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ASM1 D - 1633_Website Design and Development
Website Design and Development (FPT University)

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ASSIGNMENT 1 FRONT SHEET
Qualification

BTEC Level 5 HND Diploma in Computing

Unit number and title

10: Website Design & Development

Submission date

December 18, 2021

Re-submission Date

Date Received 1st submission
Date Received 2nd submission

Student Name

Nguyen Minh Nghia

Student ID

GCC200100

Class

GCC0901

Assessor name

Nguyen Trung Viet

Student declaration
I certify that the assignment submission is entirely my work and I fully understand the consequences of plagiarism. I understand that making a
false declaration is a form of malpractice.
Student’s signature

Nguyen Minh Nghia

Grading grid
P1

P2

P3

P4


M1

M2

M3

D1

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❒ Summative Feedback:

❒ Resubmission Feedback:

2.1

2.2

Grade:

2.3

Assessor Signature:

2.4


Date:

Signature & Date:

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Assignment Brief 1 (RQF)
Higher National Certificate/Diploma in Computing
Student Name/ID Number:

Nguyen Minh Nghia/GCC200100

Unit Number and Title:

Unit 10: Website Design & Development

Academic Year:

2021 – 2022

Unit Assessor:

Hoang Nhu Vinh


Assignment Title:

Web Technologies

Issue Date:

01 April 2021

Submission Date:

December 18, 2021

Internal Verifier Name:
Date:

Submission Format:
Format: The submission is in the form of two documents/files
●
A ten-minute Microsoft® PowerPoint® style presentation which can be shared with your colleagues
for feedback. The presentation can include links to performance data with additional speaker notes and a
bibliography using the Harvard referencing system. The presentation slides for the findings should be
submitted with speaker notes as one copy.
●
An extended guidebook or detailed report that provides more thorough, evaluated, or critically
reviewed technical information on all of the topics covered in the presentation.
Submission
●

Students are compulsory to submit the assignment in due date and in a way requested by the Tutor.


●

The form of submission will be a soft copy posted on />
●

Remember to convert the word file into PDF file before the submission on CMS.

Note:
●

The individual Assignment must be your own work, and not copied by or from another student.

●
If you use ideas, quotes, or data (such as diagrams) from books, journals, or other sources, you must
reference your sources, using the Harvard style.
Make sure that you understand and follow the guidelines to avoid plagiarism. Failure to comply this
requirement will result in a failed assignment.
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Unit Learning Outcomes:
LO1 Explain server technologies and management services associated with hosting and managing
websites.
LO2 Categorize website technologies, tools and software used to develop websites.
Assignment Brief and Guidance:
You currently work for a software training company that produces courses and topic presentations to

established companies and, importantly, to new start-ups. MWS wishes to pursue a bespoke web-based ecommerce solution. As part of your role, you have been asked to create an engaging presentation to help
inform and train staff members on the tools and techniques associated with front- and back-end
development together with the technologies and services required to set up, host, and manage a typical
commercial website. You will find more information in the file MWS-CaseStudy.docx.
In addition to your presentation, you will also provide an extended guidebook containing further
information for staff members or a detailed report containing a technical review of the topics covered in
the presentation.
Your presentation should include:
1.

Server technologies and the management services associated with hosting and managing websites.

2.
A review of different website technologies supported with the tools and software used to develop
websites (including the differences between online website creation tools and custom-built sites).
Your extended guidebook or detailed report should include a summary of your presentation as well as
additional, evaluated or critically reviewed technical notes on all of the expected topics.

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Learning Outcomes and Assessment Criteria (Assignment 1):
Learning Outcome
LO1

Pass


Merit

P1 Identify the purpose and
types of DNS, including
explanations on how domain
names are organized and
managed.
P2 Explain the purpose and
relationships
between
communication
protocols,
server hardware, operating
systems and web server
software with regards to
designing, publishing and
accessing a website.

LO2

P3 Discuss the capabilities
and relationships between
front-end and backend website
technologies and explain how
these relate to presentation and
application layers.

M1 Evaluate the impact of
common web development

technologies
and
frameworks with regards to
website design, functionality
and management.

Distinction
D1 Justify the tools
and
techniques
chosen to realize a
custom-built
website.

M2 Review the influence of
search engines on website
performance and provide
evidence-based support for
improving a site’s index
value and rank through
search engine optimisation.
M3 Evaluate a range of
tools
and
techniques
available to design and
develop a custom built
website.

P4 Discuss the differences

between
online
website
creation tools and custom built
sites with regards to design
flexibility,
performance,
functionality, User Experience
(UX) and User Interface (UI).

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Table of Contents
I.

Domain name system (DNS) ...................................................................................................................... 8
1.

Explain the concept of DNS .................................................................................................................... 8

2.

