CAM NHAN VE GIA HOA
O NGUOI CAO TUOI
Bai Viet la mot phan ket qua nghien ojru de tai cap co so 2016: Cam nhan ve tuoi gia
cua nguai c^o tuoi do Vifn Tam ly hpc chu tri, PGS.TS. Le Van Hao lam chu nhiem.

PGS.TS. le Van Hao
Pho Vien trudng \ ien Tdm ly hpc.
TOM TAT
Cdm nhgn ludi gid hay qud Irinh gid hda cd the khde nhau theo khdng gian (cdc
nen van hda). thdi gian hay timg cd nhdn. Cdm nhdn lich cue re giai dogn ludi gid da
duac chung minh Id co luang quan ihiign vdi cdm gide khde mgnh. hgnh phue trong
qud Irinh gid hda. img pho lot han vdi cdc thdeh thiic... Xghien cuu tren mpt mdu chpn
100 ngirdi gid a Thai Binh vd Hd Xoi. kel qud cho thdy. ndi chung gid hda dupe cam
nhdn vd irai nghiem lircmg doi lich cue .\hi<}ii ngudi khdng nghi ve minh nhu mot
ngudi gid: Sue khde Id mdi quan Idm sd mpt vd phdn Idn ngirdi gid mudn minh Ire han
ludi thgt: Si^w'ri co dieu kien song khd gid han. sue khde tdt han hay cd quan he toi
han vdi con cdi ihirdng co xu hudng cdm nhgn tuoi gid hdt ddu mudn han.
Tir khoa: Sgudi gid: Sgm'n cao tudi: Cam nhgn gid hda.
Sgdy nhdn hdi: 5/9/2016; .\gdy duyel ddng bdi: 25 11/2016.
Van dc
Du la qudc gia cd dan sd tre nhung dan sd Viet Nam lai dang gia hda
ihco mdt tdc dp nhanh chua timg gap. Nhu thg. ngu xa hdi Viet Nam gia di
trude khi trd ngn giau cd thi trong tuong lai ngan han lan dai han, vdi mdt he
thdng phue Igi cdn ngheo nan. ngudi gia van ludn dirng trude nhihig thach thiic
rat Idn ve nhigu mat, dac biet la siic khde thg chat va lam ly.
Gid la mdt giai doan ma ai cung trai qua sau giai doan trung nign. Cdn
gid hdo (ageing) la mdt giai doan ttong dd con ngudi trd ngn gia hon, lao hda.
Giai doan na> dien ra vdi nhigu sy thay ddi vc mat thg chat, lam ly va xa hpi.
Cam nh$n tich eye vc tudi gia da dugc chimg minh la cd tuong quan thuan vdi
cam cam giac khde manh. hanh phue trong qua trinh gia hda (Idler, 2003; Deeg
va Bath, 2003). Trong qua trinh gia hda. cam giac khde manh chii quan (sire

khde chu quan) tuong ddi bgn vimg. ngay ca khi siic khde khach quan xau di
(Kunzmann Ule I .. Jacqui S.. 2000). Cau hdi dat ra la ttong qua trinh nay, con

TAPCHlTAMiyHOCSd'12(213). 12-2016

25


ngirdi tri giac/cam nhan vg tudi gia, vg qua trinh gia hda nhu thg nao? Trai nghi?m
cua hp ra sao vdi tu each la ngudi trong cupc? Trong giai doan tudi gia lieu con
ngudi cd cam nhan khae biet giiia tudi ddi/tudi thuc tg va "tudi lam Iy"?.
Nghign ciiu trong Tam Iy hpc siic khde da cho thay phan Idn ngudi gia
(tren 65 tudi) d Anh deu khdng nghi la minh gia hay gia nhu tudi thuc tg. Phan
Idn hp dgu cam nhan minh trg hon tudi ddi. Nhiing ngudi cd cam nhan tich cue
vg ludi (lam ly) ciia minh dgu cd cam nhan tdt hom vg sire khde ciia hp
(Demakakos, Hacker va Gjonfa, 2008). Nghign ciiu nay ciing phat hien ra ring,
da sd nhihig ngudi gia trong miu nghign ciiu dgu cd ttai nghiem tich eye vg giai
doan hda gia (hav' gia hda). Tham chi, nghign ciiu theo tuygn dpc trgn 660 ngudi
dp ludi tir 50 trd Ign d My cdn cho thay, nhiing ngudi cd cam nhan tich eye vg
qua trinh gia hda (dugc do ludng tir 23 nam ttudc day), sdng thg hon ttung binh
la 7,5 nam so vdi nhihig ngudi cd cam nhan it tich eye hom vg mdi gia. Kgt qua
nay diing vdi cac ca nhan bat kg nhdm mdi, gidi linh, vj thg kinh tg xa hdi, cd
don hay siic khde chiic nang (Levy B.R., el al, 2002). Tuy nhien, mdt sd quan
sat lai cho thiy mdt biic tranh khae, ttong dd ngudi gia cd xu hudng cam nhan
minh "gia" trude tudi. Cam nhan gia hda cd the khae nhau ttong cac ngn van hda
khae nhau.
Trong mdt ngn van hda truyen thdng theo xu hudng cpng ddng, thir b§c
va trpng lao, 49, 50 tudi ttd Ign da dugc coi la "lao lang". Mirc sdng tang, tuoi
thp ngudi Vi?t Nam ngay cang tang Ign, hdi nhap thg gidi ngay cang sau rpng
hon kg ca vg mat van hda, quan ni?m nay cd lg dang thay ddi. Khoa hpc xa hpi

