SO 01(25), THANG 3 - 2020

TAP CHI KHOA HUU QUAlN 1.1 uiAO DUG

XA HOl HOA GlAO DUC TRONG NEN KINH TE THI TRlTONG
DINH HirOfNG XA H O I CHU NGHIA
SOCIALIZATION OF EDUCATION IN THE SOCIALIST-ORIENTED MARKET ECONOMY
NGUYEN THI LUYEN
Vien Khoa hoe xa hgi vung Nam Bg,

Ngdy nhdn: 21/02/2020
Ngdy nhdn lgi: 17/3/2020
Duyet ddng: 24/3/2020
Mdsd: TCKH-S01T3-B11-2020
ISSN: 2354-0788

Xd hpi hoa gido due a Viet Nam hiin dang thuc hiin theo
duang lot ddi mai phdt triin kinh te thi truang dinh hu&ng xa
hpi chil nghia. Bdng phuang phdp dinh tinh dua tren cdc
ngudn die lieu thu cdp ehinh thicc, bdi viet khdi qudt bice tranh
chung ve gido diie Viet Nam du&i tdc dpng cua kinh te thi
tru&ng dinh huang xd hpi cha nghia qua chinh sdch xa hdi
hda, tren ca sa dd, dgt ra nhirng vdn di mai cho chinh sdch xd
hdi hoa gido due cita Viet Nam trong giai dogn t&i.

ABSTRACT
Tukhda:
kinh te thi tru&ng, dinh hu&ngxa Socialization of education in Vietnam is currently implementing
hgi chil nghia, xd hgi hda gido
in accordance with the path of socialist-oriented economic
dytc, chinh sdch.

development innovation. By using qualitative methods based on
Key words:
official secondary data sources, this article outlines the general
market economy, socialist
picture of Vietnam's education under the impact of a socialistorientation, socialization of
oriented market economy through policies of socialization; On
education, policy.
that basis, proposes new issues for Vietnam's educational
socialization policies in the coming period.
1. DAT VAN DE
Nin kinh tl van ddng theo co che thj
frudng da vd dang Idm thay ddi dien mao dit
nude, ddng thdi, khien eho eae Imh vyc xa bdi,
trong do cd gido dye, cung thay ddi theo.
Tucmg ftng co che kinh tl mdi, chinh sdeh xa
hpi hda la frgng tdm nhara phat frien gido dye
thdi ky nay. Theo Nghi quyit Trung uong 8
Khda XI ve ddi mdi can ban, toan dien gido
due va dao tgo; "Chi ngdn sdch cho gido due vd
ddo tao dat mftc 20% tdng chi ngdn sach nhd
nude. Xd hdi hda gido dye duge day manh; he
thdng giao due va dao tao ngoai cdng lap gdp

phin dang kl vao phdt friln gido dye va dao tgo
ehung eua toan xa hdi" (Dang Cpng sdn Viet
Nam, 2013). Chi xet rieng quy md gido due, ed
nude nam hge 1995-1996 cd 21.049 trudng pho
thdng vdi 436,4 nghin lop hpe dd tdng len
27.227 trudng vdi 408,7 nghin Idp hoc mudi
nam sau do va 28.951 frudng vdi sd Idp hge Id

501 frong hai muai nam sau (hinh 1); eao dang
vd dai hgc tft 96 frudng (nam 1996) tdng len
322 trudng ndm 2006 (Tdng eye thdng k8,
2019). Qua do cho thdy, ddi mdi gido dye, ma
frong dd chinh sach xa hdi hda tft ddu tu bdi
Nha nude vd xa hdi la frgng tdm da dem lgi


dien mao mdi eho gido dye Viet Nam. Trong
qud frinh xa hgi hda gido dye, ben eanh nhiing
tde dgng tft eo ch8, cbinh sdeh ehung cua Ddng
va Nha nude, ban thdn h8 thdng gido dye cung
nay sinh nhieu vdn d8 mdi, khde ban vdi gido
due theo co che tap trung, bao cip trude day.
Phan tich ro bon nhftng vin dl nay Id trpng tam
bdi viet cua chftng tdi.

xd hpi ehu nghia thi phdt friln kmh tl phdi di
li8n vdi viec gidi quyit tdt cdc van de xa hdi.
Trinh dS phat friln kinh tl la dilu kien vdt ehat
de thye bien ehinh sach xa hpi.
Theo Nguyin Viet Ha (2018), khi kinh tl
thi frudng dinh hudng xa hpi chft nghia phdt
frien, cdc ndng lyc tilm in frong nhdn ddn dugc
gidi ph6ng, ddi sdng mgi ting Idp nhan ddn
duge edi thien tiing budc. Cftng vdi do, kinh te
1
60thi trudng cung gdy ra hdng logt nhftng bi8n
5040 30tugng tieu cue nhu: sy phdn hda giau ngheo lam
• 1995-1996 1

msdu sdc them nhiing mdu thudn xa hdi; dl nay
ID• Z005-2D06
0
smh nhung te ngn tham nhung, tdi pham, bao
B 2015-2016
•s^"'
lye; kieh thich chft nghTa thyc dung, ehu nghia
ea nhan... Vdi tinh ehdt va dae trung cua nen
kinh tl thi trudng, eac ITnh vyc ddi sdng xd hOi
Hinh 1. So trudng, lap tdng qua cdc ndm
ma frong dd gido due khdng Id ngoai Ie chju tac
Nguon: Tdc gid long hap tu so Hiu bdo cdo thongddng manh me tft ca che kinh t8 thdi ky nay.

t

J'

