1 gp cm uan tgc ngc so:i - zuj y

MOT S 6 VAN DE VE DlT LUAN XA HOI QUA KHAO SAT CAC
D A N TOC Of HAI TINH HA GIANG VA LANG SON'

ThS. Le Quang Ngoc
Vien Xa hoi hoc
Tdm tdt: Viet Nam la mgt qudc gia da tgc nguai

v&i su da dgng ve vdn hda vd cdc

quan he xa hgi. Vi vgy, tim hieu du lugn xd hgi, ndm bdt tdm tu, nguyen vgng cua nguai
ddn & cdc vimg ddn tgc thieu so cua cd nu&c cd y nghia rdt quan trgng ddi vai su phdt trien
kinh ti - xd hot, cung co khoi dgi dodn ket ddn tdc vd gdp phdn thuc day su phdt trien bin
vimg ddt nu&c trong bdi cdnh m&i. Dua tren ca sa dieu tra 484 mdu tgi 11 ddn tgc a hai
tinh Hd Giang vd Lgng San. bdi viet ndy co muc tieu dua ra mdt sd nhgn xet ban ddu vd gai
ma nhUng nghien ciru tiep theo ve du lugn xd hdi a vung ddn tgc thieu sd nuac ta trong thai
gian tai
Tie khoa: Du lugn xa hgi, du lugn xa hoi vung ddn tdc thieu sd, Lgng San, Hd Giang.
Ngdy nhgn bdi; I2/3/20I9;

ngdy giii phdn bien; 7/5/2019; ngdy duyet ddng. 10/6/2019

Bat van fle
Toan ciu hda vd kinh td, van hda, khoa hpc cdng nghe... da thiic diy viec md rpng cac
quan he xa hdi ciia cac qudc gia va khu vyc. Toan cau hda ciing tao ndn nhiing uu the nhat
dinh ve kdt ndi kinh td, van hda; ddng thdi sy phat hidn ciia cdng nghe Men dai giiip tao ngn
tinh phd cap thdng tm tdt ban, khidn con ngudi cd ca hdi trao ddi va ban Iuan nliieu hon,
ciing chung tay giai quydt nhiing vin de xa hdi chung ciia nhan loai (Nguydn Hoai Son, Ld
Quang Ngpc, Nguyen Quang Tuan, 2017).
Du Iuan xa hdi (Public Opinion) la tdng tich hgp nhimg quan didm ciia cac ca nhan,

hinh thanh tir rapt nhdm ngudi cu thd tai mot khdng gian nhat djnh tren nguygn tac tdn hpng
cac quygn ciia ca nhan va tang cudng tieng ndi chung ciia cdng ddng. Nghien ciiu du luan xa
hdi la mdt chii dd dugc quan tam nhidu bdi cac nha khoa hpc va cac chinh thg dan chii hen
thd gidi. Trong cac tac phim nghien cim vd du Iuan xa hdi d Hoa Ky, menh dd ed the xem la
phd dung nhung cung khing djnh vj tri cua cac nghien ciiu du luan xa hdi dd la "Nudc My
ngay nay tran ngap cac cudc tham dd du Iuan xa hpi" (Asher, 2012, tr. 1; Berinsky, 2012, tx.
' Nghien ciiu nay la san phim cila DS tai "Nhiing van de ly ludn vd thuc tien ve du ludn xd hgi a vitng ddn toe
thiiu s6 nudc ta trong boi cdnh todn cdu hoa", ma so: CTDT.37,18/16-20.