cung da xac djnh sy tuomg quan thuan giOia qua trinh gia hda va vj thg kinh tg,
hdn nhan, giao dye va cam giac lam chii/kiem soat cude ddi... Nghi huu - giai
doan chuygn tigp ma ngudi cao tudi ddi mat cd thg ed nhigu he qua tich eye va
tigu eye ddi vdi hp. Trong bdi canh hi?n nay thi hieu bigt sau sic hon vg tti giac
va ttai nghigm tudi gia sg giiip ich rit nhigu cho sy lya chpn phu hgp.
Cam nhan ve gia hda cd anh hudng ddn hanh vi va ky vgng ciia xa hpi
ddi vdi ngudi gia (Pasupathi va Ldckenhoff, 2002) cung nhu anh hudng dgn
cam giac khde manh, h?inh phue va img phd cua ngudi gia trong qua trinh gia
hda (Levy, 2003; Levy va Myers, 2004). Da sd cac nghign ciru trong ITnh vyc
nay dugc thyc hi?n d cac ngn van hda phuomg Tay nhung ngay cang cd nhieu
bang chiing cho thay, gia hda d cac ngn van hda phuong Ddng cd the khae
(AmhofT, Leon va Lorge, 1964; Giles, 2000). Nghign ciiu nhd nay cd muc dich
la di tim cau tra ldi cho 2 cau hdi sau day:
(1) Ngudi cao tudi cam nhan vg tuoi gia va qua trinh gia hda nhu the nao?
(2) Trai nghiem vg tuoi gia va qua trinh gia hda cua hp ra sao?

26

TAPCHlTAMiyHOCSd 12(213), 12-2016


\

Phinmg phap nghien cihi
Phuvng phdp nghien cuu
Phuong phap dung bang hdi ngan gpn danh cho ngudi gia. Cu the nhu
sau: hai cau hdi md (a) "Theo ttai nghiem cua dng/ba, nhihig digu tich cue nhat
vg ludi gia/qua trinh gia hda la gi?" va (b) "Theo ttai nghiem eda dng/ba, nhiing
digu ligu eye nhat vg mdi gia/qua Irinh gia hda la gi?". Mpi bang hdi ngan cd 12
menh de dg nghien ciiu cam nhan chung cua ngudi cao tudi ve ludi gia va qua

trinh gia hda theo dang Likert 5 mirc dp (lit "hoan loan ddng y " cho den "hoan
loan khdng ddng y") cd cac menh dg theo dang nhu "Chiing ta cd thg hpc hdi
dugc nhigu tir ngudi gia" hoac "Tudi gia la thdi gian cd don"...
Ngoai ra cdn mpt sd cau hdi lign quan dgn trai nghiem gia hda, khae biet
giura tudi sinh hpc va tudi cam nhan vg mat lam ly.
Mau nghien eiru
Day la mdt nghign cihi nhd, duge thyc hien trdn mdt quan thg dan cu han
chg, ehpn theo nguygn tac tien Igi. Mau nghign cim gdm 100 ngudi cao ludi, ly
le nam nil can bing, pham vi ludi tir 55 dgn 90 vdi tudi ttung binh la 68,25.
Nhdm ngudi gia thii nhat sdng d Tay Mo - mdt xa ven dd mdi Ign phudng d
quan Nam T u Ligm (Ha Ndi). Nhdm thu hai sdng d Quynh Chau, mdt xa thuan
ndng thupe huyen Quynh Phu (Thai Binh). Day la mdt nghign curu vdi mau chpn
nhd, tinh dai dien thap nen linh khai quat cua cac kgt qua la han chg.
Ket qua v^ ban luan

/. Ddnh gid chung vi quan he giira ngudi gid vdi con da trudng thdnh
vd tinh trgng 5(rc khde
Bdng I: Quan he vdi con vd tinh trgng sire khde (%) (N^lOO)
Tuyct
vdi

Rat tot

T6t

Kha tot

Khong

Toil?


DTB

Quan hf vcri con

6,9

18,8

40.6

27,7

6.0

0,0

3,07

Tinh tr^ng siic khde

0,0

2.9

29,8

44.2

23.1


1,0

3,90

Ghi chu: Diem dao dpng tir I (tuyfl vai) den 6 (tdi le).

