Hoat dong khai mo ciia ngiroi Hoa 6* Dang Ngoai:
Mot so tac dong toi xa hoi Dai Viet va Trung Hoa
the ky XVH-XIX
Tran Xuan Thanhs

Tdm tat: Bdi viit dua ra mgt so nguyen nhdn nhdm ly gidi su xudt hien cdc hogt ddng
khai md cua thuong nhdn vd lao dong nguai Hoa trong cdc md khoang san a viing thugng
du Ddng Ngoai lir cuoi the ky XVII den nira ddu the ky XIX; phdn tich vd ddnh gid mgt s
tdc dgng tir cdc hogt dgng khai md cua ngudi Hoa ddi vdi Dgi Viet vd Trung Hoa trong
giai dogn nay.
Tir khda: Ngudi Hoa, Hoat dgng khai md. Dai Viet, Thd ky XVII-XIX
Abstract: The paper explains the occurrence of mineral mining activities of Chinese
traders and laborers in the upland of Dang Ngoai from the end of the seventeenth century
to thefirsthalfofthe nineteenth century; analyzes and evaluates some impacts of Chinese
mining activities on Dai Viet and China during this period.
Keywords: Overseas Chinese, Mining, Dai Viet, XVII-XIX Centuries
Ldi md
Nhirng yeu td ve vi tri dia ly, khong
gian giao luu kinh te thuan Igi, nguon tai
nguyen tho san ddi dao ciing nhu sy cdi md
v^ mdi trudng chinh tri va kinh te cua chinh
quydn Dai Viet trong cac the ky XVII-XIX
la nhirng dgng lyc manh me cudn hut cac
cgng ddng ngUdi Hoa d khu vuc Nam
Trung Hoa vugt qua bien gidi, tran vao cae
md khoang san d khu vye thugng du Dang
Ngoai ciia Dai Viet. Hoat dgng khai md d
day ciia ngudi Hoa dien ra mgt each manh
me trong mgt thdi gian dai da tac dgng
nhieu mat tdi xa hgi Dai Viet.
'•'ThS., NCS , Tnitmg Dai hgc Khoa hpc xS hgi va

nhan van, D ^ hpc Qu6c gia Ha Noi;
Email:

1. Ve su- xuat hien cac hoat ddng khai md
cua ngirdi Hoa d Dang Ngoai

The ky XVII-XVIII, dudi thdi ky cua
cac vua Le chiia Trinh, cac tran Tuyen
Quang, Hung Hoa, Lang Son, Thai
Nguyen, Cao Bang thugc Dang Ngoai dugc
xem la khu vue cd vi tri quan trgng ciia Dai
Viet, day ciing la vimg bien gidi tiep giao
giiia Bic Viet Nam va Nam Trung Hoa. Sy
phong phii va da dang ve vi tri dia ly, dja
chat thd nhuong da khien khu vuc nay trd
thanh mgt nguon cung cdp tai nguyen day
X'lhm nang, duy tri su sinh ton va phat trien
cua cac cgng ddng cu dan d day qua nhieu
biin dgng cua lich su.
Tir diu the ky XV, ngay sau khi danh
bai nha H6, tridu Minh da cho thiet lap cac


ThOng Hn Khoa hgc xfi h$l. sd u
boat ddng khai khoang d Dai V'lct. Theo
nghien cim ciia Cao Himg Tnmg (2017:
170). xet theo gia\ td khai bao ciia cac phii
huyen, d Dai Viet giai doan nay cd ldi 98
noi cd md vang: phii Thai Ngincn ^c 17
noi. phii Lang Son cd 4. chau Quang Oai cd

