang trinh dau tu phat trien kinh
te phia Nam khdng thanh cdng vi nan


Li Hai Ddng - Mgt sd vdn de ve xung dot tdc ngudi, tdn gido...
tham nhung tran Ian, khig'n cho ngudi dan
khdng tin vao chinh phii. Khi chinh phu
tie'n hanh chinh sach di dan de giai quyg't
nhijiig van de bat cap v l kinh te lai khdng
CO sU giai thich ro rang dd'i vdi nhCftig dan
tpc dang cu tru ban dia, gky tam ly hoang
mang ve sU ma't lanh tho, ban sac van
hoa... cua nhffng dan tdc it ngUdi dang cU
trii d phfa Nam. Khi nhffng ngudi Thai
Phat giao dupc chuyin tff phia Bac xud'ng
phia Nam hp dUpc giao sd hCfu phan ldn
dat dai trong trot va lam cdng nghiep,
nhifng ngudi Melayu Muslim chii ye'u lam
thue tren chinh que hUctng cua minh. Ty le
that nghiep trong thanh nien Muslim ludn
cao, sd' ngudi nghien ma tuy cung ngay mpt
tang. Ddi sd'ng ngheo ddi, ma't ban sac van
hda...; do vay, hp ludn tim each de chd'ng
lai, tao ra nhffng bat on cua viing Nam
Thai Lan'"\
That vay, chie'n lUdc diu tU bat hpp ly
giffa cac vimg mien khien cho tinh trang
ddi ngheo gia tang, khoang each giffa ngUdi
giau va ngUM ngheo ngay cang ldn, gay bat
man trong tang ldp nhan dan ngheo kho.

Khong nhCfng vay, d mpt so' qud'c gia, dan
tdc cdn thieu sU quan tam hpp ly de'n kinh
te, van hda rieng ciia nhCfng dan tpc It
ngudi; dilu nay cung tao cho hp tam trang
ba't an, do dd, hp ludn cd y mud'n chd'ng lai
nha nUdc, hoac nhffng dan tdc cd y khinh
miet, de bao dam quyen lpi ciia minh.
3. Nguyen n h a n k h a c b i | t v e tdn giao
va van hoa
Mpt bd phan tpc ngffdi thilu so' trong
Cling mpt quo'c gia ludn da'u tranh chd'ng lai
tpc ngudi da sd nam quyln cai tri, khdng
chiu su tho'ng tri ciia chinh quyln, ddi ly

61

khai cung la nhCfng nguyen nhan gay nen
nhiing cupc xung dot. NhCfng tdc ngffdi d
nhffng qud'c gia khac nhau cd the gay nen
xung dot giffa hai qud'e gia, tham chi cd t h i
la mpt cudc chie'n tranh.
Vi du diln hinh, cd the ke de'n cupc
xung dot d Pattani (Thai Lan). Trong lich
sff, Pattani ttfng la mdt trong nhffiig vUdng
qud'c CO nha't trdn ban dao Melayu va la cai
ndi thufc sU ciia nen van minh Melayu. Nai
day ttfng la mpt trung tam budn ban, xua't
nhap khau hang hda sdi dpng va cd cac
md'i bang giao rdng rai vdi Trung Qud'c,
Nhat Ban, Srivijaya va cung la nai dtftig

ehan ciia cac lai budn MusHm An Dp.
Ngffdi Xidm (nay la Thai Lan) da cd' gang
chinh phuc cac tiiu bang Melayu thudc
mien Bac ciia ban dao Melajoi tff r i t sdm,
bat dau tff cud'i t h i ky XIII. Nam 1909, chu
quyln cua Xiem ddi vdi Pattani dffpc cong
nhan. Tuy hi sap nhap vao vUdng qud'c
Thai Lan va trd thanh mot khu vUc hanh
chinh dudi sff kiem soat ciia chinh phu
Thai Lan, ngffdi Melayu Pattani vin ludn
y thUc minh la ngUdi Mela}^! Muslim, vdi
tig'ng ndi ridng, van hda rieng cung cac
phong tuc tap quan rigng, khac biet vdi
ngffdi Thai theo Phat giao. Trong y thffe
cua nhilu ngUdi, ngUdi Thai da sap nhap
que hffcfng cua hp bang bao Iffc va cffdng
bffc hp tff bd ban sac van hda ciia minh d l
trd thanh ngffdi Thai. Chinh vi vay, ho
ludn hudng vl the gidi Melayu va to chffc
cac cupc khdi nghia chd'ng lai chinh phu.
Trong khi dd, suo't the ky XX, Chinh phu
Thai Lan da coi nhe cac chinh sach vl
ngdn ngff, van hda Malayu, thffe hien cac
chinh sach dong hda tho bao dd'i vdi hp, ap
dung chUdng trinh giao due bat bupc, dong