Phan Idn ngudi gia trong mau chpn (3/4) bao cao rang, tinh trang sire
khde chii quan (theo danh gia ciia chinh hp) lir kha tdt cho dgn tdt, rat tdt va
tuyct vdi. Nhimg ciing cd tdi hon 1/4 ttong sd hp danh gia sire khde cua minh
"khdng tdt" (23.1%). Con sd ngudi gia d My bao cao sue khde d trang thai tdt
TAPCHlTAMiyHOCSd 12 (213), 12-2016

27


(good or better health) la 80% nhung vdi miu chpn ngudi gia tir 65 - 74 ludi (so
vdi mau ciia nghien ciiu nay la tir 55 ttd Ign) (The Federal Interagency Forum on
Aging-Related Statistics, 2016). Trong mdi quan he vdi con cai da trudng thanh
chi ed 6,0% sd ngudi gia ttong mau ehpn nav danh gia la "khdng tdt", sd cdn lai
dgu ttong trang thai kha tdt, tdt, rat lot hoac myel vdi (chi ligt xem bang I).
Mdi quan he vdi con cai dugc nam gidi danh gia tich cue hom so vdi nil
gidi (DTB nam = 2.88 so vdi DTB nu = 3,25; p < 0,05). Lieu cd phai vi nam
gidi "Ihoang" hon ngn cung it lo lang vg con cai (dac biet khi hg da trudng
thanh) va vi thg hp thiy mdi quan he dd lich eye hon?.
2. Trdi nghiem tich cue va lieu cue ve gid hoa eda ngudi cao ludi
Chiing tdi de nghj "Trude hgt, xin hay nghT vg nhiing trai nghiem trong
qua trinh gia hda ciia chinh minh. Theo dng ba, nhtimg digu lich eye nhat ciia
viec trd thanh ngudi gia hon/cao ludi hon la gi?" Trong cau hdi md tigp theo, lir
"tich eye nhat" dugc thay thg bang "tigu eye nhat". Kgt qua thu dugc tir cac cau

tra ldi cho cau hdi djnh tinh vira ngu dugc ttinh bay trong hinh 1 va 2.

Z|3

CuQc song kha gia

1 192

Di h o ^ thanh trach nhicm

1

Co kmh nghiem. day con chau nhihig di^u minh bicl
S6ng cung con ch&u. diroc nhm tha> con chau truong thinh

50

1>.l

SAng vui. song khoc. s6ng c6 ich

1 !9.3

1

Tich cue Iuy6n tap \hi thao

112 1

113


Tich cue fhani gia hoat dong cdng d6ng
S6ng khoan dung hon. binh than hon
D u w t6n (rong. quan Iflm

111 1

ZD51

Sdngc6
Mmh man

113 1

J

1
30

%

Hinh 1: Nhirng trdi nghiem lich cue nhdt vi qud trinh gid hda (N = 100)

28

TAPCHlTAMiyHOCSd'12 (213), 12-2016


Khdng CO ticn
La ganh nSng cho con chiu. xa h^i

Tmh tmh (hav dAi

42
]n.5

Khdng mudn ^am gia hoat dOng xS h6i
Ttf luong khong tho&i mai. lieu cue
Apltfcnhifiu

~|3.1

Cddon
dm yiu. SLTC khoc giam siii
40

50

%

I

Hinh 2: Nhirng trdi nghiem lieu cue nhdt ve qud trinh gid hda (N = 100)

Digm dang lim y nhat trong hinh 1 cho tha\. vdi hom 1/2 ngudi cao tudi
thi trai nghiem "vc gia" cua hp la "cd kinh nghiem. day con chau nhtimg dieu
minh bigt" (50,5%), tiep dgn la "sdng vui. sdng khde. sdng cd ich" (29,3%) va
cam giac "da hoan thanh trach nhiem" (hon 19,0%). Ndi each khae. nhigu ngudi
gia coi minh - trong qua trinh gia hda - la mdt ngudn quy, san sang chia se vdi
cac thg he sau. Nhung trong bdi canh dang trai qua nhieu bien ddi xa hdi nhu
hi?n nay, thg he thir hai (con cua hp va ciing thudng dang la cha me) cd the lim

kigm cac each thiic khae nhau. ky nang mdi trong viec lam cha me. Van dg dat
ra la lam sao dg hai trai nghigm cua hai the he ttd thanh mdt qua trinh phat trign
va hiiu ich cho ca ngudi gia va ngudi tre? Cam giac bdn phan. trach nhiem lign
thg he ciia ngudi gia/cha me/dng ba cung kha rd rang. Cir 5 ngudi thi ed 1 ngudi
nhac dgn VIQC minh da hoan thanh trdeh nhiem/bdn phan vdi gia dinh, xa hdi.
Tir kgt qua d hinh 2 ed Ihg thay, cir 5 ngudi cao ludi thi ed 4 nguori
(80.2%) trai nghiem "dm ygu, sue khde giam siit" Digu nay khdng gay ngae
nhign. O Viet Nam, binh quan mdi ngudi gia mac 2,7 benh, trong dd hon 90,0%
la benh man tinh. Tudi thp cua ngudi Viet la cao so vdi ttinh dp phat trign kinh
te (GDP) nhung tudi thp khde manh lai khdng cao (Pham and Do, 2009). Ndi
each khae, ttong nghign ciiu nay, trang thai siic khde khi vg gia la mdi quan tam
(va cd thg la lo ngai) Idn nhat vdi phan Idn ngudi cao tudi. Tdi thdi digm thang
3/2016, ty le ngudi cao tudi ed bao higm y tg d Viet Nam mdi chi la 60,0%, mdt
ty le "eye ky dang lo ngai cho cdng tac eham sdc sire khde" (Bao Quan dpi
Nhan dan 16/3/2016 - Budi lam viec giira Phd lliu tudng Vii Dire Dam va Uy
ban Qudc gia \c ngudi cao ludi ngay 15/3/2016). Mdt ly le dang kg (trgn 10,0%)
cung ttai nghiem sy cd don. tam ly khdng thoai mai, ligu eye hoac cho minh la
TAP CHl TAM l y HOC, Sd 12 (213), 12 - 2016