/

ke hang nam cua Tong cue thong ki
2. KHAI LUOC VE KINH TE THI
TRrCfNG VA XA HOI HOA GIAO DUC 6
VIET NAM
Kinh ti thi truang dinh hu&ng xa hdi chu
nghia: Kinh tl thj trudng dinh hudng xa bdi
ehu nghia Id md binh kinh tl ting qudt eiia thdi
ky qua do len ehu nghTa xa hgi d Vi8t Nam; la
nin kinh t8 vdn hdnh day dii, ddng b6 theo cdc
quy ludt cua kinh te thi frudng, ddng thdi bdo
dam dinh budng xa hgi chii nghTa phu hgp vdi

tftng giai dogn phat frien eua ddt nude; la nen
kinh te thi frudng hien dai vd hdi nhdp qude te;
ed sy quan ly cua nha nude phap quyen xa hdi
ehu nghTa, do Dang Cgng san Vift Nam lanh
dao; nhdm myc tieu "ddn gidu, nude mgnh, ddn
ehu, edng bang, van minh" (Gido frinh Kinh te
ehinh tri Mdc - Lenin, 2019).
Theo Vu Van Ha (2019), kinh tl tbi frudng
dinh hudng xd hpi ehu nghTa Id ki8u td ebfte
kinh tl ddc biet, vua tuan theo nhftng nguyen
tie va quy ludt eua he thdng kinh tl thj trudng,
vua bdo dam tinh dinh hudng xa h6i chii nghia.
Theo dd, vdi nin kinh tl thi trudng djnh hudng

Quy dinh vi xa hpi hoa gido due v&i hinh
thicc "nha nu&c vd nhdn eung Idm": Mdt s6
nghien ciiu nhim dl xuit giai phdp thuc hien xa
hgi hda giao dye da dua ra hudng tiip cdn khd
tuong ding vl ngi hdm cfta khai ni8m ndy,
Pham Van Thanh (2010) xem 'xa hgi hda gido
dye' la qua frinh ndng cao vai trd dinh hudng,
ehi dgo, quan ly vd diu tu ngay edng tang eua
Nha nude cho qua frinh phdt frien sy nghiep gido
due. Nha nude va nhdn dan ciing lam gido due,
nhung frong do Nhd nude gift vai frd chft dao de
buy dpng sy ddng gdp ve fri lye, nhan lyc, vat
lyc, tai lye cua xd hdi phat frien sy nghiep giao
due. Theo do, Nhd nude khuyen khich, tgo di8u
kien cho td chftc, cd nhan dau tu, ddng gdp fri
tu8, cdng sftc, tai sdn eho gido dye; ede ngudn tdi

cbinh ddu tu eho gido dye bao gIm cac nguon
thu tu dieh vu phye vy, hd trg hogt dpng gido
due (Hai Binh, 2019). Cung vdi chiin luge dii
mdi eo cbl kinh tl, ngay tft Dai hgi VI (1986)
"eac vdn dl xd hgi vd ddi sdng nhdn dan" la mdt
frong sdu vdn dl trpng tdm phdt trien kinh tl xa hpi giai dogn 1986 - 1990 dupe xdc dinb,
frong dd ddi mdi vl ddu tu gido due theo hudng
nha nude vd nhan dan eftng thyc hien lin diu


1 Al^ CHI KHUA H I J L IjuAiN u i OiAO DUG

ti8n dugc dl cap. Sd dT ddy Id vdn dl dugc xem
la het sfte mdi me vi trudc dd toan bd ngudn luc
vl con ngudi, tdi cbinh, co sd vdt chdt, frudng
sd, phuang tien cho gido due diu tft Nhd nude
bao eip. Theo dd, thdi ky nay "vi8c dong gop
ciia eae td ehfte kiiih te tap thi vd efta nhdn dan
vdo viee xdy dyng co sd vat ehit cho ngdnh gido
dye theo phuang chdm "Nha nude vd nhdn ddn
cftng lam" cdn dugc quy dinh ro rang thdnh che
dp, vua de huy ddng hgp ly sy ddng gdp cua
nhan ddn, vfta frdnh mgi sy Igm dyng" (Ddng
Cpng san Vi$t Nara, 1986). Nguyen tac thyc
hien ehinh sach khuyen khich xa hdi hda vd huy
dgng v6n ddu tu cho giao due duge quy dinh tai
Dieu 4 Khodn 6 va Dieu 10 (Nghj djnh sd
69/2008/ND-CP), theo do ea sd thye bien xa hdi
hda dugc lien doanh, lien k8t vdi ede td chftc, ca
nhan frong vd ngodi nude phft hgp vdi ehftc

ndng nhiem vu boat ddng nhdra buy dgng vdn,
nhdn lue vd cdng ngh§, ndng cao chit lupng dich
vu...; CO sd thyc hien xahpi hda dugc phep huy
d6ng vdn dudi dang gdp co phdn, vdn gop tu
ngudi lao dpng frong don vi, huy dpng ede
nguon vdn hgp phap khac thdng qua hgp tdc,
li8n ket vdi doanh nghiep, td chftc kinh te, td
ehftc tdi cbinh, ea nhan frong vd ngodi nude d8
dau tu xay dyng ea sd vdt chat. CG ch8 Nha
nude va nhan dan eftng dau tu eho giao due da
di vdo thyc tien ddi sdng. Trong h8 thdng gido
dye, ben cgnh trudng edng lap (100% ngan sach
Nhd nude), frudng bdn edng, trudng edng lap ty
ehu tdi chinh; vd cde loai hinh trudng tu thuc,
dan lap (trudng ngodi cdng Idp) hinh thdnh. Su
van hanh ciia cdc frudng ndy tuan theo co ch8
kinh tl mdi. Tnrdng ngodi cdng lap ty do eanh
franh vl dich vy phyc vu, mftc hgc phi, chdt
lugng gidng day, tuyin dyng vd su dyng gido
vien...nhung npi dung, ehuong frinh gido due vd
mpt sd tieu ehi khdc frong td chuc nhd trudng
vdn phai tuan theo quy dinh ciia Bp Gido due vd
Dao tgo; trudng cdng lap, dac biet trudng bdn
edng vd trudng cdng lap ty chu tdi ehinh) theo
hudng md hon ve eo ehe thu - ehi (ty thu - chi

s o 01(25), THANG 3 - 2 0 2 0

mdt phdn), tuy8n dyng, sft dyng nhan lyc vd td
chftc boat dpng gido due.