62
cffa mdt so' trUdng Islam giao truyen
thd'ng"'". Chinh bdi vay, sif phan ufng ngay

cang tang, khi am i, khi bung ldn thanh
cac cupc khdi nghia ldn,
Dieu nay cung tuang tif vdi cudc xung
dot tai Irian Giaya d Indonesia. Ng'u ngUdi
Java, ngUdi Sumatra, ngudi Kalimantan,
tham chi ngudi Aceh, cd chung mpt nen
van hda Ma Lai va cung theo mdt tdn giao,
thi do la Islam giao. Su khac nhau giffa hp
chi la ve mat tpc ngffdi va ngon ngff. Cdn
ngffdi Irian Giaya khac vdi phan cdn lai
cua Indonesia ca ve mat tpc ngUdi Iln tdn
giao. Ngudi Irian Giaya cd ngdn ngff tUdng
dong vdi ngUdi Papua New Ghine ngn dUpc
gpi la Tay Papua. Cu dan tai khu vUc nay
theo tin ngUdng truyln thd'ng, bgn canh
thd mpt vi t h i n chung thdng nha't thi con
thd cac vi than linh thidng cua minh.
Chinh bdi vay, khi cac cudc di dan 6 at tff
Java mang theo n i n van hda Islam giao
hoan toan xa la vdi hp da khie'n hp cho
rang minh khdng thupc ve Indonesia va cd
tu tudng ddi tach Irian Giaya ra khoi
Indonesia"^*.

Nghien cdu Dong

Namksdmm^

nhffng ngUdi tff chd'i lo'i sd'ng hien dai va
chd'ng dd'i lai chii trfftfng "Phihpino hda" va

"Ki-td giao hda" ciia chu nghia thifc dan
Tay Ban Nha trffde kia va chinh phu
Philippines sau nay. Khdng nhffng the, cai
ten Moro cdn am chi nhffng ngffdi bi coi la
ngu dd't, hoang da, da the, no Id va cUdp
bdd'*'... Chinh bdi hi gan cho nhiftfig tieng
xa'u nhu vay nen ngUdi Islam giao rat bat
binh va phan iftig lai, ydu cau dUdc gpi la
ngudi Muslim hay ngUdi Muslim Phihppin.
De'n nhffng nam 70 ciia t h i ky XX, tgn gpi
Moro dupe ca hai phia thffa nhan, mpt so
ngffdi Islam giao cdn tuyen bd minh la
"Bangsa Moro" ("Dan tdc Moro") dd'i lap
vdi "Bangsa Philipino" ("Dan tdc
Philipino") va ung hd phong trao ly khai
(xay dffng "Cdng hda Bangsa Moro").
4. V a i q u a n d i e m k h a c v e x u n g dOt
tpc ngifcri, t o n giao

Ngoai nhOfng nguyen nhan v l kinh te',
lich sff hay khac biet v l van hda.. xung dot
tpc ngffdi, tdn giao cdn nay sinh vi mdt so
nguyen nhan khac. Thff nhat'^^', vai trd
cua cpng ddng quo'c te' trong viec dap tat
Nghien cffu ve ngUdi Moro trong lich sff cac Id Iffa xung ddt cdn nhilu h a n che'; rat
Philippines cung cho thay nhffng khac hiet nhieu nUdc, nhieu to chffc, nhilu chinh
ve lo'i sd'ng, phong tuc tap quan, van hda khach cua the' gidi, dac biet la Lien Hpp
cua hai cdng dong dan tdc thudc hai ton Quo'c tich cffc hoat dpng nhffng hieu qua
giao khac nhau da dan de'n nhffng xung dot chffa dffpc nhu mong mudn, ddi khi sU can
gay gat. Thudt ngff Moro xuat phat tff thiep tff bdn ngoai cdn lam t r a m trpng

"Moor" - ten gpi mpt dan tdc d mien Bac hon van d l xung dot.
Phi theo Islam giao da xam lUpc va thdng
ThU hai, hau nhU ta't ca cac xung dot tdc
tri Tay Ban Nha trong sudt 800 nam, Tdn ngUdi do diu chUa difng cac lpi ich ciia nUdc
gpi nay dl phan biet ngUdi Islam giao vdi triic tie'p tham gia va ca nhOfng nudc dffng
ngUdi Thign Chua giao d Philippines. ngoai. Trong cac cudc xung dot, khdng it
Trong tilm thUc cua ngUdi Philipino Ki-td nhffng p h i n tff ben ngoai mudn lpi dung de
giao, Moro la ten gpi cac tpc ngUdi lac hau, phuc vu cho muc dich chinh tri va thuong