29


ganh nang cho con chau. cho xa hdi. Vdi khoang 70,0% sd ngudi cao mdi khdng
cd luong huu. phai sdng dya chu yeu \ ao ngudn thu nhap hang thang ciia chinh
minh hoac tign ligt kiem hay nhd \ ao con chau, cu 5 ngudi thi cd mot ngudi bao
cao ring "khdng cd lien" nhu mdt trai nghiem ligu eye nhat cua gia hda. Viel
Nam mdi chi cd chg dp cip Bao higm > tg 100% miln vien phi cho cac cu tir 80
mdi ttd Ign, cdn trg cip. tt^n 80 ludi thi cung chi 180.000d/'ngudi thang. Ndi
each khae. chi nhimg ngudi sdng qua 7 nam so vdi tudi Ihg ttung binh Ihi mdi dii
dieu kien hudng cac chg do tdi thigu nay.

Chung tdi cung hdi nhiing ngudi gia "Ong ba cd lo ling hay sg hai \ e ludi
gia/qua trinh gia hda hay khdng?". Cii 10 ngudi - khdng cd sy khae biel gi gitra
nam va nil - cd 4 ngudi Ira ldi "cd" \ a 6 ngudi tra ldi "khdng" Cd le nhiing trai
nghigm ligu eye vg gia hda trong bang ttgn la nhumg Iy do lam hp lo sg.
Cu thg hon. chiing tdi cung hdi mdt sd cau lign quan den qua trinh gia hda
ciia ngudi cao tudi (mgi viec ndi chung trong cupc sdng, siic sdng, sy hiiu ich va
cam giac hanh phue). Kgt qua dugc trinh bay trong bang 2 dudi day.
Bdng 2: Gid hda: Cupc sdng, sue sdng, su hitu ich vd cdm gide hgnh phiic (%)
(N = 100)
Diing

Sai

1. MQI thir deu toi t^ hom khi toi gia di.

47,1

52,9

2. Bay gia to! van co nhieu sue song nhu toi da co vao nSm ngoai.

65,2

34,8

3. Khl b^n gia di, b^n it hihi ich hom.

54,1

45,5


4. Hifn nay loi cung hjnh philc giong nhu hoi toi con tre han.

65,9

Cac menh de

5. Khi toi gia hom di. mpi thur van I.Toi hom, 2. Nhu cu, 3.T6t han

(1)
42,5

(2)
41,3

34,1
(3)
16,3

Levy va ddng sy (2002) diing chinh bang hdi ma chung ldi da tham
khao va sii dung tren day (xem bang 2) nghien ciru trgn mdt mau chpn 660
ngudi gia trgn 50 tudi d Ohio, My, nam 1975. ITp do ludng cam nhan cua khach
thg ddi vdi gia hda/tudi gia va nhigu bign sd khae ntl'a. Sau 23 nam, vao nam
1998, hp kigm tt^ lai xem ai ttong sd khach thg cdn sdng hay da qua ddi. Phat
hi^n Idn nhat la nhOmg ai nhin nhan gia hda nhu mdt trai nghiem tich eye da
sdng lau hon nhiing ngudi cd each nhin nhan tigu cue - tinh ttung binh - la 7,5 nam.
Nhin chung, khi dugc hdi lieu cd phai "mpi thir dgu tdi t? khi dng ba gia
di" hay "khi ban gia di, ban it hiiu leh hon", sd ngudi tra ldi khing dinh va phii
djnh gan nhu bing nhau (50/50). Trong xa hpi truygn thdng, dua trgn ngn lang
30


TAPCHlTAMiyHOCSd 12(213). 12-2016


ndng nghiep. ngudi gia la kho kinh nghiem quy gia \ c nhigu mat, nhung cd le
Irong thdi dai cdng nghigp hda. cdng nghe thdng lin, uu the na\ duimg nhu
khdng duge nhu xua niia (kg ca kinh nghiem nudi con cd the cung khdng con
dugc xem la quy gia nhu trude). Cam giac khi gia di. ngudi cao tudi cam thay
minh it hiiu ich hon ciing la digu de higu. Tuy nhign. lien quan den cam nhan
vg "sire sdng/khi thg ciia nam nay van nhigu nhu nam ngoai" va "hien naj. ldi
cung hanh phue gidng nhu hdi ldi cdn Ire hon". cir 3 ngudi tra ldi thi cd gan 2
ngudi tra ldi "dung". Ndi each khae, dii mpi thur cd te di ha) cam giac hiiu ich
cho gia dinh, xa hdi khdng cdn dugc nhu xua nhung cam giac khde manh hay
cam giac hanh phue chii quan van hien hiiu d da sd ngudi gia trong mau nghign
ciru nay.
3. Tuoi cdm nhgn vd tuoi sinh hgc
Bdng 3: Khde biet giira ludi cdm nhdn vd tudi sinh hoc (N=100)
DTB
tuoi cam
nhan

