TAPOfClK

GIAM THIEU MAT CAN BANG GlOl TINH
KHI SINH TAI HUYEN GIA LAM, HA NQI
• PHAM THANH LAN - N 0 6 THANH DUNG

T 6 M TAT:

Bdi viel nghien cihi tinh tt^ng ntdl cdn bdng gidi tinh khi smh t^i huyen Gia Lfim, TP. Hd
NOi. tCr dd. dua ra cdc giai phdp nhdm giam thilu tinh tr^ng ndy i?i dja bdn trudc tinh tr9ng xd
hdi ngdy edng mat cdn bdng gidi tinh khi sinh.
Tjr khda: Mdt can bdng gidi tinh khi sinh, kl ho^ch hda gia dinh, huy^n Gia Ldm.

l.D$tv4ndl
Gia Ldm la mpt huy^n ngo^i thdnh Hd Npi. cd
quy md ddn so ndm 2018 Id 278.937 ngudi. Theo
thong ke cua Ban Chi dfio cdng tde Dan sd - Kd
ho^ch hda gia dinh (DS-KHHGD) huyen. mdt cdn
bdng gidi tinh khi sinh (MCBGTKS) dd xay iren dia
bdn huyen trong nhiing ndm gdn day.
Dd xuat ede gidi phdp gidm thilu MCBGTKS Id
vi^c lam rat cap thiet vd ed y nghTa thyc tien. Nghien
eihj sir dyng sd lieu thu edp cua trung tam dan sd
KHHGD huy?n Gia Lam va sd lieu dieu tra 90 hp
trong dp tudi sinh de tren dja ban huy^n.

Theo quy irerc nhdn khdu hpc. khi ty sd gidi tinh
khi sinh cua mpt qu6c gia hojc mpt vdng tii 110 trd
len ho9c dudi 100 Id MCBGTKS. Bilu do 1 cho thdy
tir ndm 2011 din ndm 2018, huy?n Gia Ldm xdy ra
tinh tr?ng MCBGTKS khi ti so ndy ludn d miic cao

tu 110.4 din 117.6.

2.2. Ho^t dpng giam thiiu MCBGTKS tfihuy^n
Gia Ldm
2.2.1. Tniyen thong ndng cao nhgn thirc vd thay
ddi hdnh vi ddi vdi kiem soat MCBGTKS
T^i huy?n Gia Lam, hdng ndm Ban chi d^o cdng
tde DS-KHHGD td chue cdc hpi nghj nhdm cung
2. Thyc tr^ng M C B G T K S vk cdc hoft dpng edp thdng tin ve thyc trgng, nguyen nhan vd h? qud
gidm thilu M C B G T K S d huyfn GJa Ldm
MCBGTKS eho Idnh dao edc cSp chinh quyln, t6
2.1. Th^ tr^ng SfCBG IKS a huy^n Gia Lam chue chinh trj - xd hpi vd ngudi cd uy tin trong c^ng
Gia Lam Id huy^n cd dan sd diing Ihii 11 30 trong dong; td chiic 2 hpi nghj tuyen truyin eho cdn bp
sd cdc qu^n. huyen eiia TP. Hd Npi. Toe dp phdt trien ngdnh Y vdi cac npi dung ve gidi, binh ddng gidi vd
MCBGTKS.
dan sd khodng 1.9%/ ndm. (Bilu d6 1)
Tgi cdc xd, lhi tran triin khai cac hogt dpng truyen
BiSu d6l:TisSgl& ttnh kM sinh cua huy$n thdng vl tinh trgng MCBGTKS, khdng lya chpn gidi
Gia lam nam 2018
tinh thai nhi, gidi vd binh ddng gidi, tuyen truyen
tiyc tiip 2 cupc/ndm eho khoang 200 phy nii, nam
gidi dd l|p gia dinh, 1 cudc/ndm cho khodng 100
nam na thanh nien chudn bj kit hdn. Ngodi ra, tuyen
truyen Idng ghdp trong cac hpi nghj cua Ddn sd cung
nhu hoat ddng eiia cac ban ngdnh dodn thi khde td
chiie tgi dia phuang.
Tuyen truyen bdng hinh thiic cpng idc vien
DS-KHHGD tai ede thdn, xdm, td ddn ph6 ihdng
qua tu vdn nhdm, vgn dpng ed biei tgi nhd cung
dupe chu Irpng. moi ndm thyc hien dupe hon

\gudn Bdo cdo cdng lac DS-KHHGD huy^n Gia Ldm
3.000 lupt tai huyen.