Le Quang Nggc
2). Chau Au la nai khdi phat vg nghien ciiu du Iuan xa hdi, nhung tir thd ky XX cho dgn nay,
Hoa Ky dupc xem la qudc gia di diu trong viec nghidn ciiu vg du Iuan xa hdi. Mdt sd td
chirc nghign ciiu vd du Iuan xa hdi ndi tigng nhu: Hdi ddng qudc gia vd thara dd du Iuan;
Hiep hpi nghien ciiu du Iuan Hoa Ky; Hiep hdi nghien cii'u du Iuan thg gidi da kliang dinh vj
thg cua hp trong dd'i sdng xa hdi Hoa ky thdng qua cac cupc tham dd bau cir tdng thdng, bau
cir nghi vien lien bang, tham dd y kien ngudi dan iing hd hay phan ddi cac cudc chien ciia
chinh phil d dau dd (Bergh, 2011).
Hoa Ky dugc bidt dgn la mdt qudc gia da ehitng tdc. Klii de cap ddn van dd dan sd va
chiing tdc d Hoa Ky ngudi ta thudng sii dyng danh tir chung la People of the United
States, US. Americans, hay don gian la Americans hay American people (Ngudi My) cung
ddng nghTa la mdt dan tdc va la nhii'ng cdng dan ciia Hoa Ky (Adeno, 2002; Barreto, 2004).
La mdt qudc gia da chiing tdc, nai sinh sdng cua nhigu ngudi cd ngudn gdc qudc gia
va chiing tdc khac nhau, nhung mdt sd ngudi My khdng ty nhan tinh dan tdc ciia minh theo
nhdm chiing tdc ma ty nhan minli vira la dan tdc My vira la dan tdc gdc eita td tien minh
(Cottle, 2000). Ngoai dan sd ngudi My ban dja, gan nhu tat ca rapi ngudi My hay td tien ciia
hp da di dan den trong 5 the ky qua.
Thara dd, nam bat du luan xa hdi d Hoa Ky da ddng mdt vai trd quan ttpng giiip eho cac
cap chinh quydn bigt dupc y kidn cua cae cpng ddng cdng dan, cac nhdm sic tdc, ehitng tdc.
O Viet Nam, nghien ciiu vd du Iuan xa hdi da phan dirng lai d ca sd Iy Iuan; nhirng

nghidn ciiu du Iuan ve mpt van dg cu thg khdng thay dugc phd bidn nhieu, dac biet ia nhiing
nghign ciru vg du Iuan xa hdi vimg dan tpc thieu so dang didn ra va cd nhii-ng tac dpng nhu
the nao Iai cang hidm hoi. Bai viet nay dua ra nhiing phan tich vd cac vin dd xa hdi dupe cac
ca nhan, nhdm xa hdi dan tdc thieu sd quan tam; nhung y kidn ban Iuan ciia hp ciing nhu
each thirc thg hien cac y kien, phuang thiic Ian truydn va thai dp, each iing xir ciia hp tmdc
cac van dd xa hdi. Tir dd dua ra nhiing ban Iuan vd he qua ciia cac ludng du Iuan va tac ddng
ciia nhung phuong tien tmydn thdng hien dai den ngudi dan. Ngudn dii lieu chinh ciia bai
vigt dya tren sd lieu dieu tra xa hdi hpc nam 2018 tai hai tinh Lang San va Ha Giang vdi
tdng so mau la 484. Trong dd, Lang San ehidm 53,3% va Ha Giang chigm 46,7%. Sd lugng
hd dan tdc dupe didu tra lin lugt la Kinh ehidm 11,0%; Tay ehidm 33,9%; Hmdng ehidm
27,7%; Nitng ehidm 19,4%; Hoa ehidm 2,5%; Dao chidra 2,7%; San Chay ehidm 0,2%; Giay
chiem 2,1%; La Chi ehidm 0,2%; Phii La ehidm 0,2%; Ld Ld ehidm 0,2%. Dp tudi tham gia
tra ldi trong khoang tir 15 ddn 85 tudi.
1. Thuc trang ve du luan xa hpi 6' diem nghien cuu
Thye trang vd du Iuan xa hdi d viing dan tdc thiSu sd dupc tac gia tap tmng vao hai ndi
dung chii ygu dg phan tich gdm: Mgt Id, each thiie thd hien y kidn ciia ngudi dan; Hai Id, thai
dp, each img xir ciia ea nhan va nhdm xa hdi ddi vdi du Iuan xa hdi.


Tap chi Ddn loc hoc so'3 -2019

55

1.1. Cdch thtrc the Men y kien ctia ngirai ddn
D6i vdi cac van de du luan tai vung dan tpc thieu s6, phuong thiic thi hien y kiSn ciia
nguoi dan la rit quan trong va can thiSt boi no gop phin bS sung hoac thay doi trong each
traySn dat thong tin ve chii tru'ong, chinh sach, phap luat cua Dang va Nha nuac voi chit
luong, day dii, chinh xac den vai nguai dan viing dan tpc thi8u s6.
Bang 1: Phuong thiic thi hiln y lain cua nguoi dan viing dan tpc thiiu s6 tinh
Lang Son va Ha Giang

Lan§ Son

Ha Giang

Phuong thuc
So lirong

Tyle(%)

So lirong

Ty le (%)

37,6

124

55,4

De xuat y kien thong qua ngucri c6 uy
tin trong cpng dong sinh song

96

Thong qua can bp thon/ban tren dia ban

207

81,2


194

86,6

Thong qua cac to chirc chinh t r i - x a
hpi (doan thanh nien, hpi phu nii. hpi
cuu chien binh,...)

