TAP Hi d N Time

THirc TRANG LAO DONG VIEC LAM
NONG THON VIET NAM
• LE THI KIM CHI

TOM TAT:
Trong xu till hpi nhdp kinh tl hi?n na\. lao dpng vipc lim Id vdn de quan trpng cdn giai
quyet \ a Id nhi?m yy trpng tdm hdng diu ciia cac edp chinh quyen. Vi?t Nam dd vd dang tim
ra hudng giai quyet vi?c lam cd hi?u qua cho Igc lupng lao dpng (LLLD) ndng thdn ngdy
nay. Nghien ctiu ndy sc gdp phdn giiip gidi quyet vipc lam d ndng thdn vd dap ung khi ndng
canh tranh trong bdi canh hpi nhap kinh te qudc te.
Tir khda: Lao dpng, vi^c lam ndng thdn. Vi^t Nam.

2.2. D^c diem ngudn nhdn luc ndng thdn tgi
Vift Nam
Nam 2005, lao dpng ndng thdn chiem 75%
LLLD ci nude. Tinh din hit quy 1/2019, LLLD tir
15 ludi trd len ciia ca nude ude tinh la 55,4 tripu
ngudi; trong dd lao dpng ndng thdn chiem 66,6%.
Co cau lao dpng tir 15 tudi trd len cd vi?c ldm chia
theo khu vgc kinh te la 35,4% ddi vdi ngdnh Ndng,
Ldm nghi?p, Thuy san; 28,6%. ddi vdi ngdnh Cdng
nghipp, Xiy dgng; 36% ddi vdi ngdnh Djch vy. Ciing
vdi qua trinh cdng nghi?p hda, hien dai hda ndng
nghipp, ndng thdn, da cd sg di chuyen ddng ke lao
2. Cff sdly thuyet
dpng ndng thdn ra thanh thi va cd su dich chuyen lao
dpng ndng nghiep sang cac ngdnh khac. Tuy nhien,
2.1. Khdi nifm ca bdn
Lao dpng. Trudc het dupe dinh nghia la mdt qui ty I? LLLD ndng thdn ndi chung va lao dpng ndng

trinh dien ra giira con ngudi va tg nhien, trong dd nghi?p ndi rieng van cao. Day la dSc dilm diln hinh
bang hoat dpng ciia chinh minh. con ngudi lam trung ciia thj trudng lao dpng vdi ca cSu lao dpng tham gia
gian, dieu tiel va kiem tra sg rrao ddi chat giira hg va nganh Ndng nghiep chiem ty trpng cao ngudn nhan
lgc nflng thdn tai Viet Nam cd mpt sd dac dilm co
t\r nhien.
Ngudi lao dpng (NLD): Theo Khoan 1 Dilu 3 Bd ban nhu sau.
luat Lao dpng 2012 djnh nghTa: \ L D li ngudi tu dii
* Mang tinh thdi vu cao: Do tinh chit ciia vi?c
15 tudi trd len, co kha nang lao dgng, ldm viec theo trdng lua cd miia vy nen lao dpng ndng nghipp
hgp ddng lao dpng. dugc u i luong va chiu sg quan mang tinh thdi vy cao, ddn den lugng "cau" vl lao
ly. dieu hanh cua ngudi su dyne lao dpng.
dpng ndng nghipp cd bien dp dao dpng rat ldn giiia
Lgc lugng lao dpng (LLLD): Theo Td chue Lao cic ky thu hoaeh. Kel qud Id mpt lugng lao dpng
dpng qudc tl (ILO): LLLD la mpt bg phin ddn so lam ndng nghipp trd nen nhdn rdi khi hit vy, anh
trong dp mdi quy djnh. thgc te cd tham gia lao ddng hudng Idn den miic dp su dyng lao ddng irong khu
vd nhiing ngudi khdng cd \ iec lam dang tich cue tim vyc ndng thdn.
Theo thdng ke, o Vi?t Nam. ty I? ihii nghipp tai
kiem vi?c idm.
1. Ddt van de

Lao dpng vi?c lam d ndng thdn dang dugc quan
tam vi tao dieu kien cai thi^n khoang each giira ndng
thdn vd thdnh thj ngay nay. Qua nghien ciiu cho
thay: (I) Lao dpng ndng thdn la toan bp nhiing hoat
dpng lao dpng sin xuil tao ra ciia cai \ai chdt cua
ngudi ndng thdn qua cdc ngdnh nghe d ndng thdn;
(2) Vi?c lam nhdm tao ra thu nhap nhung khdng \ i
phgm phdp luat; (3) Cic nhdn id anh hudng den lao
dpng vi?c lam d ndng thdn. nhu: Dan sd, co cau dan
sd, dao tao nghe, cdc chinh sach giai quyet viec lam.