IllUiii

nam 2018

142 So 12-Thang5/2020


HAiiTiiiiAmY
Kit qua dieu tra hp cho thay cd 63,3% ddi tupng
3. Cdc yiu tt dnh hudmg din MCBGTKS
biA \ l tinh trgng MCBGTKS. cdn Igi 36,7% ehua
3.L Tam fy uu thich con trai
timg bilt din tinh tigng MCBGTKS ho§c thiy dd la
Tam 1^ ua thich con trai gdn vdi nin vdn hda
vin dl kbfflig quan trpng. Ty I^ dupe tuyen truyen ve
truyen
thdng va tu tudng nho giao. Theo kit qua dieu
MCBGTKS cdn thap, chiem 61 % sd ngaiji dupe hdi.
tra, 8,8% sd ngudi dupe hdi cho biet van de sinh con
.\Jf.2. Xdy dipig cac chinh sdch khuyin khich ho trai hay con gdi Id khdng quan trpng; 27,7% cho bilt
vifc sinh con trai hay con gai la binh thudng, sd cdn
Tgi Gia Ldm, hdng ndm tur 100 den ISO cdc c$p lai danh gid van de sinh con trai hay eon gdi la quan
vy chdng sinh 2 con ciing gidi tinh nu, dap ung edc trpng vd rat quan trpng. 70% ngudi dupe hdi cho bilt
diu chi khdng sinh ddy, sinh sdm vd eon ngoan, hpc hp thich sinh eon trai han han con gai. 30% sd ngudi
gioi, dupe khen thudng tai hpi nghi Tdng ket cdng thich con trai va con gdi nhu nhau hode thich con gdi
tic DS-KHHGD.
chu yeu tap trung vdo ddi tupng da sinh dupe it nhdt

Huy?n Cling td ehuc 1 hpi nghi gdp m§t, bilu 1 eon trai (Bieu dd 2).
dirong ngudi eao tudi cd con mpt bl gdi, van dpng
con chdu thyc hi^n tdt chinh sdch dan sd vdi sd lupng
Bleu dS 2:TflSua thich con trai, con g6l
lOOngudi/ndm.
2.2.3. Tht^ thi phdp lugt vi kiem soat MCBGTKS
Mang ndm. Ban chi dgo edng tde DS-KHHGD
xdy dyng kl hogch, td chirc thanh tra, kiem tra cac
07 sd cung d p djch vy ehdm sdc siic khde sinh sdn
(CSSKSSyKHHGD, cdc co sd thyc hifn sieu am
chan dodn hinh dnh nhdm giam sdt cdc hinh vi ve lya
chpn gidi tinh thai nhi.
Ndm 2018. t6 chue dupe 36 lupt kilm tra, gidm
sal tgi cdc ca sd cung edp djch vy CSSKSS/KHHGD.
T^i Ihdi dilm kilm tra, cdc ea sd deu thyc hifn tdt
quy dinh vl nghi€m c4m lya chpn gidi tinh thai nhi.
Tuy nhifin, thyc te van cd the chan doan gidi tinh
thai nhi dirdi hinh thiic nhu thdng bao khdo. Ngoai
ra. rkt khd de thu th§p chung eir vi phgm nSn khdng
du CO sd dp dyng cac chi tdi xu phat. Vi?c ky cam
kit khdng lya chpn gidi tinh thai nhi va tham gia
tuyin truyin vl kilm sodt MCBGTKS cdn mang
tinh hinh thiic.

Ngudn: Sd li$u diiu Ira 2019

Cd nhieu nguyen nhan khien vifc tre em trai
dupe yeu thich nhieu hon tre em gdi. 58,8% cac hp
ehpn ly do cd nep cd te, cd nghTa la van thich cd cd
eon trai vd eon gai. Ap luc gia dinh vd djnh kien xd