59. chau Gia Hiiy cd 5. chau Ninh Hda cd
3. chau Qiiy cd 1. chau Ngge Ma ed 6. chau
Tra Lung ed 3,
Sau khi Dai Vi?t danh b^i nha Minh.
hoat dgng khai mo d khu vye chii > cu do
trieu dinh nha Le quan ly. Md hinh quan
ly boat dgng kinh le dac thii na\ sau dd
tiep tyc dugc duy tri trong thdi ky Le Trjnh. Chinh quyen cho phep cac quan lai
trieu dinh, thd lii dja phuong va dac biei Id
cdc thuong nhan ngudi Hoa Iham gia vao
cac hoat dgng khai mo. Chinh sach nay
t^o dieu ki?n cho hang van phu md ngudi
Hoa boat dgng Iren khap pham \ i Dang
Ngoai Theo Ngd Thi ST, Dang Ngoai thdi
ky nay cd den 5. 6 van Hoa kieu, trong sd
nay "phan Idn lam nghe khai md", da sd la
thuong nhan va phu md d mien Van Nam,
Quang Tay, Trieu Chau, Thieu Chau qua
bien gidi den ngu d 6 tran Lang Son, Thai
Nguyen, Tuyen Quang, Hung Hda, Cao
Bang, An Quang (Dan theo: Phan Huy Le,
1963:56).
Ly giai \ e vice cac thuong nhan va
phu md ngudi Hoa di dan xuong phia Nam,
chiing tdi eho rang eac ylu td chinh tri va
kinh te ddng vai gd la lye hut va lyc ddy
trong eac qua trinh di dan nay. Trong dd,
nhiing bien ddng va phuc tap \ e chinh tri,
xa hgi trong long xa bdi Trung Hoa ddng
vai trd la lyc da\. Nguge lai, ngudn tai

nguyen ddi dao cua mien thugng du Dang
Ngoai hay nh&ng edi md trong chinh saeh
quan ly cua chinh quyen Dai Viet la sue
hut manh me. Ben canh dd, ap lyc tir viec
gia tang dan sd nhanh chdng tai Trung Hoa

SOSO

trong cac the ky XVII-XIX' dan dcnsyg'^
tang nhu cau ddi \ m mgt sd kim I091 nn
vang, b^c. ddng...
Cac nhdm phu md ngudi Hoa a thugng
du Dang Ngoai ehu yCni cd nguon yoc tu
Khai Hda (thugc Van Nam). Quang Tay
va Hd Nam (Le Qu> Ddn. 2007: 389-390),
uong dd cd ngudi Hda Thudng, nguo>
Niing, ngudi Rang vang, ngudi Tao. ngiroi
Ngd Ngan... Nhimg ngudi Hda Thudng
va ngudi Tao true tiep tham gia khai mo
d Dang Ngoai. Nhimg ngudi Hoa Thudng
nay "deu la ngudi Hd Nam. cd tai biet dugc
khi sae vang, bac, sat, dong. di den dau hgp
be ban, md phd xa. dao Id ndu quang, sieng
nSng va lam viec quanh nam, an mac va cat
tdc nhu ngudi phuong Bic, khong dem vg
eon di theo" (Le Quy Ddn, 2007: 389). Hg
"thinh thoang trd ve que, dem theo sd vang
bae da khai lay duac. Hg d xudng ddng
Tu Long udc ba, bon ngan ngudi, ciing
d ca Thai Nguyen, Lang Son, Hung Hda

nua" (Le Quy Don, 2007: 389-390). Ngoai
nhiing phu md cd ngudn gde tir Hd Nam,
"lai CO mgt hang phu md ngudi Trieu Chau,
ciing hay lam viec khai khan, nhung tinh
tinh tham lam hung han, hay trtuih cudp
giet ngudi. Hang ngudi nay d Thai Nguyen
rat nhieu, Tuyen Quang, Hung Hda khong
cd" (Le Quy Ddn, 2007: 390).
Sang th6 ky XIX, trong cac ITnh vye
nhu ddn dien hay khai thac md, ngudi Hoa
nhan dugc su ung hg cua trieu Nguygj,
Trong hoat ddng khai md, ngudi Hoa duac
phep tuyen chgn va thue nhan cdng. Nh^
Nguyen ciing tieh cue su dung ngudi Hoa

'Theo David S. Landes (2001), dan so Trung Hog
tir kho4ng 65-80 trieu d^n vao khoang nam 14% ^,
tang dSn I6n 100-150 tri?u nSm 1650, len 200-250
tri^u nam 1750, lin trfin 300 incu v4o cu6i ih^ u
XVin. v4 Mn 400 tri^u nSm 1850.
^