Li Hdi Dang - Mot sdvdn de ve xung dot tgc ngudi, ton gido...
mai. Nhilu khi cac Iffc lUdng bgn ngoai nup
danh "vide thien" de lam "dilu ac".
Thff ba, chinh chu nghia de qud'c, nhOfng
ke lai sung, trong khdng it trffdng hpp da
"do them dau vao Iffa". D l ban dupc nhilu
vu khi, nhffng ten lai sung cua the" gidi
hien dai khdng bao gid mud'n mdt the' gidi
thanh binh. Ngoai mieng thi chung reu rao
"hda binh", nhuSig thUc chat ben trong lai
xui bay, tie'p tay hoac tim mpi each gay
ma't on dinh de cd cd kie'm ldi. Su can thiep
ciia life lUdng ngoai bidn gidi qudc gia cung
gdp phin khdng nho thoi bung ngpn Iffa
xung ddt'^'. Ngoai ra, nhffng ba't cap chinh
sach cua Chinh phu cung cd the bi khai
thac, xuyen tac nham tao sff hilu nham
giffa cac cpng dong thilu sd vdi nha nffdc,
din den bieu tinh, bao ddng, ddi ly khai..
Cac the life nay thUdng sff dung cdng cu hd

trp tai chinh de thuc day tranh chap da't
dai, lanh tho thdng qua cac bd phan bat
man d l to chffc bieu tinh, bao ddng vu
trang (trffdng hpp Philippines, Thai Lan,,,).
M6t each giai thich khac ve cac cudc
xung dot xay ra tren the gidi theo lap luan
cua Samuel Huntington dffpc the hien nhff
sau"": Thff nhat, cac ye'u td nhff tdn giao,
lich sff, ngon ngff, van hda, truyen thd'ng la
nhiftig can cff de phan biet giffa cac nen
van minh vdi nhau. Ngffdi dan d cac nen
van minh khac nhau cd se nhCftig quan
diem rigng biet ve quan he giffa con ngUdi
vdi Da'ng td'i cao, giffa ca nhan vdi cpng
ddng, giffa cong dan vdi qud'c gia... Thff hai,
qua trinh hien dai hda kinh te va bien doi
xa hpi trgn pham vi toan clu se d i n de'n
sff phai md ban sac lau ddi. Thay vao do,
cac he thd'ng ton giao ldn tren the gidi se

63

nam giff vai trd nay, thffdng la dUdi dang
cac phong trao dupc gpi la "trao lUu chinh
thd'ng". Thff ba, phUpng Tay ddng vai trd
kep trong viec cai thien y thffe vl nen van
minh. Mdt mat, n i n van minh phffOng Tay
dang d dinh cao ciia quyln Iffc. Mat khac,
dilu nay d i n de'n hien tffpng cac n i n van
minh phi phuang Tay dang tim each quay

lai cac gia tri gd'c rg. Trong qua khff, gidi
tinh hoa' cua cac xa hpi phi phffOng Tay
thudng la nhCfng ngffdi cd quan he mat
thig't vdi phffpng Tay, dupc giao due tai
nhiJng ngdi trUdng to't, hap thu cac quan
niem va gia tri phUOng Tay. Trong khi dd,
dan chung d cac nUdc phi phuong Tay
thudng lai tha'm nhuan van hda ban dia.
Tuy nhien, cac md'i quan he nay lai bi dao
ngUpc. Mpt qua trinh phi phUdng Tay va
ban dia hda cua gidi tinh hoa dang dign ra
d nhilu quo'c gia ngoai phUdng Tay cung
luc vdi viec cac gia tri van hda, phong each
va thdi quen cua phUong Tay ngay cang trd
nen pho bie'n vdi nhffng ngudi dan thffdng.
Tuy vay, cung cd nhCfng quan diem
phan bien Huntington, trong dd co Edward
W. Said. Ong cho rang phan ldn lap luan
ciia Huntington phu thupc vao cac quan
diem thff cap lat vat, nhifng quan diem da
bd qua rat nhilu cac bffdc tie'n ldn lao trong
tri thffe ly thuyet va thifc te v l each thffe
ma cac n i n van hda van hanh, thay doi,
cung nhff each thffe lam sao d l cd t h i nam
vflng va thau hieu cac nen van hoa ay.
Cach dng quan sat hdi hat ve cac dan tdc
va cac quan diem dffpc ong neu ra gay ndn
a'n tffpng rang cac nguon tff lieu chinh ma
dng sff dung la bao chi va chinh sach mi
dan chff khdng phai la ly thuyet hoac

nghign cifu chuyen sau'*'.