69

27,1

59

26,3

Thong qua bao chi va diii truyen
hinh/truyen thanh dia phuang

4

1,6

2

0,9

Thong qua cac phuong tien cong nghe
thong tin, intemet (facebook, Zalo...)


7

2,7

16

7,1

Thong qua cac cupc bau cic dia
phuang bang cac la phieu

77

30,2

64

28,6

De dat liitc tiep tai cac ca quan cong quyen

65

25,5

28

12,5

Bang van biin (don, thu) len cac cap

chinh quyen theo trinh tir

52

20,4

39

17,4

Bang van ban (don, thu) vuot cap

5

4,3

3

3,1

Ngudn; Sd lieu khao sat tai Lang Son va Ha Giang nam 2019
Qua so lieu didu ha, khao sat d bang 1 cho thay, phuang thiic the hien y kign cua
ngudi dan ed sy da dang la phan anh trye tidp va gian tidp. Phan anh true tiep chii yeu qua
hai each: Thic nhdt, thdng qua can bd thdn/ban (Lang San: 81,2% va Ha Giang: 86,6%); Thic
hai, dd xuit voi mpt ngudi cd uy tin trong cpng ddng (Lang Son: 37,6%. Ha Giang: 55,4%).
Phan anh gian tidp la thdng qua la phidu biu cir. Ve ca ban, hinh thiic phan anh true tiep


LeQiiangNg£c_


56

dupc ngudi dan eac dan tdc thd hien y kidn ciia ban than la pho bign han. Viec tryc tiep trao
ddi vdi can bd dja phuang, hoac de xuat vdi mdt ngudi cd uy tin trong cpng ddng vd mpt van
dg gi dd vin la phd bign tai cac cdng ddng. Phai chang ygu td gan kgt cpng ddng va tap quan
giao tiep trong quan he xa hpi va Idi sdng van hda van chi phdi manh ddn nhung hoat ddng
xa hpi ciia cac nhdm dan tpc dugc didu tra tai bai tinh?
1.2. Thdi do va each img xii' ciia ngudi ddn cdc ddn tgc thieu so v&i dw lugn
Khi tidp nhan mdt thdng tin bit ky, each iing xu eita ngu-di dan se cd hai tmdng hpp khac
nhau dd la: khi y kidn dupc thong nhit va klii y kien khdng dugc thdng nhat. Ddng thdi, giiia
nara va nii cung ed nhung each phan ung khac nhau. Theo kdt qua kliao sat vd phan iing eiia
ngudi dan tdc thidu sd vdi cac ludng y kien thi kdt qua thu dugc nhu sau (bang 2):
Bang 2: Thai do va each iing xu' cua nguoi dan tpc tliieu so a hai tinh Lang Son
va Ha Giang vo'i du Iuan khi dong thuan
NO-

Nam
Cach ung xir

So lu'ffng

Ty le (%)

So lirong

Ty le (%)