IfoatdOng hhat mo...
de phat tridn cac ngh£ diic ddng, luyen thep,
Igc dai vang, lam gom su(Chau Hai, 1994:
32-37), due tidn (Nguyen Van Dang, 2001:
36-38),... Nhd vay, eac nghe thu cdng dudi
trieu Nguyen nhu due tien, luyen gang,
lam gom va due ddng rat phat trien. Day

dugc xem la su thanh eong cua viec van
dung chinh saeh "Lai bach cdng" (thu hut
tram nghe den vdi minh) ciia trieu Nguyen
(Chau Thi Hai, 1998: 170-177; 1999: 68),
nhat la trong boat ddng khai md.
2. Nhirng tac dong tdi xa hgi Bai Viet
Nhiing uu the ve kinh nghiem, ky thuat
khai md va ngudn vdn cua ngudi Hoa da
giiip hg trd thanh mgt lyc lugng chi phdi
nhieu edng trudng khai md d thugng du
Dang Ngoai trong suot mgt thdi gian dai,
dac biet la tir cudi the ky XVII den giiia the
ky XIX, NhOng phu md vdn cd ngudn gde
xuat than tir khu vuc Hoa Nam (Phuc Kien,
Quang Ddng, Van Nam, Quang Tay...), cd
kinh nghiem va tay nghe cao nen cd each
quan ly va td chirc lam viec hgp ly. Vdi
"su phan cdng, hgp tac gian don trong timg
khau ciia qua trinh khai thac" ciing nhu cac
phuong thirc quan ly tdt ciia thuong nhan
va cae phuong thiie khai thac hieu qua ciia
thg md, nang suat lao ddng trong cac md
do ngudi Hoa linh trung cao hon ban so vdi
cac md do ngudi Viet quan ly va khai thac
(TrSn Thi Vinh, 2007: 221). Hon niia, dudi
chinh quyen Le - Trinh, trieu dinh khong
tryc tiep quan ly cac trudng mo ma giao
cho cac quan lai va thd tu d dia phucmg
quan ly. Su quan ly cd phin Idng leo cua
chinh quyen Le - Trinh cgng vdi chinh sach

mien thue 5 narn dau cho ngudi Hoa da tao
dieu kien thuan Igi cho hg trong eac ham
md. Den nira dau Xhk ky XIX, tridu Nguyen
quy dinh ngudi Hoa ddn Dai Viet djnh cu
dugc mien nhieu lo?ii thue trong 3 ndm ddu
(Chau Hai, 1994:32-37).

39
Vdi cac chinh sach ke tren ciia chinh
quyen Dai Viet, khdng khd dk ly giai tai sao
thuong nhan ngudi Hoa lai cd vai trd Idn
gong nen kinh te cdng thuong nghiep cua
Dang Ngoai the ky XVII. Sau mgt chuyin
du hanh den Dang Ngoai vao nam 1688,
William Dampier da nhan djnh ring, trong
khi d vimg chau thd ngudi Hoa nim giii
thuong mai, thi d vimg thugng du hg ciing
nam quyen khai thac lam thd san (Dampier,
2011:85).
Trong Kiin van tieu luc, Le Quy Ddn
cho biet, d "chau Son La, cd md Yet Ong
d dgng Hieu Te, san xuat vang tdt, ngudi
Trung Qudc md xudng khai ISy va Ige vang,
moi ndm nop thue 1 dat 2 lang" (Le Quy
Ddn, 2007: 360). Trong sudt mgt thdi gian
dai, chinh quyen nhieu khi xem khai md
"chi cot thu thue cho du, nhung nhiiu khi
thue nop cho nha nude mudi phan khdng
dugc mgt" (Vien Nghien ciiu Han Ndm,
1991:72). Sau khi chinh quyen Le - Trinh

lan dau tien thyc hien che do qudn gidm,
the hien sy dgc quyen quan ly viec khai md
tir nam 1760, hoat dgng khai md cua ngudi
Hoa mdi di vao quy eii va gdp phdn dem
lai mgt ngudn thue md nhat dinh cho chinh
quydn Dai Viet (Tran Thi Vinh, 2017; 205),
nhu Phan Huy Chu (1992: 263) hing khang
dinh: "Mdi Igi ve ham md phan nhieu d cac
xii Tuyen Quang, Hung Hda, Thai Nguyen,
Lang Son... Viec chi dung ciia nha nude sd
dl dugc ddi dao la do d thue cac md nop
day du".
Ben canh nhung that thoat ve thue, tinh
trang that thoat tai nguyen do boat dgng
khai md cua ngudi Hoa gay ra cung hk
sue nghiem trgng: "Tir xua cac de vuong
tri thien ha, khdng ai ia khong quan ly ciia
cai de tu hgp dan? Nhung cai ngudn sinh
ra cua cai la d trdi dat, ma each quan ly
cua cai la d ngudi tren, neu khong xep dat


40

Thdng Mn Khoa hgc xa hOi sA

6.2020

nam 1885 la mgt trong nhihig tdn that Idn
nhat cua \ iei Nam trong bdi canh quoc ei.