DTB
tuoi
thirc

T-test

Mirc do
CO y
nghia


1. Ong ba cam thay minh nhu dang bao nhieu
tu6i?

61.63

6S2^

9,163

0,000

2. Ong ba mong mudn/ao uac la minh dang bao
nhieu tuoi?

54.12

67.81

12,885

0.000

3. Xin hay cho bicl. a tuoi nao thi ong ba coi
minh la bai dau gia?

66,53

68.18


1,439

0,153

4. Xin hiy cho biet a tuoi nao dng ba coi la
kel thuc tuoi irung nien?

58.83

67,96

9.303

0,000

5. Xin h3y cho biet ong ba mong mudn minh
song den nSm bao nhieu tuoi?

88.13

67.99

-19,101

0,000

Cac menh de

Tudi sinh hpc \a ludi cam nhan chu quan cd thg khae nhau. Tudi sinh
hpc va tudi mong mudn cung cd thg khae nhau. Tudi cam nhan va ludi mong

mudn phan anh cam giac cua ea nhan ngudi gia va lira tudi ma hp ua chuong.
Den lugt minh, ludi cam nhan va mong mudn nay phan anh ban sic vg ludi lac
va nhiing tri giac dugc hinh thanh vg mat xa hdi.
Tir nhiing gi trinh bay trong bang 3 trgn day cd thg thay, xet ve trung
binh, ngudi gia trong mau ehpn cam nhan hp tre hon tudi that khoang 7 tudi.
Trong mau chpn dai dien cho My (Pew Research Center. 2010), xet \c mat trung
binh nhOmg nguiri gia ludi thyc 70 a Mp cam thay nhu hp dang 60. cdn nhung

TAPCHlTAMiyHOCSd 12 (213), 12-2016

31


neudi 80 cam thi> minh nhu dang 70. Ndi each khae, khoang each 2 ludi nay la
10 d My so vdi 7 d Vien Nam ttong trudng hgp nghign eiiu nay.
Giai doan diu ciia nhiing nam 50 mdi (ttmng binh la tudi 54), dudng nhu
la giai doan ludi dang mong mudn nhit ciia ngudi gia. Dai da sd hg dgu mong
ude minh tte han mdi that (tudi sinh hpc). Gin dgn tudi 60 ngudi cao tudi mdi
cam Ihiv tudi irune nign da kel thiic \a tdi nam 66 ttidi hp mdi coi minh la bat
diu gia Vdi nhdm'naudi Mv 50 - 64 ludi, ludi 72 mdi dugc coi la bat dau gia va
vdi nhdm tudi 65+ thi con sd dd la 74ttidi(Pew Research Center, 2010). Thyc te
vira ngu tten cd \e rit khae so vdi quan niem truygn thdng d Viet Nam. Dii ttidi
thp ttnng binh cua ngudi Viet da tang Ign (73,2 mdi) vugt ludi thp trung binh ciia
thi gidi (69 ludi. cd sd lieu ndi la 71 tudi) nhung ngudi gia mong mudn hp sdn|
ttung binh hon 88 ludi, gin vdi miic mdi dugc ggi la "dai thp" (90 ludi). Con sd
nrong duong ttx)ng nghign cim vira din ttgn day d My la 89 mdi. Cd le, thp
(trong phue. Ipc. thp) van ludn la digu con ngudi coi trpng va ude mong, dii hp
sdng d thdi gian hay khdng gian nao di chang niia.
Cd mdt sy khae biel dang chii v. Trong khi d lit ca cac menh dg khdng cd
sy khae biet gi theo gidi Ihi d menh dg 1 "Ong ba cam thay minh nhu bao nhigu

moi?", na gidi cd xu hudng cam nhan ttd hon so vdi nam (DTB n& = 59,54 so
vdi DTB nam = 63,85; p = 0,05). Phu nil ttgn loan the gidi cd ludi thp trung binh
cao hon nam gidi khoang lir 5 dgn 10 mdi (Viet Nam la 5 mdi, 70,6 ludi ddi vdi
nam \a 76 mdi vdi nH), khoang each nay d MJ^ la 7 tuoi cdn d Nga la 10 mdi.
Lieu ngoai nhiing >gu Id nhu an udng, tinh xam kich, tim mach hay tham chi la
ngai khde... thi thai dp hay cam nhan vg gia hda cd nghTa tdi mirc nao trong viec
tao ra sy khae biet ttong mdi thp? TTico nghien cim d My vira din ttgn day, xet
ve mat trung binh. phu nil My cho ring khi mpt ngudi sang ludi 70 thi duge coi
la gia. trong khi dd, dan dng ttong miu chgn nay cho ring tudi gia bat dau tir 66.
4. Thdi dg vi tudi gid, qud trinh gid hda
Kgt qua thang do thai dp ddi vdi mdi gia/qua ttinh gia hda ciia ngudi ttong
cupc dugc trinh bay ehi ligt trong bang 4 dudi day (Alpha cua Cronbach = 0,61).
Bdng 4: Thdi dp ddi vdi ludi gid/qud Irinh gid hda (N = 100)
Cac mfnh de

Ticu
cu-c

Trung
tinh

Tich
circ

DTB

D9 Ifch
ehuan

1. Chiing ta co the hpc hoi rat nhieu tir

nguai gia.