hpi la nguyen nhan phd biin thu 2 khiln cdc hd thich
sinh eon trai (Bdng 1). Vifc ua thich con trai dSn den
dp
lyc sinh con trai ddi vdi edc edp vp chdng. 61%
2.2.4. Ddo tgo. bdi ducmg dgi ngd cdn bg y te,
sd ngudi dupe hdi chiu dp lye eua vi^c sinh con trai
ddnsd
(Bilu do 3).
Ndm 2018. td chiic dupe 2 Idp tap huan cho 200
cdn bp y te tren dia ban. Tuy vay, hien nay dpi ngu
Bieu do 3: Ty IS cac hg chju ap li/c sinh
cin bp ldm cdng tde DS-KHHGD eac edp cdn thilu
control
ve sd lupng, thudng xuy^n thay ddi nhan sy, sd mdi
hiyen dyng chira dap ung dupe yeu cau. Dpi ngii edn
bp, vien chiic DS-KHHGD tgi huyfn va xa, thi tran
hien cd 24 ngudi tren tdng so bien che dupe giao la
29. Trong dd ed 16 vien chiic dd dat chuan dan sd
vien. edn Igi 8 ddng chi chua dat chudn, cdn dupe
tiep tyc dao tgo, bdi dudng.
Kinh phi hd trp dpi ngu cpng tde vien cdn thap
vdi h§ so 0,3 luong co ban/ngudi/thang ddn den mdt
bO phgn cpng tde \ien khdng mdn ma vdi cdng viec.
Ngudn: So li4u dieu Ira 2019

So 12-Thang 5/2020 143


UPCKClK
cdch truyin tai nhau, khdng dupe kiem Jnrng vd c^p

phep nen cd the dem Igi nhilu rui ro. anh liircmg dfin
sue khde cua bd m? vd thai nhi. Phuong ph.ip ndy cd
NguyAn nttftn
26.6% ddi tupng bilt den va ty le ap dung 16,3%.
3.3. Anh hudng ciia thu nhgp hp va trinh 0$
Ndi ddi tdng
18.8
17
Huit.yg
hgc van ciia mf
Cdc hp gia dinh ed thu nhgp cao trfin 200 tri^u
Chdm sdc. nudi
11.1
10
ddng/ndm cd ty sd giaa tre trai dupe sinh ra so vdi
dir&ng khi vk gid
tre gdi cao hon hdn hai nhdm cdn lgi, ty sd gidi tinh
Ap li/c gia dinh vd
khi sinh cao ngay tii Idn sinh ddu tien vdi 137,5 \xt
djnh ki^n x3 hdi
trai/tr^ gdi, Idn sinh thd hai la 123 va lan sinh thii ba
dgt 200 tre trai/tre gdi.
Cd n^p cd td
Bdng 4 cho thay ty sd gidi tinh cd lien quan den
Khde
30
27
trinh dp hpc vdn eiia me. Cac h0 cd tiinh d0 hpc vdn
Ngudn: Sd lieu dieu tra 2019cdng cao thi cang cd sy chenh l$ch vl ty sd gidi tinh.
3.2. Cong nghf chdn dodn vd Ifta chpn giei tinh

3.4. Anh hirdng cua thur tt/r lan sinh vd s6 con
trai da cd
khi sinh
Kit qud dilu tra cho thay 61% doi tupng tung
Ket qud dilu tra 49 ngudi dd dp dyng phucmg
tim hieu vd biet vl phuang phap lya chpn gidi tinh phdp lya chpn gidi tinh khi sinh d Bdng 5 cho thay,
thai nhi de sinh con trai. Dde bi^t trong dd 100% ddi lan sinh thd nh^t ty s6 gidi tinh Id 68,9 trd trai/100 tr6
tupng sinh Idn ddu Id con gdi dd tim hieu vd bilt den gdi. d Idn sinh thit hai, ca 29 ngudi dd sinh con gdi
phuang phdp lya ehpn gidi tinh thai nhi vdi mong trong l^n ddu diu thyc hi?n lya chpn gidi tinh, ty sd
mudn sinh con trai trong Idn sinh tiip theo.
gidi tinh trong lan sinh thii hai Id 172,2/100 trd gdi.
Phucmg phdp lya chpn gidi tinh dupe nhilu Chi cd 4 ngudi quylt dinh tiip tyc sinh lan thii 3 vd
ngudi bilt vd dp dyng nhat Id sieu am canh ngay ty sd gidi tinh len tdi 300.
ryng thing vdi 61,1% ddi tupng biet den vd ty le dp
4. Gidi phdp thfic dSy giam thi^u mdt cdn bing
dyng la 91,8%, do day Id thii thugt khdng xam lan, dl
gidi tinh khi sinh
thyc hien, it tdn k£m vd cho hif u qua tucmg ddi tdt.
Bdng 1. Ly do ttwdi shih con trai cua c6c ho
d l ^ tra