Thong bao lai cho nguoi khac
cung biet


169

67,1

169

73,2

Ung hp bang viec lam cu the

180

71,4

182

78,8

Van dpng nguai khac cimg lam

133

52,8

125

54,1

Tiep tuc neu van de ra cupc
hop thon, ban


66

26,2

45

19,5

Tiep tuc theo doi dien bien su viec

84

33,3

66

28,6

Ngudn: Sd lieu khao sat tai Lang San va Ha Giang nam 2019
Nhin chung, cac dan tdc dupc dieu tra, khao sat d Lang Son va Ha Giang ddu cd
nhiing each irng xii tich cyc khi y kign di dgn su ddng thuan chung. Didu dd dugc the hien
qua cac hanh ddng, khi ngudi dan tiep nhan thdng tin cd thdng bao lai cho ngudi khac biet,
img hd bang vide lain cu the ciing nhu van dpng ngudi khac eimg tham gia,... So lieu khao
sat thu dupc thay rang, giiia nam va nii cd su chdnh lech vd each ling xir khi y kien cd sy
ddng thuan. Ddi vdi cac each ung xii nhu- thdng bao Iai cho ngudi khac biet, ung hd bang
viec lara cu the hay van dpng ngudi khac cimg tham gia thi nii giai Iai cd sy lya chpn cao
ban so vdi nam gidi (vdi ty Id Ian lupt cua nii gidi la 73,2%; 78,8%; 54,1% va nam gidi ty le
la 67,1%; 71,4%; 52,8%). Tuy nhien, trong each iing xir la "tiep tuc neu vdn de ra cuoc hgp
& thdn, bdn " va "tiep tuc theo ddi dien biin ciia su viic " thi nam gidi Iai cd ty Id phin tram

cao ban so vdi nir gidi (Ian lugt la 26,2%; 33,3% va nir gidi la 19,5%; 28,6%). Dii lieu nay


Tap chi Ddn tdc hgc sd 3 - 2019

57

cho ta cam nhan rang, nii gidi thudng la ngudi phd bidn thdng tin rdng rai hon so vdi nam
gidi, img hd bang nhiing hanh ddng cu thd. Trong khi do nara gidi la ngu'di dua nhiing vin
de nay d cudc hpp tiep theo eiing nhu theo ddi su viec didn ra.
Nhu vay ddi vdi du luan vimg dan tpc thidu sd, each iing xu cua ngudi dan cd su tich
cue khi y kien cd sy ddng thuan. Ngupc Iai, khi y kidn khdng cd sy ddng thuan thi each iing
xu ciia ngudi dan dupc the hien nhu sau (bang 3):
Bang 3: Thai dp va each ung xu cua nguM dan tpc thieu s6 d" hai tinh Lang Son
va Ha Giang vdi dir luan khi khong cd su ddng thu^n
Nam
Cach ung xir

So lirong

Ty le (%)

So lirffng

62

25,2

52


22,9

79

32,1

81

35,7

147

59,8

140

61,7

Khong lam gi
Phan anh su viec len chinh
quyen cac cap
Dua su viec ra cupc hpp
thon/ban

NiiTyle(%)

Ngudn: So lieu khao sat tai Lang Son va Ha Giang nam 2019
S6 heu Bang 3 cho thay, dii khong co su dong thuan y kien thi cac cupc hpp 6
thon/ban vfin la kenh thong tin chii yiu di ngutri dan bay to quan diim, cung nhu neu len y
kiin cua minh. Diiu nay ciing co su khac nhau giiia nam va nil. Doi vai nii, ty le dua van de

nay ra cupc hpp a thon cao hon so vol nam gioi (nir - 61,7% va nam - 59,8%). Dieu do cho
thay, nir giai la nguai thi hien du luan ro rang hem so vai nam gioi qua each ung xu vai mot
su viec duac neu, du no co ding thuan hay khong co su dong thuan. Nhin chung, dua vao so
lieu thing ke cho thiy ty le nit giai khong lam gi khi su viec khong co sir ding thuan chiem
it hon so vol nam giai. Trong khi do, nir gioi lua chpn dua sir viec ra cac cip chinh quyen,
ciing nhu ra cac cupc hpp thon chiim ty le cao han. Diiu do cho thiy nir giai san sang noi
len tiing noi ciia minh truoc mpt str viec khong di den su ding thuan.
2. K§t qua va thao luan
2.1. He qud ctia luong dw luan
Nhiing y kiin nguoi dan chii yiu thong qua cac cupc hpp cip thon/ban, hi dd ludng du
luan bat diu phat triin dua len thanh du luan cip hai la din chinh quyin dia phuong cap xa.
Thuang din cip ca so nay cac luing du luan bi ehan lai va phat tan, tinh trang don thu vuot