Qua ban hai thdp ni8n vdn hanb theo co
ch8 mdi, eftng sy khdi sac budc dau giao due
thdi ky ndy xuat hien nhung lyc can ngdy cdng
rd net, nam 2013, frudc yeu edu thye tien ve
ddi mdi ean bdn vd todn dien gido dye, xa hdi
hda gido due dugc tiep tyc xdc djnh qua Nghj
quy8t 8 Khoa XI efta Ban Chap hdnh Trung
uong Ddng Cgng sdn Viet Nam: "la khuyen
khich xa hdi hda de dau tu xdy dyng vd phdt
frien cde trudng chat lupng eao d tdt ed cdc edp
hpc vd frinh do ddo tao; tang ty 18 trudng ngoai
edng lap ddi vdi gido due ngh8 nghiep va giao
due dai hge. Hudng tdi ed logi hinh eo sd gido
due do eOng ddng dau frr" (Dang Cgng sdn Viet
Nara, 2013). De thyc hien xa hgi boa gido due,
can tiep tyc doi mdi chmh sdch, co che tai
chinh, huy ddng sy tham gia dong gdp cua todn
xa hdi; ndng cao hieu qud diu tu de phdt trien
gido due vd ddo tgo. Trong dd, Nhd nude gift
vai trd ehu dgo vdi mftc chi cho giao dye vd
dao tao tdi thiiu d mftc 20% tdng chi ngdn
sach; Tftng budc bdo ddm dii kinh phi boat
dOng chuyen mdn eho cdc co sd gido dye, dao
tgo cdng lap (Dang Cdng sdn Viet Nam, 2013),
Thyc hien xa hpi hda gido dye d cde bae hpc Id
khdc nhau va cung duge xde dinh ro. Ddi vdi
gido due mim non va phd th6ng, Nhd nude uu
tien tap frung diu tu xay dyng, phdt friln cac co
sd giao due edng lap vd cd co ehe hd trg de bao
dam tftng budc hoan thanh muc tieu phd cap

theo ludt dinh. Khuyin khich phdt fri8n cae loai
hinh trudng ngodi cdng lap dap ung nhu eau xa
hdi vl gido due chit lugng cao d khu vyc do
thi. Ddi vdi gido dye nghi nghiep vd giao due
dgi hpe, cdn dly manh xa hpi hda. Cd chinb
sach khuyin khich eanh franh Idnh manh trong
gido dye va dao tao tren ea sd bdo ddm quyen
lgi eua ngudi hge, ngudi sft dung lao ddng vd
CO sd giao due, dao tao (Dang Cdng sdn Vi8t
Nam, 2013). D I tiep tue phdt buy sftc manh
todn ddn cho su ngbi8p giao dye, ddng thdi md


; lx^\>
rpng hgp tde nude ngoai thyc hien xa hpi hda
giao dye, gin ddy nhit, Ludt Gido dye 2019 ban
hanh, theo dd Nha nude cho phep hgp tde cdng
hr, Ii8n doanh, lien ket de dau tu frong ITnh vye
giao due,
3. THlTC HIEN XA HOI HOA GIAO DUC
THCJI KY DOI M O I VA N H O J G VAN

DE

DATRA
3.1. Cff che kinh ti mdi vd cdc logi hinh trudng
Dgi hpi VI cua Ddng Cgng sdn Viet Nam
thdng 12/1986 da md ddu cho edng eude d6i
mdi todn dien d Viet Nam. Xudt phdt bdi ddc
frung nhieu thdnh phdn efta eo eh8 kinh t8 mdi,

gido dye thdi ky ndy la da dang hda cde loai
hinh frudng, Idp; ngodi frudng cdng lap, ede
hinh thftc dao tgo, quy che cdc frudng, lap ddn
lap, tu thyc da dugc ban hdnh ngay tu nhftng
nam ddu ddi mdi (Bg Giao due, 2016) ben cgnh
cac logi binh trudng ban cdng, frudng cdng lap
tu chu tdi ehinh sau do. Cdc logi hinh frudng
the hien sy da dang ve binh thuc sd hiiu cfta co
che kinh te bdng hda nhieu thdnh phdn. Trudng
edng lap vdi eo sd vdt ehdt edng, quy luong vd
kinh phi khdc eho hoat ddng gido due tft ngudn
ngan sdch nha nude. Tuy nhien, dl thich ftng
vdi nen kinh te thi frudng, tgi cac trudng cdng
lap ciing nhu trudng bdn cong vd trudng cdng
lap ty chil tai chinb da dien ra ede boat dgng
mang tinb 'ngi bg' nhu; td ehfte day tang tiet cd
thu tft ngudi hgc. Hen ket ede chuang frinh gido
dye (ngoai gido dye ehinh khda), khai thde
them tft mat bang nhd frudng,... tren ea sd dd
tang thu nhdp ngoai luong cho dpi ngu gido
vien va cong chue, vien chu'c nhd trudng theo
mfte do ddng gop edng sftc vd hi8u qud lao
dpng khac nhau eua mdi ngudi. Vdi co che mdi
nay da tao dpng lye eho gido vi8n vd edng
chftc, vien chftc trudng ve viee 1dm vd thu nhdp
tdng them; vd dae biet, ed sy ehu trgng dau tu
ve chuyen mdn cua dpi ngu bdi su canh franh
ve hieu qud lao ddng vd thu nhap. So vdi
frudng cdng lap 100% dau tu tu nhd nude,
trudng ban cdng vd frudng cdng lap ty chu tdi


ehinh mgt phin khdng ed sy khac biet v8 co
ban nhu hmh thftc sd hihi edng ddi vdi ea sd
vat chit nhd frudng, tuy nhien vl td chftc qudn
ly nha frudng ed sy phdn chia rach rdi ban. Nhd
trudng chu dfing hem vl vi8c tuyin dyng, to
chuc vd su dung nhdn sy, ngoai dpi ngu eo hftu
(budng theo quy lucmg tft ngdn saeh nhd nude)
la lye lugng gido vien thinh gidng vd lao dpng
hgp ddng do nhd trudng tuyin dung vd sft dyng
(hudng luong ngodi ngan saeh vd theo quy djnh
frong gidi ban eho phep cua nhd trudng - quy
che chi tieu npi bp). Hai loai hinh frudng nay tu
chu 'mpt phdn' frong thu hpc phi - duge phep
ty thu theo de dn vdi khung hgc phi cua trudng
da duge duyet. Cd trudng cdng lap vd tnrdng
edng Idp ty ehu mgt phin hien nay dang frong
qua frinh hudng tdi xa hpi hda gido dye ngdy
cang cao, thdng qua tft ty chu tai ehmh mgt
phan den ty ehu todn phdn nhung nam ti8p
theo. Khi dd, loai hinh frudng nay ngodi sd hftu
edng vl CO sd vat chit (ban diu) va luong co
bdn eho ddi ngft co huu thi cac cbl phi khdc
trudng se tuchu.
Trudng dan lap, tu thyc (frudng ngodi
cdng lap) cd sy khac biet co bdn trude b8t v8
hinh thfte sd huu ddi vdi co sd vat ehdt vd co
che tai chinh so vdi trudng edng Idp trudng ban
cdng va frudng cong lap ty chft tdi ehinh. Ngoai
ndi dung, ehuong frinh gido dye vd quy che