Purpose of DNS ....................................................................................................................................... 8

3.


Types of DNS Server .............................................................................................................................. 8

4.

How domain names are organized and managed .................................................................................. 11

II.

Explanation of web element .................................................................................................................. 12
1.

Communication protocols ..................................................................................................................... 12

2.

Server hardware..................................................................................................................................... 13

3.

Operating systems ................................................................................................................................. 14

4.

Web server software .............................................................................................................................. 15

5. Explain the relationship between technologies above with regards to design, publish and accessing a
website .......................................................................................................................................................... 17
III.


Website technologies ............................................................................................................................. 19

1.

Explanation of static and dynamic web ................................................................................................. 19
a.

Static web .......................................................................................................................................... 19

b.

Dynamic web ..................................................................................................................................... 19

c.

The differences between a static and dynamic web .......................................................................... 20

d.

Conclusion ......................................................................................................................................... 20

2.

Drive to front-end and back-end technologies ...................................................................................... 21
a.

Frontend ............................................................................................................................................. 21

b.


Backend ............................................................................................................................................. 21

3.

Clarify the capabilities and relationship front-end and back-end.......................................................... 22

IV.

Online creation tools and custom-built ................................................................................................. 23

1.

Examples of online creation tool ........................................................................................................... 23
a.

WIX.com () ..................................................................................................... 23

b.

WordPress ()................................................................................................... 24

2.

Comparison table................................................................................................................................... 25

V.

Evaluate the impact of common web development technologies and frameworks .............................. 26

1.


What is Web Technology? List common web technology? .................................................................. 26

2.

Web Development Frameworks? .......................................................................................................... 28
a.

What is a framework? ........................................................................................................................ 28

b.

Advantages ........................................................................................................................................ 28
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c.

Disadvantages .................................................................................................................................... 29

d.

List common Web Development Frameworks .................................................................................. 30

3. Evaluate the impact of Web Technology and Frameworks with regards to website design,
functionality and management...................................................................................................................... 32

VI.

Review the influence Search engine ..................................................................................................... 34

1.

Concept of search engine ...................................................................................................................... 34

2.

Concept of SEO ..................................................................................................................................... 34

3.

Technical solution to improve website index based on SEO ................................................................ 34

VII.

Evaluate a range of tools and techniques available to design and develop a custom-built website...... 37

1.

Tools ...................................................................................................................................................... 37

2.

Techniques ............................................................................................................................................ 38

VIII.


Reasonable judgments regard to chosen topic ................................................................................... 43

References ........................................................................................................................................................ 44

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I. Domain name system (DNS)
1. Explain the concept of DNS
The DNS is a database of domain name and IP address records that helps browsers to discover the correct IP
address that corresponds to a hostname URL typed into it. When we want to access a website, we usually put
its domain name into the web browser, such as cdnetworks.com, wired.com, or nytimes.com. Web browsers,
on the other hand, require specific IP addresses to load content for the website. The DNS is responsible for
converting domain names to IP addresses so that resources may be loaded from the website's server
(CDNetworks, 2021).
Websites may have multiple IP addresses corresponding to a single domain name. Large sites, such as Google,
will have people requesting a server from all over the world. Even though the site name typed in the browser
is the same, the server that a computer in Singapore tries to query will most likely be different from the one
that a computer in Toronto tries to access. DNS caching comes into play here (CDNetworks, 2021).
2. Purpose of DNS
The Domain Name System (DNS) Server is a server that matches website hostnames (such as example.com)
to their associated Internet Protocol or IP addresses. The DNS server keeps a database of public IP addresses
and the domain names that belong to them. According to the IPv4 or IPV6 protocols, each device connected
to the internet has a unique IP address that aids in identification. The same is true for web servers, which
function as hosts for websites (CDNetworks, 2021).
DNS servers assist us to avoid memorizing such long numbers as IP addresses (and even more complex

alphanumeric ones in the IPV6 system) by automatically translating the website names we type into the
browser address bar into these numbers, allowing the servers to load the correct web pages (CDNetworks,
2021).
3. Types of DNS Server
DNS servers are classified into four types: recursive resolvers, root nameservers, TLD nameservers, and
authoritative nameservers. In a normal DNS lookup (where there is no caching in place), these four DNS
servers collaborate to send the IP address for a particular domain to the client (the client is usually a stub
resolver - a simple resolver built into an operating system) (CLOUDFLARE, 2021):

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DNS Recursive Resolver:

-

The first stop in a DNS query is a recursive resolver (also known as a DNS precursor). The recursive
resolver serves as a go-between for a client and a DNS nameserver. When a recursive resolver receives
a DNS query from a web client, it will either respond with cached data or send a request to a root
nameserver, followed by another request to a TLD nameserver, and finally to an authoritative
nameserver. The recursive resolver responds to the client after obtaining a response from the
authoritative nameserver providing the requested IP address.
The recursive resolver will cache information obtained from authoritative name servers throughout this
procedure. When a client asks for the IP address of a domain name that was previously requested by

another client, the resolver can avoid connecting with the nameservers and simply deliver the requested
record from its cache.
DNS Root Name Server:

Every recursive resolver knows the 13 DNS root nameservers, and they are the initial step in a recursive
resolver's search for DNS records. A root server takes a recursive resolver query that contains a domain
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name, and the root nameserver replies by sending the recursive resolver to a TLD nameserver
depending on the domain's extension (.com, .net, .org, etc.). The Internet Corporation for Assigned
Names and Numbers (ICANN) is in charge of the root nameservers (ICANN).
It's worth noting that just because there are 13 root nameservers doesn't mean there are only 13
computers in the root nameserver system. There are 13 different types of roots nameservers, but each
one has several copies all around the world that employ Anycast routing to offer fast answers. If you
tallied up all the instances of root nameservers, you'd end up with 632 distinct servers (as of October
2016).
TLD Name Server:

TLD nameservers keep track of all domain names that share a common domain extension, such as
.com, .net, or whatever follows after the last dot in a URL. A.com TLD nameserver, for example,
includes information for every website that ends in '.com.' If a user searched for google.com, the
recursive resolver would submit a query to a.com TLD nameserver, which would answer by directing
to the authoritative nameserver (see below) for that domain.

The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA), a division of ICANN, is in charge of managing
TLD nameservers. The IANA divides TLD servers into two categories:
+ Generic top-level domains (TLDs) are domains that are not nation-specific; some of the most
well-known generic TLDs include .com, .org, .net, .edu and.gov.
+ Nation code top-level domains (ccTLDs) are any domains that are unique to a country or state
.uk, .us, .ru and .jp are some examples.
There is a third category for infrastructure domains, although it is rarely utilized. This category was
designed for the .arpa domain, which was a transitional domain used in the development of current
DNS; its value now is primarily historical.

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An Authoritative Name Server:

When a recursive resolver receives a response from a TLD nameserver, the resolver is directed to an
authoritative nameserver. The authoritative nameserver is generally the last stage in the resolver's path
for an IP address. The authoritative nameserver contains information specific to the domain name it
serves (for example, google.com), and it can provide a recursive resolver with the IP address of that
server found in the DNS A record, or if the domain has a CNAME record (alias), it will provide the
recursive resolver with an alias domain, at which point the recursive resolver will have to perform a
whole new DNS lookup to obtain a record from an authoritative nameserver (often an A record
containing an IP address).
4. How domain names are organized and managed

Subdomains, which are subordinate tiers of the root domain of the Domain Name System, are used to arrange
domain names. Top-level domains (TLDs) are the first-level collection of domain names and include generic
top-level domains (gTLDs) like <.com=, <.net=, and <.org=, as well as country code top-level domains
(ccTLDs). In the instances google.fr and google.com.au, the ccTLDs are indicated to the right of the dot, such
as <.fr= or <.au=. Second and third-level domain names, such as DomainTools or Google, are classified as toplevel domains in the DNS system. End users can often reserve these domains to run websites, establish publicly
accessible Internet resources, and link the Internet to local area networks. Second-level domains often convey
the name of the organization and/or are descriptive of the service offered, whereas third-level domains
typically point to a specific server inside an organization (DomainTools, 2021).

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II. Explanation of web element
1. Communication protocols
Communication protocols enable various network devices to communicate with one another. They are utilized
in analog and digital communications and may be used for various tasks ranging from moving information
between devices to connecting to the internet (CompTIA, 2021).
The Department of Defense (DoD) created and developed TCP/IP in the 1960s, and it is based on standard
protocols. It is an abbreviation for Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol. TCP/IP is a condensed
version of the OSI model. It has four layers, as opposed to the OSI model's seven. The layers are as follows
(GeeksforGeeks, 2020):
-