9,7

9,7

80,6

4,22

1,009

2. Khi toi gii han, loi cho ring minh trd
nen co dan hon*.

18,4

22,4

59,2

3,67

1,322

32

TAPCHlTAMiyHOCSd 12(213). 12-2016



}

62,8

7.4

29.8

2,45

1,396

4. Khi toi gia hon, toi tro nen khoan dung
hon.

16.3

15.2

68,5

3,95

1,329

5. Tuoi gia la thai gian co dan*.

35,4

7.3


57,3

3,39

1,579

6. Khi gia han, toi trong mong minh van
CO the lam nhumg dieu toi da luon lam.

28,0

15,0

57.0

3,61

1,383

7. Khi nghT \c ngirori gia, toi nghT den hp noi chung - la nhirng ngudi hay gat gong
va khon kho*.

18.8

8,3

72.9

3,75


1.392

8. Toi lo lang la sure khoc se toi di khi toi
gia hon*.

62,5

17.7

19.8

2.24

1,442

9. Toi khdng nghT ve minh nhu mot ngirdi
gia.

39,8

20.4

39,8

3,02

1,474

10. Ngudi gia khdng duac ton trpng trong

x3 hpi*.

13,1

3.1

83,8

4,48

1,137

11. Nghi huu la thdi gian nhan rdi.

30.5

11,6

57,9

3.45

1,563

12. Vice gia di khong lam toi phien mupn.

28.6

10.2


61.2

3.74

1,535

3.57/5

0.54

3. Tuoi gia la thai gian 6m veu*.

Diem trung binh chung

Ghi chii: Cdc cdu * tinh diem ngupe: Diem I = khdng ddng y va 5 = khdng ddng y: Diem 3
Id muc Irung binh. Diem cdng cao. thdi dp cdng lich cue.

Kgt qua dinh lugng thu dugc tir thang do na> cung nhat quan vdi nhihig
gi thu dugc tu 2 cau hdi djnh linh ban dau (muc 2). Vi du, ndu "Cd kinh nghigm,
day eon chau nhumg digu minh bigt" la trai nghigm dugc nhigu ngudi gia bao
cao nhat thi "chiing ta cd hpc hdi rat nhigu tir ngudi gia" ciing dugc tdi 80,0%
khach thg ttong mau chgn khing djnh. Dp lech ehuan nhd (1,0) thg hien sy
thdng nhat cua ngudi da dugc phdng van. Lgi thg khae ciia gia hda la con ngudi
cd thg ttd ngn khoan dung hon (DTB = 3,95). Trong mpt xa hdi trpng lao, ngudi
gia ciing cd Igi thg (chii khdng chi bat Igi), hp vin cam thay "ngudi gia dugc tdn
ttgng ttong xa hdi" Mdt nghign ciru trude day vg higu thao cung cho kgt qua
theo hudng nay d ca 2 ligu mau nghign cim la thanh nign \ a ngudi cao mdi (Lg
Van Hao, 2016). Chi ed 13.1% sd ngudi cao ludi cho ring "Ngudi gia khdng
dugc tdn trpng ttong xa hpi" Ngu tinh thgm ea 3.1% sd ngudi cd cam nhan
ttung tinh thi eon sd dd chua tdi 20%. Trong khi dd. mdt nghien ciiu cd cau hdi

tucmg ly nhu vay d Anh cho ra kdt qua la 2/3 sd ngudi gia tra ldi cau hdi nay
theo hudng khing djnh (Demakakos va ddng sy. 2001). Trong bai bao thudng
thuc "7 ngn van hda ton vinh, tdn trpng ngudi gja" mdt tac gia ciia id Huffington