ngdnh ve dieu kien boat ddng, trudng ngodi
eong lap ehft ddng hoan todn v8 ddu tu ca sd
vdt ehat vd ca che tai ehinh frong td chuc va
boat ddng. Vdi binh thue frudng tu dugc xem
nhu 100% xa hgi hda gido due v8 ngu6n lyc tdi
ehinh vd eo sd vdt chdt tft ede td chftc, ca nhdn
vd doanh nghiep, ngudi hgc ehi frd todn bp cdc
chi phi tuong ung cho su lya chpn dich vu giao
dye cua minh. Ngoai ra edn ed sy Ii8n kit gifta
cdc frudng trong vd ngoai nude theo eae co cbl
lien kit dao tao va nghien cuu khde nhau nhu:
hgp tac hd trg gido due; ciing khai thdc djch vu
gido due...hay theo myc ti8u cua cde frudng
frong sy phu hgp vdi quy dinb eiia phap lugt


SO 01(25), THANG 3 -2020

lAFGHlKHUAMOmjuAWLt uiAODUG
Vi8t Nam vl gido dye. Giao dye ngoai cdng lap
phat friln the hi$n sy diu tu ngdy cdng tang cfta
nhdn dan cung Nha nude frong qud frinh xa hgi
hda giao dye. Cac lyc lugng xa hdi tham gia
ngay cang tich eye vao viec huy dpng fre d8n
trudng, xdy dyng ca sd vat chdt cfta frudng hge,
diu tu md trudng, ddng gdp kinh phi cho gido
dye dudi nhieu hinh thftc. Ndm 2006 phan ddng
gdp ve tai cbinh cua ngudi dan eho hge tap eua
con era d tmdng cdng lap vd ngodi cdng lap vao
khoang 25% so vdi tdng ngdn sdch ddu tu eho

gido dye. Ben canh do ciing huy dgng dugc sy

ddng gdp efta doanh nghiep, cdc td ehfte ehmh fri,
xd bdi vd thu hut duge ddu tu nude ngoai (Vi8n
Khoa hge gido due ViSt Nam, 2010). Tinh din
thdi diem ndm hgc 2017-2018, ty 18 trudng,
giang vien - giao vien, sinh vien - hge sinh cua
gido due dai hgc vd giao dye phd thdng ngodi
edng Idp Idn lugt Id: 27,5% vd 2,6%; 21% vd
3%; 15,7% vd 2,2% (Bang 1). Qua sd Ii8u eho
thdy, trong dau tu ngodi cdng Igp thi gido due
dgi hpc dugc chft trgng md rdng va dat tdc do
ddu tu cao ban so voi giao due phd thdng.

Bang 1. S6 li6u trudng hpc, gido vign vd gidng vi6n, sinh viSn vd hpc sinh cong lap vd ngodi cong lap
eua Vi6t Nam nam hpc 2017-2018
T6ng

GDDH

GDPT

Cong lap

Ty le%

Ngo^i
c6ng lap

Ty


Tru6ng

236

171

72,5

65

27,5

Giing vi6n (ngu&i)

74.991

59.232

79,0

15.759

21,0

Sinh vien (nguai)

1.707.030

1.439.495


84,3

267.535

15,7

Tniimg

28.710

27.975

97,4

735

2,6

Gido vien (ngu6i)

852.998

827.592

97,0

25406

3,0


97,8

340.523

2,2

Hpc sinli(ngu£ri)

15.923.718

15.583.195

Ngudn: Thdng ke cua Bp Gido due vd Ddo tao (tinh din ngdy 13.3.2019)
Theo ddnh gia chung ve gido dye cdng lap
vd ngodi cong lap thdi ky ndy, sd lugng hpc
sinh, sinh vien, hpe vien eao hgc vd nghi8n ciru
sinh tang nhanh, nhdt Id d gido dye dai hge, tren
dai hge vd giao due ngh8 nghiep; ddi ngu nhd
gido va can bd qudn ly gido due phat frien ed v8
sd lugng vd chdt lugng, vdi co cdu ngdy cang
hgp ly (Dang Cdng sdn Viet Nam, 2013). Sd
lugng giao vien (gido due phd thdng) tft 492,7
nghin ngudi (ndm hgc 1995-1996) tang len
780,5 nghin ngudi (nam hgc 2005-2006) va
861,3 nghin ngudi (2015-2016); gidng vi8n
(gido dye dai hpc) tft 23,5 nghin ngudi (1996)
tdng len 53,4 nghin ngudi (2006) va 72,8 nghin
ngudi nam (2016) (Tdng eye thing ke, 2019).
Ben canh sy tang th8ra vl sd lugng, ddi ngu cd

su chuyin bi8n ro net v8 chuy8n mon nghi8p
vu, khdng chi la gido due ngodi cdng lap md ea

gido due edng lap. Trong boi cdnh cua sy "canh
tranh", du mudn hay khdng, nang lyc giao vien
la yiu td quyit djnh, dilu ndy da thftc day sy
tich eye thay vi sftc y vdn cd efta thiy co trong
thdi ky duge bao cap hoan toan cdc ehe dd tien
luong mi8n ehi can sy tu gidc (du ed hay
khong) eua moi ngudi vol sy dam bdo ve thdi
gian 8 tilng/ngdy vd 6 ngdy/tudn frudc thdi ky
dii mdi. Cftng vdl dd, trong mdi trudng "cgnh
tranb", ndng cao frinh dp ehuyen mdn nghiep
vu duge dat ra eho mli gido vien thdi ky ndy.
Ty 18 gidng vien dai hpc cd frinh do tien sT vd
thae sT ngdy cdng eao, hi 9,653 tiln sy va
34.152 tbgc si (ndra hgc 2013-2014) tang len
20.198 tiln sTvd 44,634 thac sT (ndm hgc 20172018), (Thdng ke Bg Giao due, 2019).