-

-


-

Network Access Layer: This layer is a mix of the OSI model's Data Link Layer and Physical Layer.
It searches for hardware addressing, and the protocols included at this layer enable physical data
transfer.
The Internet Layer: The same duties as the OSI Network Layer. It specifies the protocols that are in
charge of logical data transfer across the whole network. This layer's primary protocols are as follows:
+ IP: Stands for Internet Protocol, and it is in charge of sending packets from the source host to
the destination host based on the IP addresses in the packet headers. IP is available in two
flavors: IPv4 and IPv6. The majority of websites are now utilizing IPv4. However, IPv6 use is
increasing since the quantity of IPv4 addresses is restricted in comparison to the number of
users.
+ ICMP: An abbreviation for Internet Control Message Protocol. It is wrapped within IP
datagrams and is in charge of informing hosts about network difficulties.
+ ARP: Address Resolution Protocol. Its job is to determine a host's hardware address from a
known IP address. ARP is classified into four types: reverse ARP, proxy ARP, gratuitous ARP,
and inverse ARP.
Host-to-Host Layer: This layer is equivalent to the OSI model's Transport layer. It is in charge of endto-end communication and data delivery that is error-free. It protects upper-layer applications from
data complexity. This layer has two major protocols:
+ Transmission Control Protocol (TCP): This protocol is well-known for providing
dependable and error-free communication between end systems. It accomplishes data
sequencing and segmentation. It also features an acknowledgment function and manages data
flow via a flow control mechanism. It is a very effective protocol, but it has a lot of overhead
as a result of these qualities. Increased overhead equals higher costs.
+ User Datagram Protocol (UDP): On the other hand, it lacks such characteristics. It is the
preferred protocol if your application does not require dependable transit because it is highly
cost-effective. In contrast to TCP, which is a connection-oriented protocol, UDP is a
connectionless protocol.
Application Layer: This layer fulfills the duties of the OSI model's top three layers: application,

presentation, and session. It is in charge of node-to-node communication as well as user-interface
requirements. This layer includes protocols such as HTTP, HTTPS, FTP, TFTP, Telnet, SSH, SMTP,
SNMP, DNS, DHCP, NFS, X Window, and LPD. For further information on these protocols, see
Protocols in the Application Layer. Protocols that are not included in the linked article include:
+ HTTP and HTTPS: HTTP is an abbreviation for Hypertext Transfer Protocol. The World
Wide Web uses it to coordinate connections between web browsers and servers. HTTPS is an
abbreviation for HTTP-Secure. It is a hybrid of HTTP and SSL (Secure Socket Layer). It is
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+
+

useful when the browser has to fill out forms, sign in, authenticate, and conduct financial
transactions.
SSH: Secure Shell is an abbreviation for Secure Shell. It's a terminal emulation program
comparable to Telnet. Because of its capacity to maintain the encrypted connection, SSH is
favored. It establishes a secure session over a TCP/IP connection.
NTP: is an abbreviation for Network Time Protocol. It is used to synchronize our computer's
clocks to a single standard time source. It is extremely handy in circumstances such as bank
transactions. Consider the following scenario in the absence of NTP.

2. Server hardware
The rapid expansion of cloud computing platforms, as well as the previous wave of virtualization, have
drastically impacted the function of the server in SMBs and businesses (Moore, 2020).
Type of server hardware and its purpose (Moore, 2020):

-

-

-

-

Tower servers: A tower server is housed in an upright, stand-alone cabinet, similar to a tower-style
PC. Because of their low component density, these servers give the benefit of easier cooling. They are
also quite affordable, making them a viable solution for small firms with limited resources. Tower
servers, on the other hand, require more room than other servers’ kinds.
Rack servers: A rack server, as the name implies, is intended to be installed on a server rack in a data
center. Rack servers frequently function as all-purpose computer nodes in data centers, serving a wide
range of applications. These servers are smaller than a tower server. Rack servers and server racks are
designed to meet similar sizing specifications, allowing servers from many suppliers to be stacked
together. Engineers can also easily install new servers or replace existing ones because of
standardization. Cable management, on the other hand, maybe a headache when it comes to managing
rack servers, which are connected to power supply, networking equipment, and storage devices.
Blade servers: They are a small device that holds several thin, modular circuit boards known as server
blades. Each blade houses a single server, which is typically dedicated to a single application. Because
blade servers are often dedicated, administrators have better control over how they are accessed and
data is transmitted between devices. Blade servers have a higher processing density than other server
models, which may provide a price and performance benefit. Other advantages of blade servers include
cooling (each blade is independently cooled by fans), minimum wiring, low power consumption, and
storage consolidation. Because of its hot-swappable, modular components, blade server systems are
also easier to repair than rack servers. On the negative, historically, blade servers have been constructed
on proprietary designs, making vendor lock-in a potential stumbling block for consumers.
Hyper-converged infrastructure (HCI): HCI systems attempt to provide a more user-friendly
alternative to traditional IT infrastructure by combining computational power, storage, and hypervisor

technologies in a single system. A mid-level data center engineer should be able to accomplish the
duties of initial hardware configuration, hypervisor deployment, and software-defined storage
implementation in roughly an hour with a typical hyper-convergence offering. Vendor goods have set
up wizards for gathering the necessary information. The majority of the implementation operations are
automated.

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Mainframes: Client-server architectures were predicted to decimate mainframes in the 1990s, yet such
high-end servers still exist. Today's mainframes can handle high numbers of concurrent transactions
and severe I/O loads without sacrificing speed. Typical mainframe customers include financial services
organizations that execute concurrent, real-time transactions. The fundamental disadvantages of
mainframes are their size and cost.