TAPCHlTAMiyHOCSd 12 (213). 12-2016

33


Post (2014)'" dat cac tya dg muc "Ngudi gia khdng phai la mdt tir xau d Hy
Lap": "Ngudi gia thd dan My chuygn giao tti thirc cho the he sau"; "O Han
Qudc, ngudi gia rit dugc tdnttgng'";"Con chau d Trung Qudc eham sdc cha me
khi vg gia"; " 6 An Do, ngudi gia la chu hd gia dinh"'...
Tit nhign, ngudi gia d Viet Nam (phan anh qua miu chgn nhd ciia nghign
cim nay) cung bay td thai dp (thanh td xiic cam) tigu eye hom la tich eye \g sy
dm ygu (menh dg 3), vg sire khde (menh dg 8) va cd dan (menh dg 5).^ Cii 3
ngudi cao tudi thi mdt ngudi ddng y ring "Tudi gia la mdi cd dom/dom dpc", ty
le luong duong vdi mdt nghign cihi d Anh (Demakakos va ddng sy, 2001). Cir 5
ngudi gia thi gin 1 ngudi (18%) cho ring "Khi tdi gia hon. ldi cho ring minh ttd
ngn ed don hon" Con sd nay d nghign ciiu mang linh so sanh d Anh vira dan la
40%.. Vdi nhigu ngudi, gia hda khdng lam phign hp (menh dg 12), tham chi
nhigu ngudi khdng nghT minh da gia. Vg tdng quat, cd the ndi ring, ngudi gia cd
thai dp kha lich eye vg ludi gia, vg qua ttinh gia hda ndi chung (DTB = 3,57/5),
Nghign cim cua Ldckenhoff va ddng sy (2()10) ttgn mau chpn 3.435 sinh
vign lit 26 ngn van hda cho thiy, phin Idn khach dig dgu xem gia hda la mang tinh
tigu eye, ttir Tmng Qudc. An Dp, Malaysia, Nga va New Zealand - noi sinh vign
cho bigt each nhin ciia hp hoac la tmng linh (khdng ligu eye nhung khdng tich
eye) ho^e la mong ddi tich eye. Quan digm ligu eye nhat vg gia hda phat hi?n
duge d Serbia, Argentina, Cpng hda Czech va Anh. Digu thu vi la sinh vien Nh^t
Ban - mdt qudc |ia Ddng A - noi cd ty le dan sd gia hda rat cao (vugt nhigu nude

chau Au phat ttign khae) lai xgp gin vdi nhdm chau Au trong quan digm tigu eye
\c ngudi gia.
Khi so sanh thai do ddi vdi tudi gia/qua ttinh gia hda theo mdt sd bign so
dpc lap thi thiy xuit hi?n 2 digm dang luu y (chi liet, xem bang 5). Thir nhat,
nhihig ngudi gia d ndng thdn xa Quynh Chau (Quynh Phu) lai cd thai dp tich eye
hon ddi vdi mdi gia/qua trinh gia hda, so vdi ngudi cao tudi d vimg ven dd la lang
Migu Nha, Tay Mo, Ha Ndi (da Ign phudng thudc quan Nam Tir Ligm) (DTB
mong iing la 3,66 so vdi 3,44; T-test = 2,03 vdi p = 0,04). Thir hai, mirc sdng (ly
danh gia cua ngudi cao tudi) cang kha gia. quan he vdi con cai (da trudng thanh)
va tinh trang siic khde cang tdt thi thai dp vdi tudi gia/qua trinh gia hda ed xu
hudng eang tich cue. Digu can luu y va dang ligc d day la trong nghign cim nhd
nay, miu ehpn khdng dii Idn dg khai quat hda cac khae biel nay cho mau loan thg
ngudi cao mdi. Nhung dii sao, mau hinh vira ngu vin cd y nghTa va cho ta nhigu
ggi y hiiu ich. Nghign cim vg cam nhan tudi gia (Demakakos va ddng sy, 2001)
ciing cho ra kgt qua mong ty nhung khdng nhit quan. Cu thg, ngudi gia kha gia
hon cd xu hudng cam nhan tich eye hon vg gia hda nhimg mdi mong quan nay
khdng theo dudng tuyen linh, bdi d nhdm kha gia nhit, ty le cam nhan vg mdi gia
theo phuong an trung tinh tang Ign va ty le ttai nghi?m tich eye l^i giam xudng so
34

TAP CHl TAM l y HOC, S6 12(213), 12-2016


vdi nhdm trude dd. Ndi each khae, gidng nhu thu nhap va cam nhan hanh phiic cd
mdi tuong quan thuan nhung tdi mdt ngudng nao dd. thu nhap tang khdng lam
cho cam nhan hanh phue tang thdm nira.
Bdng 5: Thdi dp ddi vdi tudi gid theo ede bien sd nhdn khau hoc

Noi sinh song


N

Diem
trung
binh

Quynh Chau (thuan ndng Thai Binh)

57

3.66

Tay Mo (ven do Ha Npi)

47

3.44

Ngheo

3

3,19

6

3,44

80


3,52

Kha gia

13

3,94

Tuy?t vdi

6

3,94

19

3,57

40

3.71

28

3.53

Rit tot

3


3,51

T6t

30

3,72

Kha tot

45

3,61

Khdng toi

24

3,28

1

3.38

Mirc song ciia Can ngheo
gia dinh
Trung binh

y


Quan hf vdi Rat tot
con d i tnrdng
T6t
thinh
Kha tot
Khong tot

Tinh trang
siic khde cua
ban than

Toi t?