Ngoai dau tu tu cac cd nhan, td ehuc vd
doanh nghiep frong thdnh lap va td chftc trudng
thi ddu tu tryc tiep cfta nhdn ddn eho eon em
hgc tap tang thera ddng ke, cu thi: 1) ddi vdi
frudng cong lap (sd gid hge tang, budi hgc
them ngoai ehinh khda hay ehuong frinh hge
tang thera ... ddng thdi kem theo dd cdc khodn
hge phi tuong irng); 2) hay tft sy lua chpn cac
'djch vu gido due toan phdn' eua frudng ngodi
edng lap hoae du hge nude ngodi. Dieu ndy

dugc xera Id sy ehuy8n bien manh rae tft xa hgi
hda gido due thdi ky nay. Vdi ede binh thftc td
chftc gido due dao tgo phong phft cimg cac muc
phi khde nhau ngudi ddn co thi lya chgn 'kenh

ddu tu' phu hgp nhdt ddm bao quyin hge tap
cua con em minh. Ngodi trudng cdng lap cha
me hge sinh cd thi lya chgn trudng ngodi edng
lap, du hge "tgi chd", du bpc nude ngodi hay
cdc dich vu gido dye khde. Qua sd lieu eho
thdy, sd lugng hge sinh khdng tdng trong hai
muai nam tu 1995-1996 din 2015-2016 frong
khi giai dogn nay sinh vi8n, hgc vien cao hge
vd ngbi8n eftn sinh tdng nhanh; ddng thdi si
hge sinh binh qudn fr8n mgt gido vien giam
dang kl (tft 31,6 xudng 17,9), (Bang 2). Ty le
hgc sinh fr8n gido vien giam vd hgc sinh vdo
cao dang, dai hgc tang phan dnh sy chuyen bi6n
tich eye frong gido dye.

Bang 2. S6 lugng ngudi hgc
Giao due pho thong
Hpc sinh (nghin ngirai)
Sp hoc sinh binh quan tren mpt giao vien

1995 -1996
15.561,0
31,6

2005-2006

16.650,6
21,3

Cao dang va dai hpc

1996

2006

Sinh vien (nghin nguoi)

509,3

1.666,2

Tren dai hpc (ngtrpi)

2000

2015

Hpc vien, nghien ciju sinh

12.656

67.497

2015-2016
15.353,8
17,9

2016
(khong tinh cao dang)
1.767,9
2017
(khong tinh cao dang)
65.460

Ngudn: Tdc gid tdng hap tic Tong cue thdng ki (2019)
Quy md ddo tao md rdng, sy eanh franh giua
cdc trudng edng lap, ngodi edng lap ve chat lupng,
hieu qud vd djch vu gido dye co xu hudng tang, tao
sy chuyen bien nhdt dinb mdfrongdd ngudi dugc
hudng lgi tft 'dich vy giao dye tang them'. Se Id
thieu ehmh xdc khi nhin nhan ehdt lugng gido due
ehi qua thanh h'eb hgc tap efta ngudi hge d mdt sd
trudng hay chi ddi vdl trudng eong lap hay ngoai
c6ng lap. Vi thdnli tich ehi Id hinh thuc bieu bien
ben ngodi, hay ket qud giao dye cua mgt trudng
ciing mdi ehi phdn anh mgt khia eanh ndo dd frong
sy danh gia mang tinh rieng Ie phy thupc ede yeu
to dau vao va dpi ngii thay eo gidu kinh nghiem
ngau nhien da eo. Su chuyen bien theo hudng tich
cue eua ngudi hpc mdi cbinh Id tieu chi quan frong
phdn anh ehdt lugng gido due, vd nhu vay, can cd

cai nhin tdng the khi xera xet danh gid ehdt lugng,
hieu qud gido dye. Theo dd, giao dye thdi kj ndy
phan dnh ro trinh dp hieu biet, nang lyefr8pcan tri
thftc mdi cfta bp phdn hge sinh, sinh vi8n duge
nang len; gido dye trung hpc pho thdng nang khieu

dat frmh do eao cfta khu vyc va th8 gidi. Theo ket
qud duge nit ra hi chucmg tring ddnh gid Hgc smh
qude te (PISA) do td chftc hgp tac va Phat trien
Kinh tl OECD thyc hien (03 nam radt lin), vdi
ddnh gid nara 2015 fren bdi tbi cua hem nfta trieu
thi sinh dai di8n cho 28frieuhpc sinh 15 tudi d 72
qude gia vd nin kinh tl, Vi8t Nam xIp bang 21
frong top diu gdm cde nude vdi sd dilm chung
fren 500 nhu; Smgapore, Hong Kong, Japan,
Macau, Estonia, Canada,Taiwan, Finland, South
Korea, Chma, heland, Slovenia, Germany,


1 J^f t-,111 JSJiurt n y u i^uAiN 1^ IiiAODUC
Netherlands, Switzerland,
New Zealand,
Denmark, Norway, Poland, Belgium, Ausfralia,
Viefriam (PISA 2015 Results in Focus).
Cftng vdi do, qudn fr; dai hpc theo hudng ty
ehft dang duge quan tdm vd ed budc ddi mdi. Xu
hudng phdn tdng va x8p hang giao dye dgi hpc
din binh thdnh rd net, nghien euu khoa hgc frong
trudng dai hgc dugc chu frgng frong nhung nam
gan ddy. Theo sd li8u thdng ke frong 3 nam gin
day, cde vien vd frudng dai hpc cd sd lugng cdng
hinh nghien ciru khoa hge cdng bd fren tap chi
khoa hge thude danh mue Scopus vd ISI tang len
ddng kl (Vu Dftc Dara, 2018). Ddo tao dgi hoc,
eao ding va sau dai hgc ed su dilu chinh theo
hudng ti8p can nhieu hon vdi hpc che tm chi tao