3. Operating systems
An operating system's objective is to offer a platform on which a user may execute applications conveniently
and efficiently. An operating system is a piece of software that oversees the allocation of computer hardware.
The hardware coordination must be suitable to ensure the proper operation of the computer system and prevent
user programs from interfering with the system's normal operation (Singh, 2021).
The following are some of the most important features of an operating system (Singh, 2021):
-

-


-

-

Security: To safeguard user data, the operating system employs password protection and other similar
measures. It also protects applications and user data from illegal access.
Control over system performance: Keeps an eye on the general health of the system in order to help
it operate better. To get a thorough picture of the system's health, keep track of the time between service
requests and system responses. This can aid performance by giving critical information for
troubleshooting issues.
Job accounting: System software This information may be used to measure resource utilization for a
specific user or group of users by keeping track of time and resources utilized by various tasks and
users.
Error detecting aids: The operating system continuously monitors the system in order to discover
errors and prevent a computer system from failing.
Coordination between other software and users: Operating systems also organize and distribute
interpreters, compilers, assemblers, and other software to computer users.
Memory Management: The operating system is in charge of managing the primary memory, also
known as main memory. Main memory is composed of a vast array of bytes or words, with each byte
or word allocated a unique address. The CPU can immediately access the main memory, which is rapid
storage. A program must first be loaded into the main memory before it can be run. For memory
management, an operating system performs the following tasks: It manages main memory, that is,
which bytes of memory are used by which user program. Memory addresses that have already been
assigned and memory addresses that have not yet been used in multiprogramming, the operating system
determines which processes have memory access and for how long. It allocates memory to a process
when it asks it and deals locate memory when the process terminates or performs an I/O activity.
Processor Management: In a multi-programming environment, the operating system determines the
sequence in which programs access the processor and how much processing time each process gets.
This OS operation is known as process scheduling. For processor management, an operating system

performs the following tasks. Maintains a record of the status of processes. A traffic controller is a
program that performs this function. Allocates a processor's CPU to a process. When a process is no
longer necessary, the processor is de-allocated.
Device Management: An operating system handles device connectivity through its individual drivers.
It manages devices by doing the following tasks. It keeps track of all the devices that are linked to the
system. The Input/Output controller is software that is responsible for every device. Determines which
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processes have access to a certain device and for how long. Devices are allocated effectively and
efficiently. When a gadget is no longer needed, it is deallocated.
File Management: A file system is arranged into directories to facilitate efficient or simple navigation
and usage. These folders may include additional directories and files. The following file management
tasks are performed by an operating system. It keeps track of where information is kept, user access
settings, and the condition of each file, among other things... The file system is the name given to all
of these features.

4. Web server software
A web server is software that handles network requests from users and serves them with files that generate
web pages. The Hypertext Transfer Protocol is used for this interaction (HTTP) (Gupta, 2019).
Web servers are basically machines that are used to store HTTP files that make up a website, and when a client
requests a certain website, it sends the requested website to the client. For example, suppose you wish to open
Facebook on your laptop and type the URL into Google's search field. Now, the laptop will submit an HTTP
request to another computer known as the webserver to access the Facebook webpage. This machine

(webserver) holds all of the files (typically in HTTP format) that comprise the website, such as text, pictures,
gif files, and so on. Following the processing of the request, the web server will deliver the required websiterelated files to your computer, allowing you to access the website (Gupta, 2019).
Distinct websites can be kept on the same or different web servers, but this has no bearing on the website you
are viewing on your computer. The web server can be any type of software or hardware, although it is generally
software that runs on a computer. One web server can accommodate several users at the same time, which is
necessary since otherwise there would have to be a web server for each user, which is almost impossible given
the present world population. A web server is never disconnected from the internet because if it is, it would be
unable to receive any requests and hence will not be able to process them (Gupta, 2019).
There are several free and paid web servers accessible on the market. Some of them are as follows (Gupta,
2019):
-

Apache HTTP server:

It is the most widely used web server, with over 60% of the world's web server computers running it.
The Apache Software Foundation created the Apache HTTP web server. It is open-source software,
which implies that we may access and modify its code to shape it to our liking. The Apache Web Server
is simple to install and use on practically any operating system, including Linux, macOS, and
Windows.
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Microsoft Internet Information Services (IIS):


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Microsoft Internet Information Services (IIS) is a high-performance web server. It is tightly integrated
with the operating system and hence quite simple to manage. It was created by Microsoft, and it offers
an excellent customer support system that is easy to approach if there is a problem with the server. It
has all of the functionality of the Apache HTTP Server except that it is not open-source software and
so its code is unavailable, which means we cannot modify it to meet our needs. It is simple to install
on any Windows device.
Lighttpd:

-

An abbreviation for 'Lightly.' It presently powers around 0.1 percent of the world's websites. Lighttpd
has a low CPU burden and is hence significantly easy to run. It has a small memory footprint and hence
requires less memory space to execute than other web servers, which is always a plus. It also features
speed optimizations, which means we may optimize or adjust its performance based on our needs. It is
open-source software, which implies that we may access its code and modify it to meet our demands
before uploading our own module (the changed code).
Jigsaw Server:

Jigsaw was developed in Java and can execute both CGI (common gateway interference) scripts and
PHP applications. It is not a full-fledged server; rather, it was created as an experimental server to
illustrate new web protocols. It is open-source software, which implies that we may access its code and
modify it to meet our demands before uploading our own module (the changed code). It may be
installed on any device that supports the Java language and Java modifications.
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Sun Java System:

The Sun Java System supports a variety of Web 2.0 languages, scripts, and technologies such as
Python, PHP, and others. Because it is not open-source software, its source code is unavailable, which
means we cannot modify it to meet our needs.
5. Explain the relationship between technologies above with regards to design, publish

and accessing a website
There are some concepts that we must understand clearly again (MND Web Docs, 2021):
-

-

Your internet connection: This enables you to transmit and receive data via the internet.
TCP/IP: Transmission Control Protocol and Internet Protocol are communication protocols that
specify how data should be sent over the internet.
DNS: Domain Name Servers function similarly to an address book for websites. When you enter a web
URL into your browser, the browser consults the DNS to determine the website's true address before
retrieving the webpage. The browser must determine which server hosts the webpage to send HTTP
messages to the correct location.
HTTP: an application protocol that specifies a language for clients and servers to communicate with
one another.
Component files: A website is comprised of several files. These files are classified into two types:
+ Code files: Websites are typically developed with HTML, CSS, and JavaScript, while more
technologies will be included later.
+ Assets: This is a catch-all term for anything else that makes up a website, such as photographs,

audio, video, Word documents, and PDFs.

When you enter a site URL into your browser (MND Web Docs, 2021):
-

The browser connects to the DNS server to determine the true address of the server where the webpage
is hosted.
The browser sends an HTTP request message to the server, requesting that a copy of the website be
sent to the client. This message, as well as any other data communicated between the client and the
server, is transmitted through TCP/IP across your internet connection.
If the server authorizes the client's request, it gives the client an email "200 OK" message, which says
"Of course, you may visit that website!" This is it ", and then begins transmitting the website's files to
the browser in the form of a series of little pieces known as data packets.
The browser assembles the little parts into a whole web page and shows it to you.

When browsers submit requests to servers for HTML files, those HTML files frequently contain <link>
elements that refer to external CSS stylesheets and <script> elements that refer to external JavaScript scripts.
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It's critical to understand the sequence in which those files are interpreted by the browser while the website
loads (MND Web Docs, 2021):
-

The browser parses the HTML file first, which allows it to recognize any <link> to external CSS
stylesheets and scripts in the <script> element.

As the browser parses the HTML, it sends requests to the server for any CSS files it finds from <link>
elements and any JavaScript files it finds from <script> elements and parses the CSS and JavaScript
from those requests.
The browser builds an in-memory DOM tree from the parsed HTML, a CSSOM structure from the
parsed CSS, and compiles and runs the parsed JavaScript.
A visual representation of the page is painted on the screen when the browser creates the DOM tree,
applies the styles from the CSSOM tree, and runs the JavaScript. The user sees the page content and
may begin to interact with it.

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III. Website technologies
1. Explanation of static and dynamic web
a. Static web
In technical terms, a static website is created using HTML and CSS. It is made up of a collection of code files
that are used to represent the site's many physical pages. These websites are quick and simple to create. They
are inexpensive and an excellent alternative for small enterprises. A static website has the appearance of an
online brochure, with forms and hyperlinks that allow potential buyers to explore different pages on the screen.
A static website’s pages, once built, will stay static and cannot be modified or changed without coding
knowledge. That instance, if a rookie business owner wants to change some content on his or her static website,
he or she must hire a website developer to do it (Admin, 2017).
Benefits (Admin, 2017):
-

Time-saving: The main advantage of a static website is that it is easy to create. A static website may

be created significantly faster by a competent web developer than a dynamic one.
Cost-effective: Static websites are less expensive to construct than dynamic ones. They are ideal for
small enterprises on a tight budget.
Inexpensive Hosting: Static websites may have dedicated servers at a lower cost and with more
convenience.
Easy indexing: Because static websites are simply a collection of coded HTML or CSS files, search
engines such as Google, Bing, and others can quickly index them.
Fast transferring: Because static websites do not have complicated architecture like dynamic
websites, they can be sent from server to client swiftly and effortlessly.