Le Quang Nggc

cap khdng dang kg, du Iuan cd xu hudng quay ttd Iai va tidu tan dd Iai he qua la cac van de ciia
ngudi dan khdng dugc giai quydt thau dao gay ndn biic xitc trong cpng ddng.
2.2. Tdc dgng ciia nhitng phuang tien truyen thong hien dai den ngwdi ddn
Hien nay, cudc each mang 4.0 la xu budng phat trien toan cau. Viet Nam ciing can ed
nhiing thay ddi de bat kjp xu the va thg hien rd ban ve mat du luan xa hdi. Han nu'a, phuong
tien ttuygn thdng nim nipt vai hd quan ttpng trong viee the Men du Iuan xa hdi. Sy tae ddng
ciia phuang tien tmyen thdng vdi cac nhdm ciing cd sy khac nhau, do nhimg khac biet vg dja
vj xa hdi, quydn Ipi giai cip, cac nhan td tara Iy va cudng dp giao tiep ddi vdi phuang tten
tmydn thdng (Mai Quynh Nam, 1996, tr. 53).
Dien thoai thdng minh cd thd dugc coi la mdt trong nhixng phuang tien tmygn thdng
hien dai nam mpt vai trd quan trpng. Bdi sy phat tridn ciia mang intemet giiip cho ngudi
ditng theo doi, nam bat tin tiic va the hidn quan didm eita minh thdng qua cac dign dan, mang
xa hpi mdt each hieu qua va lan rdng ban den nhieu ngudi.
Theo kgt qua thdng kg tir khao sat ve phan tram sd ngudi dimg dien thoai thdng minh

d tinh Lang San la 56,7% va Ha Giang la 49%. Trong dd, ty Ie sir dung intemet/raang xa hdi
d Lang Son la 55,6% va Ha Giang chiem 40%. Qua sd lieu khao sat, ehitng tdi nhan thay
mac dil la nhiing tinh mien nui, song ngudi dan d day tidp xuc vdi cac phuong tien cdng
nghe hidn dai kha nhidu. Dac biet ddi vdi gidi tre trong do tudi tir 15 ddn 35 tudi, dien thoai
thdng minh trd thanh mdt phuang tien phd bign de hp sir dung. Vi vay, can cd sy van dung
phit hgp, dua nhiing npi dung thdng tin ca ban va can thigt thong qua mang intemet de nguoi
dan vimg dan tpc thieu sd cd the tiep can dupc ve chii tmang, chinh sach eita Dang va Nha
nudc tdt hon. Ddng thdi, qua he thdng cdng nghe thdng tin, y kien eiia ngudi dan eung duac
thg hien nhieu ban ben canh cac phuong tien tmyen thdng hien dai khae nhu ti vi, bao dai.
Sy ket hgp giiia hinh thire tmyen thdng hien dai vdi cac budi hpp eita thdn/ban de dua thdng
tin chinh thdng ddn vdi ngudi dan nhu the nao cho hieu qua va phii hpp la vin dd can phai
ban luan nhigu hon.
Mpt so nhan xet
Qua mdt sd khia canh vd tinh hinh du luan xa hdi dang didn ra tai vung dan tdc thidu sd
ciia tinh Lang Son va Ha Giang, bai viet dua ra mpt sd nhan xet nhu sau:
Thu nhdt, phuong thiic neu y kign ciia ngudi dan vimg dan tdc thieu so vin mang tinh
tmyen thdng va bj ban chg. Ngudi dan vimg dan tdc thidu sd van cbii ydu neu len y kidn
thdng qua can bd dja phuang nhu trudng thdn/tnrdng ban, dac biet la bay td quan didm ciia
minh qua cac cudc hpp thdn/ban. Ngoai ra, mdt phuang thiic khac de neu y kidn la trao ddi
vdi mdt ngudi uy tin trong cdng ddng. Day la nhiing "kenh thdng tin" ca ban ddi vdi ngudi
dan tpc thieu sd. Nhu vay, dieu nay cd thg dan dgn sy ngheo nan ve mat thdng tin va y kiSn


Tap chi Ddn tgc hgc sd 3 —2019
cua ngudi dan tde thidu sd khdng hoac it cd ca hdi dugc gdp phin vao y kidn chung ciia
ngudi dan d khu vuc phat trien ban nhu thanh thj, hoac khu vyc gin trung uang.
Thu hai, phuong tidn ttiiyen thdng hidn dai chua ed su phat huy dii manh ddi vdi du
Iuan viing dan tpc thieu sd. Hien nay, vdi su phat trien eua cupc each mang cdng nghiep 4.0,
sir dung cac trang thiet bi hidn dai de kdt ndi tinh cam con ngudi, trao ddi y kidn nham thiic
diy cudc sdng tdt dep hon la dieu can thigt va tat ydu trong su phat trign toan ciu. Thidt bi