222 So 12-Thang 5/2020


QUANTIIIHANLY
thiidi Ihj cao hon ndng tiidn, nhung ty Ip thieu viec
Ion t^ nong Oidn cao gdp 3 lan thanh thi. Tinh din
Adidilm quy 1/2019, ty 1? lao ddng thieu viec lam d
Md) thj la 0,59%, ndng thdn la 1,41 %.
'Mang linh chdl thii cdng ndng nhgc han so vdi
cdc ngdnh kinh te khde: Do dac diem ciia san xudt
nong nghifp gJn vdi tg nhien, ddi tugng ciia san xuat
nong nghidp la nhdng sinh vat sdng, nen ddi hoi phai
cdsgchim sdc ti mi vi theo cdng nghp hoan loan
khic bi?t so vdi nhirng nganh san xuat khac. Mat
khic. quy md dat dai Id co sd de hinh thanh nhiing
kf thu$t canh tic cd the sii dyng dugc va nd da anh
hudng trgc tiep den co gidi hda ndng nghi?p. Sg
manh mun ciia ddt dai, trinh dp phdt trien kinh te cdn
ihip la nhiing can trd chinh de ip dyng miy mdc va
nhdng ky thu^l tien tien vao san xudt.
6 Vi?l Nam, trinh dp vdn hda va chuyen mdn ky
(hu^i ciia lao dpng ndng thdn cdn thap, it dugc dao
iflo CO bai bin vi h§ thdng, ky nang, tay nghe, the lgc
va lac phong lao dpng cdng nghipp cdn yeu nen kha
nSng c^nh u^nh thdp ddn den tinh trang mau thudn
giila yfiu cau ciia hi?n d?i hda vdi LLLD du thira qua
ldn d nong thon, can phii dugc giai quyet trong thdi
gian (di.
* Chdl lupng lao dgng nong thon: Do nhiing

nguyen nhan ljch sii. kinh te sau xa ciing vdi nen
san xuil liia nude la lien kel nhiing ngudi dan sdng
d nong thdn nen hp cd ban sdc vin hda ddc ddo, vdi
tniyen thdng doan ket, thucmg yeu giup dd ldn nhau,
cd phim chat can cii, chiu khd,... Tuy nhien, chat
lupng lao dpng ndng thdn cdn nhieu han che nhu:
Tinh ir?ng the lgc ciia lao dpng Viet Nam d miic
ining binh kem; ky ludt lao dpng chua dap ung dugc
>eu cau d^t ra ciia qua trinh sin xuat cdng nghiep,
mdt bp ph|n ldn NLD chua dugc tap huan ve ky
iu|t lao dpng cdng nghiep; Trinh dp chuyen mdn va
kJ ning nghe nghiep cdn yeu kem da anh hudng rat
ldn den \ iec sir dyng ngudn nhan luc trong qua trinh
cong nghi?p hda, hien d^i hda ndng thdn.
3. Thieu vipc Idm vd that nghifp
Thiiu vi^c ldm. Theo Bd Lao dpng, Thuang binh
\a Xa hpi, "Ngudi thieu vipc lam gdm nhiing ngudi
trong tuan le tinh din thdi diem dieu tra cd tdng sd
gid ldm vipc dudi 40 gid, hodc cd sd gid ldm vice
nho hon gid quy djnh ddi vdi nhung ngudi lam cac
cdng \i^c ndng nhpc, dpc h^i theo quy dinh hien
hinh ciia Nhi nude, cd nhu edu lam them gid va da
sin sdrig lam \ iec nhung khdng cd viec de Iam".
Thdt nghiep: Ld tdng sd ngudi trong LLLD
khdng cd \ iec Idm. Trong dd, LLLD bao gdm nhung

ngudi tren 15 tudi. cd kha nang lao dpng va mong
mudn lao dpng. Cd rat nhieu each de phan lo?! thdt
nghiep, nhu:
L Theo dnh chdt thdt nghidp:

+ Thdi nghifp lu nguyen: La loai that nghi?p phat
sinh do N LD khdng chap nhdn nhiing cdng vipc hien
thdi vdi mirc luang tuong ung.
+ Thdt nghiep khdng tu nguyfn: Ld lo^i thdt
nghiep phit sinh dii NLD san sing chap nhdn nhOng
cdng viec hien thai \ oi muc tien luong tuong img.
iL Theo nguyen nhdn thdt nghifp:
+ That nghifp tu nhien: La mirc that nghiep binh
thudng ma nen kinh te trai qua, la dang that nghipp
khdng mat di trong dii ban, tdn t^i ngay khi thj
trudng lao ddng can bang. Theo that nghi?p tg nhien
bao gdm: that nghiep tam thdi, that nghipp co cau.
+ Thai nghiep miia vu: Xuat hien do tinh chat
miia vu cua mgl sd cdng \ iec nhu lam ndng nghipp,
day hpc, cdng vipc part time djp he, gidi tri theo miia
(trupt niyet, cdng vien nude)...
+ That nghifp chu ki: Phat sinh khi nen kinh te
lam vio tinh U'ang su> thoii do tdng cau qui thip.
+ That nghifp theo ly ihuyel cd dien: Xiy ra khi
tien luang dupe in djnh khdng bdi cac lgc lugng thj
trudng mi cao hon muc tien luong thgc te can bang
cua thi trudng thi loai that nghipp nay la do mirc
luong tdi thieu dugc quy dinh cao hon mirc luong do
quy luat cung - cau uen thi trudng quyel djnh.
/•//. Theo ly do thdt nghifp:
+ Mdt viec: NLD khdng cd vi?c lam do cac don
vj san xuat kinh doanh cho thdi viec vi mpt Iy do
nio dd.
+ Bd viec: La nhiing ngudi ty y xin thdi vice vi
nhijng ly do chu quan ciia NLD, vi dy: tien cdng

khdng dam bao, khdng hgp nghe nghiep, khdng hpp
khdng gian lam viec...
+ yiigp mdi: Ld nhiing ngudi ddu tien bd sung
vao LLLD, nhung chua tim dugc viec lam, dang tich
cue tim kiem \ iec ldm.
+ Tdi nhgp: La nhiing ngudi da rdi khdi LLLD
nay mudn quay lai ldm viec nhung chua tim dugc
viec ldm.
4. Tac dpng cua thdt nghiep tdi su phdt trien
kinh te - xd hpi
Thdt nghiep gay ra tac ddng tieu cgc den sg phit
triin kinh tl - xa hpi, nhu:
(I) Hifu qua kinh te: Theo Quy luat Okun. neu t\
le that nghiep tang I % thi GDP thgc te se giim 2,5%
va ngugc lai. Tu\ \ ay. tinh trang that nghiep gia tang

So 12-Thang 5/2020 223


lAPCriClKTrtlllK
Bang 1. LIU> phdn Iheo nhom hioi nam 2017 • 2018
Tong 56

25

15 24

Nam

TrifU

ngu>di

.^

Tri^
ngu9i

2017

54,828

100,0

7,581

2018

56,354

100,0

7,049

50+

49

Tri^u
ngirdFi


%

13,8

32,599

59,5

14,643

26,7

12,7

33,339

60,2

14,966

27,1

%

ngiroi

.\>,'H(i/i- Tdng c\iC Thdng ke ndm 2017 - 2018

Bdng 2. LUD phan theo dia phUdng nam 2017-2018
N i m 2018


N i m 2017
MMC

Trt^u ngtrO'i

(%)

Trifu ngu^i

(%)