Hazards include (Admin, 2017):
-

-

Difficult to change: The most significant disadvantage of a static website is that its content cannot be
quickly modified. The material cannot be updated by a beginner. To update, add, or replace any
material on a static website, you'll need the help of a web developer. Even a little adjustment to the
website would necessitate changing all of the HTML files separately.
Not good for the long run: A static website is not suitable for the long run because any firm would
want several upgrades to keep up with the newest trends. To make modifications, one would have to
modify each page file again, which can use a lot of resources.
Limited functionality: A static website does not provide all of the features that a dynamic website
provides. A static website can have text, photos, videos, and hyperlinks in its content, but it cannot
perform any additional specific activities.
b. Dynamic web

A dynamic website is created utilizing sophisticated server technologies such as PHP, JavaScript, or ASP to
create more dynamic web pages. By dynamic web pages, we mean pages that are interactive and alter
dynamically based on time, region, and user type. Dynamic websites can be linked to a huge database, allowing

them to retrieve information as needed. This aids in the creation of a more user-driven page that adapts as the
user desires. On a dynamic website, the content and information on the page alter in response to user
commands (Admin, 2017).

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Advantages (Admin, 2017):
-

-

Easy to update: The most significant benefit of a dynamic website is that it can be simply modified to
meet the demands of the business owner. There is no need for professional expertise to update the
dynamic website, and a single modification in the template file will result in a design change on all
pages that use that file.
Interactive: Dynamic websites interact with users and alter based on their actions.
Quick responsiveness: A dynamic website can be quickly modified to become responsive to multiple
screen sizes, something a static website cannot.
Smooth navigation: A dynamic website provides smoother navigation and allows the user to bounce
from one page to the next without difficulty.

Disadvantages include (Admin, 2017):
-

Higher cost: Dynamic websites may be expensive to design, and the cost of hosting is often significant.

However, once constructed, they would not require any extra funding for upgrades or alterations.
Slow processing: Because dynamic websites must execute a lot of operations using complicated
technology, they are slower to process and load.
c. The differences between a static and dynamic web

The table below displays the distinction between static and dynamic web pages is as follows (Singh, 2020):
No.

Static web page

Dynamic web page

1

Pages in static web pages will remain The content of pages on dynamic websites varies
unchanged until manually changed.
depending on the visitor.

2

In terms of complexity, static web pages are Dynamic websites are difficult to understand.
simple.

3

Information on static websites is seldom The information on a dynamic web page change
changed.
regularly.

4


Loading a static web page takes less time Loading a dynamic web page takes longer.
than loading a dynamic web page.

5

A database is not utilized in Static Web A database is utilized in dynamic websites.
Pages.

6

Static web pages are created using CGI, AJAX, ASP, ASP.NET, and other languages
programming languages such as HTML, are used to create dynamic web pages.
JavaScript, CSS, and others.

7

There is no application software on static Dynamic web pages include application programs
web pages.
for various services.

8

Static web pages need less time and money Dynamic websites need a greater amount of time
to design.
and money to design.
d. Conclusion

After considering the benefits and drawbacks of both dynamic and static websites, it is possible to conclude
that a dynamic website, albeit more expensive, is a preferable option for website creation. It is a one-time

investment that may help any internet business grow (Admin, 2017).
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These are some of the benefits and drawbacks of both dynamic and static websites. The usefulness and
resourcefulness of both sorts of websites are determined by individual demands and goals. Whereas some
individuals like the simplicity and comfort of static websites, others are enthralled by the deep functionality
and intuitiveness of dynamic websites. Both have pros and disadvantages (Admin, 2017).
2. Drive to front-end and back-end technologies
a. Frontend
The frontend is the component of the website that you can view and interact with directly to access the system's
backend features. It includes everything the user can see, touch, and feel. The position of a web designer has
evolved significantly over time, but the essential duties of website creation have not. The frontend is all about
the website's bells and whistles, such as the graphical user interface, which includes flashy buttons, bright
graphics, navigation menus, and so on. The frontend is sometimes known as "client-side" since the activity
occurs on the client-side, which in this case is the user. A client is often the computer application that is viewing
it, such as a web browser (Khillar, 2018).
The frontend is primarily the web browser, and everything the user sees and interacts with on the website is
within the purview of frontend development. Frontend development contributes to a better user experience in
terms of design and simplicity of use, and it is the responsibility of the web designer too, well, design websites.
A web designer does not work with coding. He is in charge of overseeing all parts of developing and revamping
websites with both aesthetically appealing features and a user-friendly design. A frontend developer's job is to
create an environment that the user can see and touch using a combination of technologies such as HTML,
CSS, and JavaScript (Khillar, 2018).
b. Backend
The backend, commonly known as the "server-side," is the component of the website that you cannot view or