cdng nghe se giiip ngudi dan d nhiing khu vue vimg sau vimg xa nhu midn niii cd th8 thd
hien y kien chung hieu qua va mang tinh cap nhat hon. Song hgn thye te, qua cudc khao sat
cho thay biic tranh ca ban vg su thieu vang viec sir dyng cdng nghe (dign hinh la dien thoai
thdng minh) trong viec the hien du luan ciia ngudi dan vimg dan tdc thidu sd tai hai diem
nghign ciiu.
Thic ba, ngudi dan vimg dan tpc thigu sd cd each iing xir tich cyc vdi cac y kien chung
ttong cdng ddng. Nhin chung, khi mpt y kien di ddn su dong thuan thi ddng bao da the hien
sy tich cyc bang viec thdng bao Iai cho nhiing ngudi khac cimg biet, hay img hd bang viec
Iam cy the. Digu nay ciing cd su khac biet giiia nam gidi va nii gidi. Trong dd, nir gidi the
hien rd rang han ve sy ddng gdp cua minh ddi vdi mdt y kidn dugc dua ra. Ngugc Iai, nam
gidi Iai cd sy quan tam vdi su viec thip hon so vdi nii gidi. Nhu vay, can cd su khuyen khich
vai trd cua nii gidi vitng dan tpc thieu sd hon nua, thdng qua viec dao tao tri thii'c, tang quydn
cho nii gidi de hp cd the neu y kien va the hien quan diem tdt ban.
Thic tu, xu thd toan ciu hda ngay cang phat trien, dac bidt la trong bdi canh cudc each
mang thdng tin. Didu nay bidu hien qua du Iuan va tmyen thdng. Cu the la trong bdi canh
toan ciu hda sy gia tang nhiing cdng cu tmydn thdng mdi ngay cang manh me hon, chinh vi
thd du Iuan cang dugc cimg cd va cd siic lan tda tdi dai bd pban cdng chiing. Cimg vdi do
vdi sy phat tridn nhanh chdng ciia each mang cdng nghe 4.0 cang khidn cho cac dang
phuong tien tmydn thdng gia tang. Didu nay ciing tao nen sy da dang cua cac ludng du Iuan.
Con ngudi dupc bay td y kidn cua minh ngay cang dg dang, dupc nhigu ngudi bidt den va
dat sy ddng thuan. Vi vay, ttong thdi dai hidn nay khdng the phii nhan vj tti va vai ttd eiia
cdng nghe ddi vdi du luan xa hdi.
Xa hpi ngay cang phat tridn va tac ddng ciia each mang cdng nghe 4.0 cimg xu thg
toan ciu hda lam cho Iupng thdng tin mdi ngay trd nen nhieu ban, da chieu hon, dat ra van
dg cin cd sy chit Ipc thdng tin, nhit la ddi vdi vimg dan tdc thidu sd. Bdi vi, neu khdng cd
sir chit Ipc va djnh hudng du Iuan se din ddn loan thdng tin, hoac thdng tin tiep nhan bi sai
lech tao ra du Iuan xa hdi bit Ipi ddi vdi quan ly xa hdi va ttat ty an ninh ciing nhu Iam suy
giam nigm tin ve Dang va Nha nudc ta.
Dd nghign ciiu du Iuan xa hdi viing dan tpc thidu sd dupc tdt, can c6 hudng tigp can
nghien ciru lign nganh vd viec sir dung thdng tin, tmygn tai thdng tm, phan biet ngudn thdng



LeQuang]fgQC_
tin chinh thdng vdi thong tin khdng chinh thdng. Cd nhu vay mdi neu dugc giai phap phii
hpp, hieu qua, de ngudi dan biet va sir dung thdng tin tdt ban, dupc hieu ve each neu y kien
qua cac phuong tien hien dai nhigu hon nira. Digu nay khdng chi tao ra dinh hudng du luan
xa bdi tdt trong cac cpng ddng ma cdn phat huy hieu qua su tham gia ciia ngudi dan vung
dan tpc thieu sd trong viec ddng gdp y kign vao cdng cupc xay dyng ndng thdn mdi, thye
hien chinb sach dan tdc va gdp phin xay dyng, bao ve td qudc trong bdi canh mdi.
Tai lieu tham khao
1. Addis, Adeno (2002), Individualism,

Communitarianism,

and the Rights of Ethnic

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