su chuyen bien ve chat lupng; viec dao tao sinh
vien cdc lap "cu nhdn tai nang", "ky su tdi nang"
... dat ket qua tot (ehdt lugng ciia cde sdn phdm
ndy dat chudn mye qu6e te - hdu bet sinh vi8n cde
Idp ndy khi ra nude ngodi, duge tham gia hge tdp
tai ede nude diu dat kit qud hgc tap d tdp ddu, va
CO khdng ft sinh vi8n dat kit qud vugt frdi); sd
ddng sinh vi8n tdt nghiSp dai hgc, cao ddng cd
hoai bdo lap thdn, lap nghiep vd ty lap, ndng dgng
(Vi8n Khoa hgc gido due, 2010). Ty le sinh vien
tdt nghiep dai hge ra frudng cd viee lam chiim ty
le cao, dat xip xi 90% (chi khoang 4% sinh vien
tdt nghi8p dai hgc ehua e6 viec lara, frong khi cde
nude Id 7%), (Vu Due Dara, 2018).
3.2. Nhitng van di dgt ra
Cd the ndi, xa hdi hda gido dye da tao ra
sue ragnh tdng hgp cho sy nghiep giao dye phdt
frien frong khi dau tu cdng cho gido dye edn cd
phan han che. He thdng trudng lap va quy md
gido due phdt tri8n nhanh, thye bien n8n giao
due todn ddn, ddp ung nhu cdu hpe tap ngdy
cdng tdng cua nhdn dan va nang eao trinh dp
ddo tao, trinh do va ky nang nghe nghiep cho
ngudi lao ddng. Cdng bang xa hdi trong tiep
can gido dye cd nhieu ti8n bp, nhat Id ddi vdl
ngudi ddn tpc thieu sd, lao dgng ndng thdn, cac
ddi tugng chinh saeh vd ngudi cd hoan eanh
khd khan, binh ddng gidi duge bdo dam. Chat

SO 01(25), THANG 3 -2020

lugng giao dye va dao tgo dugc ndng len, gdp
phdn dap ftng yeu cdu nhdn luc phyc vy cho
phat trien kinh te - xd hgi, xay dyng va bao ve
Td qude. Cdng tdc phat friln dgi ngu duge dae
bi8t ehu frgng dl cung ed vd dii mdi, Co sd vat
chat ky thudt cua he thdng giao dye vd dao tao
duge tang them vd timg budc hien dai boa. Xa
hdi hda giao due va hgp tdc quic tl duge diy
manh, dgt nhieu ket qua quan frgng (Bg Giao
due vd Ddo tgo, 2016). Tuy nhien, qua trinh xd
hpi hda nham phat trien gido dye thai kj nay ty
nd da 1dm xudt hi8n nhung vin dl thupc 'npi
tgi' bdi sy chi phoi efta co cbl kinh te vdi cdc
hinh thftc sd bun frong giao dye hien nay. Dieu
nay dat ra nhirng vdn de md gido dye Viet Nam
dang phdi doi dien.
Tru&c hit, ngudi hge vd xa hpi eo xu
hudng xem trgng djch vu gido due: Thyc tiln
cho thiy, nam hgc 2017-2018, vdi 735 trudng
ngoai cdng Igp tft dau tu trong nude vd nude
ngodi da thu hftt 340.523 hge sinh (Bang 1). Sd
hpc sinh ngodi cong lap nay thudc bai trudng
hgp chu yiu: 1) hgc smh khdng du dilu ki8n
hpc tai cdc frudng cdng lap; 2) hpc sinh du di8u
kien hge tap tai trudng cdng lap nhung cha me
hgc sinh mudn lua chpn dieh vy giao dye khdc
ngodi cdng lap md hg eho Id tm tudng dugc
(thudng la cdc frudng eo lien kit ngodi nude vd
mgt sd it cdc frudng ngodi edng lap frong nude
ed uy thi). Qua phdng vin true tiip eua tdc gid

ddi vdi ban 100 cha me hpc sinh thupc frordng
hgp 2 tai Thanh phd Ho Chi Mmh frong nhung
nam trd Igl ddy cho thdy, khdng hiem su lya
chpn cfta cha me hpc sinh frong frudng hgp ndy
nhdm chuyin "gdnh nang" efta hg sang nhd
trudng cdng nhieu cang tdt. Vi hiu bet bg rat it
thdi gian vd dilu kien dl thyc hien gido dye gia
dinh, thera nua, theo hg frudng cong lap cd qua
nbilu quy dinh nen bg kho ed thi dap ftng,
tham chi bg khdng ed nbilu thdi gian dl gin
con khi con rdi tnrdng vl nha. Dii vdi hpe sinh
thude frudng hgp (1): ty le khd cao roi vdo
frudng hgp cdc em it cd su quan tam tft gia


dinh bdi ede nguyen nhdn; dilu kien kinh tl (ea
khd gia va khd klidn), su nhgn thftc vd thdi gian
eo hep cua cha me hpc sinh... Khdng ehi hpe
sinh ngoai cong lap, ngay ed ddi vdi nbiSu hgc
sinh cdng lap, cha me cde em eung mong mudn
nhieu tu nhd frudng thay bg trong vai frd gido
dye, chi it la cang nbilu thdi gian hge sinh hge
tap frong trudng edng tdt. Qua dd cho thdy gido
due gia dinb ehua dugc chu trgng dftng mftc.
Trudng hgp khde, khdng hiem cha rae hgc sinh
vdi tu duy chpn dich vu gido due tiSn ich (dac
biet cd sy cdng hudng tu qudng cao mang tinh
thi trudng) cd lien quan thuan ehieu vdi ket qud
hge tap eua con era minh,... hay tham ehi xudt
bien tam ly ngudi hge eung coi thay cd vd nha

frudng CO nghTa vu phuc minh 'dieh vy ngang
gia'... Nhu vay, vdi xu hudng d8 cao djch vu
frong gido due; ehua thye sy quan tdm den gido
dye gia dinh at ddn din "san phim loi" vi sy
phdt frien tinh thdn, tri tu§ dugc quyit djnh bdi
ehinh y thfte va su nd lyc cua ngudi hge chu
khdng phdi chinh tu tien ich cua dich vu thdng
qua frao ddi dem lgi.