Phuong phap don gidn nhdt ta ihyc hi?n che dp dn
dupe 53,3% ddi tupng bilt den va 83,6% ddi tupng
dp dyng phuang phdp ndy. Phd bien thii ba Id can
thifp trong qua trinh thy thai nhu thy tinh nlian tgo
hay Ipc rira tinh triing. Phucmg phap ndy chi phi cao
vd mdt nhilu thdi gian theo dudi, nen ty 1? bilt den Id
42.2%, ty 1? dp dyng la 36,7%. Ngoai ra, ngudi dan
cdn dp dyng udng thude nam de sinh con trai theo


Thu nhdt, tdng cucmg hogt dgng truyen thdng:
Thay ddi hinh thiic va npi dung nhu tuyen
truyin bdng hinh thu;e van hda, vdn ngh? tgi noi t|ip
trung ddng dan nhan cae ngdy ky ni?m; tdng cudng
tuyen truyen vdo budi tdi, ngdy nghi nhdm thu hiit
ddng dao ddi tupng tham dy.
- Tiip tyc ddy manh tuydn truyin, tu vdn nhdm
nhd do mgng ludi cdng tac vidn DS-KHHGD thyc

Bdng 2. PtiOOng phap loo chon gidi tinh khi sinh dOtfc biet den

STT

Phipvng phdp
Sidu am canh ngdy n.ing tning
'Ch^dOan
I U6ng thude theo thdy lang
Can Oii$p trong qud trinh thg tinh
Khde

144 So 12-Thang5/2020

S6 ngu^l I
bjetd^ln I
55
48
24

Ty 1^ (%)


So ngipo*! ap


WAllTlniAlllY
•tag 3.Xi»6 gifil Hnh Mil sinh va Ihu nhdp
ft
c i a ho

sn
1
2
3
4

5

Chi
Mu
Ting s6
hfdiiu
Ira
Lin sinh
Lin sinh
tllt/hai
Lin sinh
thi>ba
t[*l8n
Tys4
tti Irai/
tr«gdi

Chung

T i n 50- Tren 200
tn?u
1S0tri#u 200 tri#u
d6ng/
dong/
dong/
ndm
nam
nam
10

42

38

66,6

100,0

137,5

100.0

115,3

123,0

0,0


100,0

200,0

81,8

108,9

133,0

hien tgi cac thdn, xdm, td dan phd, chii trpng ddn cdc
c^p vp chdng d^ cd con dau long la gdi hodc dd cd
con gai trong nhung Idn sinh tnrdc.
- Tdng cudng thdi lupng danh cho cdng tac tuyen
truyen, giao due ve gidi, binh ddng gidi trong edc
nha trudng.
- Phat huy loi the ciia tniyen thdng qua cac trang
mang xa hpi do dp bao phu rpng, thdng tin dupe c§p
nhat, chia se nhanh chdng, phiu hpp vdi liia tudi vj
thdnh nien, thanh nien tien hdn nhan.
Tha hai, day mgnh xdy dipig cac chinh sdch khuyen khich ho tra:
- Td chire ede boat d$ng bidu duong, khen thudng
tre em gdi; khuydn khich cha m? chia tai san thiia
ke cho con trai va con gai nhu nhau, con gdi sdng
chung, ehdm sdc cha me.
- Ndng cao chdt lupng phiic Ipi xd hpi cho ngudi
cao tudi, phat trien cac trung tam chdm sdc ngudi
gid, vien dudng ido nhdm gidm dp lyc cho ngudi gid
vd vi§c phdi cd con trai de phyng dudng.


Thd ba, nang cao hi^u Itfc thyrc thi phdp lugt ve
Ngudn: Sd lieu dieu Ira 2019 kiim soat MCBGTKS:
- Tang cudng kidm tra djnh kJ, dpt xudt doi vdi
B6ng 4. Tl so gidl tmh khi sinh va trinh do
cdc eo sd sieu am, phdng khdm cung c4p djch vy
hoc van cua me
CSSKSS/KHHGD. Thay ddi hinh thirc ki^m tra
bang Idy y kien ngudi dan vd hogt dpng ciia ede co
trung cap
sn Chi tiiu Cip 2 Cip 3 TCPtro"
sd nhdm phdt hi§n vi pham quy djnh nghiem cdm lya
len
chpn gidi tinh thai nhi.
T6ng s6
- Tang cudng edng tde kiem tra cac co sd kinh
64
3
23
1 h$dl^u
doanh sdch bdo, van hda pham trdn dia bdn li€n quan
tra
den npi dung iua chpn gidi tinh.
Tys6
Thu tu, nang cao ndng lire cho dgi ngii cdn bp y
tr^trai/
2
115,0
106,1 110,4
te, dan sd:

ti^gdi
- Tang cudng hogt dpng dao tao, tap huan, bdi
Chung
duong cho edn bd y tl, dan sd va ngudi cung edp
Nguon: So lieu dieu Ira 2019
dich vu y td lien quan.
- Kien toan dpi ngd edn bd ldm cdng tde
Bdng 5. Ti so gidi tinh khi sinh theo
DS-KHHGD cac edp, ddm bdo du vd dn dinh nhan
thiirtulan sinh
lyc hogt ddng cua bp mdy.
Con Con
Ty s6 gioi
- Tdng cudng ddu tu kinh phi cho cac hoat dpng
STT Chi tieu
tinh
trai
g^i
cdng tde DS-KHHGD vd kidm soat MCBGTKS,
nang cao kinh phi h§ trp cho cdng tac vien
Lin sinh
1
68,9
20
29
DS-KHHGD xd, thi trdn.
thi> nhit
- Khuydn khich cac to chue, cd nhdn thuc hi?n de
Lin sinh
2

31
18
172,2
tai
nghien cuu khoa hpc vd MCBGTKS; td chue trao
thu- hai
ddi, hpc tap Icinh nghiem vdi dia phuang d3 thanh
Lan sinh
edng trong viec kiem soat mdt MCBGTKS.
3
thuba
3
1
300
5. Ket ludn
trff I6n
Ngudn: sSii^^iu

tra 2019

Tren dia ban huyen Gia Lam da xdy ra MCBGTKS

So 12-Thang 5/2020 145


UPOfdKTMK
•rang giai do^n 2011-2018. Huyp. di thvc hifn
tniydn thong nang cao nhanlhiic vi Ihay ddi hanh
vi d6i >di kiem soil MCBGTKS. khen diuong vi
biiu duong cic cjp v? ch6ng sinh con mpt bi gai

va ngucri cao nidi van dpng con chiu th\ic hien lot
chinh sich dan so. \ iec kiem tia cic CO so M i lien
quan din lua chpn gioi tinh dupe diuc hien hing
nam. nhung khong phal hien vi ph»m. Dpi ngu cin
bd din so hien thiiu vi sd lupng, khdng dn djnh vi

mpt phSn ba chua djl chuan dan sA vien. Cic yeu o
chinh inh huong den MCBGTKS bao gom tani ly
ua Ihich con trai, cong nghj chin doin v4 Iva chgn
gioi tinh, thu nhjp ciia hp. ninh dp hpc van cua m?
vi thu tv lan sinh.
4 nhom giii phip dupe de xuat li: Tang cudng
cong tic tniyen thong; Day mjnh xay dung chinh
sich khuyen khich sinh con gai; Ning cao hi?u l\tc
thuc thi phip lujt ve kiem soit MCBGTKS; Ning

TAI LI$U THAM KHAO:
1. Ting cue Din s6 - Ki hoaeh boa Gia dinh (2013), Tii li?u tjp huin verniyinthong giim thiiu MCBGTKS, hllp://
.^vnv.gopfi).gov vnJ, my cgp ngay 15/7 2,119.
2. tjy ban nhan dan huyen Gia Lam (2019). Bao coo kel q,ta Ihtfc Itii'n cong Idc Ddn sd - KHHGD ndm 2010, 2
2012, 2013, 2014. 2015. 2016, 2017. 20IS.

Ngiy nh^n bii: 24/4/2020
Ngiy phin b i ^ dinh gii vi sfta chhi: 4/5/2020
Ngiy chip n h ^ ding bii: 14/5/2020
Thong lin Idc gid:
I.PHJ^JVI THANH LAN

Hpc vi|n Ndng nghifp M^l Nam
2. NGO THANH DUNG

Hpi Cbit (h$p dd huy^n Gia Lim

ADDRESSING THE GENDER IMBALANCE AT BIRTH
ISSUE AT GIA LAM DISTRICT, HANOI
• PHAM THANH LAN
Vietnam National University of Agriculture
• NGO THANH DUNG
Vietnam Red Cross Society - Gia Lam District
ABSTRACT;
This study examines the cuiient stale of gender imbalance at birth in Gia Lam district Hanoi
thereby proposing solutions loreducethe local gender imbalance issue amid the worsening gender
imbalance at birth in Viemam.
Keywords: Gender imbalance al binh. family planning, Gia Lam district.

146 So 1 2 - T h a n g 5 / 2 0 2 0