hi mat chu qu>enSy bung nd cac boat dgng khai nio cua
ngudi Hoa tgi vimg thugng du mien Bac
Dai Viet cung keo theo nhiing Ian sdng di
dan ngirdi Hoa t^i cac khu vuc viing bien
vien, ti8m dn va bung phat nhieu yeu to gay
mdt dn djnh xa hgi nhu te nan xa hgi, cuop
bde, thd phi... Tai Trung Hoa. vice nha
Thanh xda bd chinh sach hai earn ma nha
Minh ban bo trude day khien "cac sy mau
djeh ciia ngudi Hoa vdi Ddng Nam A va su
di dan ciia hg d^n day da tdng len gap boi"
(Nguyen Thd Anh, 2017: 282). Ben canh
dd, sau khi nha Minh sup dd, tinh trang
"ngudi khach [ngudi Hoa] ddn ngu d nude
ta, cd hang khai md lay eiia, cd hang thue
Dudi trieu Ngu>cn. Vua Minh Mang rugng cay cay, cd hang ngoi mgt noi ma
l?nh cho chinh quyen cac tinh d Bac Thanh budn, cd hang di lai ma budn, cd hang d lan
chi dugc phep cho Hoa kieu sang lam thue Idn vdi dan ta, ed hang thanh lap xdm rieng,
va budn ban eiing nhu chi dugc luu thdng dau dau cung cd ma d 6 tran Lang, Thai,
cac kim loai quy nhu vang, bac d pham vi Tuyen, Hung, Cao, Quang cang nhieu, udc
Uong nude chu khdng dugc dua qua bien chimg sd ngirdi hien eo cung gan xap xi dan
gidi. NhOng ai \i pham se hi phat 100 ta" (Phan Huy Le, 1963: 56). Theo Ngo Thi
trugng. tich thu vang, bae va tiiy theo sd ST, ngoai 5, 6 van Hoa Kieu d Dang Ngoai,
lugng it hay nhieu ma quy dinh muc phat: edn cd 6 ngan d Hgi An, d eac thanh thi
tu: 50 den 120 lang thi cu 10 lang gia tdng khac thi khdng kd het (Dan theo: Vu Duy
them mgt bac. tir 120 lang Ud len thi bi xir Men, 2002: 60-68).
giao giam hau (Phan Huy Le, 1963: 59).
Nam 1767, Chua Trinh sai Nguyen
Ngd Thi ST timg ghi lai, d vimg Cao Bang Dinh Hudn, Ngd Thi SI den md Tdng Tinh
va Tuyen Quang. ngudi Hoa "thudng timg dieu tra da phat hien thuc trang nhieu quan

doan nam. mudi ngudi di ra khdi cira ai, giam duong da thue "khach ngoai qudc d6n
ed khi gia ehd sa nhan di theo dudng cai Idy dh thu dugc nhieu t h u l Bay gio moi
nhung len lut nhd ngudi dia phuong ehd md cd phu lam thue den hang van" (Phan
bac di theo dudng tat trong rimg niii; cd khi Huy Chu, 1992: 263). Phu md va tao hg,
bgn ddn tuan an hoi Id cd tinh tha cho di" phSn nhieu la ngudi d Trieu Chau va Thi^u
(Dan theo: Phan Huy Le, 1963: 59). Ciing Chau, tu tap nhau thanh timg doan, hay
vdi nhOng han che. sai lam trong viec thyc danh gidt nhau, khien cho xa hgi khu vuc
thi chinh sach khai md eiia vuong trieu nay roi loan.
NguNcn. viec chinh quyen dd hg Phap d£
Theo tinh toan, dan sd miSn Bac Vifit
mat mo ddng Tu Long ve ta> nha Thanh
Nam lir the ky XVI-XVIII udc lugng vao
cd phucmg phap thi sao ciia cai luu thdng
ma du diing dugc" (Phan Huy Chii, 1992;
85). Thyc chat, "nhirng md do Hoa thuong
ITnh trung khdng gdp ich gi cho viec tich
liiy ciia cai cung nhu viec kich thich day
manh trao ddi hang hda d nude ta. Sau mgt
thdi gian khai thac bgn chu md ehi nap l^i
mgt phan nhd thue cho nha Nguyen, phan
edn lai chung mang het \ e nude" (Tmong
Thi Yen. 1981: 60). Trude thyc trang nay,
chinh quyen da tim each kiem soat chat
ch5 vigc thu thue va phat nghiem eac \ i
quan phy traeh khai md khdng hoan thanh
nhi?m vu. Chang han nam 1761. Chua
Trinh da bai chiic Lim thu Biii The Khanh
\'i M quan nay da gian 1 ^ , khai thac khdng
phep hai md vang va mgt md kem (Phan
Huy Chu. 1992: 78).