64
Edward bat diu nghidn cffu the gidi
bang nhan xet vl hien tffpng d dau ngffdi
ta cung phat bieu nhan danh nhffiig thff
trtfu tffdng ldn lao, ma ho de ldi keo dffdi
nhan mac tdn giao, chung tpc va tdc ngffdi
vao trong cac y thffe he. Vide nay thffdng
xuat hien trong cac thdi diem cd sff ba't an
sau sac, nghia la khi cac dan tdc dffdng
nhff gan xung ddt vdi mdt dan tdc khac,
hanh dpng do hoac nhff la ke't qua cua sff
banh trudng, chie'n tranh, chu nghia dg'
qud'c va di cU, hoac nhU la hd qua cua mdt
sU thay doi nao dd diln ra ba't ngd chUa
ttftig cd tien le. Ong dUa ra mpt vi du chffng
minh rd nhat la quan niem vl sff mdnh
khai hoa van minh [civilizing mission] do
ngffdi Phap dat ra, la mission civilisatrice,
mpt khai nigmxd ban cua thu doan nay la
cii y tudng cho rang mpt sd chiing tpc va
n i n van hda nao dd cd mdt muc tieu cao ca
han so vdi cac chung tpc va cac nen van
hda khac. Dilu nay dem lai cho cac chung
tdc manh hon, phat t r i l n hcfn, van minh
hon cai quyln big'n cac chung tdc, lanh t h i
khac thanh thupc dia, khdng nhan danh
sffe raanh vu Iffc tan bao hay sff cffdng doat

thd thiln - ca hai diu la cac thanh td
chuan mffe cho vide thi hanh - ma nhan
danh mpt ly tudng cao quy.
Va dap lai kieu logic nay se xay den hai
hien tUpng. Thff nhat la viec cac cffdng
qud'c kinh dich nhau da kien tao ngn ly
thuyet cho rieng minh vl thidn nang van
hda hoac van minh de hien minh cho cac
hanh ddng cua rainh d nudc ngoai. Hien
tupng thff hai xay ra, nhff chinh
Huntington da thffa nhan, cac dan tpc
nhffpc tieu, muc tieu ciia sff ddm ngd dg'
quo'c dap tra bang viec khang cff lai cac

Nghiin cdu Dong Nam A, sd_Sf2M9^
boat ddng vu life va khai thac thupc dia cua
cac de qudc.
Edward cung cho rang n i n van hda
chinh thdng la n i n van hda cua cac thay
tu, cac hpc vien, va cua nha nffdc. Nd cung
cap cac dinh nghia vl chu nghia ai quoc,
Idng trung thanh, vl bien gidi, va ve car
dffpc gpi la scf thupc. Chinh n i n van hda
chinh thd'ng nay cat ldn tieng noi nhan
danh toan the, cd' g i n g t h i hien y chi
chung, dac tinh chung, tff tffdng mud'n n i m
trpn ven trong qua khff chinh thd'ng, cac
van ban va cac nha l$p qud'c, dien thd cac
vi anh hung va nhCfng ten vd lai, v.v.. va
dong thdi true xua't cai hi cho la ngoai di,

khac biet hoac khdng dUdc Ua thich trong
qua khff. TU do se hinh thanh nen cac dinh
nghia vl cai cd the hoac khdng the ndi ra,
nhiing cam doan va bai trff nhff nhCfng yeu
to' can thiet cho bat cU n i n van hda nao
ne'u nd mud'n cd quyen uy.
Ket iuan
Sff da dang va phffc tap trong bffc tranh
tdc ngUdi, tdn giao cf Ddng Nam A la mdi
trUdng thuan lpi de cho chu nghia ly khai
phat trien va bung n6 khi cd "chat xuc tac".
Su da dang ve tdn giao trong khu vffe tao
nen sif phong phu ve ddi sd'ng tam linh, va
ban sic van hda cua cac qud'c gia. Tuy
nhien, sif ton tai dan xen nhilu tdn giao
trong mdt qud'c gia, mdt dia phffcfng vdi ty
le tin do chenh lech cung nhffng quan niem
lam lac da dan tdi nhffng xung dot tdn giao
keo dai. Dong thdi, do tac ddng ciia chinh
sach kinh t l - xa hdi, chinh sach tdn giao
chffa phii hpp cung vdi nhffng nguyen nhan
do lich sff de lai, nhffng hau qua ciia chinh
sach thd'ng tri ciia chu nghia thuc dan,