T-test/
F

Mircy
nghia

2.03

0,04

3,09

0,03

3,14

0,01


2,50

0,04

3,37

Kit lu$n
Tir nhiing gi da ttinh bay ttong phin kgt qua nghign cim cd the nit ra m^t
s6 kgt Ii4n dudi day.
Ndi chung, gia hda la mpt ttai nghidm tuong doi tich eye vdi nhidu ngudi
cap mdi. troiig dd digu tich eye nhat la "cd kinh nghidm. d?y con chau nhiing
diiu minh bigt". "sdng vui, sdng khde. sdng cd ich" va cam giac "da hoan thanh
trich nhi?m"

TAPCHlTAMiyHOCSd 12(213). 12-2016

35


Nhigu ngudi cao mdi khdng nghT \ c minh nhu mdt ngudi gia.
Dudng nhu sire khde la mdi quan tam sd mpt cua phan Idn ngudi cao tuoi
phin ldn ngudi gia trong nghign cim nay dgu ty danh gia ring siic khde ciia
minh lir kha tdt trd Ign.

k

Ngudi gia cd digu kien sdng kha gia hom, sire khde tot hom hay cd quan he
\ di con cai tdt han thudng cd xu hudng cam nhan tudi gia bit dau mudn hom.
Da sd ngudi gia cam thiy tre hom so vdi mdi that (ludi sinh hpc) ciia minh.

Phin ldn khach thg dgu mudn minh trg hom tudi that.
Phin Idn khach thg dgu mong mudn sdng dgn nam 88 tudi (cao hom tudi
thp tmng binh d Viet Nam la gin 15 tudi va cao hom tudi thp ttung binh thg gidi
la 20 tudi).
Vg tdng quat. cd thg ndi ring, ngudi gia cd thai dp kha tich eye vg tudi
gia, qua trinh gia hda ndi chung. So vdi ngudi cao tudi d \ en dd, ngudi gia d
ndng thdn cd thai dp lich eye hon ddi vdi gia hoa. Mirc sdng cang kha gia.
quan he \ di con cai va linh trang siic khde cang tdt thi thai dp vdi tudi gia/qua
trinh gia hda cd xu hudng cang tich cue.
Du thg nao thi gia hda ciing dang dugc cam nhan va trai nghiem kha tich
cyqd ngudi cao tudi.
Tai lieu tham khao
1. 4834228.html.
Xuit ban ngay 25/2 2014. Tmy cap ngay 25/8/2016.
2. Bao Quan doi Nhan dan ngay 16/3/2016, Budi Idm viec giua Phd Thii ludng Vii
Due Dam vd Uy han Qudc gia ve ngirdi cao ludi ngdy 15/3 2016.
3. Le Van Hao, Bdn phdn vd ki' vpng ve hieu ihdo: Cach nhin nhgn hien nay ciia
thanh nien va ngirdi gid Hd Sdi. Tap chi Tam ly hpc. So 6/2016.
4. Deeg D.J.H.. Bath P.A.. Self-Rated Health, Gender and Mortality in Older Persons:
Introduction lo a Special Section.'ihe Gerontologist 43 (3), pp. 369 - 371, DOI: 10.1093/
geront/43.3.369, PMID 12810900, 2003.
5. Demakakos P.. Hacker E. & Gjoncja E., Perceptions of ageing, 2001.
6. Kunzmann Ute; Little, Todd I).: Smith. Jacqui, Is age-related .stability of.iuhjeclive
well-being a paradox? Cross-sectional and longiludional evidence from the Berlin
Aging Study. Psychology and Aging 15 (3), pp. 511 526, DOI: 10.1037/0882-7974.
15.3.511,2000.

36

TAP CHl TAM ly HOC, Sd' 12 (213), 12 - 2016



7. Idler E.L.. Discussion: Gender Differerures in Self-Rated Health, in Mortality and
in the Relationship Berween the Two. The Gerontologist 43 (3), pp. 372 375, DOI:
10.1093'geronl 43.3.372. 2003.
8. The Federal Interagency Forum on Aging-Related Statistics. Older Americans 2016:
Key Indicators ofWell-Bemg (Older Americans 2016). tr. 30, 2016.
9. Le\y B.R., Mind matters: Cognitive and physical effects of aging self-stereotypes. The
Journals of Gerontology. Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 58. pp.
203 - 211. DOI: IO.I093/geronb/58.4'p203. 2003.
10. Lev\ B.R.. Slade \LD., Kunkel SR. and KasI S.V.. Longevity Increased by
Positive Self-Perceptions of Aging. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. Vol.
83. No. 2, pp. 261 -270. DOI: 10.1037 0022-3514.83.2.261.2002.
11. liickenholT etal. Perceptions of Aging across 26 Cultures and their Culture - Level
.Associates. PMC 2010 Sep 3. Psvchol Aging. 2009 Dec, 24 (4). pp. 941 - 954. DOI: 10.1037/
aOOI6901.
12. Pew Research Center, Growing Old in America: Expectations vs Reality. Mau chon
2.969 ngudi dai dien cho loan nude M>. 2010.
13. Pham T. and Do T.K.H., Review of Elderly Healthcare Policies in Response lo Age
Structure Changes in Vietnam, Hanoi: LNT PA, 2009.

TAPCH(TAMLyHOC,Sdl2(213). 12-2016

37