Ci nud-c

54.823,8

100,0

55.354,2

100,0

D6ng bang s6ng H6ng

12.015,1

22,0

12.095,5


21,9

Trung du v^ mi^n nui phia BSc

7.603,8

13,9

7 684,3

13,9

BSc Trung BO vi Duyfin h^i mi^n
Trung

11.851,9

21,6

11.959,6

21,6

TSy Nguyen

3.527,9

6,4

3.596,1


6,5

D6ng Nam BO

9.228,5

16,8

9.351,6

16,9

D6ng b i n g song Cu-u Long

10.596,6

19,3

10.667,1

19,2

\giiiin Tdng cyic Thong ke n

tucmg quan vdi dp lgc lam phat gidm do t> Ip lam
phit va that nghi?p cd mdi quan he ty le nghjch.
(2) Xd hgi: Ket qui dieu tra \a hdi hpc cho thay,
thdt nghipp cao ludn gan \ ai su gia tang cdc te nan
xa hpi nhu cd bae, rugu che, trpm cap....

(3) Cd nhdn ngudi thai nghiep vd gia dinh hp:
NLD bj thdt nghiep se mat ngudn thu nhap. do dd,
ddi sdng NLD vi gia dinh se gap khd khan. Dieu nay
anh hudng din kha ndng ur dao tao lai de chuyen
ddi nghl nghipp, trd lai thi trudng lao ddng; con cii
hp se khd khdn khi din trudng; siic khde cua hg sg
giam sut do Ihilu kmh le de bdi dudng, de cham sdc
yte,...
Bang 1 cho thiy ty le dan sd U-ong dp mdi 2 5 - 49
d muc cao nhat. chiem 60%, tiep den la rihdm NLD
tren 50 tudi chilm hon 25% va thap nhdt la nhdm
NLD uong dp mdi 15 - 24 chiem gdn 13%.
Bang 2 cho thdy LLLD tap trung nhieu nhdt d
ddng bang sdng Hdng \di uen 12 trieu ngudi (ty le

224 So 12-Thang 5/2020

22% so vdi ca nude). Tiep theo la viing Bae Trung
bp va Duyen hai mien Trung tren 11 tripu ngudi,
chiem 21,6%. Thip nhit Id Tay Nguyen cd LLLD
tren 3,5 tri?u ngudi (tuc chilm 6,5%), khdng thay
ddi trong 2 nam 2017 - 2018.
Bing 3 cho thay, ty Ip lao dpng trong dp tudi cd
vi?c lam ddng bang sdng Hdng tiip tgc dung thu
nhit chilm 22,6%, dimg thir hai la Bic Trung Bp vi
Duyen hii miin Trung chilm 21,7%, dimg thd ba td
ddng bang sdng Cim Long chilm 18,9% vd xip cudi
CLing la viing Tay Ngu>cn.
Bang 4 cho thdy ty Ip lao dpng trong ci nude
ciia nam vi nOr tuong duong nhau, trong dd ddng

bang sdng Hdng chiem, tiip theo Id Bic Trung Bp vd
Duyen hai mien Trung, ddng bSng sdng Cim Long,
Ddng Nam Bg, Trung Du va Miin niii phia Bic va
cudi cimg ludn Id Tay Nguyen.
Bang 5 cho thay ty Ip thilu vipc Iam trong 2 n3m
tang lien tgc, nhin chung cd nude cua nam 2017 va


liAiiTiniAmY
ling 3. T^ If lao dong co viec lam phan theo thanh thj, nong thon nam 2017 - 2018
Ton! so

Thanh thj

Nong thon

Uim
2017

2018

2017

2018

2017

2018

Cdnir*c


93,678

94,666

32,823

33,830

60.855

60,836

Ding bing s6ng Hong

21,344

21,566

8,153

8,720

13,190

12,847

Trung du vi miin nui phia BSc

12,148


12,293

2,246

2,284

9,902

10,009

Bic Trung BO vS Duyen hai
miin Trung

19,927

20,057

5,715

5,777

14,212

14,280

1,736

4,092


4,135

1 10,762
1

6,247

6,313

13,211

13,254

Tfty Nguyfen

5,781

5,871

1,689

Odng Nam Bg

16,741

17,074

10,493

Ding bing sOng Ci>u Long


17,738

17,806

4,528

4.551

i

Ngi,dn: Tdngcvc Tlidngke nan, 2017-2018
Bdng 4. Ty le lao d o n g tCr 15 tuoi trd len c d viec lorn p h d n theo gidl tmh n a m 2017 - 2 0 1 6
Nam