I}oat d<>ng khai mo..

41

khoang 5 ddn 6 trieu ngudi (Li Tana, 1997: cudi cimg trieu dai nha Minh khdng chi lien
26). Dan so Trung Qudc nam 1600 thdi quan den cugc tranh chap giiia cac dang
Minh da vao khoang 200 trieu ngudi, va phai chinh tri, ma cdn bat ngudn tir sy thieu
din nam 1800 tang len 350 ttieu (Martier, hut cac nguon kim loai lam nguyen lieu cho
2006: 40-41). Trong khi dd, udc lugng sd viee due tien.
Trong khoang nhung nam tir 1570
ngudi Hoa d Dai Viet luc dd len den hang
chuc van ngudi. Mac du cac chua Trinh den 1630, cac boat ddng thuong mai giiia
da chii truong "Viet hda" ngudi Hoa bang Trung Qudc - Tay Ban Nha d Manila va
each quy dinh "dan d ven bien gidi khdng Trung Qudc - Bd Dao Nha d Macao da
dugc bat ehude tieng noi va do mac cua giup van chuyen den Trung Qudc hang
phuong Bac (Vien Sii hgc, 1998: 373), trieu kilogram bac tir chau My, chau Au,
nhung tren thyc te, trieu dinh khd cd the Tnmg Ddng, An Do va Nhat Ban. Hoat
sau sat tdi cac khu vuc thugng du hiem trd, ddng nay ddng vai Xio la mgt xung luc thue
xa xoi, khdng dii lyc lugng de giam sat den day toan bg nen kinh te nha Minh luc nay
tan cac md, lai eoi nhe sy hon loan vd td (Goldstone, 1988: 116). Trong 72 nam cudi
chiic cua dam ngudi san sang chem giet eiia nha Minh (1572-1644), da cd hon 100
lan nhau de tranh nhau timg ham md. Thyc trieu ddng bac nude ngoai dugc nhap vao
trang nay edn dien bien phiic tap hon trong Tmng Hoa (Ray Huang, 1969: 124-125).
nhOng thap nien 60-70 cua th6 ky XVIII, Ben canh viee khai thac cac md bac trong
thdi didm nha Tay Son gap nhieu khd khan nude, viec luu thdng rgng rai bac da lam
khi phai ddi mat vdi hang van phu md (edn thay ddi dang ke nen kinh te cua qudc gia
ggi la lye lugng xudng dan) ngirdi Hoa nay. Cae euge chien tranh va viec md rgng
bi nha Thanh chieu dy trd thanh ngi ung bd may hanh chinh vao thdi nha Thanh

chdng lai Dai Viet.
ciing ddi bdi mgt lugng Idn bac va tien
ddng phuc vu cho nhu cau cua nha nude
3. Mgt so anh hudng d^i vdi Trung Hoa
Trong nhieu giai doan lich su, khu (Atwell, 2005: 467-489). Ndu cac kim
vye mien Nam Trung Hoa ddng vai tto loai nay khdng dugc eung cap day du thi
thiet yeu trong viec thiet lap mgt trat ty he thdng chinh tri Trung Hoa liic bdy gid
xa hgi on dinh cho ca khu vuc bien gidi trd nen rit de bi tdn thuong. Ben canh do,
phia Nam cua Trung Hoa. Trong cac the ky cac hdm mo d mien Bae Viet Nam la noi
XVI-XVII, Tnmg Hoa mac dii dugc xem cung cap viec lam ddi dao cho cac di dan
la mgt trong eac qudc gia cd nen kinh te va ndng dan d phia Nam Trung Hoa bi ban
thii cong nghiep va thuong mai phat trien cung hda sau cugc chinh bien lat do nha
eudng thinh, nhung lai thudng xuyen d vao Minh va thiet lap trieu dai Man Thanh vao
tinh trang "ddi" bac va ddng. Dieu nay ly nhutig nam 1640 eua the ky XVII. Theo
giai cho viec chinh quyen Trung Hoa budc phan ling day chuyen, sy on dinh ve ehinh
phai tang eudng tim kiem cae ngudn cung tri d khu vuc phia Nam Trung Hoa cung se
dap ling nhu eau trao ddi tai chinh cho thi gop phdn on dinh he thong chinh trj Trung
trudng rgng Idn va khdng 16 nay. Vao cudi Hoa trong mgt chimg myc nhat dinh.
thdi ky nha Minh. quy md ciia n8n kinh te
ngay cang Idn khien nhu cau sii dung bac d
qudc gia nay len cao. Cai chet cua hoang de