Li Hai Ddng - Mat sdvdn

de ve xung dot tgc ngudi, ton gido..

nhOfng xung dot tdn giao, tdc ngudi diln ra

ngay cang gay g i t va triln midn d rapt sd'
qud'c gia trong khu vUc. Cac xung dot xay
ra ddi khi khdng phai do mpt nguyen nhan
ma la sU hda trdn, cpng hffdng giffa nhilu
nguyen n h i n vdi nhau. Tff chii nghia Iy
khai dan tpc de'n cac boat dpng bao loan,
boat dpng khung bd' nham dat tdi cac yeu
sach ve chinh tri da trd thanh rapt thffe t l
lich sff ton tai d mpt sd nffdc Ddng Nam A,
diln hinh la d Phihppines, Indonesia, Thai
Lan va nhat la xung dot tpc ngffdi, tdn giao
va boat dpng ly khai dang dien ra manh
me d Myanmar./.

CHU THICH
1. Martin Bjorkhagen (2013), The Conflict in
the Moluccas- Local Youths' Perceptions
Contrasted
to Previous
Research,
https: I / muep.mau.se I bitstream / handle 12
043119217/BjorkhagenBAthesis.pdf?seque
nce-2.
2. Jon Goss (2000), Understanding the
"Maluku Wars": Overview of Sources of
Communal Conflict and Prospects for
Peace, Cakalele, Vol. 11, tr.7-39
3. David Adam Stott (2017), Integration and
conflict in Indonesia's spice islands. The
Asia-Pacific Journal, Vol. 15, Issue 11,

No. 4
4. A. K. M, Ahsan Ullah (2016), "Rohingya
Crisis in Myanmar: Seeking Justice for the
'Stateless"', Journal of Contemporary
Criminal Justice, Vol. 32(3) 285-301
5. Pham Thi Vinh (2007), "NgUdi Melayu
Muslim va phong trao li khai d Thai Lan"
trong sach Mpt sd udn de ve xung dpt sdc
tpc vd ton gido d Dong Nam A, Nxb. Khoa
hpc xa hdi, tr.l64.

65

6. Dinh Hiln Chau (2001), "Nguyen nhan cua
cac xung dot tpc ngUdi d chau A va chau
Phi" trong cuo'n Tpc ngudi vd xung dpt tpc
ngudi tren the gidi hien nay do Nghiem
Van Thai (Chu bien). Ha NSi, tr.l46.
7. Ha Dan (2015), "Xung dot tdn giao - sac tdc
6 Dong Nam A va nhflng tac dpng cua no
tdi tinh hinh an ninh - chinh tri khu vUc",
Tap chi Cong tdc Ton gido, so' 3, tr. 53-59.
8. Pham Thi Phuang Linh (2016), "Trat tU
mdi" d Indonesia - mo hinh cai each "nffa
vdl", Tgp chi Khoa hgc, trudng Dai hpc Can
Tho, 46c: 90-95.
9. Biii Huy Thanh (2007), "Ve mot sd nguyen
nhan xung dot sic tpc va tdn giao d
Indonesia trong nhflng thap ky gan day",
Tap chi Nghien cdu Dong Nam A, so 3,

10. Bui Huy Thanh (2007), tldd, tr,70.
11. Pham Thi Vinh (2007), tldd, tr.203,
12. Nguyin Hong Quang (2015), "Giai quyet
xung dot ton giao - sic tgc d mien Nam
Thai Lan tfl thdi ky Thii tUdng Yingluck
den nay" Nghien cdu Ton gido, sd 9 (147),
76-84,
13. David Adam Stott (2017), tldd.
14. Pham Thi Vinh (2007), tldd, tr.ll3.
15. Dang Tai Tinh (2015), "Sfl can thiep tff
ben ngoai la do dau vao xung dot sac tpc,
ton giao", Tgp chi Cong tdc tdn gido, so 6.
16. Nguyen Cong Thao (2018), "Tong quan ve
cac nguydn nhan tac dpng tdi xung dot toe
ngUdi trgn the gidi", Tap chi Dan tgc hoc,
sd 1, tr.12-20.
17. Samuel P. Huntington (1993). "The Clash
of Civilizations?" Foreign Affairs, No. 72
(Summer), pp.22-49.
18. />n-bien-huntington-dung-do-dmh-nghia/;
Edward W. Said: "The Clash of
Definitions", in Reflections on Exile and
Other jessays(Harvard University Press,
Cambridge, Massachusetts, 2000, pp.569590).