quan frgng va xac dinh la mdn tbi. Va dl khdc
phyc dilu nay, niu thu nhdp tu luong cua gido
vien trudng cdng lap chua duge eai thien thi
khd ed thi ndi hieu qua gido due khdng bi dnh
budng, vi thdi gian lao ddng cua gido vien hdu
het gdn vdi thu nhdp vd eude sdng cfta hg. Va
khdng thi ddu tu cho boat ddng giao due mdt
each dung nghia, niu nhu thdi gian lao ddng
eua gido vien "qud tdi". Trong khi do, tnrdng
ngoai edng lap rpng md frong tuyen dyng vd
linh boat frong sft dyng nhung lgi khd bdp b8nh,
khdng dn dinh vi lam dyng quy8n "tu quyet".
Tinb frang d cdc frudng ngoai cdng lap, ngoai
dgi ngu giao vien co huu, chu yiu la gido vi8n
thinh gidng. Phan Idn frong sd hg khdng eo d\i
dieu kien tham gia gidng day tai cdc trudng
cdng lap hoae vfta bien eh8 tai frudng edng
nhung dang ky day th8m d cde trudng ngoai
edng lap. Thye frgng tnrdng ngoai cdng lap, sy
thiiu dn dinh eua giao vien cung vdl quan he
lao dpng theo co che 'tien hang' eua sd hihi tu

se dnh hudng khong nhd den tdm ly gido vien
vd boat ddng gido due.

Thie hai, dpi ngii va chat lugng gido dye;
Trudng cdng chu dgng ve nguon lye eon ngudi
nhung CO che tuyen dyng chua mhih bach, sft
dyng thieu ehe tdi. Ngugc igi, trudng ngoai
cong lap ed eo ehe tuy8n dung vd sft dung nhan
lyc hi8u qud nhung thieu chu ddng. Thyc te cho
thdy, 1) gido vien ed nang luc giang day khdng
de trd thdnh vien chftc ngdnh gido dye; 2) hay
giao vien cd nang lye bode dao du'c nha gido
chua dat chudn nhung ehua ehdc ed the ky ludt
bode sa thdi hp. Trudng hgp 1) ed the ly gidi do
"eung - cdu"; frudng hpp 2) do bdt cap bdi ludt
dinh, theo dd, hieu trudng frudng edng lap co
quyen sft dung ngudi lao ddng nhung tham
quyen chdm dut hgp ddng lao ddng bj gidi ban.
Them nua, frudng hgp giao vien trudng cong
ngoai tiet day theo quy dinh cdn dgy thera tai
trudng hay dgy tai nha, tgi cdc frung tam bode
cde frudng ngodi edng lap Id kha phd bien, dae
biet ddi vdi nhung mdn hge dang dugc xem Id

Thic ba, mdt sd he lyy tu canh tranh frong
gido dye: Vi myc tieu dau vdo vd lgi nhuan, Igi
ieh cfta tftng frudng da dien ra sy canh franh
theo CO che tbi trudng gifta ede frudng ca cong
lap vd ngoai cdng lap. Mac dft gido due cdng
lap dugc hieu la ehinh sdeh va phftc Igi, khdng

vi muc tieu Igi nhuan. Tuy nhi8n, nhu tren da
phan tich, gido dye edng Idp khdng cdn thudn
hiy chi thyc hien nhiem vy gido due cong ich
100% nhu trudc ddi mdi, md ndi tai giao due
cong lap thdi ky ndy it nhieu dan xen cac "dich
vy" phyc vy ngudi hgc the hien tinh linh hogt
cfta nha quan ly gido due cdng Idp nhdm thieh
ftng CO ehe thi frudng vd quan frgng hon Id vi
mye tieu ndng thu nhdp cho dpi ngu ngoai
luong hi ngdn sdch, Trong khi dd, gido due
ngodi cong lap vdi mye ti8u Igi nhuan vd sy
canh franh gifta eae nhd dau tu Id ro rdng. Va
ngay cd sy canh franh gifta cae trudng ngodi
cdng lap eung tgo hi8u ung cudn cac frudng


lAj- t^ni rs-nurt nyC yurt

^lAopyc

edng lap vdo vdng xody cfta co che thj trudng
frong tuyin sinh, ddo tao, tuyin dung... theo
cdch ndo dd.
De dam bdo lgi ich trudc mdt, ede trudng
cdng Idp tang tilt, them chucmg frinh,.. nhdm
tang thu khong chi tao dp lyc cho ngudi hgc ma
la cd ngudi dgy. Vi mue ti8u Igi nhuan, giao
dye ngoai cong Idp, khdng hilm cdc nha diu tu
frong thdi gian qua da ed nhieu chien luge xay
dyng hinh dnh cfta trudng vdi cac tieu chi nhu:

hinh thftc qudn frj chuyen nghiep, to chuc hogt
dgng dgy - hgc theo budng tang tinh doi radi,
chu frpng "ddu ra" eho ngudi bpc... Song song
do, viee ddt Igi nhuan la frpng tara fren cdc tieu
ehi "vi ngudi hge" cung khdng hiem thay d
nhi8u trudng thuge loai hinh ndy. Nhiing he luy
tft vi8e cdt gidm bO mdn hay chucmg frinh
khung theo quy dinh efta Bd Giao dye Vi8t
Nam cd thi hi cdc nguyen nhdn khdc nhau nhu:
thiiu gido vien hay myc dich gidm tilt day dl
gidm chi phi; hay nhimg bieu hien khac nhu: 1)
tap frung 'huan luyen' eho hge sinh frong thi cu
vdi myc tieu diera sd; 2) thgm chi 've ra' biic
franh khd in tugng dl thu hut ngudi hge, va kit
qua Id hpc sinh, sinh vien ngdi nhdm chd, chpn
nham nghe... ddn den it nhieu sy dnh hudng
frye tiep ve the chat, tinh than va tam ly ngudi
hpc, sy hoai nghi frong niem tin xa hpi. Khac
ede hogt dpng xa hpi khac, sdn pham cua gido
due chinb Id ngudi hpc da dugc giao dye vd ddo
tao. Tinh chat dac biet cua "sdn phdm" ndy cd
khd nang tham dinh lai qua frinh "sdn xudt" ra
ehinh nd, vi vay, se la nguy hai neu "quy trinh
san xuat" cd loi hoac "cdc nhd san xuat" cd vdn
de. Cdc chieu thftc cgnh franh trong ITnh vye
giao due theo co che thj trudng tai Viet Nam

s o 01(25), THANG 3-202Q
frong thdi gian qua cfta cdc nhd ddu tu (ngoai
nha nude) da it nhieu cd sy dnh hudng tryc ti8p