Tong
2017

2018

2017

2018

2018

Cira/Ac

93,678


94,666

,46,266

46,785

47,411

47,881

Ding bing sOng HOng

21,344

21,566

10,508

10,629

10,836

10,938

Tnjng du va miin nui phia B i c

12,148

I 12,293


BSc Tmng BO vi DuySn hai mien Trung ; 19,927
TSy Nguyen
Wng Nam BO
I d n g bing sOng COu Long

5,781

20,057
15,871

0,427

0,414

0,419

1,773

1,787

1,772

1,771

0,276

0,282

0,245


0,253

0,488

0,488

0.420

16,741

17,074

0,481

0,492

17,738

17,805

! 0,743

0,747

0,754

0,757

Ngudn: Tdng cue Thdng ke ndm 2017-2018
-ftl8 ting 0.26%. Ty I? thanh thi co ty le ttii^u \iec Ben canh do, ty le nong thon ciia 2 nam nghien ciiu

iam chiem ty 1^ cao nhit 1.81 %, la BSc Tning Bp \ a giam 0.29%. Trong khi do. nSm 2017 chijm ty 1?
Duyen hai mien Trung vao nan 2017, va ty ie thi^u cao nhat 2.02% la Bae Trung Bg va Duyen hai mien
» ^ Iam cao nhal nam 2018 la Tay Nguyen la 2.20 o. Trung. th4p nh^t la Dong Nam Bo.

So 12-Thang 5/2020 225


TAPCIiCiNETlMK
Bang 5. Ty le thieu viec lam trong 2 ndm 2017 ã 2018
Nam

Mvc
Tyl?(%)

Ndm

MMC

2017

2018

TylĐ(%)

Cd nif&c

1,66

1.40


Thdnh thj

0.84

0.65

Ndng Thdn

2,07

1,78

Ddng bdng sdng Hong

1.22

0.74

Ddng bdng sdng Hdng

1,57

0,93

Trung du va midn nui
phia Bdc

1,32

1,28


Trung du vd mi^n nui
phia Bdc

1,43

1,36

Bdc Tnjng Bp va Duydn hdi
mien Tmng

1,81

1.44

1 hai
Bdc Taing Bd Vei Duydn
hai
mi^n Trung

2,02

1,65

2.20

TSy Nguydn

1,85


2,76

0.43

Ddng Nam Bd

0,61

0,70

Tdy Nguyen

1,58

Ddng Nam Bd

0,52

-I-

1

Ngudn- Tdng rye Thdng ke ndm 2017 - 2018

4. M$t so giai phdp Itien nghj
Nhimg n3m qua Ae giai quylt vdn de viec lam cho
nong thon cdn co mgt so giai phap cy the nhu sau:
Thd nhal. Ddng, Nhd nu6c can tiep tuc co nhirng
chinh sach kip thoi nhim day manh phat trien kinh
te - xii hOi. t^o them nhieu co hpi ve vi?c lam cho lao

dpng nong thon. Tren ca so do, m6i dia phuang dua
ra nh&ng chinh sach thu hiit cac nha dau tu trong vd
ngoai nuac de mo rpng san xuat, phat trien ket cau
h? tang, tan dyng the manh cua dia phucmg de phdt
trien kinh te du lich. thucmg mai, nhdm chuyen dich
CO edu kmh te theo huong hi?n dai, da dang hoa cac
hinh thirc san xuat, kinh doanh v a thay doi nhung tap
quan sdn xuat nong nghi?p con lac hau ciia nong dan,
Thd liai, can tiep tuc ndng cao dan tri va ddo tao
nghe cho lao dpng nong thon. Viec dao tao nghe cho
lao dpng nong thon can gSn vol thuc tien san xual
cua dja phuang de nguoi nong dan vira co the hpc
nghe, vira co the dp dyng ngay \ ao san xudt canh tde.
Ngodi ra, can co nhung chinh sach tich cue trong
\"iec gidi thi?u vi?c ldm cho lao dpng da qua dao tao.
tim dau ra cho san pham de nhiing nguoi dS tham
gia ddo tao nghl tich cyc phat tnen san xuat, tao viec
ldm cho ban than \ a cho nguoi khac.