interact with. Backend web development is responsible for everything that happens behind the scenes. It all
comes down to how the website functions; it's more of an indirect service provider for frontend development.
It is the component of the system that has no direct interaction with the users. It operates on the server-side, as
opposed to the frontend, but communicates with it to verify everything is working properly. Every program
has a considerable amount of non-user interface code that deals with all the sophisticated processes in the
background. Backend specialists are often programmers and developers (Khillar, 2018).
Backend developers are in charge of everything that does not require developing a user interface, such as
writing APIs, establishing libraries, or adding utility to whatever the web designer does. They improve
communication between the presentation and business layers. In contrast to frontend web designers, they play
an important part in web development and their position is very collaborative. In a nutshell, backend web
development is the combination of developing and maintaining a software application's basic functional logic.
To put it simply, backend developers build code to ensure that everything works properly on the frontend.
They tend to spend more time than web designers working out reasoning and applying algorithms to guarantee
the website runs effectively. It is a website's central processing unit (Khillar, 2018).

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3. Clarify the capabilities and relationship front-end and back-end
The relationship can be explained that (Khillar, 2018):
-

-

-


Meaning: The frontend of a website is the section that people can see and interact with, such as the
graphical user interface (GUI) and the command line, which includes the design, navigating menus,
words, photos, videos, and so on. The backend, on the other hand, is the component of the website that
visitors cannot view or interact with. It all comes down to how everything works.
Role: Both are important in web development, and while they have their distinctions, they are like two
sides of the same coin. The visual parts of a website that a user may see and experience are referred to
as the frontend. Backend web development, on the other hand, is responsible for everything that
happens in the background. It's more of a frontend web experience enabler.
Summary: While both the frontend and backend are essential to how a website functions, there are
some functional distinctions between them. Regardless, they are like two sides of the same coin. The
former is everything a user sees and interacts with, whereas the latter is everything a user cannot see.
The client-side is referred to as the frontend, whereas the server-side is referred to as the backend. Both
are critical components of web development, yet their roles, responsibilities, and working
environments are very different. The front end is what consumers see, but the back end is where
everything happens.

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IV. Online creation tools and custom-built
1. Examples of online creation tool
a. WIX.com ()

Wix's cutting-edge technology enables anybody to create a personalized, professional web presence. Whether
creators first-time creators or seasoned veterans, they'll discover the features and solutions they need to design
a great website with complete creative freedom (WIX, 2021).

Wix's worldwide user base, open SDK, and unrivaled design capabilities combine to provide a one-of-a-kind
environment. Wix allows partners, developers, web designers, and other online professionals to sell their
products and services to millions of people (WIX, 2021).
Wix offers a world-class platform to more than 200 million people globally, allowing anybody to express
themselves and establish their online presence. Whether the creator is an entrepreneur, designer, developer,
singer, photographer, or restaurant owner, he or she will discover specific capabilities to build a great website
and manage your business (WIX, 2021).
Wix is always creating new tools to help you succeed. Ascend by Wix offers users an all-in-one business
solution that allows them to engage with customers and automate their processes. Users may sell their things
and be paid online with Wix Stores. Create a personalized logo with Wix Logo Maker to develop their brand
and uncover a comprehensive collection of SEO tools to assist them in competing in organic search. Wix
Video Maker allows them to create promotional films in seconds and a Wix Blog allows them to share their
story with their online network. With our open development platform, Velo by Wix, you can create powerful
web apps using serverless computing and hassle-free coding (WIX, 2021).
Discover these and hundreds of other useful tools for website designers and managers (WIX, 2021).

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b. WordPress ()

WordPress is a free and open-source Content Management System (CMS) that enables users to create dynamic
websites and blogs. WordPress is the most popular blogging system on the web, and its back-end CMS and
components enable website maintenance, customization, and management (tutorialspoint, 2015).
Features (tutorialspoint, 2015):
-


-

User Management: It allows you to manage user information such as changing the user's position to
(subscriber, contributor, author, editor, or administrator), creating or deleting the user, changing the
password, and altering the user information. The user manager's primary responsibility is
authentication.
Media Management: It is a tool for managing media files and folders on your website, allowing you
to effortlessly upload, organize, and manage media assets.
Theme System: It allows you to change the appearance and functionality of your website. Images,
stylesheets, template files, and custom pages are all included.
Extend with Plugins: Several plugins are available that give specific functions and features based on
the needs of the user.
Search Engine Optimization (SEO): It includes a number of SEO tools that make on-site SEO simple.
Multilingual: It allows the user to translate the entire material into the language of their choice.
Importers: It enables the importation of data in the form of posts. Custom files, comments, post pages,
and tags are all imported.

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