ddi vdi giao dye dgc bipt la nhgn thiic vd tdm Iy
ngudi bpc vd xa hdi. Trong boi cdnh cde nha
ddu tu vdi nguon vdn ban ehe, ehft frgng nhieu
den Igi ich trudc mat thay vi co ehien luge dau
tu ben viing; hay viee nhin nhgn lgi nhuan fr8n
hit sdn phim cd ehit lupng Id ngudi hge; hoae
sy quan Iy thi8u ehuy8n nghiep cua ede nhd
qudn fri do ehua thye sy am hieu v8 tinb chdt
ITnh vyc ddu tu v8 eon ngudi... cftng sy qudn ly
cfta nhd nude edn ban ehe, ehua kjp thdi kiem
soat nhiing h8 luy phdt sinh tft linh vye diu tu
nay la mdt trong nhiing nguy8n nhdn ddn din
sy phat trien "meo md" (neu cd) cua giao dye
Viet Nam trong vdng xody cua co che thj
trudng hien nay.
4. KET LU^N
Se la thiiu khdch quan niu xem nhe vai frd
efta "xa bdi hda" frong phat friln giao due Viet
Nara thdi ky ddi mdi. Trong dieu kien ddu tu
cho gido dye tft Nhd nude edn thap so vdi giao
dye cdc nude hiSn nay, frong kbi gido due frong
nude Igi dgt frong mat bang chung quoc te thdi
ky hpi nhap, thi thye hien xd hOi hoa phdt huy
tdng lyc frong nhan ddn cho gido dye Id can
thiet vd tdt yeu. Tuy nhien, xa hgi hda giao dye
se phdt sinh nhftng vin de tft chinb bdn thdn
qud frinh ndy. Viec nhan dien day dft nhung
phat sinh nOi tgi do eanh franh 1dm nay sinh se
dem Igi cai nhin ddy du hon vl giao dye thdi ky
ddi mdi. Bdi vilt md ra hudng nghien cftu tiip

theo cd sy ddnh gid sdu ban va dl xuat gidi
phap phft hgp frong quan ly vd hogeh dinh
chinh sach nhdm phat triln gido due Viet Nam
nhung nam tiep theo.


TAI LIEU THAM KHAO
1. Ddng Cgng sdn Viet Nam (1986), edp nhat tai: http;//dangcongsan.vn/hi-beu-van-kien/tu-lieuve-dang/saeh-ehinh-fri^ooks-l 1520162411956/index-515201624137563.html-ngdy 12/10/2016.
2. Hdi Binh (2019), Rd sodt, de xudt sii-a dot, bd sung cdc chinh sdch khuyin khich xd hdi hda gido
due, Cdp nhat tai: ngay 2.3.2020.
3. Bd Gido due va Ddo tao (2016), Tom luac Lich sic phdt triin Gido due va Ddo tao Vi$t Nam,
ngdy 2.3.2020.
4. BO Gido due va Ddo tgo (2018), Thdng tu sd 16/2018/TT-BGDDT quy dfnh vi tdi trg cho cac ca s&
thupc hi thdng gjdo due qude ddn (thay the Thdng tu sd 29/2012/TT-BGDDT vl tai frg cho gjdo due).
5. Chinb phu (2014), Nghi djnh sd 59/2014/ND-CP quy dinh vi chinh sdch khuyin khich xa hpi
hda ddi v&i ca s& thuc hiin xd hpi hoa trong linh vuc gido due vd ddo tao.
6. Chinh phu (2018), Nghi dinh sd 86/2018/ND-CP quy dinh ve ddu tu, hgp tdc nuac ngodi trong
linh vuc gido due.
7. Chinhphft (2018), Nghi dinh 63/2018/ND-CP vi ddu tu theo hinh thicc ddi tdc cdng tu, trong dd
CO quy dinh khuyen khich thuc hiin ddu tu theo hinh thuc PPP trong linh vuc gido due.
8. Vii Due Dam (2018), https://m,youtube.com/watch, cap nhdt ngdy 08.11.2018.
9. Ddng Cgng sdn Viet Nam (2013), Nghj quyit 29-NQ/TW ngdy 4 tiiang 11 ndm 2013 vi ddi m&i
cdn bdn vd todn dien gido due vd ddo tgo ddp ieng yeu cdu cong nghiep hoa, hi$n dgi hoa trong
diiu kien kinh te thi tru&ng dinh hu&ng xd hpi chit nghia vd hpi nhdp quoc ti.
10. Nguy8n Vi8t Hd (2018), Gidi phdp khdc phuc dnh hu&ng mgt trdi ciia kinh ti thi tru&ng din
phdt trien nhdn cdch ngu&i edn hp, ddng viin hiin nay, truy cdp tgi
12.11.2019.
11. Vu Van Ha (2019), Phdt triin nin kinh ti thi tru&ng dinh hu&ng xd hpi chu nghia: Su sdng tao
eiia Ddng Cpng sdn Viet Nam, truy edp tgi />ngay 12.11.2019.
12. Quic hpi (2019), Lugt Gido due 2019.

13. Pham Van Thanh (2010), Mpt so gidi phdp gdp phdn ddy mgnh xd hdi hoa gido due, Cdp nhdt
tai; https;//nhandan.eom.vn/giaoduc/item/9218202-.bfrnl ngdy 2.3.2020.
14. PISA 2015 Results in Focus, truy cap tai ngdy 19.3.2020.
15. Thong ke ciia Bg Gido due va Ddo tgo (2019), edp nhdt tft; http;//www.moet.gov.vn/thongke/Pages/Thong-ke-giao-due-thuong-xuyen.aspx ngdy 02.10.2019.
16.
Ting
cue
thing
ke
(vdi
sd
lieu
edp
nhdt
26.10.2019),
https;//www,gso.gov,vn/defauh,aspx?tabid=722. Cap nhat ngay 06/10/2018.
17. Truong Minh Tuin (2017), Sue thuyit phuc cua kinh ti thi tru&ng dinh hu&ng xd hdi chii
nghia, Bdo Nhdn ddn dien tft, ngdy 5/6/2017.
18. Vien Khoa hgc Giao dye Viet Nam (2010), Kinh nghiem cua mpt sd nu&c vi phdt triin gido
due vd ddo tao, khoa hgc vd edng nghe gan v&i xdy dung doi ngU tri thuc, Nxb. Cbinh tri Qude gia.