d\ing cac tien bp khoa hpc - ky thuat vdo san xuat.
De h^n che hi?n tupng thieu vi^c Iam, cdn ddy manh
tham canh tang vy, l\ra chpn cong thirc luan canh
hgp Iy va da dang hoa cac san phdm nong nghi?p.
Ngoai ra, can chuyen lao dpng tir nong nghidp sang
san xuat tieu thu cong nghi?p va dich vy b3ng cich
phdt trien kinh te phi nong nghi?p voi sy b6 sung
cua nganh Chan nuoi va cac nganh nghl phi n6ng
nghidp.
Thd tu. cdn ket hpp hai hoa giffa vipc thu hoi
dat nong nghi?p ciia nong dan vai vi?c chuyen doi

mo hinh san xuat, phdt trien san xuat hdng hoa,
dya vao the manh ciia tirng vimg de phat trien san
xuat nong nghi?p tren quy mo lan. Can phai ket
hpp hai hoa giua vi?c hien dai hoa sdn xuat vdi
phdt trien theo huang bin v&ng, nham tao co hpi
de lao dpng nong thon vira phat triin dupe cic
nganh nghl truyen thong, vira tiip can dupe nin
san xuat hien dai. Ngoai ra, cung cdn uu tien phat
triin CO so ha tSng trong san xudt, ddu tu khoa hpc
- cong ngh?. tich cyc ho trp nong dan vl v6n, kiln
thirc ve thj truang. vl hpi nhap dl nong dan co thi
san xudt ra nhirng mat haiig theo nhu cau ciia thj
truang, vira dap img nhu c5u tai cho, vira thuc ddy
san xuat hang hoa.

Thu ba. day manh chuyen dich co edu kinh te
nong thon va co gioi hoa trong nong nghiep. Trudc
hdt. can tiing quy mo tich tu mpng ddt theo hp, ap

Ngoai ra, ca nhan NLD nong thon cung can tich
cyc tham gia cac lop dao tao nghl truyin th6n|j. tich
cyc tim vi?c lam de cai thi?n cupc s6ng trong \ ^muu

226 So 12-Thang 5/2020


MAWTIHIABLT
TAI LIfU THAM KHAO:
I Dircmg Tan Di?p. (2008). Kmh li vTmd NXB Thdng ke.
1 Dinh Phi H6. (2003). Kinh ti ndng nghiep NXB TTidng ke.

3, Doan Tli! M> H^h va Vii Vi?t H5ng (2011). Kinh li hpc vi md. NXB Giao dye.
4 S Gregory Mankiw, (2003). Nguyen ly Kinh li hpc I & 11 (Bdn dich). NXB Thing ke
5. Nguyen Trgng Hoai, (2010). Kinh te phdt trien. NXB Lao dpng.
6. Cic websnc: danso.org, www.gso.gov.vn
Ngay nh^n bdi: 25/4/2020
Ngiy ph&n bi^n ddnh gid vd su^ chira: 5/5/2020
Ngiky chilp nh^n ddng bdi: 15/5/2020
ndng tin idc gid:
LETH|K1MCHI
Khoa Kinh tl - Quan trj Itinh doanh
Trirdng Dfi h9C An Giang, Dai h^c Quoc gia Thdnh pho H(i Chi Minh

THE STATUS QUO OF VIETNAM'S RURAL EMPLOYMENT
• LE THI KIM CHI
Faculty of Economics and Business Administration
An Giang University, Vietnam National University - Ho Chi Minh City
ABSTRACT:
In the context of Viemam's economic integration process, employment is an important issue
and a leading task of all levels of the Goverment of Vietnam. Vietnam has made great efforts
with effective solutions to solve the rural employment issue. This paper is expected to contribute
to creating jobs in rural areas and enhancing the competitiveness of rural labour force amid the
country's international economic integration.
Keywords: Labour, rural employment, Vietnam.

So 12-Thang 5/2020 227