Hon niia, mac dii chi ehiem khoang
7% dien tich ddt dai tten Trai dat, nhung
Trung Hoa luon d trong tinh trang j'^^j '^^^


Thdng tin Khoa hgc xA h4t. sd 6.2020
img nguon luong thyc de nudi sdng 15°o
den 20% dan sd the gidi. Mot trong nhOng

nguyen nhan dan den tmh trang "dix hiem
ngudi ddng" nay la do chien luge tai sinh
san lau dai cua cac trieu dinh Trung Hoa
trong mgt thdi gian dai. theo dd hau het
nam nu sinh ra deu lap gia dinh sdm va cd
nhieu con bat chip dieu kien vat chat. Sy
ddng dan cimg khien nhu cau hanh trudng
lanh thd va tim kiem cae ngudn tai ngmen
ngoai lanh thd cua Trung Hoa Ud nen cap
baeh hon. Sy gia tang dan sd d Trung Hoa
thuc te la kieu tai san xuat tdi da nhdm tang
eudng quyen lyc chinh tri ca ve lyc lugng
eon ngudi de chien dau va luc lugng vat
chat (luong thue, thuc pham nudi quan ddi
de banh trudng lanh thd) (Landes, 2001).
Do dd. Igi ieh tu eae ngudn md d mien Bac
Viet Nam trong cac the ky XVII-XVIII
dugc xem la dgng lyc thuc day sy banh
uudng va gia tdng sue manh cua nha Thanh
tgi eac vimg ngoai vi.

tri va kinh le thdi ky Le - Trinh la nhiing
dgng lye Idn khien cac cgng ddng ngiK"
Hoa ddn khai mo d Dang Ngoai ciia E>9'
Viet trong eac the ky XVII-X\'IH- Sir nh?p
cu d at ciia ngudi Hoa tir sau phong ffa^
phan Thanh phuc Mmh va sy hinh thanh
ddng dao cac cdng ddng ngudi Hoa d Daiig
Trong nhu mgt thyc thd dan cu tuong_doi
dn dinh trong xa hgi Viet Nam hi the ky

XVlll-XIX kdt hgp vdi nhOng yiu to thuan
igi vh chinh saeh cua cac chua Nguyen,
va sau dd la cua cac vua ddu trieu Nguyen
cung dugc xem la co sd xudt hien va hinh
thanh cac boat ddng khai md vdi quy md
Idn eua ngudi Hoa d mien Bac Viet Nam
trong nira dau the ky XIX.
Hoat dgng khai md cua ngudi Hoa d
miSn thugng du Dang Ngoai khdng chi tac
ddng nhiiu mat ddi vdi xa hgi Dai Viet ma
cdn tao ra mgt sd anh hudng vira hoic tiep,
vira gian tiep ddi vdi khu vye Nam Tnmg
Hoa. 6 khia canh kinh td, khai md d midn
Bac Dai Viet la mgt trong nhung ngudn cung
quan frgng bii dap sy thieu hut dong va bac d
Tning Hoa thd ky XVII-XVIII. 6 khia canh
chinh tri, hoat dgng nay cdn la mgt mat xich
quan hrgng gdp phkn vao sy 6n dinh kinh ti,
xa hgi d mien Nam Trung Hoa •

Trong niia sau cua the ky XVIII. khu
vye bien gidi Trung Hoa - Dai Viet da eung
cap trung binh 500 tan ddng moi nam, bien
noi da\ trd thanh mgt trong nhiing dia diem
khai thac ddng Idn nhat chau A. Thye td la,
nhu eau ve bae d Trung Hoa Uong nhOng
the ky XVI-XVIII yd nen rdt cdp thi^t,
trong khi dd cac md bac, dong d mien Bae Tai lieu tham khao
Viet Nam cd the dap ung va bii dap mdi 1. Nguyen The Anh (2017). Theo ddng
phan cho sy khan hiem va nhu cdu gdn nhu

lich su, Nxb. Tdng hgp Thanh phd Hd
vd tan nay cua Trung Hoa (Li Tana, 2003).
Chi Minh, TP. H6 Chi Minh.
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