the structure of matter - mulders

E E
γ γ
A*
E
A A
A*Atom
absorption emission
-1
-1/9
-1/4
l = 0
3s 3d3p
2p2s
1s
l = 1 l = 2
(2x)
(2x)
(2x)
(6x)
(6x) (10x)
E [Rydberg]
Cu

ν
Bu
ν
E
1
E
2
1
n (T)
2
n (T)
A
level 2
level 1
ground
state
metastable
state
3
2
1
absorption
(pump)
stimulated emission
spontaneous emission
2

S
1/2
2
S
1/2
2
P
3/2
2
P
3/2
2
P
1/2
2
S
1/2
2
S
1/2
2
P
1/2
5.7 x 10
−5
eV
4 x 10 eV
−6
E = − 3.4 eV
E = −13.6 eV

2
1
1s
2s
2p
H
0
spin−orbit
spin−orbit
mass
Foldy
F = 1
F = 0
Lamb−shift
hyperfine structure
5.9 x 10 eV
−6
(1s)
2
P
1
P
3
S
1
S

1
S
3
=
(1s)(2s)
(1s)(2p)
0
24.6
eV
ionization energy
r
1
Z
eff
Z
l = 0
3d
1s
l = 1 l = 2
(2x)
(10x)
(6x)
(6x)
(2x)
(2x)
2s
3s
2p
3p

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